51100 (return)[ Decree of Fructidor 19, year II.]
51101 (return)[ Lally-Tollendal, "Défense des Emigrés," (Paris. 1797, 2nd part, 49, 62, 74. Report of Portalis to the Council of Five Hundred, Feb. 18, 1796. "Regard that innumerable class of unfortunates who have never left the republican soil."—Speech by Dubreuil, Aug.26, 1796. "The supplementary list in the department of Avignon bears 1004 or 1005 names. And yet I can attest to you that there are not six names on this enormous list justly put down as veritable emigrants."]
51102 (return)[ Ludovic Sciout, IV., 619. (Report of the Yonne administration, Frimaire, year VI.) "The gendarmerie went to the houses, in Sens as well as Auxerre, of several of the citizens inscribed on the lists of émigrés who were known never to have left their commune since the Revolution began. As they have not been found it is probable that they have withdrawn into Switzerland, or that they are soliciting you to have their names stricken off."]
51103 (return)[ Decrees of Vendémiaire 20 and Frimaire 9, year VI.—Decree of Messidor 10.]
51104 (return)[ Dufort de Cheverney, "Mémoires." (Before the Revolution he enjoyed an income of fifty thousand livres, of which only five thousand remain.) "Madame Amelot likewise reduced, rents her mansion for a living. Through the same delicacy as our own she did not avail herself of the facility offered to her of indemnifying her creditors with assignats." "Another lady, likewise ruined, seeks a place in some country house in order that herself and son may live."—"Statistique de la Moselle," by Colchen, préfet, year VI. "A great many people with incomes have perished through want and through payment of interest in paper-money and the reduction of Treasury bonds."—Dufort de Cheverney, Ibid., March, 1799. "The former noblesse and even citizens who are at all well-off need not depend on any amelioration.... They must expect a complete rescission of bodies and goods.... Pecuniary resources are diminishing more and more.... Impositions are starving the country."—Mallet-Dupan, "Mercure Britannique," January 25, 1799. "Thousands of invalids with wooden legs garrison the houses of the tax-payers who do not pay according to the humor of the collectors. The proportion of impositions as now laid in relation to those of the ancient regime in the towns generally is as 88 to 32."]
51105 (return)[ De Tocqueville, "oeuvres complètes," V., 65. (Extracts from secret reports on the state of the Republic, September 26, 1799.)]
51106 (return)[ Decree of Messidor 24, year VI.]
51107 (return)[ De Barante, "Histoire du Directoire," III., 456.]
51108 (return)[ A. Sorel, "Revue Historique," No.1, for March and May, 1882. "Les Frontières Constitutionelles en 1795." The treaties concluded in 1795 with Tuscany, Prussia and Spain show that peace was easy and that the recognition of the Republic was effected even before the Republican government was organized..... that France, whether monarchical or republican, had a certain limit which French power was not to overstep, because this was not in proportion to the real strength of France, nor with the distribution of force among the other European governments. On this capital point the convention erred; it erred knowingly, through a long-meditated calculation, which calculation, however, was false. and France paid dearly for its consequences."—Mallet-Dupan, II., 288, Aug. 23, 1795. "The monarchists and many of the deputies in the Convention sacrificed all the conquests to hasten on and obtain peace. But the fanatical Girondists and Siéyès' committee persisted in the tension system. They were governed by three motives: 1, the design of extending their doctrine along with their territory; 2, the desire of successively federalizing the States of Europe with the French Republic; and 3, that of prolonging a partial war which also prolongs extraordinary powers and revolutionary resources."—Carnot, "Mémoires," I., 476. (Report to the Committee of Public Safety, Messidor 28, year II.) "It seems much wiser to restrict our plans of aggrandizement to what is purely necessary in order to obtain the maximum security of our country."—Ibid., II., 132, 134 and 136. (Letters to Bonaparte, Oct. 28, 1796, and Jan. 1, 1797.) "It would be imprudent to fan the revolutionary flame in Italy too strongly.... They desired to have you work out the Revolution in Piedmont, Milan, Rome and Naples; I thought it better to treat with these countries, draw subsidies from them, and make use of their own organization to keep them under control."]
51109 (return)[ Carnot, ibid., II. 147. "Barras, addressing me like a madman, said, 'Yes, it is to you we owe that infamous treaty of Leoben!'"]
