Leptognathus, ii.381Leptomantis, ii.419Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138ii.220Lepton, ii.535Leptoneura, ii.471Leptonyx, ii.204Leptopogon, ii.101Leptoma, ii.520Leptoptila, ii.333Leptoptilus, European Miocene, i. 162ii.361Leptorhytaon, ii.380Leptornis, ii.276LEPTOSOMIDÆ, ii.310Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene,i. 168ii.310Leptosomus of Madagascar, i. 278figure of, i. 279Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 144ii.226Leptotriccus, ii.101Leptura, ii.502Lepus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145S. American Pliocene, i. 147Lerista, ii.395Lerwa, ii.339Lesbia, ii.108Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147Leucippus, ii.109Leuciscus, ii.452Leucochroa, ii.516Leucocyon, ii.197Leucomelæna, ii.332Leuconerpes, ii.304Leucophantes, ii.270Leucophasia, ii.478Leucopleurus, ii.209Leucosarcia, ii.333Leucosomus, ii.452Leucosticte, ii.285Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, i. 228LIALIDÆ, ii.396Lialis, ii.396Liasis, ii.381Libellula, from the Lias, i. 167Libythea, ii.475LIBYTHEIDÆ, ii.475Lichanotus, ii.381Lichenops, ii.101Licina, ii.521Licmetis, ii.325Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, i. 90LIMACIDÆ, ii.517LIMACINIDÆ, ii.531Limax, ii.517Limenitis, ii.474Limnæa, Eocene, i. 169European Secondary, i. 169ii.518LIMNÆIDÆ, ii.518Limnatornis, European Miocene, i. 161Limnocharis, ii.420Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, i. 134Limnodynastes, ii.420Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136Limnophis, ii.376Limnornis, ii.103Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 133Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133Limnurgus, ii.450Limosa, ii.353Limpets, ii.511Lingula, ii.538LINGULIDÆ, ii.532Linota, ii.285Linsang, ii.195Liocassis, ii.442Liopelma, ii.417Liopis, ii.375Lioptilus, ii.267Lioscelis, ii.297LIOTRICHIDÆ, ii.266Liothrix, ii.266Lipaugus, ii.102Liparis, ii.430Liphyra, ii.477Lipinia, ii.397Lipoa, ii.342Liposarcus, ii.444Liptala, ii.477Lissolepis, ii.397Listriodon, European Miocene, i. 119Lithiodon, ii.521Lithomys, European Miocene, i. 120ii.236Lithornis, European Eocene, i. 163Litoria, ii.418Littorina, ii.510LITTORINIDÆ, ii.510Lizards, classification of, i. 90Tertiary, i. 165wide range of a species in Polynesia, i. 448distribution and lines of migration of, ii.547Lobodon, ii.204Lochmias, ii.103Locustella, ii.258Loddigesia, ii.108Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, i. 145ii.239Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145ii.239LONGICORNIA, ii.498Longicornia, Palæarctic, i. 188Ethiopian, i. 257Oriental, i. 320Australian, i. 407Neotropical, ii.17of Chili, ii.46Nearctic, ii.123Lontra, ii.199Lophiodon, European Eocene, i. 125N. American Tertiary, i. 136ii.212Lophiomeryx, ii.218Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 136Lophius, ii.431Lophoaëtus, ii.348LOPHOBRANCHII, ii.456Lophocitta, ii.273Lophogyps, ii.346Lophoictinia, ii.349Lopholaimus, ii.362Lophiomys, ii.230Lophophaps, ii.333Lophophanes, ii.266LOPHOPHORINÆ, ii.340Lophophorus, ii.340Lophorhina, ii.274Lophornis, ii.107Lophortix, ii.339Lophostrix, ii.350LOPHOTIDÆ, ii.432Lophotragus, ii.220Lophotriorchis, ii.348Lophura, ii.402Lord Howe's Island, birds of, i. 453Loricaria, ii.444Loriculus, ii.326Loris, ii.176Lorius, ii.327Lota, ii.439Loxia, ii.285Loxigilla, ii.285Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148ii.237Loxops, ii.277Lucania, ii.450LUCANIDÆ, ii.492Lucanus, ii.493Lucia, ii.477Lucidella, ii.522Lucifuga, ii.440LUCINIDÆ, ii.535Lucinopsis, ii.536LUCIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii.434Lucioperca, ii.425Luciotrutta, ii.447Lucisoma, ii.452Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, i. 143Lupus, ii.197Lurocalis, ii.320Luscinia, ii.259Lusciniola, ii.258Lutra, European Miocene, i. 118Indian Miocene, i. 121ii.199Lutronectes, ii.199Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, i. 115ii.196LYCÆNIDÆ, ii.477Lycalopex, i. 197LYCODIDÆ, ii.439Lycodon, ii.380LYCODONTIDÆ, ii.380Lycophidion, ii.380Lycorea, ii.470Lygosoma, ii.397Lygosomella, ii.397Lymanopoda, ii.471Lymnas, ii.476Lyncornis, ii.320Lyncus, ii.193Lytorhynchus, ii.376Lyre-bird, figure of, i. 441ii.298M.Mabouya, ii.397Macacus, European Pliocene, i. 112Miocene of Greece, i. 115Indian Miocene, i. 121supposed in European Eocene, i. 125ii.173ii.178Macaws, ii.327Machairodus, i. 110, 111Miocene of Greece, i. 115European Miocene, i. 118Indian Miocene, i. 121N. American Tertiary, i. 134in Brazilian caves, i. 144S. American Pliocene, i. 146ii.193Machetornis, ii.101Machærhamphus, ii.349Machærirhynchus, ii.271Machæropterus, ii.102Machetes, ii.353Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, i. 