Abbas the Great, Shah,494Abbot, General Sir James, cited,107-109,119Abdurrahmon, Amir,357,377,419Ab-i-lal river,486Abistada, Lake,514Abkhana route,351Abu Abdulla Mohammed (Al Idrisi).SeeIdrisiAccadian tradition cited,34,73Achakzai (Duranis),212,361,375,491Adraskand,229and n.; river,216Aegospotami, xiii,160,163Afghan, Armenian identification of word,50Afghan Boundary Commission.SeeRusso-AfghanAfghan Turkistan:Agricultural possibilities of,251Ferrier in,481Greek settlements in,31Kabul, route to:Modern improvements in,419and n.,522n.Wood's account of,418-19Richness of, known to Tiglath Pilesur,49Route to, by southern passes of Hindu Kush,378Routes to, from Herat,248Slavery in,253Snakes in,253Valley formations in,253-4Afghanistan:Arab exploration of,192Assyrian colonies in highlands of,61Barbarity in,78-9Boundary Commission.SeeRusso-AfghanBritish attitude towards, in early 19th century,349; Afghan attitude towards British,337-8British war with (1839-40):Conduct of,359,411Effects of,346,353,392Geographical information acquired during,411-12Remnants of British disasters in,478British war with (1878-80), surveys in connection with,397,500Christie's and Pottinger's exploration of,329et seq.Durani corner of, character of,212Ethnography of Afghanistan(Bellew) cited,20,91Foreign policy of,353Greek names in,21Helmund boundary of,80Hinterland of India, viewed as,5Indian land gates always held by,22Language of, Persian in origin,21Natural beauty of,392Persia:Colonies of, in,61Intrigues of, British nervousness as to,399-400War with (1837),402Persian Empire including, in antiquity,21Rain-storms in,233-4Russian intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to,399-400Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission.Seethat titleRulers of (Ben-i-Israel), traditions of,49-50Social conditions in, past and present,337-8,395Surveying of, gaps in,501; important unexplored regions,514Afghanistan, Central:Aimak tribes of,488-9Broadfoot's exploration of,412,470et seq.Conformation of,215Hazara highlands,84-6Records of, scanty,213-14Routes through,220,222-3Survey of (1882-3),212,214Afghanistan, North (Baktria):Alexander in,88Altitudes of peaks and passes in,262-3Assyrian estimate of,6Irrigation works in,75-6Kafir inhabitants of,50Kyreneans in,91Milesian Greeks (Brankhidai) transported to,16,19,20,31,45,87,91; survival of Greek strain in,354-5,358Murghab river's economic value in,246-7Plateau of,258Route to, from Mesopotamia,47-48,54,67-8,70Winter climate of,240Afghanistan, South:Christie's and Pottinger's exploration of,329et seq.Firearms imported into,55Historic monuments scarce in,211Afghans:Burnes' estimate of,491Durani.Seethat titleEuropean travellers' intercourse with (unofficial),452,457-8Foreigners, attitude towards,337-8,353,392Masson's intimacy with,346-7,350,352,362-3; his influence with,380Slavery, attitude towards,421Afridi (Aprytae),28,31Aimak tribes of Central Afghanistan,488-9Ak Robat,446Ak Robat pass,378,382,421; Wood's account of,417Ak Tepe (Khuzan),245-6Ak Zarat pass,262Akbar Khan (Afghan general),398Akcha (Akbarabad),449Akulphis,125Al Kharij,313Alakah ridge,257Alauddin (Allah-u-din),218,467Alexander the Great:Alexandreia (? Herat) founded by,77Bakhi obliterated by,31-2Brankhidai of Milesia exterminated by,20Expedition of, to India:Aornos episode,106-107,109-21Army, constituents of,64-5Course and incidents of,66-8,70,76-9,83,86-8,90,92-4,96,98-100,103-107,111-22,125Darius' flight from,47-8,67-8Geographical information possessed by,10,26,29,38,61,79,86,147Greek influence of, in Indus valley less than supposed,22Greeks in Afghanistan welcoming,16,63Knowledge acquired by,60Mutiny beyond Indus,46Nature of,60,65Recruitment from Greece during,92Retreat, route of,38,51,86,145-54,156,161-6,291Skythic tribes encountered by,93Marriage of Alexander with Roxana,92Philotas tortured to death by,78Reverential attitude towards, still felt in India,58-9Alexandreia (Bagram, Herat),77,87,93,96,393Ali Khan,497Ali Masjid,351Aliabad,421,505Alingar (Kao) river,96,99-100,327,358,507,509Alishang river,99,356-8,507Alishang valley, Masson in,396Allard, General,366,455Almar,249Altitude:Abstract, mediæval ignorance of,279As a factor in defence,419Amb (Embolina),107-108,114-15,121Ambela pass,121Amise, General,366Amritsar,363,367Anardara,335,336Anbar,250-51Andarab (Adraspa, Ariaspa, Zariaspa):Alingar river, communication with,327Capital of Greek colonies situated in,511Fertility of,90Greek settlements about,435Haibak route to,524Site of,272,427-8Strategic importance of,92,275,277,357Timur at,355otherwise mentioned,243,272-4,276Andarab river,268,272,428; strategic importance of,261Andarab valley,88,90,438,509Andkhui,248,439,448Anjuman,270Anjuman valley,274,436,507,509; importance of route,275; unexplored,427-8Aornos,92,106-107,109-21Aprytae (Afridi),28,31Arabian Sea:Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes,140-41Islands in, disappearance of,286,288Phenomena of,286-7Arabic, derivatives from,192Arabii,146,305Arabius river.SeePuraliArabs:Ascendency of, in seventh century,191-2Himyaritic,372Indian invasion by,293-4Indian route used by,viaGirishk,209Makran under ascendency of,292-5Methods of, mediæval and modern,227Records of travel by, untrustworthiness of,213Sabœan,372Sind under,293,311,366Arbela, Arbil.SeeErbilArbela, battle of,47,67Archa pass,421,505Ardewan pass,234Argandi,379Arghandab river,83,86,208,224,515Arghastan river,224Argu plain,424Aria,32,479.See alsoHeratAriaspa.SeeAndarabArigaion,103Arimaspians,14Aristobulus cited,151-2Armail (Armabel, Karabel, Las Bela),150,304-307,320; distances to,303-304Armenia, Israelites deported to,39,49Arnawai valley,358Arrian cited,19-20,51,54,62-3,87,89,91,103,104,107,114,118,119,124,126,147,148,150,152-3,155,156,160,165-6,316Artakoana,32,77,479.See alsoHeratArtobaizanes,68Asfaka,312,314Asfaran (? Subzawar),229-30Asmar Boundary Commission (1894),123Asoka,129Aspardeh,250Aspasians,96,100,103,104Aspurkan (? Sar-i-pul),250,252Assagetes,114Assakenians,96,104Assakenoi,121,126,129Asshur (Assyrian god),53Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalus),52,162-3Assyria:Afghan colonies of,61Buildings in, nature of,40-43Israelite serfs in,39Assyrian Empire, Second:Afghanistan as viewed by,6Art of,7,52-4Babylonian overthrow of,52Golden age of,51-3Influence of, in India,70Israelites deported by,16,39,44,49,61Naval fight of, first,52Satrapies, institution of,44Astarab stream and route to Bamian,252-4; valley,266Astarabad,225Astola I. (Haftala),160Attok, Carpatyra probably near,29Auca (Obeh),225Auckland, Lord,405,409Avitabile,367Azdha of Bamian,380Azdha of Besud,380Babar (Baba) pass,234,236,481Baber, Emperor, cited,133,358; estimate of,326-7Babylon:Antiquities of,73Assyria overthrown by,52Barrenness of country round,41Badakshan:Alexander in,93Antiquarian treasures in,511Balkh-Pamirs route across,177-8British knowledge of, only recent,345Climate of,422Dorah route from, to Kunar valley,520Exploration of, by Indian surveyors,268-9Geographical knowledge of uplands of, defective,501,503,510Greek settlements and remains in,20,31,423Kabul, modern all-the-year-round route to,275-6,419n.,522n.Kafirs anciently