For the names of Authors, Birds, Mammals (including names of classes) and Plants, see sub-indexes underAuthors,Birds,MammalsandPlants.Acquired characters,seeCharactersAffinities and classification,35America, fossils,177Analogy, resemblance by,36,82,199,205,211Animals, marine, preservation of as fossils,25,139,141;—marine distribution,155,196Australia, fossils,177Authors, Names of:—Ackerman on hybrids,11;Bakewell,9,91;Bateson, W.,xxix,69n.,217;Bellinghausen,124;Boitard and Corbié,106n.;Brougham, Lord,17,117;Brown, R.,233;Buckland on fossils,24,137,145n.;Buffon on woodpecker,6;Bunbury (SirH.), rules for selection,67;Butler, S.,116n.;d’Archiac,146n.;Darwin, C., origin of his evolutionary views,xi-xv;—on Forbes’ theory,30;—hisJournal of Researchesquoted,67n.,168n.;—hisCross-and Self-Fertilisation,69n.,103n.;—on crossing Chinese and common goose,72n.;Darwin, Mrs, letter to,xxvi;Darwin, F., on Knight’s Law,70n.;Darwin, R. W., fact supplied by,42n.,223;Darwin and Wallace, joint paper by,xxiv,42n.;De Candolle,7,47,87,204,238;D’Orbigny,124,179n.;Ehrenberg,146n.;Ewart on telegony,108n.;Falconer,167;Forbes, E.,xxvii,30,146n.,163n.,165n.;Gadow, Dr,xxix;Gärtner,98,107;Goebel on Knight’s Law,70n.;Gould on distribution,156;Gray, Asa, letter to, publication of in Linnean paper explained,xxiv;Henslow, G., on evolution without selection,63n.;Henslow, J. S.,xxvii;Herbert on hybrids,12,98;—sterility of crocus,99n.;Hering,116n.;Hogg,115n.;Holland, Dr,223;Hooker, J. D.,xxvii,xxviii,153n.;—on Insular Floras,161,164,167;Huber, P.,118;Hudson on woodpecker,131n.;Humboldt,71,166;Hunter, W.,114;Hutton,27,138;Huxley,134n.;—on Darwin,xi,xii,xiv;—on Darwin’s Essay of 1844,xxviii,235;Judd,xi,xiii,xxix,28,141n.;Knight, A.,3n.,65,xi;—on Domestication,77;Knight-Darwin Law,70n.;Kölreuter,12,97,98,104,232;Lamarck,42n.,47,82,146,200;—reasons for his belief in mutability,197;Lindley,101;Linnean Society, joint paper,seeDarwin and Wallace;Linnæus on sterility of Alpine plants,101;—on generic characters,201;Lonsdale,145n.;Lyell,xxvii,134n.,138,141andn.,146n.,159,171,173,178;—his doctrine carried to an extreme,26;—his geological metaphor,27n.,141;—his uniformitarianism,53n.;—his views on imperfection of geological record,27;Macculloch,124n.;Macleay, W. S.,202;Magendie,117;Malthus,xv,7,88,90;Marr, Dr,xxix;Marshall,65;—on sheep and cattle,78andn.;—on horns of cattle,207;Mivart, criticisms,128n.;Mozart as a child, his skill on the piano compared to instinct,19n.;Müller on consensual movements,113;—on variation under uniform conditions, (2),62;—on recapitulation theory,219;Murchison,145n.;Newton, Alfred,132n.;Owen, R.,xxvii,219;Pallas,68,69;Pennant,93n.;Pliny on selection,67;Poeppig,113n.;Prain, Col.,xxix;Rengger, sterility,100;Richardson,132n.;Rutherford, H. W.,xxix;St Hilaire on races of dogs,106;—on sterility of tame and domestic animals,12,100;Smith, Jordan,140;Sprengel,233;Stapf, Dr,xxix;Strickland,xxvii;Suchetet,97n.;Thiselton-Dyer, Sir W.,xxix,167;Wallace,xxiv,xxix,30,170n.;Waterhouse,125,126;Western, Lord,9,65,91;Whewell,xxviii,200;Woodward, H. B.,145n.;Wrangel,119n.;Zacharias, Darwin’s letter to,xvBarriers and distribution,30,154,157,178Bees,113,117;combs of Hive-bee,19,121,125,126Beetles, abortive wings of,45Birds, transporting seeds,169;feeding young with food different to their own,19,126;migration,123,124;nests,120,121,122,126;of Galapagos,19,159;rapid increase,88;song,117Birds, Names of:—Apteryx,45,236;Duck,46,61,65,128,224n.;Fowl, domestic,59,82n.,97,113,114,217;Goose,72;—periodic habit,124n.;Grouse, hybridised,97,102;Guinea-fowl,79;Hawk, sterility,79;—periodic habit,124;Opetiorynchus,83;Orpheus,31;Ostrich, distribution of,158;Owl, white barn,82;Partridge, infertility