visits Rome, and becomes Catholic,134-5;last desperate appeal to Pope,137;war with Alexander of Bulgaria,139;passes over Andronicus, and raises Manuel to imperial purple,149;blinds son Andronicus at Murad’s command,150;refuses to receive fugitive Manuel at Constantinople for fear of Murad,152;gives Tenedos to Venetians,153;aids Osmanlis to conquer Philadelphia, last Byzantine possession in Asia,154,197;treaty with Genoese,152-3;ignominious death of,198.Palaeologus, John VII (II), rebels against grandfather and uncle,197;co-operates with Osmanlis against Manuel,199-200,237-8,243;becomes co-emperor with Manuel,238-9;banished by Manuel to Lemnos,259.——, Manuel II (I), ransoms father from Venetian merchants,135;serves in Ottoman army,136,149,154,187,197;made co-emperor by father,149;fails in conspiracy to drive Osmanlis from Serres, and has to seek pardon of Murad at Brusa,151-2,231;gives Bayezid privileges in Constantinople,199;fails to enlist support of Pope and Western princes,200,206,233,239;marries son to Russian princess,232;receives aid from Boucicaut,236-9;accepts John VII as co-emperor,238;unsuccessful visit to Europe,240-3;expels Osmanlis from Constantinople, and offers to become vassal of Timur,259;appeals to Rome and Venice for aid against Timur,260.——, Michael IX, unsuccessfully opposes Turks in Anatolia,35;at Adrianople,39;flees before Turks of Halil,40.——, Theodore, serves in Ottoman army,149;imprisoned by Andronicus IV,153;summoned, as ruler of the Morea, to do homage to Bayezid at Serres,171,200,229;invites Osmanlis to enter the Morea to aid him against Frankish lords,228;defeated by Osmanlis at Megalopolis,230;tries to dissuade Manuel from trip to western Europe,240.Palatchia,286,294-5.Papacy, and Eastern crusades,41,85;invited to intervene to save Constantinople from Osmanlis,95;tries to raise crusades against Osmanlis,122,129,132,136-8,141,153,201-2,235-6,241;consistently denounces traffic of Italian republics with Moslems,154.(See also underPopes.)Pasha, origin of this title,71-2.Pergama,284,286,291,294.Petrarch, hatred of schismatics,133.Philadelphia,13,34,105,154,296,299.Philippe d’Artois,212,217-18,223,225.—— de Bourgogne,202,209-10,212,218,226,236,242.—— le Bel, plans to retake Constantinople,41-2;aids in conquest of Rhodes,44.Philippopolis,114,122,139,161-2,231.Phocaea, Byzantines and Anatolian emirs besiege,66,283,296;John Palaeologus attacks at command of Orkhan,107-8;not dependent upon Osmanlis,299.Plochnik, battle of,169.Popes:Gregory X,164.Boniface VIII,164.Clement V,41-2,44.John XXII,85.Clement VI,95.Urban V,122,129-32,134-6,141,164.Gregory XI,136-8,153,164.Urban VI,201.Boniface XI,201-2,235,262.Benedict XIII,202,235-6,241.Popova Shapkah,143.Prilep,158.Princes’ Islands,35.Pristina,92,144.Ragusa, first Christian state to make tributary treaty with Osmanlis,127.Raïa, meaning of the word,77.Rhodes,43-4,186,205;grand master of, at Nicopolis,219,221;chevaliers of (seeSaint John, Knights of).Rhodope Mountains,140,143,147.Rilo, monastery of,195.Riva,237.Rodosto,65,101.Rumeli Hissar,234.Rustchuk,172.Saint John, Knights of, conquer Rhodes,43;resist Turks,44,283;capture Smyrna,85,283;conspire with Pope to seize the Morea,240;lose Smyrna to Timur,258;relations with Cyprus and Anatolian emirates,285-6,295,297,299-300.—— Sophia, mosque of,60,93,94,102,154,233.Salona, duchy of, conquered by Bayezid,229-30.Salonika,40,58,65,79,92,98,100,121,145,181,231.Samakov, battle of,142-3,160.Samarkand,244,251,256,260.Samsun,191,196,291.Sangarius,11,12,32,38,45,302.Sarukhan,65,86,158,185-6,191,228,259,283,291,295-6.Savoy, origin of armies of,44.(See alsoAmadeo and Anna.)Savra, battle of,159.Scutari (in Albania),160.Scutari (on the Bosphorus),60,64,94,108,234.Seljuk architecture, influence upon Ottoman,275-6.Seljuks, invasions of Asia Minor,15-16;changes of religion,26.—— of Rum, contest Asia Minor with Byzantines,13;relations with Osmanlis,20-2,32,268-76;subject to Mongols,270-2;end of dynasty,297.Serbian Church, autocephalous,144-5.