in,132Lord's and Wood's mission to,402Moorcroft's journey to,444Railway across uplands to, impracticability of,523Routes to, compared,414Wood's views on,436-7Badakshan (town) (? Jirm),273-5Badakshani transported by Murad Beg,432,505Badghis,235,236,237Bado river,338-9Baghdad:Masson at,368Railway from,viaHamadan and Kum, question as to,322Baghlan,90,261,421,505,511; Greek settlements about,435Baghlan river,434; valley,437Baghnein,206-208Bagisara (? Damizar),158Bagnarghar,282-3Bagram (Alexandreia),77,87,93,96,393Bahawalpur,349,364Bahrein Is.,56Bahu Kalat (Fahalfahra),312-14Bahu valley,165Baio peak,120-21Bajaor,103Bajaur,128Bajgah,261,384Bajgah (Parwan, Sar Alang) pass,414Bajitan (Najitan),225Bakhi,31-32Bakhtyari,32Bakkak pass,256,262Baktra.SeeBalkhBaktria.SeeBadakshanBakwa plain,493Bala Murghab,237,240,247,481Balangur (Bala Angur),251Balkh:Antiquity of,7,71,73Approach to, by Akcha road,72,73Buddhism at,263,502-503Coins and relics at,459Ferrier's account of,482Importance of, in antiquity,88Khotan, distance from,177Modern,71-4Moorcroft at,446,449Persian satrapy including,31Routes to, from:Bamian,267-8Bokhara,278Herat,239-40,247-8Kabul,272-3Khotan,277,278-9Merv,249-50Punjab,177Southward,257Balkh Ab river,215Balkh Ab valley,252,255,257; route to Kabul,259-60Balkh plains:Antiquarian interest of,88,511Extent and character of,74Mapping of,501Rivers of,75Waterway ruins of,76Balkh (Band-i-Amir) river:Course of,257-8Lakes and aqueducts of,256Sarikoh, junction with,267Scenery of,262-3Source of,84Baluch Confederation:Kaiani Maliks at head of,37Lawlessness of,334Baluchistan:Arab exploration of,192Desert of,82Exploration of, modern,194; by Christie and Pottinger,329et seq.Firearms imported into,55Frontier of, the Gomul,137Hinterland of India, viewed as,5Hot winds of,341Language of, Persian in origin,21Lasonoi emigration to,30Makran.Seethat titleMediæval geography regarding,200Mongol invasion of India through,526Natural features and conditions of,32-3,47,373Persian Empire including,21Political intrigue in,409Southern passes from, into India commanded from the sea,140-41Surveying of,501Baluchistan, East:Inhabitants of, character of,373-4Masson's travels in,369Baluchistan, South:Brahui of,34Configuration of,48Baluchs, Masson's intimacy with,374Bam,323Bamain,213-14Bam-i-dunya.SeePamirsBamian:Buddhist relics at,177,263,265-6,381,446Founding of kingdom of,218Importance of, in Middle Ages,205,261-2,267Masson in,378-86Route through, importance of,438Routes to, from:Balkh,267-8Ghur,224Kabul (open in winter),385-6Oxus plains,257Sar-i-pul,252Bamian (Unai) pass,87,221Bamian river,260,388Bamian valley:Description of,263,265-6Importance of,437-8Bampur:Alexander at,165,166,316Mountain conformation of,323Pottinger at,342Bampusht Koh mountains,313Band (Binth),311-12,314Band-i-Amir mountains,257Band-i-Amir river.SeeBalkh riverBand-i-Baian (Siah Koh, Sufed Koh) mountains,84,215,486,487Band-i-Nadir,245Band-i-Turkistan,239,249,250,484Banj mountain,184,185Banjohir (Panjshir),276-7Bannu,512Baraki,91Barbarra (? Mabara),434Barna, Badara (Gwadur),159Barnes, Sir Hugh,374and n.Baroghel pass,517,521Barohi, meaning of term,34,163.See alsoBrahuisBashgol valley,426Bashkird mountains,200Basrah,368Bassarikacited,62Bast,236Bazar (ancient) (Rustam, Bazira, Bazireh),106,113,114Bazar (modern) (? Ora),106Bean, Captain,406-407Begram, site of ancient city at,393; Cufic coins at,394Behistan inscriptions cited,30Behvana (Jirena),245Bela (in Baluchistan),331Bela.SeeLas BelaBelchirag,251,255,484Bellew cited,32,35,163-4; hisEthnography of Afghanistancited,20,91; hisInquirycited,21Belous (Bolous),200Ben-i-Israel, traditions of,49-50,378Benjawai,207,208,210Bentinck, Lord Wm.,344Berwan lake,282Bessos (later Artaxerxes),47,68,76,88,90Besud route to the Helmund,262Besud territory,378,380-81Bih (Geh),311-12,314Binadur,493Binth (Band),311-12,314Birdwood, Sir Geo., cited,53Birmal hills,513Birs Nimrud,41,43,71Bist (Kala Bist),204,207,208Bitchilik pass,387Blood, Sir Bindon, cited,120Bodh,372Bokhara (Sogdiæ):Alexander's success in,92Balkh under chief of,459Kabul and Bamian, main route from,389Khulm and Balkh route from,278Modern popularity of,395Moorcroft's journey to,444Bolan (Mashkaf) pass,139,362Bolar, kingdom of,327Boledi,36-7Bolor, Kafiristan part of,269Bolous (Belous),200Bombay N.I., geographical record of,454Boodhi,483-4Botm,282and n.Bouchinj (Zindajan),479Bousik (Boushinj, Pousheng),231,234,237Brahmi script cited,171Brahuis (Barohis):Baluchistan, in,331Masson's estimate of,374Mingals,142,306Revolt of, at Kalat,406Sakæ,163-4Stock of,34Traditions of,142Brankhidai of Milesia,20,91Brick buildings of antiquity,42-3Broadfoot, Lieut. J. S.,513; travels of, in Central Afghanistan,412,470et seq.; estimate of,471Bubulak,387Buddhism:Balkh, at, in antiquity,72,263,502-503Bamian, relics in,263-6,381,446Building age of, a later development,170Haibak, at,264-5,511Jalalabad, relics at,352Kashmir, in,179-80Nava Sanghârâma,178Ritual of,174-6,181-2Sind, ruins in,372Swat, in,129Takla Makan, in the,283Buddhist Records of the Western World, quoted,175-6Buddhiya kingdom,305-306Budu river,341Bunbury cited,31Buner river,108,120-21Buner valley, Blood's expedition to,120Bushire,348Burhan, Lake,283Burnes, Sir Alexander, Indus navigation by,368,454; at court of Ranjit Singh,455-7; mission of, to Kabul (1832),344,376; to Kunduz,378;Travels in Bokharaquoted,455,491; date of publication,344,351; commercial mission of, to Kabul (1837),398-401,404-405; work of,440-41; estimate of,453,461Burzil pass,182Candace,479Canouj,273Cariat (Kariut),210Carpatyra,28-9Cavalry on frontier expeditions,117Celadon ware,82-3,197,300Chach of Sind,303,306Chachnama of Sind cited,305Chagai,335Chagan Sarai,130Chahar Aimak,212,214,481Chaharburjak,81Chahardar (Chapdara) pass,261,415,419,522Height of,357Military road over,277Chaharshamba river and route to Balkh from Herat,242,248Chahil Abdal (Chalapdalan) mountain,223,486,488Chahilburj,257,267Chahiltan heights,370-71Chakesar ford,121Chakhansur,497Chalapdalan (Chahil Abdal) mountain,223,486,488Chandragupta (Sandrakottos),129Chapdara pass.SeeChahardarCharbar,299Chardeh plain,379Charikar:Military road from, over Chapdara pass,277Strategical position of,357Charsadda,114Chashma Sabz pass,234,235Chenghiz Khan,72,85,142,193,194,218,267,376,526Cherchen,174China, Buddhist pilgrimage routes from,169et seq.,502,518Chinese Turkistan:Buddhist occupation of,280Conditions of life in, in antiquity,171,172Tibet, included in,283Chiras,252Chitral, passes converging on,426-7,519Chitral river.SeeKunar riverChitral valley:Accessibility of,517Dorah route to,519-20Choaspes.SeeKunarChol country,236,238,246,247,258Christians:Armenian, in Kabul,377Merv, at,241Sakah, at,229Christie, Captain,329et seq.Chumla river,108; valley,121Climate as affecting race distribution,8,46Conolly, Lieut.,390Cophæus,114Court, M.,455,457Crockery debris,82,197Cufic coins,394Cunningham, General, cited,106,148Curtius, Quintus, cited,107,122,148-9,221,459Cyrus, King of Persia,79,147Dadar,362Dahuk (? Dashtak),304Dames, Longworth, cited,201Damizar (? Bagisara),158Dand,472Dandan Shikan pass,260,384,421; Wood's account of,418Daolatabad,249Daolatyar,221,223-4,256,486Daraim