146Macrocalamus, ii.374Macroceramus, ii.516Macrochilus, ii.491Macrocyclis, ii.516Macrodipteryx, ii.320Macrodon, ii.445Macroglossa, ii.482Macrones, ii.442Macronus, ii.261Macronyx, ii.290MACROPODIDÆ, ii.250Macropus, ii.251Macropygia, ii.332Macrorhamphus, ii.353MACROSCELIDIDÆ, ii.186Macroscelides, ii.186Macrosila, ii.482Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116European Miocene, i. 121ii.246Macrotus californicus, ii.182MACROURIDÆ, ii.440MACTRIDÆ, ii.443Madagascar, extinct birds of, i. 164description of, i. 272mammalia of, i. 272birds of, i. 274reptiles of, i. 279amphibia of, i. 280extinct fauna of, i. 282general remarks on insect fauna of, i. 284Madeira, birds of, i. 208land-shells of, i. 208beetles of, i. 210wingless insects numerous in, i. 211how stocked with animals, i. 213MALACANTHIDÆ, ii.433Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, i. 353comparison of mammalia, i. 354of birds, i. 355Malacocircus, ii.261Malacopteron, ii.261Malacoptila, ii.310Malacorhynchus, ii.364Malacothrix, ii.230Malagasy sub-region, description of, i. 272mammalia of, i. 272birds of, i. 274illustration of zoology of, i. 278reptiles of, i. 279amphibia of, i. 280extinct fauna of, i. 282, 289insects of, i. 282early history of, i. 286Malapterurus, ii.443Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, i. 345 (note)Malaya, meaning of term, ii.261Malay Archipelago, distribution of butterflies in, ii.484distribution of Cicindelidæ in, ii.487distribution of Longicorns in, ii.500Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, i. 263fauna, probable origin of, i. 359resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, i. 361Malimbus, ii.286Mallodon, ii.501Mallotus, ii.447Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 114formerly joined to Africa, i. 201fossil elephants of, i. 201birds of, i. 206 (note)Malurus, ii.258Mammal, the most ancient American, i. 134Mammalia, means of dispersal of, i. 10as limited by climate, i. 11as limited by rivers, i. 12how far limited by the sea, i. 13dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, i. 14means of dispersal of aquatic, i. 15of most importance in determining zoological regions, i. 57classification of, i. 85birthplace and migrations of some families of, i. 142, 153cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176of the Palæarctic region, i. 181of the European sub-region, i. 192of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 202of the Siberian sub-region, i. 217characteristic of Western Tartary, i. 218of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, i. 223peculiar to Japan, i. 223characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, i. 226table of Palæarctic families of, i. 234range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239of the Ethiopian region, i. 253absence of certain important groups, i. 253of the E. African sub-region, i. 260of W. Africa, i. 262of S. Africa, i. 267of Madagascar, i. 272table of Ethiopian families of, i. 294table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300of the Oriental region, i. 315range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, i. 322of Ceylon, i. 327of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 330of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 336illustration of characteristic Malayan, i. 336of the Philippine Islands, i. 345table of Oriental families of, i. 365table of Oriental genera of, i. 371of Australian region, i. 390of the Papuan Islands, i. 410of the Moluccas, i. 417of the Timor group, i. 422of Celebes, i. 427of Australia, i. 439illustration of, i. 439of New Zealand, i. 450table of families of Australian, i. 470table of genera of Australian, i. 475destinctive characters of Neotropical, ii.6of S. Temperate America, ii.36of Straits of Magellan, ii.37of the Mexican sub-region, ii.52of the Antilles, ii.62table of Neotropical families of, ii.85table of Neotropical genera of, ii.91of the Nearctic region, ii.115of California, ii.127of N. American central plains, ii.129of E. United States, ii.132of Canada, ii.135table of Nearctic families of, ii.140table of Nearctic genera of, ii.145Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, i. 107extinct, of historic period, i. 110extinct, comparative age of in Europe, i. 127extinct, of the New World, i. 129extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, i. 141original birthplace of some families and genera, i. 142, 153of the secondary period, i. 160MAMMALIA, summary and conclusion, ii.540lines of migration of, ii.544Manakins, ii.102MANATIDÆ, ii.210Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130ii.210Manchurian sub-region, description of, i. 