51110 (return)[ Andre Lebon, "L'Angleterre et l'Emigration Française," p.235. (Letter of Wickam, June 27, 1797, words of Barthélemy to M. d'Aubigny.)]
51111 (return)[ Lord Malmesbury, "Diary," III., 541. (September 9, 1797.) "The violent revolution which has taken place at Paris has upset all our hopes and defeated all our reasoning. I consider it the most unlucky event that could have happened." Ibid., (Letter from Canning, September 29, 1797.) "We were in a hair's breadth of it (peace). Nothing but that cursed revolution at Paris and the sanguinary, insolent, implacable and ignorant arrogance of the triumvirate could have prevented us. Had the moderate party triumphed all would have been well, not for us only but for France, for Europe and for all the world."]
51112 (return)[ Carnot, II., 152. "Do you suppose, replied Reubell, that I want the Cape and Trinquemale restored for Holland? The first point is to take them, and to do that Holland must furnish the money and the vessels. After that I will make them see that these colonies belong to us."]
51113 (return)[ Lord Malmesbury, "Diary," III., 526. (Letter from Paris, Fructidor 17, year V.)—ibid., 483. (Conversation of Mr. Ellis with Mr. Pain.)]
51114 (return)[ Ibid. III., 519, 544. (The words of Maret and Colchen.)—" Reubell," says Carnot, "seems to be perfectly convinced that probity and civism are two absolutely incompatible things."]
51115 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, II., 49. Words of Siéyès, March 27, 1797. Ibid, I., 258, 407; II., 4, 49, 350, 361, 386. This is so true that this prevision actuates the concessions of the English ambassador. (Lord Malmesbury, "Diary," III., 519. Letter to Canning. August 29, 1797.) "I am the more anxious for peace because, in addition to all the commonplace reasons, I am convinced that peace will paralyze this country most completely, that all the violent means they have employed for war will return upon them like an humour driven in and overset entirely their weak and baseless constitution. This consequence of peace is so much more to be pressed, as the very best conditions we could offer in the treaty."]
51116 (return)[ Mathieu Dumas, III., 256.—Miot de Melito, I., 163, 191. (Conversations with Bonaparte June and September, 1797.)]
51117 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, "Mercure Britannique," No. for November 10, 1798. How support gigantic and exacting crimes on its own soil? How can it flatter itself that it will extract from an impoverished people, without manufactures, trade or credit, nearly a billion of direct and indirect subsidies? How renew that immense fund of confiscations on which the French republic has lived for the past eight years? By conquering every year a new nation and devastating its treasuries, its character, its monts-de-piété, its owners of property. The Republic, for ten years past, would have laid down its arms had it been reduced to its own capital.]
51118 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, "Mercure Britannique," Nos. for November 25, and December 25, 1798, and passim.]
51119 (return)[ Ibid., No. for January 25, 1799. "The French Republic is eating Europe leaf by leaf like the head of an artichoke. It revolutionizes nations that it may despoil them, and it despoils them that it may subsist."]
51120 (return)[ Letter of Mallet-Dupan to a deputy on a declaration of war against Venice and on the Revolution effected at Genoa. (The "Quotidienne," Nos. 410, 413, 414, 421.)—Ibid., "Essai Historique sur la destruction de le Signe et de le Liberté Historique." (Nos. I, 2, and 3 of the "Mercure Britannique.")—Carnot, II., 153. (Words of Carnot in relation to the Swiss proceedings of the Directory.) "It is the fable of the Wolf and the Lamb."]
51121 (return)[ Overhauling of the Constitution or the purging of the authorities in Holland by Delacroix, January 22, 1798, in Cisalpine by Berthier, February, 1798, by Trouve, August, 1798, by Brune, September, 1798, in Switzerland by Rapinat, June, 1798, etc.]
51122 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, ("Mercure Britannique." numbers for November 26. December 25, 1798, March 10 and July 10, 1799). Details and documents relating to popular insurrections in Belgium, Switzerland, Suabia, Modena, the Roman States. Piedmont and Upper Italy.—Letter of an officer in the French army dated at Turin and printed at Paris. "Wherever the civil commissioners pass the people rise in insurrection, and, although I have come near being a victim of these insurrections four times, I cannot blame the poor creatures; even the straw of their beds is taken. Most of Piedmont, as I wrote, has risen against the French robbers, as they call us. Will you be surprised when I tell you that, since the pretended revolution of this country, three or four months ago, we have devoured ten millions of coin, fifteen millions of paper money, with the diamonds, furniture, etc., of the Crown? The people judge us according to our actions and regard us with horror and execrations."]