valley,424Darak (Dizak),311-14Darak Yamuna (Yakmina),317Dards,31Darel (To-li),179,182-3Darel stream,183-4Darius, flight of, from Alexander,47,67; death of,70Darius Hystaspes, transportation of Greeks by,16,19,20,31,45,87,91Darra Yusuf river,257,200Darwaz mountains,432-3Darya-i-Zarah (Gaod-i-Zireh),204Dasht river,165Dasht-i-bedoulat plain,362,370Dasht-i-Lut,323Dasht-i-Margo desert,81,495Dawar (Zamindawar),83,205-206,223,491Deane, Major Sir H., cited,129Debal,293,301,303,307,308,310Deh Dadi,257Dehao (? Dehi),483Dehertan (? Dahertan),236,237Dehgans,269Dehi (? Dehao),483Delight of those who seek to wander through the Regions of the World, The(Idrisi), cited,199et seq.Dendalkan,245,246Dera Ismail Khan,463Derah,245Derak (Dizek),244Dereh Mustapha Khan (Deria-dereh),487Derenbrosa, I.,159Derthel,206-208,210Deserts as barriers,7-9Dev Hissar fortress,484-5Dev Kala,89,92Dihsai (Dshara),465-6Diodoros cited,107Dionysiakacited,62Dir valley,129Dizak (Darak),311-14Dizek (Derak),244Djil,273Doctors as travellers,463Domai (Manora), I.,154Domandi,464,513Dorah pass,508-509; nature and importance of,426-7,519-21Dorak (? Dizek),245Dosh,261Doshak.SeeJalalabadDoshak range,233Dost Mahomed Khan,344,353,359,390,403,444,462,490; operations by, against Sikhs,397-8; methods and estimate of,360Drangia.SeeSeistanDravidian Brahuis,306Dravidian races entering India,142-4Dshara (Dihsai),465-6Dufferin lake,520Durand,471Durani Afghans:Districts inhabited by,212Herat under occupation of,348Shikarpur, at,363Truculence of,212,490Zarangai alleged to be recognisable as,33-4Duvanah valley,424Dwa Gomul river,475Eastward migrations,6,7,9,45,49Ecbatana:Darius' flight to,47-8,67Route, direct, to India from,51Egypt, buildings in,40Elam,163Elburz mountains:Alexander's passage of,74,76,258Rivers of,75Road across,528mentioned,74,257Elliott, Sir H., cited,302,304,305; quoted,313Embolina (Amb),107-108,114-15,121Erbil (Arbil):Battle of Arbela at,47Route from, to Hamadan,48Ersari Turkmans,251,459-60Esar Haddon, King of Assyria,52Ethiopians, Asiatic, problem regarding,34-6,163Euxine (Black Sea):Milesian colonies S. and W. of,18Skythic nomads N. of,14,19Explorations of Indian trans-frontier, recentness of,1,17,32,60,345Fa Hian,170,172,178,180,181,184-5; quoted,174-6,179,183Fahalfahra (Bahu Kalat),312-14Fahraj (Pahrag, Pahra, Pahura),315,317; two places so named,316Faizabad:Dorah route from,519Situation of,273-4,425Wood's account and estimate of,422,425Zebak, route from,511mentioned,279,506Farah (Prophthasia):Alexander the Great at,78Antiquity of,7Ferrier at,493-4Herat, route from,230-34Situation of,7Farah Rud river,204,216,221,336,488,494Farajghan,356Fardan (? Bampur or Pahra),315-17Farsi,223Fazilpur,365Fazl Hag,458Ferengal, lead mines at,416Ferghana,282Ferrier, M., career of,477; at Herat,477-8; journey across Firozkohi plateau,476,478,484; route to Ghur,485-7; imprisonments of,491-3; at Farah,493-4; in Seistan,496-7; back to Herat,498; methods of,346; estimate of,476,480,498; cited,214,231,335,516;Caravan Journeyscited,497Ferrying by ponies,89-90,449,460-61Feruk (Feruckabad),449Firabuz (Kanazbun),302-303; distances from,304,313,317Firozand,207Firozkohi (mediæval capital of Ghur),219Firozkohi plateau:Ferrier's journey across,476,478,484; route to Ghur,485-7Impracticability of, for military operations,525Outlook from,266mentioned,247,258Firozkohis:District of,84,214,217,219,253Origin of,481Foosheng,231Forbes, Dr., murder of,497Forrest'sSelections from Travels and Journals preserved in the Bombay Secretariatquoted,348,and n.Gadrosia.SeeMakranGadrosii,146,151Gaduns,111Gadurs,35Galjin,497Gandhara (Upper Punjab),99,179,185Gandava (Sind),305Gaod-i-Zireh (Darya-i-Zarah),204Gardandiwal,260,379,388Gauraians,96Gauraios river.SeePanjkoraGawargar,267Gazban (Karbis),159Gazdarra pass,465,472Geh (Bih),311-12,314Geography:Ancient records of, absence of,14-16,18,29Distances, difficulties of estimating, by "a day's journey," 298Influence of, on migratory movements,9,45-6; on history,214Makran, of,295et seq.Officialv.unofficial,332,345Persian, extent and accuracy of,17,25-6,29,31Recent advances in,1,17,32,60Gerard, Dr.,376,395Germany, firearms from, imported to Persia, Seistan, etc.,55Gharan,429Gharo river,153Ghazni (region):Raids from,136Vigne's exploration of,462,465Ghazni river,468Ghazni (town):Alauddin's sack of,218Desolation of,210-11,376Kandahar, route to,512Masson at,359-60Vigne at,467Ghaznigak,261Ghilzais (Khilkhis):Districts of,375-6Importance of,206,212Suliman Khel.Seethat titleGhizao,515Ghorband drainage system,468Ghorband river,413Ghorband valley:Beauty of,97Easy pass to,260,261,387Lead mines in,416Military road up,277Ghori,524Ghoweh Kol (? Pai Kol),380Ghulam Khana,385Ghur:Ferrier at,478Ghazni to, no direct route from,220Ghur, kingdom of:Description and history of, in mediæval times,205,211-13,217-19Routes through, in mediæval times,220-24Ghur river,204,221,488Ghur valley,221-2Ghurian (Koure),231-2Giaban headland,159Gichki,37Gilgit basin,517; river,182Girishk:Ferrier's imprisonment at,491-3Ford at,204,206-10Kandahar route by,490Ruins at,492Gish (war god),131Glass, Arabic,300Gobi desert,171Goës, Benedict,327-8Goldsmid, General Sir F.,299Gomul river,136,464,473-4Gomul route from the Indus to Ghazni, Vigne's exploration of,462,512,513Gondakahar (Gandakahar, Gondekehar) caves,305,306,320Gondrani caves,305,306Granikos river,66Great Britain:Afghan attitude towards,337-8; British attitude towards Afghanistan in early nineteenth century,349Afghan war (1839-40).SeeAfghanistan, British war withAfghan war (1878-80), surveys in connection with,397,500Sixteenth century, condition of England in,2Greeks:Baghlan and Andarab, settlements about,435Baktria, deportation to,87,91; survival of strain in,354-5,358,423Dionysian, migration of, to Indian frontier,16,19,62-3,124-5,358,423Indian art, influence on,59-60Kyrenean, in Baktria,91Milesian.See that titlePersian Empire, relations with,20-21,36,61Women of, as influencing language in Indus valley,22Grierson, Dr., cited,132Gulgula citadel,381,386Gulkatz,473Gulkoh mountain,515Gulran (? Kilrin),235Gurkhas in Nepal,188Guzwan (? Gurkan, Juzjan, Jurkan, Jirghan),250,251,255Gwadur (Barna, Badara),159,299Gwalian (Walian) pass,414Habibullah,444Haftala (Astola, Hashtala, Nuhsala, Nosala) Island,161,286Haibak (Semenjan):Andarab, distance from,272; route to,524Buddhist remains at,177,264-5,511Description of,271Moorcroft at,446mentioned,261,482Haidar, cited,186,327Haidarabad,399Haig, General,27; cited,309-10;Indus Delta Countryby, cited,145,153Haji Khan,378-87,417Hajigak pass,260,420,446; Masson's account of,388; Wood's account of,417Hajjaj,292Hala pass,150Hamadan,322; telegraph route from, to Teheran,48Harat Rud,498Hari Rud river:Course of,528Herat-Kabul route by,248,256,262Pul-i-Malun across,229n.,230Source of,84,256Hari Rud valley,215,485-6,528Hariana,276-7Harnai pass,139Hazaras:Characteristics of,216,481Country of, nature of,84-6,214,221,516; British interest in, merely academic,514Forced labour of,380-81Haji Khan's treachery against,384Kidnapping of, by Taimanis,253Masson's relations with,387-8Slave-gangs of,421Trading of,252Women of, Ferrier's account