of,102;Peacock,79,97,102;Penguin,128n.,237;Petrel,128n.;Pheasant,97,102;Pigeon,66,82,110n.,113,114,116,117,129,135;seeWood-pigeon;Rhea,158;Robins, increase in numbers,88,90;Rock-thrush of Guiana,93;Swan, species of,105;Tailor-bird,18,118;Turkey, Australian bush-turkey,121n.,122;Tyrannus,31;Water-ouzel,18n.,120;Woodcock, loss of migratory instinct,120;Woodpecker,6,16,128n.,148;—in treeless lands,16,131;Wood-pigeon,122;Wren, gold-crested,120;—willow,105,148Breeds, domestic, parentage of,71Brothers, death of by same peculiar disease in old age,42n.,44n.,223Bud variation,58;seeSportsButterfly, cabbage,127Catastrophes, geological,145,147Caterpillars, food,126,127Characters, acquired, inheritance of,1,57,60,225;—congenital,60;—fixed by breeding,61;—mental, variation in,17,112,119;—running through whole groups,106;—useless for classification,199Cirripedes,201,229Classification, natural system of,35,199,206,208;—by any constant character,201;—relation of, to geography,202;—a law that members of two distinct groups resemble each other not specifically but generally,203,212;—of domestic races,204;—rarity and extinction in relation to,210Compensation, law of,106Conditions, direct, action of,1,57n.,62,65;—change of, analogous to crossing,15,77n.,105;—accumulated effects of,60,78;—affecting reproduction,1,4,78,99;—and geographical distribution,152Continent originating as archipelago, bearing of on distribution,189Cordillera, as channel of migration,34n.,191Correlation,76Creation, centres of,168,192Crocodile,146Cross-and Self-Fertilisation, early statement of principles of,15,69n.,103n.Crossing, swamping effect of,2,69,96;—of bisexual animals and hermaphrodite plants,2;—analogous to change in conditions,3,15,69;—in relation to breeds,68;—in plants, adaptations for,70Death, feigned by insects,123Difficulties, on theory of evolution,15,121,128,134Disease, hereditary,43n.,58,222Distribution, geographical,29,31,151,174,177;—in space and time, subject to same laws,155;—occasional means of (seeds, eggs, &c.),169Disuse, inherited effects of,46,57Divergence, principle of,xxv,37n.,145n.,208n.Domestication, variation under,57,62;—accumulated effects of,75,78;—analysis of effects of,76,83Ears, drooping,236Elevation, geological, favouring birth of new species,32,34n.,35n.,185-189;—alternating with subsidence, importance of for evolution,33,190;—bad for preservation of fossils,194Embryo, branchial arches of,42,220;—absence of special adaptation in,42,44n.,220,228;—less variable than parent, hence importance of embryology for classification,44n.,229;—alike in all vertebrates,42,218;—occasionally more complicated than adult,219,227Embryology,42,218;its value in classification,45,200;law of inheritance at corresponding ages,44n.,224;young of very distinct breeds closely similar,44n.,44Ephemera, selection falls on larva,87n.Epizoa,219Essay of 1842, question as to date of,xvi;description ofms.,xx;compared with theOrigin,xxEssay of 1844, writing of,xvi;compared with that of 1842 and with theOrigin,xxiiEvolution, theory of, why do we tend to reject it,248Expression, inheritance of,114Extinction,23,147,192;locally sudden,145;continuous with rarity,147,198Extinction and rarity,198Eye,111n.,128,129,130Faculty, in relation to instinct,123Faunas, alpine,30,170,188;of Galapagos,31n.,82,159;insular-alpine very peculiar,188;insular,159,160Fauna and flora, of islands related to nearest land,187Fear of man, inherited,17,113Fertility, interracial,103,104Fish, colours of,130,131;eggs of carried by water-beetle,169;flying,128n.;—transported by whirlwind,169Floras, alpine,162;of oceanic islands,162;alpine, related to surrounding lowlands,162;alpine, identity of on distant mountains,163;alpine resembling arctic,164;arctic relation to alpine,164Flower, morphology of,39,216;degenerate under domestication if