51123 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, Ibid., number for January, 1799. (List according to articles, with details, figures and dates.)—Ibid., No. for May 25, 1799: details of the sack of Rome according to the "Journal" of M. Duppa, an eye witness.—Ibid., Nos. for February 10 and 25, 1799: details of spoliation in Switzerland, Lombardy, Lucca and Piedmont.—The following figures show the robberies committed by individuals: In Switzerland, "the Directorial commissary, Rapinat, the major-general, Schawembourg and the ordinance commissary, Rouhière, each carried away a million tournois." "Rouhière, besides this, levied 20 per cent. on each contract he issued, which was worth to him 350,000 livres. His first secretary Toussaint, stole in Berne alone, 150,000 livres. The secretary of Rapinat, Amberg, retired with 300,000 livres." General Lorge carried off 150,000 livres in specie, besides a lot of gold medals taken from the Hôtel-de-Ville at Berne; his two brigadier-generals, Rampon and Pijon, each appropriated 216,000 livres. "Gen. Duheur, encamped in Brisgav, sent daily to the three villages at once the bills of fare for his meals and ordered requisitions for them; he demanded of one, articles in kind and, simultaneously, specie of another. He was content with 100 florins a day, which he took in provisions and then in money."—"Massena, on entering Milan at eleven o'clock in the evening, had carried off in four hours, without giving any inventory or receipt, all the cash-boxes of the convents, hospitals and monts-de-piété, which were enormously rich, taking also, among others, the casket of diamonds belonging to Prince Belgiojoso. That night was worth to Massena 1,200,000 livres." (Mallet-Dupan, "Mercure Britannique," February 10, 1799, and "Journal," MS., March, 1797.) On the sentiments of the Italians, cf. the letter of Lieutenant Dupin, Prairial 27, year VIII.; (G. Sand, "Histoire de ma vie," II. 251) one account of the battle of Marengo, lost up to two o'clock in the afternoon; "I already saw that the Po, and the Tessin were to be crossed, a country to traverse of which every inhabitant is our enemy."]
51124 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, ibid., number for January 10 1791. "December 31, 1796. Marquis Litta had already paid assessments amounting to 500,000 livres milanais, Marquis T., 420,000, Count Grepi 900,000, and other proprietors in proportion." Ransom of the "Decurioni of Milan, and other hostages sent into France, 1,500,000 livres."—This is in conformity with the Jacobin theory. In the old instructions of Carnot, we read the following sentence: "Assessments must be laid exclusively on the rich; the people must see that we are only liberators.... Enter as benefactors of the people, and at the same time as the scourge of the great, the rich and enemies of the French name." (Carnot, I., 433.)]
51125 (return)[ Ludovic Sciout, IV., 776. (Reports of the year VII., Archives Nationales, F.7, 7701 and 7718.) "Out of 1,400 men composing the first auxiliary battalion of conscripts, 1087 cowardly deserted their flag (Haute-Loire), and out of 900 recently recruited at Puy, to form the nucleus of the second battalion, 800 again have imitated their example."—Dufort de Cheverney, "Mémoires," September, 1799. "We learned that out of 400 conscripts confined in the (Blois) chateau, who were to set out that night, 100 had disappeared."—October 12, 1799: "The conscripts are in the château to the number of 5 or 600. They say that they will not desert until out of the department and on the road, so as not to compromise their families."—October 14, "200 have deserted, leaving about 300."—Archives Nationales, F.7, 3267. (Reports every ten days on refractory conscripts or deserters arrested by the military police, year VIII. Department of Seine-et-Oise.) In this department alone, there are 66 arrests in Vendémiaire, 136 in Brumaire, 56 in Frimaire and 86 in Pluviôse.]
51126 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, No. for January 25, 1799. (Letter from Belgium.) "To-day we see a revolt like that which the United Provinces made against the Duke of Alba. Never have the Belgians since Philip II. displayed similar motives for resistance and vengeance."]