of,485Yezdambaksh, under,378-9Hazart Ghaos,371Hazrat Baba Kamur,505Hazrat Imam,432-3,504,505,506Hedin, Sven,170Helawerd,274Helmund basin,201; central unexplored,512Helmund river (Etymander):Course of:Description of,81-2,83-4,379Variations in,79-80,202Crossing-places on,204-10,380Detritus borne by,81Indus, route to,527Northern branches of, unexplored,515Ruins bordering,492Unexplored portion of,512,515Helmund valley:Antiquarian treasures in,496Description of,79et seq.Nadir Shah in,526Pottery débris in,197Survey of, thoroughness of,207Hephæstion,94,95,99,150,151Herat (Aria):Ancient cities on or near site of,77Balkh, routes to,239-40,247-8Capital of Ghur in mediæval times,219Christie at,336-7Commerce of, during Arab supremacy,225Defence of, against the Persians (1837),402Description of, by Idrisi,228Durani occupation of,348Farah, route to,230-34Ferrier at,477; his views as to,479India, military route to,525-6Kabul, route to, by Hari Rud,248,256,262; other routes,257Kandahar, direct route to,490,525-8Mosalla,228Panjdeh and Merv, route to,236Persian satrapy including,32Persian siege of,477Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times,218Herat valley,202,205,211-12,217; route from, to India,209; trees in,237Herodotus cited,17,25,26,30,31,33-4,56,163Hicks,469Hindu Koh range,182Hindu Kush mountains:Direction of,4Geographical knowledge of, defective,508-9Passes over,274,327,328,357,378,381-2,387,413-15,426-7,434-5,507,517,519-25Andarab in relation to,275,277Command of,261Masson's account of,388Mediæval use of,277Wood's account of,417-18Snow line of, on north and south sides,415Hinglaz mountain and shrine,162-3Hingol river,291; Alexander at, on the retreat,151,157,161-3,166History, unimportance of, to the ancients,11,25Hiuen Tsiang cited,178Honigberger, M.,394-5,462,468Hormuz,200Housab,225Huc, Abbé, cited,439,440Huec Sheng,184Huen Tsang cited,262,279Huntington, Ellsworthy, cited,8,278Hunza (Kunjut),180-81Hupian,394Hyperboreans,14,19Ibn Batuta cited,210Ibn Haukel of Baghdad cited,203,217,228-31,236,237,243,251,255,295,303;Ashkalu l' Biladof, quoted,304,308-309; map of Makran by, cited,297-8,307,312,313Ichthyophagi,160,318Idrisi(Abu Abdulla Mohammed) cited,199et seq.,301-304,307-309,312,313,315-17,427-8,434,446; quoted,303,314,316-17Ilchi (Khotan),172Iliadcited,12Imám Sharif,222India (for particular districts, rivers, etc., see their names):Aboriginal inhabitants of,157Afghanistan:Commercial treaty with, attempted,397; Burnes' mission,398-401,404-5Land gates of India always in possession of,22Arab invasion of, by land and sea,287Art of:Assyrian influence on,7,52-4Greek influence on,6,22,59-60,129Syrian and Armenian influence on,6Aryan influx to,61Assyrian influence in,70; on art,7,52-4Bombay N.I., record of,454Defences of, natural:North and north-east frontier, on,3South frontier, on—ridge and valley formation,140; Indus to Punjab desert,7,143-4,226,526Dravidian races entering,142-4,158Gold-fields of,51Government of:Characteristics of,408-10Masson's criticisms of,408,409Greek impression left on, slightness of,59History of, ancient, non-existent,11Makran route to.See under subheadingRoutesN.W. barrier of, true situation of,5Population of, not indigenous,49Railway systems of,324Rajput families of,7Routes to:Makran route:Arab supremacy, under,226,294,311Importance of, in antiquity,167-8Modern ignorance regarding,141; modern possibilities as to,319-24Northern, from Mongolia,169et seq.,186et seq.Persian,311,319,321-4Sea-routes to N.W. in antiquity,55Russian designs as to, question of,319-20Trade of:Persian,21Syrian and Phœnician,13,45Wealth of,295Turanian races in,157-8Indian Survey,183Indus river (Sintu ho):Boundary of early exploration,7Burnes' flotilla on,454Course of, variations in,26-7,296Delta of, area of,27Desert flanking,143-4,226,526Gharo, creek of,153Gorge of, below the Darel,183-4Haig'sIndus Delta Countrycited,145,153Navigability of, near Baio,121Opening of, to commercial navigation, Burnes' mission regarding (1837),399Rann of Katch, estuary of, in antiquity,144Routes from, to Helmund river and Central India,527Voyage down, by Scylax,26-8Indus valley:Climate of,46; fog,85-6Greek and Arabic remains in,364; Greek language and its disappearance,21,59Inscriptions, undecipherable, found in,129-30Mahomedan supremacy in,293Pathans in, ancient settlement of,28Persian satrapy including large part of,31Routes to, through Makran,141.See also underIndia—RoutesVegetation in, in antiquity,121-2Inscriptions on stone slabs,129-30; on bricks,494,496,499Irak,292; valley,387; stream,388; pass,417Irrigation in Afghanistan,75-6,475Ishak Khan,261Ishkashm,429Islam.SeeMahomedanismIspahan:Railway from, question as to,319,321-2Telegraph route from, to Panjgur,322Ispahak pass, Wood's description of,417Israelites:Assyrian deportation of,16,39,44,49,61Disappearance of, as a nation,40Issyk Kul lake,173Istakhri of Persepolis cited,295,302,303,307,308,312Jabar Khan,462,469Jacobabad,139Jacquet, Eugene,395Jadran hills,513Jadwa,236Jagdallak defile,95Jahanabad,497Jhal,371Jalalabad (Doshak),335,497; Buddhist relics near,177,352Jalawan Brahuis,164Jalk,335Jam Kala,222Jamrud,398Jamshidis,214,216,481Jaor,486Jats, Jatas,293,501Jawani,336Jebel al Ghur,217Jerkere,231Jews (Yahudi):Afghan hatred of,50,377Balkh, at,71Sar-i-pul, at,252Transportations of,44Yahudia, at 251,255Jihun.SeeOxus.Jil district,278Jilgu river,475Jirena (Behvana),245Jirghan (? Jurkan, Gurkan, Juzjan, Guzwan),250,251,255; range,249Jirift,201Jirm (? Badakshan),270,506Position and importance of,270,274-5Wood's estimate of,422,425-6Joubert's translation of Idrisi cited.SeeIdrisiJournal of the Royal Society of Artscited,146Junasdara pass,424-5Jurkan (Gurkan, Juzjan, ?Guzwan or Jirghan),250,251,255; range,249Jutes,61Kabadian,278Kabul:Arab expedition against,292Burnes' mission to (1832),344,376; his commercial mission to (1837-8),392,398-401,404-405Hicks' tomb at,469Masson British agent in,397; his account of,376-7Mediæval estimate of, as "Indian" town,211,219,226,262; mediæval description quoted,211Modern conditions in, social and material,377Moorcroft's journey to,444Routes to and from:Afghan Turkistan, Wood's account of route to,418-19; modern improvements in,419and n.,522n.Andarab, Khafila road to,88Badakshan, all-the-year-round route to,275-6,419n.Balkh, Frontier Commission's route from,272-3Bamian, route to, open in winter,385-6Bokhara and Bamian, main route to,389Herat, route from, by Hari Rud,248,256,262; other routes,257Kunduz,416,523Mazar and Band-i-Amir, by,259-261PeshawarviaKuram valley and Peiwar pass,135Punjab, route from:Buddhist character of,177Kunar, Laghman and Lundai valleys, by,101Sar-i-pul, from,252Vigne at,468-9Kabul province, India in Middle Ages,277Kabul (Kophen, Nahrwara) river:Alexander's probable course along,100Source of,84mentioned,96,276Kabul river basin (Ki-pin),96,176,215Kabulis,492Kach (Kaj), meaning of term,35Kach Gandava,305-306Kafir wine,133-4Kafiristan:Homogeneity of natives of,508Inhabitants of,96,269Ivy and vine in,124Timur's invasion of,327,355-6Unexplored wildness of,269-70Kafirs in Afghanistan:Badakshan, in,437Ignorance regarding,269-70Kunar valley, in,102-103; two Kafirs of