END OF VOL. I.
LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.
Notes
[1]Marcel de Serres states this as a general fact for wading and swimming birds. He says that the old birds arrive in the extreme north almost alone, the young remaining on the shores of the Baltic, or on the lakes of Austria, Hungary, and Russia. See his prize essay,Des Causes des Migrations, &c. 2nd. ed., Paris, 1845, p. 121.
Marcel de Serres states this as a general fact for wading and swimming birds. He says that the old birds arrive in the extreme north almost alone, the young remaining on the shores of the Baltic, or on the lakes of Austria, Hungary, and Russia. See his prize essay,Des Causes des Migrations, &c. 2nd. ed., Paris, 1845, p. 121.
[2]Quoted in Lyell'sPrinciples of Geology(11th ed. vol. ii. p. 374), fromAmœn. Acad. Essay 75.
Quoted in Lyell'sPrinciples of Geology(11th ed. vol. ii. p. 374), fromAmœn. Acad. Essay 75.
[3]This estimate has been made for me by Mr. Stanford from the materials used in delineating the contours of the ocean-bed on our general map. It embodies the result of all the soundings of theChallenger,Tuscarora, and other vessels, obtainable up to August, 1875.
This estimate has been made for me by Mr. Stanford from the materials used in delineating the contours of the ocean-bed on our general map. It embodies the result of all the soundings of theChallenger,Tuscarora, and other vessels, obtainable up to August, 1875.
[4]Mr. John Hickman of Desborough.
Mr. John Hickman of Desborough.
[5]Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, vol. viii. p. 381.
Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, vol. viii. p. 381.
[6]Malta is interesting as forming a resting-place for migratory birds, while crossing the Mediterranean. It has only eight land and three aquatic birds which are permanent residents; yet no less than 278 species have been recorded by Mr. E. A. Wright as visiting or passing over it, comprising a large proportion of the European migratory birds. The following are the permanent residents:Cerchneis tinnunculus,Strix flammea,Passer salicicola,Emberiza miliaria,Corvus monedula,Monticola cyanea,Sylvia conspicillata,Columba livia,Puffinus cinereus,P. anglorum,Thalassidroma pelagica.
Malta is interesting as forming a resting-place for migratory birds, while crossing the Mediterranean. It has only eight land and three aquatic birds which are permanent residents; yet no less than 278 species have been recorded by Mr. E. A. Wright as visiting or passing over it, comprising a large proportion of the European migratory birds. The following are the permanent residents:Cerchneis tinnunculus,Strix flammea,Passer salicicola,Emberiza miliaria,Corvus monedula,Monticola cyanea,Sylvia conspicillata,Columba livia,Puffinus cinereus,P. anglorum,Thalassidroma pelagica.
[7]A remarkable confirmation of this theory, is furnished in the Report to the Royal Society of the naturalist to the Kerguelen Island, "Transit Expedition"—the Rev. A. E. Eaton. Insects were assiduously collected, and it was found that almost all were either completely apterous, or had greatly abbreviated wings. The only moth found, several flies, and numerous beetles, were alike incapable of flight. As this island is subject to violent, and almost perpetual gales, even in the finest season, the meaning of the extraordinary loss of wings in almost all the insects, can, in this case, hardly be misunderstood.
A remarkable confirmation of this theory, is furnished in the Report to the Royal Society of the naturalist to the Kerguelen Island, "Transit Expedition"—the Rev. A. E. Eaton. Insects were assiduously collected, and it was found that almost all were either completely apterous, or had greatly abbreviated wings. The only moth found, several flies, and numerous beetles, were alike incapable of flight. As this island is subject to violent, and almost perpetual gales, even in the finest season, the meaning of the extraordinary loss of wings in almost all the insects, can, in this case, hardly be misunderstood.
[8]The facts on which these statements rest, will be found more fully detailed in the Author's Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for the year 1871.
The facts on which these statements rest, will be found more fully detailed in the Author's Presidential Address to the Entomological Society of London for the year 1871.
[9]Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1874, p. 494.
Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 1874, p. 494.
[10]Dr. Schweinfurth has accurately determined the limits of the sub-region at the point where he crossed the watershed between the Nile tributaries and those of the Shari, in 4½° N. Lat. and 28½° E. Long. He describes a sudden change in the character of the vegetation, which to the southward of this point assumes a West-African character. Here also the chimpanzee and grey parrot first appear, and certain species of plants only known elsewhere in Western Africa.
Dr. Schweinfurth has accurately determined the limits of the sub-region at the point where he crossed the watershed between the Nile tributaries and those of the Shari, in 4½° N. Lat. and 28½° E. Long. He describes a sudden change in the character of the vegetation, which to the southward of this point assumes a West-African character. Here also the chimpanzee and grey parrot first appear, and certain species of plants only known elsewhere in Western Africa.
[11]There are also some special resemblances between the plants of Madagascar and South Africa, according to Dr. Kirk.
There are also some special resemblances between the plants of Madagascar and South Africa, according to Dr. Kirk.
[12]As so many typical Malay groups are absent only from the Philippines, I have adopted the term "Malaya," to show the distribution of these, using the term "Indo-Malaya" when the range of the group includes the Philippines. This must be remembered when consulting the tables of distribution at the end of this chapter.
As so many typical Malay groups are absent only from the Philippines, I have adopted the term "Malaya," to show the distribution of these, using the term "Indo-Malaya" when the range of the group includes the Philippines. This must be remembered when consulting the tables of distribution at the end of this chapter.
[13]SeeAnn. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 418, where the species is said to inhabit the Aru Islands and Celebes, which renders it not improbable that it may have been carried to the former islands from the latter.
SeeAnn. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 418, where the species is said to inhabit the Aru Islands and Celebes, which renders it not improbable that it may have been carried to the former islands from the latter.
[14]I also find about this proportion in my Amazonian collections, even counting all the humming-birds, parrots, and toucans as handsome birds.
I also find about this proportion in my Amazonian collections, even counting all the humming-birds, parrots, and toucans as handsome birds.
[15]The general form of the skull agrees best with that ofCynocephalus mormon, the largest and most typical of the African baboons; while the position of the nostrils brings it nearer the macaques.
The general form of the skull agrees best with that ofCynocephalus mormon, the largest and most typical of the African baboons; while the position of the nostrils brings it nearer the macaques.
[16]A new genus of Beetles (Apterocyclus) of the family Lucanidæ, has recently been described from the Sandwich Islands, and it is said to be most nearly related to a group inhabiting Chili,—an indication either of the great antiquity of the fauna, or of the varied accidental migrations from which it has had its origin.
A new genus of Beetles (Apterocyclus) of the family Lucanidæ, has recently been described from the Sandwich Islands, and it is said to be most nearly related to a group inhabiting Chili,—an indication either of the great antiquity of the fauna, or of the varied accidental migrations from which it has had its origin.