51127 (return)[ Decrees of Fructidor 19, year VI. and Vendémiaire 27, year VII.—Mallet-Dupan, No. for November 25, 1798.)]
51128 (return)[ M. Léonce de Lavergne ("Economie rurale de la France since 1789," p.38) estimates at a million the number of men sacrificed in the wars between 1792 and 1800.—"Trustworthy officials, who, a year a go, have had the official documents in their possession, have certified to me that the war statistics for the levying of troops between 1794 and the middle of 1795 had raised 900,000 men of whom 650,000 had been lost in battle, in the hospitals or by desertion." Mallet-Dupan. (No. for December 10, 1798.—Ibid. (No. for March 20, 1799.) "Dumas affirmed that, in the Legislative Corps, the National Guard had renewed the battalions of the defenders of the country three times.... The fact of the shameful administration of the hospitals is proved through the admissions of generals, commissaries and deputies that the soldiers were dying for want of food and medicine. If we add to this the extravagance with which the leaders of the armies let the me be killed, we can readily comprehend this triple renewal in the space of seven years.—As an illustration there was the village of four hundred and fifty inhabitants in 1789 furnished (1792 and 1793) fifty soldiers. (" Histoire du Village de Croissy, Seine-et-Oise pendant la Revolution," by Campenon.).—La Vendée was a bottomless pit, like Spain and Russia afterwards. "A good republican, who entrusted with the supply the Vendée army with provisions for fifteen months, assured me that out of two hundred thousand men whom he had seen precipitated into this gulf there were not ten thousand that came of it." (Meissner, "Voyage à Paris," p.338, latter end of 1795)—The following figures ("Statistiques des Préfets" years IX., until XI.) are exact. Eight departments, (Doubs, Ain, Eure, Meurthe, Aisne, Aude, Drôme, Moselle) furnish the total number of their volunteers, recruits and conscripts, amounting to 193,343. These three departments (Arthur Young, "Voyage en France," II., 31) had, in 1790, a population of 2,446,000 souls: the proportion indicates that out of 26 million Frenchmen a little more than 2 millions were called up for military service.—On the other hand, five departments (Doubs, Eure, Meurthe, Aisne, Moselle) gave, not only the number of their soldiers, 131,322, but likewise that of their dead, 56,976, or out of 1000 men furnished 435 died. This proportion shows 870,000 dead out of two million soldiers.]
51129 (return)[ The statistics of the prefects and reports of council-generals of the year IX. all agree in the statements of the notable diminution of the masculine adult population.—Lord Malmesbury had already made the same observation in 1796. ("Diary," October 21 and 23, 1796, from Calais to Paris.) "Children and women were working in the fields. Men evidently reduced in number.... Carts often drawn by women and most of them by old people or boys. It is plain that the male population has diminished; for the women we saw on the road surpassed the number of men in the proportion of four to one."—Wherever the number of the population is filled up it is through the infantile and feminine increase. Nearly all the prefects and council-generals state that precocious marriages have multiplied to excess through conscription.—Dufort de Cheverney, "Mémoires," September 1st, 1800. "The conscription having spared the married, all the young men married at the age of sixteen. The number of children in the commune is double and triple what it was formerly."]
51130 (return)[ Sauzay, X., 471. (Speech by Representative Biot, Aug.29, 1799.)]
51131 (return)[ Albert Babeau, II., 466. (Letter of Milany, July 1, 1798, and report by Pout, Messidor, year VI.)]
51132 (return)[ Schmidt, III., 374. (Reports on the situation of the department of the Seine, Ventose, year VII.)—Dufort de Cheverney, "Mémoires," October 22, 1799. "The column of militia sets out to-day; there are no more than thirty persons in it, and these again are all paid or not paid clerks, attachés of the Republic, all these belonging to the department, to the director of domains, in fine, all the bureaus."]
51133 (return)[ Schmidt, III., 374. (Reports on the situation of the department of the Seine, Ventose, year VII.)—Dufort de Cheverney, "Mémoires," October 22, 1799. "The column of militia sets out to-day; there are no more than thirty persons in it, and these again are all paid or not paid clerks, attachés of the Republic, all these belonging to the department, to the director of domains, in fine, all the bureaus."]