Kamdesh,131-2Siahposh.Seethat titleKafirs of the Hindu Kush, The(Robertson), cited,510Kafzur (Hajigak) pass,417Kah,267,268Kaiani of Seistan,34Kaiani kingdom, ruins of,82Kaiani Maliks,37,208Kaibar river,232Kaisan (Kasan) river,272Kaisar drainage,248-9Kala Bist,204,207,208Kala Sarkari,260Kala Sarwan,206-208Kala Shahar,251,255Kala-i-Fath,355,496,497Kalagan,342Kalah, ruins of,42Kalama (Khor Khalmat),158Kalapani river,106Kalat,323British expedition to,406Christie and Pottinger at,332Masson at,370-71Strategic position of,138-9Kalat-i-Ghilzai (Khilkh),206,210Kalatak,301Kalawun,236,238Kalloo (Panjpilan) pass,417Kalu,388Kalwan (? Kolwah),304Kaman-i-Bihist,232,236Kamard, Tajik chief of,383,384,421Kamard valley,260,261,437Kambali (? Khairokot),150,307-308Kamdesh,131Kamran, Shah,403Kanazbun (Firabuz),302-303; distances from,304,313,317Kandabel,305Kandahar:Flank march on, possibility of,204-5Indian frontier, distance from,528Kabul compared with, in matter of tolerance,377Leech's mission to,401-402Masson at,360-61Mediæval insignificance of,210Routes from, to:Ghazni,512Herat,490; Herat as gateway to,525-8Kabul, Alexander's,86-7Kalat,viaMangachar valley,374-5Sonmiani,331Kandahar (in Kach Gandava),305-306Kandaharis,492Kanowar,238Kao river.SeeAlingarKaoshan pass,435:Alexander's passage of, tradition as to,87Greek control of, before Alexander's expedition,20,91; Greek use of,277Height of,88,357"Hindu Kush," known as the pass of,414Kara pass,260,418Karabel (Armail, Armabel, Las Bela),304-307,320Karabel plateau:Description of,248Route across, from near Panjdeh to Balkh,250Karabia I.,159Karabine,158Karachi:Approaches to,140-41Configuration of, changes in,153Makran route to, modern possibilities as to,319-24Malir waterworks,310Masson refused landing at,368Voyage from, to Persian Gulf (by Nearkhos),146,152-61Karakoram pass,180Karakoram trade route,181,517; description of,3-4Karaks,286,292Karamat Ali, Saiad,390Karapa route,351Karat,231Karbat,250Karbis (Gazban),159Kardos,327Kardozan,479Karez Ilias route to Sarakhs,234Karia Pir,307Kariut (Cariat),210Karmania,32,165Karmatians,293,311Karomurs,71Karosthi language,280; script cited,171Kartchoo,482Karuj (Korokh),236,237Karwan (? Parwan),276-7Karza (? Kafza) pass,382,385Kasan,511; stream,428Kashan,322; river,236,237,240; valley,481Kashmir (Kie-sha):Buddhism in,179-80Fa Hian in,178-9,182Persian knowledge of,31Kashmir passes, no records of military use of,517Kashmund mountains,100,101Kashran (? Khasrin),317Kaspioi,31Kaspira (Kasmira),31Kasr Akhif (Ahnef),245Kasrkand,311-12,314Kasur spur,426Kataghani horses,504-505Katan Chirak,132Katawar,355Kattasang,472Kattawaz plain,465,472,475Kawak (Khawak),355Kawakir,235Kej (Kiz, Kirusi, ?Labi),301-302Kej valley,297Kenef,238Kunjut (Hunza),180-181Kerman desert,201; valley,262Kermanshah,322Ketnev,356Khaibar route to India:Evil reputation of,458Hyphæstion's march by,95Masson's journey by,351-2Khair,310Khair Kot (? Kambali),150,307-308Khalmat tombs,196,310-11Khan Nashin,495Khana Yahudi,257Khanabad,423,506Kharachanabad (Khardozan),230Kharan,331,335,339Kharan desert,339-41Khardozan (Kharachanabad),230Khariab river,278Khariab (Kokcha) river,270,273,274Kharkerde,231Kharotis,513Khash,495Khash Rud valley,204Khashka pass,387Khasrin (? Kashran),317Khawak pass:Height of,357,435Importance of,521Popularity of,414Timur at,327,355,435otherwise mentioned,261,275,277,419,428,434,507Khawak river,274Khazar,388Khilkh (Kalat-i-Ghilzai),206Khilkhis.SeeGhilzaisKhiva (Khwarezm),218,244Khizilji Turks,281-2Khoes river,99-100Khoja Mahomed range,424,436,437,506,507Khojak range,139Khor Khalmat (Kalama),158Khorasan,348Khorienes,93Khotan (Ilchi):Balkh, distance from,177; route to,277,278-9Buddhist centre, as,172,174Khozdar:Christie and Pottinger at,331Masson at,373Turan, capital of,315Khulm,88,270-72,416; river,84Khur,308,310Khurd Kabul defile,95Khud Rud,515Khuzan (Ak Tepe),245-6Khwaja Amran (Kojak) range,374Khwaja Chist,217,223Khwaja Salar,448,449,460Khwarezm (Khiva),218,244Ki-pin (Kabul river basin),176Kie-sha.SeeKashmir.Kila Adraskand,229n.Kila Gaohar,485Kila Khum,511Kila Maur,237,245Kila Panja,430Kila Shaharak,486Kila Sofarak,256Kila Wali,243,248Kilif,279; pony ferry at,89-90,460Kilik pass,180,517Kilrin (? Gulran),235Kir (Kiz) Kaian,313-17Kirghiz (? Kirkhirs):Idrisi's account of,282-3Wood's estimate of,430Kirman,311,313-15,322-3; telegraphvia, to India,69Kirman desert,147Kirthar range,140Kishm,509Kiz (Kirusi, Kej, ?Labi),301-302Kiz (Kir) Kaian,313-17Kizzilbash,467Knidza (Kyiza),160Koh Daman:Alexander at,94Description of,96-7Lord's expedition to,412-13Koh-i-Babar (Baba) mountains:Altitude of,263Nature and direction of,84,381Rivers starting from,215Koh-i-Basman,323Koh-i-Malik Siah,209Koh-i-Mor (Meros) mountains,105,123-4,358Koh Umber mountain,423,506Kohendil Khan,493Kohistan:Inhabitants of,96Mountain scenery of,392Kohistan plains,87Kohistani,486Kohistani Babas,487Kohnak divide,513Kojak (Khwaja Amran) range,374Kokcha (Khariab, Minjan) river:Course of, nature of, at Faizabad,424,425Mouth of,434Robertson's view regarding,510Route by headwaters of, nature of,426,427,436mentioned,270,273,274,507,520Kokcha valley,424,425,427Kokhar Ab river,515Kolab,433-4Kolar gold-fields,51Kolwah (? Kalwan),304Konche river,174Kophen river.SeeKabul riverKorokh (Karuj),236,237,239,240Kotal-i-bed,374Kotal Murgh pass,90Kotanni pass,513Koure (Ghurian),231-2Koyunjik mound,43Krateros,103,147Krokala,148,153,156Kua (Kau),235,236Kudabandan,303Kuen Lun mountains,171,172,173Kufs,200Kughanabad,236Kuhsan, Kusan (? Kuseri, Kouseri),232-3,239,479Kum,322Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) river,122,431; importance of,100Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) valley:Description of,100-103Direction of,509-10Dorah route from,520Ivy and vine in,133Kafirs in,102-103; of Kamdesh,131-2Masson's investigations as to,396Survey of (1894),123Kundar river,464Kunduz (town):Burnes' mission to,378Description of,504Lord's invitation to,413,416,420-422Southward routes from, to Bamian and Kabul,523Warwalin near,272Wood's estimate of,422Kunduz district:Fortified towns of,504Pestilential climate of,432,447-9,505Kunduz river,261,421,428,436,505; scenery of,257,259-260Kunduz valley route to Kabul,434Kunjut,186Kupruk,257Kuram,482-3,505Kuram valley route,135,512Kurchi,251Kurdistan hills,322Kurt (Tajik) dynasty in Ghur,218Kuseri, Kouseri (? Kuhsan, Kusan),231-3Kushan (Tokhari),241Kushk,324Kushk river,236,237,240; description of,246Kushk-i-Nakhud,210,492Kyiza (Knidza),160Labi (? Kiz, Kirusi, Kej),304Ladakh ("Little Tibet"):Idrisi's description of the town of,281Mongol invasionvia,186Moorcroft in,443-4Vigne in,462Laghman valley,96,99-101; inhabitants of,100,133Lahore:Burnes at,455Masson at,366-7Lakshur (? Langar),238-9Lalposh,270Lamghan.SeeLaghmanLanguage, women's preservation of,22,143,295Lapis-lazuli mines above Jirm,426,507Las (Lumri) tribe of Rajputs,305Las Bela (Armail, Armabel, Karabel):Distances to,303-304Gadurs of,35Historic interest of,304-307,320Masson at,369Ruins near,372Strategic position of,138-9Lash Jowain,493,498Lasonoi,30Lataband pass,424Leach, Lieut.,471Lead mines of Ferengal in Ghorband valley,416Leech, Lieut., on Burnes' staff,401-402,412; work