neglected,58;changed by selection,66Fly, causing extinction,149Flying, evolution of,16,131Food, causing variations,1,58,77,78Formation (geological) evidence from Tertiary system,144;(geological), groups of species appear suddenly in Secondary,26,144;Palæozoic, if contemporary with beginning of life, author's theory false,138Formations, most ancient escape denudation in conditions unfavourable to life,25,139Forms, transitional,24,35n.,136,142,194;on rising land,196;indirectly intermediate,24,135Fossils, Silurian, not those which first existed in the world,26,138;falling into or between existing groups and indirectly intermediate,24,137;conditions favourable to preservation, not favourable to existence of much life,25,139,141Fruit, attractive to animals,130Galapagos Islands and Darwin’s views,xiv;physical character of in relation to fauna,31n.,159Galapagos Islands, fauna,31n.,82Gasteropods, embryology,218Genera, crosses between,11,97;wide ranging, has wide ranging species,155;origin of,209Geography, in relation to geology,31n.,174,177Geographical distribution,seeDistributionGeology, as producing changed conditions,31;evidence from,22,133;“destroys geography,”31n.Glacial period, effect of on distribution of alpine and arctic plants,165Habit in relation to instinct,17,113,115,116Habits in animals taught by parent,18Heredity,seeInheritanceHomology of limbs,38,214Homology, serial,39,215Hybrid, fowls and grouse,11;fowl and peacock,97;pheasant and grouse,97;Azalea and Rhododendron,97Hybrids, gradation in sterility of,11,72,97;sterility of not reciprocal,97;variability of,78;compared and contrasted with mongrel,107Individual, meaning of term,58Inheritance of acquired characters,seeCharacterInheritance, delayed or latent,43,44n.,223;of character at a time of life corresponding to that at which it first appeared,43,44n.,223;germinal,44,222,223Insect, adapted to fertilise flowers,87;feigning death,123;metamorphosis,129;variation in larvæ,223Instinct, variation in,17,112;and faculty,18,123;guided by reason,18,19,118;migratory,19;migratory, loss of by woodcocks,120;migratory, origin of,125;due to germinal variation rather than habit,116;requiring education for perfection,117;characterised by ignorance of end:e.g.butterflies laying eggs,17,118;butterflies laying eggs on proper plant,118,127;instinct, natural selection applicable to,19,120Instinct, for finding the way,124;periodic,i.e.for lapse of time,124;comb-making of bee,125;birds feeding young,19,126;nest-building, gradation in,18,120,121,122;instincts, complex, difficulty in believing in their evolution,20,121Intermediate forms,seeFormsIsland,seeElevation, Fauna, FloraIsland, upheaved and gradually colonised,184Islands, nurseries of new species,33,35n.,185,189Isolation,32,34n.,64,95,183,184Lepidosiren,140n.,212Limbs, vertebrate, of one type,38,216Mammals, arctic, transported by icebergs,170;distribution,151,152,193;distribution of, ruled by barriers,154;introduced by man on islands,172;not found on oceanic islands,172;relations in time and space, similarity of,176;of Tertiary period, relation of to existing forms in same region,174Mammals, Names of:—Antelope,148;Armadillo,174;Ass,79,107,172;Bat,38,123,128n.,131,132,214;Bear, sterile in captivity,100;—whale-like habit,128n.;Bizcacha,168,203,212;Bull, mammæ of,232;Carnivora, law of compensation in,106;Cats, run wild at Ascension,172;—tailless,60;Cattle, horns of,75,207;—increase in S. America,90;—Indian,205;—Niata,61,73;—suffering in parturition from too large calves,75;Cheetah, sterility of,100andn.;Chironectes,199;Cow, abortive mammæ,232;Ctenomys,seeTuco-tuco;Dog,106,114;—in Cuba,113andn.;—mongrel breed in oceanic islands,70;—difference in size a bar to crossing,97;—domestic, parentage of,71,72,73;—drooping ears,236;—effects