51134 (return)[ M. de Lafayette, "Mémoires," II., 162. (Letter of July 22, 1799.) "The other day, at the mass in St. Roch, a man by the side of our dear Grammont, said fervently: 'My God, have mercy on us, exterminate the nation!' This, indeed, simply meant: 'My God, deliver us from the Convention system!'"]
51135 (return)[ Schmidt,298, 352, 377, 451, etc. (Ventose, Frimaire and Fructidor, year VII.)]
51136 (return)[ Ibid., III. (Reports of Prairial, year III., department of the Seine.)]
51137 (return)[ M. de Lafayette, "Memoires," II., 164. (Letter of July 14, 1799.)—De Tocqueville, "(oeuvres complètes," V., 270. (Testinony of a contemporary.)—Sauzay, X., 470, 471. (Speeches by Briot and de Echassériaux): "I cannot understand the frightful state of torpor into which minds have fallen; people have come to believing nothing, to feeling nothing, to doing nothing.... The great nation which had overcome all and created everything around her, seems to exist only in the armies and in a few generous souls."]
51138 (return)[ Lord Malmesbury's "Diary," (November 5, 1796). "At Randonneau's, who published all the acts and laws.... Very talkative, but clever.... Ten thousand laws published since 1789, but only seventy enforced."—Ludovic Sciout, IV., 770. (Reports of year VII.) In Puy de Dome: "Out of two hundred and eighty-six communes there are two hundred in which the agents have committed every species of forgery on the registers of the Etat-Civil and in the copying of its acts, to clear individuals of military service. Here, young men of twenty and twenty-five are married to women of seventy-two and eighty years of age, and even to those who have long been dead; then, an extract from the death register clears a man who is alive and well."—"Forged contracts are presented to avoid military service, young soldiers are married to women of eighty; one woman, thanks to a series of forgeries, is found married to eight or ten conscripts." (Letter of an officer of the Gendarmerie to Roanne, Ventose 9, year VIII.)]
51139 (return)[ Words of De Tocqueville.—"Le Duc de Broglie," by M. Guizot, p. 16. (Words of the Duc de Broglie.) "Those who were not living at this time could form no idea of the profound discouragement into which France had fallen in the interval between Fructidor 18 and Brumaire 18."]
51140 (return)[ Buchez et Roux, XXXVIII., 480. (Message of the Directory, Floréal 13, year IV., and report of Bailleul, Floreal 18.) "When an election of deputies presented a bad result to us we thought it our duty to propose setting it aside.... It will be said that your project is a veritable proscription."—"Not more so than the 19 of Fructidor."—Cf. for dismissals in the provinces, Sauzay, V., ch. 86.—Albert Babeau, II., 486. During the four years the Directory lasted the municipal council of Troyes was renewed seven times, in whole or in part.]
51141 (return)[ Buchez et Roux, XXXIX., 61. (Session of Prairial 30, year VII.)-Sauzay, X., ch. 87.—Léouzon-Leduc, "Correspondence Diplomatique avec la cour de Suede," P. 203.—(Letters of July 1, 7 11, 19 August 4; September 23, 1799.) "The purification of functionaries, so much talked about now, has absolutely no other end in view but the removal of the partisans of one faction in order to substitute those of another faction without any regard to moral character.... It is this choice of persons without probity, justice or any principles of honesty whatever for the most important offices which makes one tremble, and especially, at this moment, all who are really attached to their country."—"The opening of the clubs must, in every relation, be deemed a disastrous circumstance.... All classes of society are panic-stricken at the faintest probability of the re-establishment of a republican government copied after that of 1793".... "The party of political incendiaries in France is the only one which carries out such designs energetically and directly."]
51142 (return)[ Leouzon-Leduc, ibid, 328, 329. (Dispatches of September 19 and 23.)—Mallet-Dupan, "Mercure Britannique." (No. for October 25, 1799. Letter from Paris. September 15. Exposition of the situation and tableau of the parties.) "I will add that the war waged with success by the Directory against the Jacobins, (for, although the Directory is itself a Jacobin production, it wants no more of its masters), that this war, I say, has rallied people somewhat to the government without having converted anyone to the Revolution or really frightened the Jacobins who will pay them back if they have time to do it."]
51143 (return)[ Gohier, "Mémoires," conversation with Sieyès on his entry into the Directory. "Here we are," says Sieyès to him, "members of a government which, as we cannot conceal from ourselves, is threatened with a coming fall. But when the ice melts skilful pilots can escape in the breaking up. A falling government does not always imperil those at the head of it."]