and methods of,440-41Leh,180,443,444,519Leonatus,151,156,161Lhasa:Buddhist centre, as,172-3Moorcroft's residence at, question as to,439-40,444Pilgrimages to,181,187Route from, to India,517Liari,308Lockhart mission,358,429,509Logar river,380,468; valley,466,475Lohanis,360,463,467Lob,283Lop basin,172,173Lop Nor,171,174,280Lord, Dr., mission of, to Badakshan,402; expedition of, to Koh Daman and Hindu Kush passes,412-15; in Ghorband valley,416; at Kunduz,413,416,420-21; visit of, to Hazrat Imam,432; investigations by, regarding Moorcroft,439;Uzbek State of Kundoozby,504; cited,420,505Loveday, Lieut.,406Ludhiana,344Ludi (Lydoi),30Lulan,174Lumri (Las) tribe of Rajputs,35,305Lundai valley,101Lungar,468Lydoi (Ludi),30Mabara (? Barbarra),434Mackenzie, Captain,148M'Crindle cited,159MacMahon, Sir Henry,374and n.,497MacNab, Dr.,131McNair,358Mada Khel hills,108Mahaban (Shah Kot),108,110-11,113,117-21Mahabharatacited,12,63Mahighir canal,394Mahmud of Ghazni, Multan conquered by (1005),192-3,293; raids by,200,210,218,513; tomb of,376; mentioned,219,468Mahmudabad,491Mahomed Akbar Khan,490Mahomed Ali, Chief of Saighan,378-9,382-3Mahomed Azim Khan,444Mahomed Kasim,293-4,307Mahomed Khan, Sultan,360,403,483Mahomedanism, rise of,187Mahomedans:Balkh, at,72,74Kafir attitude towards,131Vigne's estimate of,467Maidan,260,468Maimana,239,248-50,258,481Makran (Gadrosia).For particular districts, etc., see their namesAlexander's retreat through,38,51,86,145-54,161-6Ancient relics in,56Arabian interest in, prior toA.D.712,292; Arab governors of,193,292,293Baluch traditions as to,291Bampur the ancient capital of,165Boledi long the ruling tribe in,36-7Coasting trade of, in antiquity,57Configuration, orography, and geological features of,32-3,48,285,288-91,296Decline of, in eleventh century,295Desiccation of,288-9Greek knowledge of, in ancient time scanty,37Hots of (? Uxoi),34Islands off, disappearance of,286,288Kaiani Maliks' supremacy in,37Kushite race in, question as to,34-5Negroes in,36Persian satrapies including,32,200Physical features of.See subheadingConfigurationPorts of, for importation of firearms,55Route through, to India under Arab supremacy,209,226,294,311Ignorance as to,141Importance of, in antiquity,167-8Modern possibilities as to,319-24Stone-built circles in,372Tombs in (Khalmati),310-11Turanian relics in,158View of, from Arabian Sea,284-5Malan headland,158,285,291; range,161-2,164Malek Hupian,394Malistan valley,515Malli (? Meds),155,160-61Malun Herat,229n.Manabari,308-309Manasarawar lakes,440Manbatara,308Mandal pass,426,507,519Manga (Manja, Mugger) Pir,309Mangachar valley,374Manglaor,121Manhabari (? Minagar, Binagar),304,309-10Manjabari,309Manora (Domai) Island,154Mansura,309Mansuria,315-16Mashad:Russian telegraphvia,69Seistan, route to,528Teheran, objections regarding railway to,319Mashad valley,424Mashkaf (Bolan) pass,139Mashkel (? Maskan),313-14; swamp,323,339,341Massaga:Alexander's capture of,105,122; route from,113Nysæans at, question as to,128-9Marabad,225Marakanda (Samarkand),88Mardians,68,76Maruchak.SeeMerv-el-RudMarwa,225Masson, arrival of, at Bushire,348,368; in Peshawar,350; journey to KabulviaKhaibar route,351-4,359; to Ghazni and Kandahar,359-60; to Quetta and Shikapur,361-3; in the Punjab,364-5; at Lahore,365-367; to Karachi,377; trips by water,367-8; in E. Baluchistan,369; at Chahiltan,370-71; through Sind,371-2; again to Kalat, Kandahar, and Kabul,372-7; Besud expedition,378,380; to Bamian (1832),378-86; to Kabul,386,388; researches near Kabul,393; accepts post as British agent in Kabul,397; relations with Burnes,399-401,404; resigns office under Indian Government,405,407; experiences at Quetta,406-7; meeting with Vigne,469; intimacy with Afghans,346-7,350,352,362-363; influence with them,380; intimacy with Baluchs,374; coins collected by,393; criticisms of Indian Government by,408,409; value of work of,345,347-8,367,388,391,396,407; methods of,346; estimate of,361,370,372,395-6,408;Travels in Afghanistan,etc., seethat title; otherwise mentioned,458,462,463,468,491Masurjan,317Matakanai,105,128Matiban,200Mazanderan,481Mazar,434,435,448,459Mazar-i-Sharif,257,439Meder,267,268Meds (? Malli),155,160-61,292-3Megasthenes,129; hisIndiacited,126-7Mehrab Khan,406Meilik (Nimlik),482Menk,274Mesiha,245Mesopotamia:Earliest immigrants into, question as to origin of,34-5Irrigation works necessary in,40-41Israelite deportations to,39Nana-worship in,163Teheran-Mashad route from, to Baktria,47-8,54,70Merv-el-Rud:Confused with Russian Merv by Idrisi,244-5Date and destruction of,241-2otherwise mentioned,236,239,240-41Merv of the Oasis (Russian):Balkh, routes to,249-50Confused with Merv-el-Rud by Idrisi,244Herat route from,236Historic importance of,241Milesian Greeks:Brankhidai,20Colonies of:N. of Euxine,14S. and W. of Euxine,18Transportation of, to Baktria region,16,19,20,31,45Miletus:Alexander's reduction of (334B.C.),66Carpet-making industry of,18Destruction of, date of,16Minab river,166Minagar, Binagar (? Manhabari),304,309-10Mingal,482Mingals,142,306Minjan pass,507,519; Chitral route through,359,426Minjan river.SeeKokchaMinjan valley,132,426,436Miri fort of Quetta,138,148Mockler, Col., cited,159-60Mongols:Afghanistan, in central plateau of,85Asiatic civilization overrun by,200Army of, destroyed on the Karakoram route,4Chenghiz Khan, under,73Ghur dynasty, subject to,218India:Central Southern, problem of arrival in,142-4Invasion of, by,326Military expeditions to, attempted,186Pilgrimages to,169et seq.Monze, Cape,154Moorcroft, explorations by,440; question as to residence at Lhasa,444; journey from to Kabul, Badakshan, and Bokhara,444-8; official attitude towards,442-3; records of,443; fate of,438-9; grave of,259; estimate of,443-4,448,503-504; otherwise mentioned,423,434,467Morontobara,154-5Mosarna,161Mugger (Manga, Manja) Pir,309Mugheir (Ur),42Mula (Mulla) pass,139,140,147,371Multan:Hindu bankers in,363Mahmud's conquest of (1005),193,293Masson's account of,366Tubaran, distance from,315Murad Beg, Mir of Kunduz, position of,378-9,504; Badakshani families transported by,432,505; Lord's invitation by,413,416; estimate of,413; Wood's estimate of,422; Moorcroft's experience and estimate of,446-8; otherwise mentioned,385,418,425,429,503Murad Khan of Kunduz,383Murgh pass,434-5Murghab basin, Upper, unmapped,477Murghab river:Economic value of,246-7Head of, unexplored,516Head valleys of,258Ruins on,243-4Upper, climate of,220otherwise mentioned,215,236,239-41Murghab valley,242,282,284Muskat,55Mustapha Khan,487Muttra,210Nachan,225Nadir Shah,267,418,526Nagas,501Nahrwara river.SeeKabul riverNaisan,225Najil,327,356,396-7Najirman (? Nakirman),200Najitan (Bajitan),225Nalpach pass,383-4Nan Shan mountain system,173Nana (Chaldean goddess),162-3Naoshirwan,339Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor,328-329Naratu,236,237,239,248Narmashir,323Nasirs,475Nasratabad,203Nassoor, Sheikh,497Nava Sanghârâma,178Navigation, ancient, character of,13,56-7Nawagai,103Nawak pass,274,428Nawar valley,515Nearkhos,26,27; voyage of, from Karachi to Persian Gulf,145,152-61,286;meeting of, with Alexander,166-7; cited,286Negroes, Asiatic,36New Chaman,324Nicolas