—— empire of Stephen Dushan,86-90.Serbians, illusions of, concerning their fourteenth-century empire,86,90,175,201;first enter Macedonia to help Byzantines against Turks,41;aid Andronicus II against his grandson,58;conflict with Orthodox Church,89-90,144-5;refuse to aid Byzantines against Osmanlis,102;defeated by Osmanlis at Maritza,122-4;anarchy among chieftains of, in Macedonia,144;defeated by Osmanlis at Cernomen, and lose Macedonia,145-8;become subject to Osmanlis,160-2;help Murad in Karamanian campaign, and are punished for looting,167;form league against Murad, and are defeated at Kossova,168-78;treachery of their nobles,173;cast fortunes definitely with Osmanlis,182-3;aid Bayezid in Karamanian campaign,188;last of Dushan’s following disappear in Macedonia,201;fidelity of, to Bayezid at Nicopolis,220;fight in Ottoman army at Angora,252.Serres,58,144,147,152,158,161,200,229.Shah-Rokh, son of Timur,255,258.Shehabeddin,69,277-80.Shuman,172.Sigismund, first invasion of Bulgaria,188,193-5;becomes king of Hungary, and sends threat to Bayezid,193;tries to get support of Italian republics against Bayezid,205-7;leads Nicopolis crusade,210-24;boastfulness of, before Nicopolis,216;flees from battle-field,220-1;character of,193,222.Silistria,196.Silivria,237.Sinope,191,291-2,296,297.Sis,282.Sisman, John,128,140-3,170,172-3,194-6.Sivas,190,270,272,274,287,297,300;destruction of, by Timur,243,245-8.Slavery, Greek abhorrence of,116;connivance of Italian republics in,165.Smyrna,11,79,85,185,258-60,270,283,286,299-300.Sofia,142,158,160-2,172,231.Soleiman pasha, son of Orkhan,100-1,105,108,111.Soleiman Shah, grandfather of Osman,20,266.—— tchelebi, son of Bayezid,195,245-8,252-3,257-61.South Slavs, character of,170.Sozopolis,129,142.Stambul, origin of name,199.Stephen Lazarevitch, kral of Serbia, vassal and brother-in-law of Bayezid,182-3;fights for Osmanlis at Nicopolis,220;and at Angora,253.Stracimir,140-1.Sugut,12,22,25,33,63,115,285.Taharten, emir of Erzindjian,246.Tarsus,24,216,298.Taurus Mountains,24,125,187,289,298,300-2.Tchataldja,115.Tchorlu,105,112,162.Tekke, emirate of,158,165-6,186-7,285,289,297-8.Tenedos, importance of, to control Dardanelles,152;struggle of Venice and Genoa for,152-5;John VII Palaeologus banished to,236.Thessaly, Ottoman conquest of,147,228-30.Thingizlu,69.Thomas, despot of Janina,159.Timur, origin of name, and conquests of,244;charges against Bayezid,190,245-6;destroys Sivas,247-8;makes overtures to Occidental princes,249;invades Asia Minor, and crushes Bayezid at Angora,250-4;degrades Bayezid and Despina,255-6;pushes to Aegaean Sea, and captures Smyrna,257-60;death of,260;infirmity of,244;lacked constructive policy in conquests,257,260-1;restores Anatolian emirs deposed by Bayezid,257,259,283,288,290,292-3,294.Timurtash,142,158,166,187,188-9,254.Tirnovo,140,142,172,194-6.Tokat,190,250,287,298.Trebizond,13,162,270,280,288,291,293,297,299.Tughra, origin of,127.Turin, treaty of,155.Turk, connotation of word in Ottoman Empire,78-81,228;lacks family ties and family name,267.Turkey, connotation of word in fourteenth century,107.Turkish chieftainship elective rather than hereditary,54,276.—— raids in Aegaean Sea, Macedonia and Thrace,36-40,65,84,185-6,261,283.—— emirates of Asia Minor stronger than Osmanlis,30,274,290,301-2.—— refugees from Thrace in 1912,16.—— women not veiled in fourteenth century,157.Turks, character of Anatolian,15.Tvrtko, kral of Bosnia,168-70,178,183-4,201.Ulubad,68,298.Uskub,88,174,183.Valona,159.Varna,129,172.Venetians, interfere in Byzantine dynastic quarrels,35;invited by Clement V to co-operate in reconquest of Byzantine Empire,42;menaced in Aegaean by Turks,84;relations with Stephen Dushan,88-90;wars with Genoese,96-7,152-5,262;urged by fellow countrymen to oppose Orkhan,107;fail to protect Byzantines against Murad,128;detain John Palaeologus because of debts,135;refuse to contribute seriously to crusade against Osmanlis,137;struggle with Genoa for Tenedos,152-5;sapped by prosperity,163;make commercial treaty with Murad,164;opposition to Hungarians,169;indifference to Murad’s conquests,170;refuse to buy Lemnos from Byzantines,200;fail to aid in Nicopolis crusade,203-7;in Athens and Salonika,230-1;prefer to curry favour with Bayezid rather than defend Constantinople,233;reception of Manuel Palaeologus and their pacifist policy,240;alarm over appearance of Osmanlis on Adriatic,243;help Ottoman army tocross to Europe after Angora,261;at Palatchia,294-5.Visconti, Giovanni Galeazzo,131,210,236,240.Viza,139.Vukasin,145-6,159,173.Wallachia, Ottoman invasions of,192,224.Wallachians, aid Bulgarians against Hungarians,141;aid Osmanlis against Hungarians,192;worth of, as soldiers,192;aid Osmanlis in Bulgaria,193;withdraw during battle of Nicopolis,221;successfully resist Ottoman invasion after Nicopolis,225.Wenceslaus,210,235.Western Europe, inability to understand Eastern Europe,132-3.White Sheep, dynasty of,190,245.Widin,140,141,142,196,215.Yakub, killed by brother Bayezid after Kossova,180.Yakub, general of Bayezid,230.Yamboli,140,142.Yeni Sheïr,28,32,34,258,275.