51144 (return)[ Tacitus, "Annales," book VI., P 50. "Macro, intrepidus, opprimi senem injectu multoe vestis discedique a limine."]
51145 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan," Mercure Britannique." (Nos. for December 25, 1798 and December 1799.) "From the very beginning of the Revolution, there never was, in the uproar of patriotic protestations, amidst so many popular effusions of devotion to the popular cause to Liberty in the different parties, but one fundamental conception, that of grasping power after having instituted it, of using every means of strengthening themselves, and of excluding the largest number from it, in order to center themselves in a privileged committee. As soon as they had hurried through the articles of their constitution and seized the reins of government, the dominant party conjured the nation to trust to it, notwithstanding that the farce of their reasoning would not bring about obedience,... Power and money and money and power, all projects for guaranteeing their own heads and disposing of those of their competitors, end in that. From the agitators of 1789 to the tyrants of 1798, from Mirabeau to Barras, each labors only to forcibly open the gates of riches and authority and to close them behind them."]
51146 (return)[ Mallet-Dupan, ibid., No. for April 10, 1799. On the Jacobins. "The sources of their enmities, the prime motive of their fury, their coup-d'état lay in their constant mistrust of each other.... Systematic, immoral factionists, cruel through necessity and treacherous through prudence, will always attribute perverse intentions. Carnot admits that there were not ten men in the Convention that were conscious of probity."]
51147 (return)[ See in this respect "Histoire de ma Vie," by George Sand, volumes 2, 3 and 4, the correspondence of her father enlisted as a volunteer in 1798 and a lieutenant at Marengo.—Cf. Marshal Marmont, "Memoires," I., 186, 282, 296, 304. "Our ambition, at this moment, was wholly secondary; we were occupied solely with our duties or pleasures. The most cordial and frankest union prevailed amongst us all."]
51148 (return)[ "Journal de Marche du sergent Fracasse."—"Les Cahiers du capitaine Coignet."—Correspondence of Maurice Dupin in "Histoire de ma Vie," by George Sand.]
51149 (return)[ "Les Cahiers du Capitaine Coignet," p.76. "And then we saw the big gentlemen getting out of the windows. Mantles, caps and feathers lay on the floor and the grenadiers ripped off the lace."—Ibid., 78, Narration by the grenadier Chome: "The pigeons all flew out of the window and we had the hall to ourselves."]
51150 (return)[ Dufort de Cheverney, "Mémoires," September 1, 1800. "Bonaparte, being fortunately placed at the head of the government, advanced the Revolution more than fifty years; the cup of crimes was full and overflowing. He cut off the seven hundred and fifty heads of the hydra, concentrated power in his own hands, and prevented the primary assemblies from sending us another third of fresh scoundrels in the place of those about to take themselves off.... Since I stopped writing things are so changed as to make revolutionary events appear as if they had transpired more than twenty years ago.... The people are no longer tormented on account of the decade, which is no longer observed except by the authorities.... One can travel about the country without a passport.... Subordination is established among the troops; all the conscripts are coming back.. .. The government knows no party; a royalist is placed along with a determined republican, each being, so to say, neutralized by the other. The First Consul, more a King than Louis XIV., has called the ablest men to his councils without caring what they were."—Anne Plumptre, "A Narrative of Three Years' Residence in France from 1802 to 1805," I., 326, 329. "The class denominated the people is most certainly, taking it in the aggregate, favorably disposed to Bonaparte. Any tale of distress from the Revolution was among this class always ended with this, 'but now, we are quiet, thanks to God and to Bonaparte.'"—Mallet-Dupan, with his accustomed perspicacity, ("Mercure Britainnique," Nos. for November 25 and December 10, 1799), at once comprehended the character and harmony of this last revolution. "The possible domination of the Jacobins chilled all ages and most conditions.... Is that nothing, to be preserved, even for one year, against the ravages of a faction, under whose empire nobody can sleep tranquilly, and find that faction driven from all places of authority just at a time when everybody feared its second outburst, with its torches, its assassins, its assessors, and its agrarian laws, over the whole French territory?.... That Revolution, of an entirely new species, appeared to us as fundamental as that of 1789."]
51151 (return)[ The Ancient Régime, p. 144.]