range,431Nikaia (modern Kabul), Alexander at,98.See alsoKabulNili,222Nimchas,269Nimlik (Meilik),482Nimrud,71Nineveh:Ruins of,42,43Zenith of,52Nishapur,231Nomadic life, conditions of,23-5Nonnus of Panopolis cited,62-3,98North, Lieut., value of geographical work by,411-12,471Nott,406Nuhsala (Nosala, Haftala, Hashtala) island,161,286Nuksan pass,508-509,519,520,522Nurzai,212,491Nusa.SeeNysaNushki:Christie and Pottinger at,38Routevia,209,323Telegraph to,323Nysa, Nyssa (Nusa, Nuson):Tradition regarding,62,122-6War-hymn connected with,131-2Nysæan inscriptions, question as to,129-30Nysaioi,126-7Obeh (Auca),217,225,256Odysseycited,12Olbia,19Omar I., Kalif of Baghdad,307Ora (? modern Bazar),106Oritæ,146,150,151,156,161Orodis,241Oxus district, mediæval geography of,277et seq.Oxus jungles,433Oxus (Jihun, Khariab) river:Channel of, variations in,89Fords of, accurate knowledge of,501-502Irrigation works connected with,75Khariab a name for,273,278Pony ferry over, at Kilif,89-90,460; at Khwaja Salar,449,460-61Wood's explorations of,420,423,428-35Oxydrakai,127Pactyans.SeePathansPadizar bay,158,159Paghman offshoot of Hindu Kush,97Paghman,387Pahrag (Pahra, Pahura, Fahraj),315,317,342; two places so named,316Pamirs:Climate of,429Mediæval geography of,277et seq.Routes across,502Taghdumbash,517Panja (Wakhab) river,279Panjdeh:Buddhist caves at,244Herat, routes from,236Karabel plateau route from near, to Balkh,250Panjgur:Dates of,290Description of,302-303Mountain conformation of,323Railway from, to Karachi, question as to,324Telegraph route to, from Ispahan,322Panjkora river,104,122Panjkora valley,96Panjpilan (Kalloo, Shutar Gardan) pass,386,388,417Panjshir (Banjohir),276-7Panjshir pass,87-8Panjshir route between Kabul and Andarab,87-8,414Panjshir valley:Mediæval reputation of,435Timur in,355-6otherwise mentioned,261,275,356-7,434,510,521Pannah,472Parah,230Parana (Parwana),229,481,498Parikanoi,163-4Parjuman,223Park mountains,221Parkan stream,164Paropamisos (Hindu Kush),79,234,247. (See alsoHindu Kush.)Parsi (Tarsi),489Parwan (? Karwan),276-7Parwan (Sar Alang, Bajgah) pass,328,435; altitude of,357; description of,414Parwana (Parana),229,481,498Pashai,133Pashat,133Pasiris,158Pasni, bay of,159,164Patala,146,148Pathans:Ancient settlement of, in present situation,28Greek names among,21Inscriptions used by, for decoration,129-30Persian origin of language of,21Peiwar pass,135Periplus cited,310Perjan (? Parwan),355Persepolis:Alexander the Great at,68Inscriptions at, cited,30Persia:Afghanistan:Colonies in,61Intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to,399-400War with (1837),402Army of, French officers' organisation of,477Charbar point fort built by,299Configuration of western,48Desert regions of,69; "Great Desert," 201Firearms imported into,155Helmund boundary of,80Routes through, to the East, two,69; routes to India,311,319,321-4Russia:Sphere of influence of,322French organisation of Persian army resented by,477War with (1826),348Persian Empire:Extent of,21,26-7Geographical information possessed by, extent and accuracy of,17,25-6,29,31Greek permeation of,20-21; Greek attitude towards,36Indian hinterland under control of, in Alexander's time,61Indian trade of,21Nations subject to, lists of,29-30Satrapies of, identification of,30-32Persian Gulf:Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes,141Masson's trip up,367Voyage to, from Karachi (by Nearkhos),146,152-61Persians, Pottinger's estimate of,333-4Peshawar:Cession of, to Afghanistan mooted by Burnes,401,404Moorcroft's journey from, to Kabul and Bokhara,444Route to, from KabulviaKuram valley and Peiwar pass,135Sikh occupation of,350Peshawaran,336Peukelaotis,99,114Philotas,78Phur river,151Physical geography, influence of, on migratory movements,9,45-6; on history,214Pimuri defile,421Pir Mahomed,445,456Pisacas,133Place-names, value of, in identifications,115Pokran (? Pokar),371Pola Island,159Polo, Marco,281,327Polyænus quoted,127-8Pony-ferries on the Oxus—at Kilif,89-90,460; at Khwaja Salar,449,460-61Poolka,496Poolki (Pulaki),335-6,497Pottinger, Lieut., explorations by,329et seq.; at Herat,402; quoted—on Persian character,333-4; on the Kharan desert,339-40Pousheng (Boushinj, Bousik),231,234,237Ptolemy (son of Lagos), with Alexander's expedition,103,104,116; cited,37,104,310Pul-i-Malun bridge,229n.,230Pulaki (Poolki),335-6,497Punjab:Alexander's march on,94Fa Hian in,179,185French and Italians in,366Greek architecture and sculpture in,59Ranjit Singh's hunting party in,455-6Sikh Government, under,345-6,363Pura,165Purali (Arabius) river,146,148,149,156,292,305,320,370Pushti Hajigak (Kafzur) pass,417Pushto,350,352Quetta (Shall):British ignorance regarding, in 1880,369Masson and Bean at,406; Masson's account of,362Strategic importance of,137-9Telegraph to, from Seistan,323Quintus Curtius.SeeCurtiusRagozin'sChaldeaquoted,43Rahmat Khan,365Rahmatulla Khan,382,421Rahun,304Rajput tribes,35Rajputana desert,27Ramayana cited,12,63Rambakia,150Ranjit Singh, Bentinck's interview with (1832),344; position of,350,398; Burnes' entertainment by,455-6; Burnes' estimate of,457; Vigne's acquaintance with,462; mentioned,401,404Ras Kachari,156Rasak (? Sarbaz),312-14Ravi river,366Rawlinson, Sir Henry, cited,241,242,245,479; hisFive Monarchiesquoted,43Regan,316,317,323Registan,375Reishkhan district,424Robat-i-Kashan,237Roberts, Lord,87Robertson, Sir George,358,426,507,510Rohri,364Rokh, Shah,242Rookes cited,118Roxana,92R.G.S. Journalcited,123;Proceedingscited,241Rozabagh,229n.Rozanak,233Ruby mines of Oxus valley,428Rudbar (? Rudhan),207,496Rue Khaf (? Rudan),231Russia:Afghan intrigues of, British nervousness regarding,399-400India:Designs on, question as to,319-20Route to, nature of,527-8Persia:Army organisation of, resented by,477Sphere of influence in,322War with (1826),348Transcaspian railway terminus,324Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission:Camps of,233,235,240Escort of English officers of,492Geographical surveys in Reports of,194,264Kwaja Salar, disappearance of,450Rapidity of movements of,477Routes of,78,248,261,272-3,335,415otherwise mentioned,71,83,231Rustak,504Rustam (Bazira),106,113,114Sabaktagin,414Sacnia,281Sadik Khan,493Sadmurda,260Safed Khak pass,379Safed Koh,95Sagittæ,163St. John cited,148,316Saiad Ahmad Shah,350Saib,433Saidabad fort,386Saighan valley,260,379,382,421,437,505Sajidi,164Sakæ,163,164Sakah,229Sakas,501Samad Khan,390Samaria, date of fall of,39Sarmakan,245Samarkand (Marakanda),88,292Sandeman, Sir Robert,137,320; cited,374Sandrakottos (Chandragupta),129Sangadip Island,161Sangcharak,258; mountains,255Sangiduktar,231Sangusar,492Sar Alang (Parwan, Bajgah) pass,414Saraswati river,27,144Sarakhs,230,233,234Sarbaz (? Rasak),312,314; river,312Sardanapalus (Assur-bani-pal),52,162-3Sargo pass,472Sargon,39,45Sar-i-jangal stream,256Sarikoh stream,267Sar-i-pul (? Aspurkan),250-52,483Sarwan (Kala Sarwan),206-208Sarwandi (Sir-i-koll) pass,465,472; ridge,465-6Satibarzanes,77Schintza,473Schwanbeck, Dr.,126Scylax of Caryanda,26-9Sehwan,371Seistan (Sejistan, Drangia, Drangiana):Afghan army's experience in,403Climate and natural conditions in,80,85,201-203,403,494Extent of, less than of ancient