of selection,66;—inter-fertile,14;—long-legged breed produced to catch hares,9,10,91,92;—of savages,67;—races of resembling genera,106,204;—Australian, change of colour in,61;—bloodhound, Cuban,204;—bull-dog,113;—foxhound,114,116;—greyhound and bull-dog, young of resembling each other,43,44n.,225;—pointer,114,115,116,117,118;—retriever,118n.;—setter,114;—shepherd-dog and harrier crossed, instinct of,118,119;—tailless,60;—turnspit,66;Echidna,82n.;Edentata, fossil and living in S. America,174;Elephant, sterility of,12,100;Elk,125;Ferret, fertility of,12,102;Fox,82,173,181;Galeopithecus,131n.;Giraffe, fossil,177;—tail,128n.;Goat, run wild at Tahiti,172;Guanaco,175;Guinea-pig,69;Hare, S. American,158n.;Hedgehog,82n.;Horse,67,113,115,148,149;—checks to increase,148,149;—increase in S. America,90;—malconformations and lameness inherited,58;—parentage,71,72;—stripes on,107;—young of cart-horse and racehorse resembling each other,43;Hyena, fossil,177;Jaguar, catching fish,132;Lemur, flying,131n.;Macrauchenia,137;Marsupials, fossil in Europe,175n.,177;—pouch bones,232,237;Mastodon,177;Mouse,153,155;—enormous rate of increase,89,90;Mule, occasionally breeding,97,102;Musk-deer, fossil,177;Mustela vison,128n.,132n.;Mydas,170;Mydaus,170;Nutria,seeOtter;Otter,131,132,170;—marsupial,199,205,211;Pachydermata,137;Phascolomys,203,212;Pig,115,217;—in oceanic islands,70;—run wild at St Helena,172;Pole-cat, aquatic,128n.,132_n._;Porpoise, paddle of,38,214;Rabbit,74,113,236;Rat, Norway,153;Reindeer,125;Rhinoceros,148;—abortive teeth of,45,231;—three oriental species of,48,249;Ruminantia,137andn.;Seal,93n.,131;Sheep,68,78,117,205;—Ancon variety,59,66,73;—inherited habit of returning home to lamb,115;—transandantes of Spain, their migratory instinct,114,117,124n.;Squirrel, flying,131;Tapir,135,136;Tuco-tuco, blindness of,46,236;Whale, rudimentary teeth,45,229;Wolf,71,72,82;Yak,72Metamorphosis, literal not metaphorical,41,72Metamorphosis,e.g.leaves into petals,215Migrants to new land, struggle among,33,185Migration, taking the place of variation,188Monstrosities, as starting-points of breeds,49,59;their relation to rudimentary organs,46,234Morphology,38,215;terminology of, no longer metaphorically used,41,217Mutation,seeSportsNatural selection,seeSelectionNest, bird’s,seeInstinctOcean, depth of, and fossils,25,195Organisms, gradual introduction of new,23,144;extinct related to, existing in the same manner as representative existing ones to each other,33,192;introduced, beating indigenes,153;dependent on other organisms rather than on physical surroundings,185;graduated complexity in the great classes,227;immature, how subject to natural selection,42,220,228;all descended from a few parent-forms,52,252Organs, perfect, objection to their evolution,15,128;distinct in adult life, indistinguishable in embryo,42,218;rudimentary,45,231,232,233;rudimentary, compared to monstrosities,46,234;rudimentary, caused by disuse,46,235;rudimentary, adapted to new ends,47,237Orthogenesis,241n.Oscillation of level in relation to continents,33,34n.,241Pallas, on parentage of domestic animals,71Pampas, imaginary case of farmer on,32,184Perfection, no inherent tendency towards,227Plants,see alsoFlora;fertilisation,70;migration of, to arctic and antarctic regions,167;alpine and arctic, migration of,31,166;alpine, characters common to,162;alpine, sterility of,13,101Plants, Names of:—Ægilops,58n.;Artichoke (Jerusalem),79;Ash, weeping, seeds of,61;Asparagus,79;Azalea,13,59,97;Cabbage,109,135,204;Calceolaria,11,99;Cardoon,153;Carrot, variation of,58n.;Chrysanthemum,59;Crinum,11,99;Crocus,96,99n.;Cucubalus, crossing,232;Dahlia,21,59,63,69,74,110;Foxglove,82;Gentian, colour of flower,107n.;Geranium,102;Gladiolus, crossed, ancestry of,11;Grass, abortive