Drangiana,78; extent in mediæval times,205Firearms imported into,55Goldsmid's mission to,299Inhabitants of, mentioned by Herodotus,33Lake of,497Route to Mashad,528Persian satrapy,32,200Ruins in, abundance of,336Reputation of,201-202Surveys of,496-7Telegraph to, from Narmashir,323Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times,218Sekhwan,338Sekoha,498Sejistan.SeeSeistanSemenjan.SeeHaibakSemiramis,147Senacherib, King of Assyria,52Senart, M., cited,130Seneca, cited,21Ser-ab (? Sar-i-ab),468Shah,251,255Shah Kot (Mahaban),108,110-11,113,117-21Shaharak,486Shahar-i-Babar,257,267Shahar-i-Wairan (? Shahar, Shah),254-5Shaitana,380Shakiban,338Shams Tabieri, Saint,366Shamshirs,233-4,240Shamsuddin pass,418Shansabi,218Sharif, Imam,484Sharifudin cited,355Sheherek,486Sheranni,512Sher-i-dahan,468Sherwan,433-4Shibar,468Shibar pass,260,277,387Shibarghan,251-2Shikapur, financial credit of,331-2,363,452-3Shorawak,374-5Shutar Gardan (Kalloo, Panjpilan) pass,386,388,417Siah Koh (Band-i-Baian),486,487Siah Reg pass,381Siahposh Kafirs,270,354-6,358Siam, celadon furnaces in,83Sidonians, deportation of, by Assyria,52Sikhs, Dost Mahomed's operations against,397-8Simkoh,234Sind:Arab ascendency in,192,293,311,366; their geography of,296; buried Arab city in,196Assyrian art in pottery of,54Buddhist ruins in,372Frontier passes of,209Hot winds in,341Independent government, under,329,331,345-6,363Masson in,349; his account of,365Mongols settled in,526Mountain barrier of,140Singlak,485Sin-ho-to.SeeSwatSintu-ho river.SeeIndusSirafraz Khan,391Sir-i-koll (Sarwandi) pass,465Sirondha lake,155Skytho-Aryans,241Skyths:Caspian, at north and west of,19Central Asia, of,50; Alexander's encounter with,92-3Euxine, at north of,14Westward migration of,61Slavery in Badakshan,520Sofarak,262Sogdia (Bokhara),32,92Sohrab,332Somnath,210Song Yun cited,184Sonmiani,308,368; route from, to interior,330-31Sousa,479Spinasuka pass,103Stein, Dr. M. A.,237,503; Buddhist sanctuary discovered by,184; methods of,109-11; cited,111,113,117-18,120-21,170Stoddart, Colonel,390,402Stone-built circles,372Strabo cited,107,122; quoted,127Stewart, General,95Subzawar,230,498Sufed Koh mountains,135,215Su-ho-to (Lower Swat),185Sujah, Shah,344,353,405,456Suliman, Kalif,294Suliman hills, torrents and passes of,36-7Suliman Khel Ghilzais:Broadfoot the authority on,474-5Duties levied by,464,474-5Kattasang, in,472Land of, unexplored,514Sultan Mahomed,445,446Sura (? Suza),317Surkh Kila pass,418Survey methods, perfecting of,500Suza (? Sura),317Swat (Sin-ho-to, Su-ho-to):Buddhism in,129Fa Hian in,179,185Geographical surveys of,123Uplands of,128Tabriz,368Taft,322Tagao Ghur river,221Tagao Ishlan river,215-16,223; valley,486Tagdumbash Pamir,180,279,517Taimanis:Country of,84,214,217,220,222-223,478,488Kidnapping by, in Afghan Turkistan,253Traditions of,212Women of, Ferrier's account of,489mentioned,481,489Taiwara (Ghur):Herat, route from,223Importance of,487Ruins at,222,488mentioned,220,515Tajik (Kurt), dynasty in Ghur,218Tajiks, Badakshani,432Takla Makan,283Takht-i-Rustam (tope at Haibak),446Takht-i-Suliman mountain:Expedition to (1882),112,119,513River gorges of,137mentioned,137,464Takzar (Zakar),251,252Talara,300-301Talbot, Colonel the Hon. M. G., R.E.,264and n.,446; cited,489-90Talekan,271-4Talikan,241,243,504; Mahomedan saint at,447Talikan (Talikhan),243and n.,249Talikan plains,506,509Talikhan plain,423Taloi range,164Tamerlane.SeeTimurTarikh-i-Rashidicited,186Tarim river,173,174,283Tarnak river,224Tashkurghan:Fort of,279,281Kabul, routes to,260,419Moorcroft at,448otherwise mentioned,88,482Tashkurghan river,261,279Tarsi (Parsi),489Tate, Mr. G. P., cited,336Taxila,29,94,99Taxiles,99Teheran:Hamadan telegraph route to,48Kashan, question as to railwayvia,322Mashad route from,54,77; question as to railway by,319Termez,278,279Teshkhan,424Thakot,121Tibet:Chinese Turkistan formerly included in,283Gold-fields of,51Gold-digging legends concerning,31Idrisi's description of,281-3Invasion of India from, possibility as to,188Mongol invasion of,186-7Moorcroft in,439-40Tibetans, modern,283Tiglath Pilesur, King of Assyria,6,44,46,49,51,52,57Tigris river,368Til pass,275Timur Hissar,356Timur Shah (Tamerlane):Herat and Ghur broken up by,219Kafiristan invaded by,327,355-6,435Merv-el-Rud destroyed by,242otherwise mentioned,193,394,414,481Tingelab river,486Tippak,283Tir,238-9Tir Band-i-Turkistan mountains,239,240,247,258Tirah Expedition,105Tiz (Talara),299-301Tochi river,475Tochi valley,136; route by,512-14Todd, Major d'Arcy,480Tokhari (Kushan),241Tokharistan (Oxus region),241; capital of,243To-li (Darel),179,182-3Tomeros river,157Tous,479Topchi valley,386,388Torashekh,237,482Transportation of whole populations,40,44Travel,camaraderieof,463-4Travels in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Punjab, and Kalat(Masson) cited,349et seq.Trebeck,439-40,444,448,459Tsungling,177,178Tubaran,315-17Turan,315-16Turfan,172Turki language,394Turkistan, Afghan.SeeAfghan TurkistanTurkman women,283Turkmans, Ersari,459-60Turks, Khizilji,281-2Turks Tibetans,282Uch,364,366Udyana (Wuchung),179,184Ujaristan valley,515Unai (Honai, Bamian) pass,87,260,262,379,389,414,420,446; importance of,521; Wood's description of,417Ur (Mugheir),42Urmara,368Urukh (Warka),163Urusgan valley,515Uthal,307Uzbeks:Agricultural pursuits of,251Dwellings of,249Kirghiz compared with,430Man-stealing propensities of,421Murad Khan acknowledged liege by,383,413Snake-handling by,253Wood's estimate of,423Vaisravana,178Varsach river,424Vektavitch, Lieut.,400Ventura, General,367Victoria Lake,430-31Wad,373Wade, Captain,397,398Wainwright, E. A., cited,313Wakhab (Panja) river,279Wakhan,273,281,327Wakhjir pass,279Waksh,273,278Wakshab river,273,278Walian (Gwalian) pass,414Walid I., Kalif,292,307Walker, General, cited,123,508Wana,513Wardak valley,466,475Wardoj river,429,437Wardoj (Zebak) valley,436Warka (Urukh),163Warwalin,271-2Washir,490Wazirabad lake,98Waziris,464,474Waziristan,473Weather, effects of, on natural features,117-18Westward migrations,45,61Wilson, Major David, cited,368Wiltshire, General,406Wine made by Kafirs,133-4Wood, Lieut., mission of, to Badakshan,402; with Lord,412,416-18,420,422,432,439; explorations of the Oxus by,420,423,428-35; Indus navigation by,454; cited,505-507,523; estimate of,431; value of work of,418Wolff, Rev. Joseph,376Woodthorpe,429,509Wuchung (Udyana),179,184Wynaad gold-fields,51Xenophon, retreat of, from Persia,18,42; appreciation of,66; cited,42Xerxes,20,31,91Yahudi.SeeJewsYahudia,251,255Yakmina (Darak Yamuna),317Yakulang,262; valley,256Yaman,220,222Yang Kila,433Yar Mahomed Khan,445,477,480,490,494Yarkand,279,328Yezd,322Yezdambaksh,378,382-4Yule, Sir Henry, cited,219,508Yusli,307-308Yusuf Darra route to Sar-i-pul,483Yusufzai rising,350Zaimuni,389Zakar (Takzar),251,252Zal valley,262Zamindawar (Dawar),83,205-206,223,491Zarah swamp,204Zarangai,33-4Zardaspan,90Zari stream,257Zariaspa.SeeAndarabZarinje,203,204Zarni,222Zebak:Faizabad, route from,511Zebak:Importance of,427,429,433mentioned,279Zebak river,437,520Zebak (Wardoj) valley,436Zhob valley,137Zindajan (Bouchinj),231,232,479Zirmast pass,236,239,240Zirni,487,488Zohak,267,387; valley,421Zohaka,466Zoji-la,180