flowers,233;Heath, sterility,96;Hyacinth, colours of,106;—feather-hyacinth,229;Juniperus, hybridised,97;Laburnum, peculiar hybrid,108;Lilac, sterility of,13,100;Marigold, style of,47,233,237;Mistletoe,6,86,87,90n.;Nectarines on peach trees,59;Oxalis, colour of flowers of,107n.;Phaseolus, cultivated form suffers from frost,107;Pine-apple,207;Poppy, Mexican,154;Potato,69,74,110;Rhododendron,97,99;Rose, moss,59;—Scotch,69;Seakale,79;Sweet-william,59;Syringa, persica and chinensis,seeLilac;Teazle,129;Thuja, hybridised,97;Tulips, "breaking" of,58;Turnip, Swedish and common,205;Vine, peculiar hybrid,108;Yew, weeping, seeds of,61Plasticity, produced by domestication,1,63Plesiosaurus, loss of unity of type in,41,217Pteropods, embryology,218Quadrupeds, extinction of large,147Quinary System,202Race, the word used as equivalent to variety,94Races, domestic, classification of,204Rarity,28,148;and extinction,28,149,210Recapitulation theory,42,219,230,239Record, geological, imperfection of,26,140Regions, geographical, of the world,29,152,174;formerly less distinct as judged by fossils,177Resemblance, analogical,36,199Reversion,3,64,69,74“Roguing,”3Rudimentary organs,seeOrgansSavages, domestic animals of,67,68,96Selection, human,3,63;references to the practice of, in past times,67;great effect produced by,3,91;necessary for the formation of breeds,64;methodical, effects of,3,65;unconscious,3,67Selection, natural,xvi,7,87;natural compared to human,85,94,224;of instincts,120,120;difficulty of believing,15,121,128Selection, sexual, two types of,10,92Silk-worms, variation in larval state,44n.,223Skull, morphology of,39,215Species, representative, seen in going from N. to S. in a continent,31n.,156;representative in archipelagoes,187;wide-ranging,34n.,146;and varieties, difficulty of distinguishing,4,81,197;sterility of crosses between, supposed to be criterion,11,134;gradual appearance and disappearance of,23,144;survival of a few among many extinct,146Species, not created more than once,168,171,191;evolution of, compared to birth of individuals,150,198,253;small number in New Zealand as compared to the Cape,171,191;persistence of, unchanged,192,199Sports,1,58,59,64,74,95,129,186,206,224Sterility, due to captivity,12,77n.,100;of various plants,13,101;of species when crossed,11,23,96,99,103;produced by conditions, compared to sterility due to crossing,101,102Struggle for life,7,91,92,148,241Subsidence, importance of, in relation to fossils,25,35n.,7;of continent leading to isolation of organisms,190;not favourable to birth of new species,196Swimming bladder,16,129System, natural, is genealogical,36,208Telegony,108Tibia and fibula,48,137Time, enormous lapse of, in geological epochs,25,140Tortoise,146Transitional forms,seeFormsTrigonia,147n.,199Tree-frogs in treeless regions,131Type, unity of,38,214;uniformity of, lost in Plesiosaurus,217;persistence of, in continents,158,178Uniformitarian views of Lyell, bearing on evolution,249Use, inherited effects of,seeCharacters, acquiredVariability, as specific character,83;produced by change and also by crossing,105Variation, by Sports,seeSports;under domestication,1,57,63,78;due to causes acting on reproductive system,seeVariation, germinal;—germinal,2,43,62,222;individual,57n.;causes of,1,4,57,61;due to crossing,68,69;limits of,74,75,82,109;small in state of nature,4,59n.,81,83;results ofwithoutselection,84;—minute, value of,91;analogous in species of same genus,107;of mental attributes,17,112;in mature life,59,224,225Varieties, minute, in birds,82;resemblance of to species,81n.,82,105Vertebrate skull, morphology of,215Wildness, hereditary,113,119
For the names of Authors, Birds, Mammals (including names of classes) and Plants, see sub-indexes underAuthors,Birds,MammalsandPlants.