220mammalia of, i. 222birds of, i. 223reptiles and amphibia of, i. 227fresh-water fish of, i. 227insects of, i. 227coleoptera of, i. 228MANIDIDÆ, ii.245Manis, ii.245Manorhina, ii.276Manticora, ii.487Manucodia, ii.274Mareca, ii.363Margaroperdix, ii.338Margarops, ii.256Margarornis, ii.103Marginella, ii.508Marine Mollusca, general remarks on the distribution of, ii.537Marine shells of the Neotropical region, ii.20Marmosets, ii.175Marquesas Islands, birds of, i. 443Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, i. 200on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, i. 200MARSUPIALIA, ii.248general remarks on the distribution of, ii.253Marsupials, classification of, i. 91N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130European Miocene, i. 121first migration to America, i. 155diversified forms of, i. 391of America prove no connection with Australia, i. 399list of Australian genera of, i. 476MARSUPIALIA and MONOTREMATA, summary and conclusion, ii.543Martes, N. American Tertiary, i. 135ii.198Mascarene Islands, zoology of, i. 280extinct fauna of, i. 282gigantic land-tortoises of, i. 289Masius, ii.102MASTACEMBELIDÆ, ii.437Mastodon, European Pliocene, i. 113Miocene of Greece, i. 116European Miocene, i. 120in Brazilian caves, i. 144S. American Pliocene, i. 147Indian Miocene, i. 123N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130N. American Tertiary, i. 138ii.227,228Mauritius, zoology of, i. 280reptiles of, i. 281McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, i. 466Mechanitis, ii.470Meda, ii.452Mediterranean, recent changes in, i. 39sub-region, description of, i. 199mammalia of, i. 202birds of, i. 203reptiles and amphibia of, i. 204fresh-water fish of, i. 205insects of, i. 205islands of, i. 206sea not separating distinct faunas, i. 201Megabias, ii.270Megablabes, ii.376Magacephala, ii.478Megacephalon, ii.342Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, i. 137Megaderma, ii.182Megærophis, ii.383Megalæma, ii.306MEGALÆMIDÆ, ii.305MEGALÆMINÆ, ii.306Megalixalus, ii.419Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, i. 148Megalomastoma, ii.521Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138Megalomma, ii.487Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130in Brazilian caves, i. 145S. American Pliocene, i. 147Megalophrys, ii.421Megalostoma, Eocene, i. 169Megalurus, ii.258Megalophonus, ii.289Megamys, S. American Eocene, i. 148ii.238Meganostoma, ii.478MEGAPODIIDÆ, ii.341Megapodius, ii.342Megaptera, ii.207Megarhynchus, ii.101Megaspira, European Tertiary, i. 169ii.527Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 145Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130in Brazilian caves, i. 145S. American Pliocene, i. 147ii.245Meiornis, ii.369Melampitta, ii.298Melampus, ii.519Melanerpes, ii.303Melania, European Secondary, i. 169MELANIADÆ, ii.509Melanitis, ii.471Melanochlora, ii.266Melanocorypha, ii.289Melanophidium, ii.374Melanoptila, ii.256Melanotis, ii.256MELEAGRINÆ, ii.340Meleagris, N. American Miocene, i. 163ii.340Meles, ii.199Melidectes, ii.276Melidora, ii.316Melierax, ii.348Melinæa, ii.470Meliornis, ii.275Meliphaga, ii.275MELIPHAGIDÆ, ii.275Melipotes, ii.276Melirrhophetes, ii.276Melitæa, ii.474Melithreptus, ii.276Melittophagus, ii.312Melizophilus, ii.259Mellisuga, ii.108Mellivora, Indian Miocene, i. 121ii.199Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167Melopelia, ii.333Melopsittacus, ii.325Melopyrrha, ii.285Melospiza, ii.284Melursus, ii.202Menetia, ii.395Meniceros, ii.317Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 138Menobranchus, ii.412Menopoma, ii.412MENOPOMIDÆ, ii.412Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133Menura, ii.298MENURIDÆ, ii.298Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, i. 144ii.199Merganetta, ii.364
Leptognathus, ii.381
Leptomantis, ii.419
Leptomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii.220
Lepton, ii.535
Leptoneura, ii.471
Leptonyx, ii.204
Leptopogon, ii.101
Leptoma, ii.520
Leptoptila, ii.333
Leptoptilus, European Miocene, i. 162
ii.361
Leptorhytaon, ii.380
Leptornis, ii.276
LEPTOSOMIDÆ, ii.310
Leptosomus, allied form in European Eocene,
i. 168
ii.310
Leptosomus of Madagascar, i. 278
figure of, i. 279
Leptotherium, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii.226
Leptotriccus, ii.101
Leptura, ii.502
Lepus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Lerista, ii.395
Lerwa, ii.339
Lesbia, ii.108
Lestodon, S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Leucippus, ii.109
Leuciscus, ii.452
Leucochroa, ii.516
Leucocyon, ii.197
Leucomelæna, ii.332
Leuconerpes, ii.304
Leucophantes, ii.270
Leucophasia, ii.478
Leucopleurus, ii.209
Leucosarcia, ii.333
Leucosomus, ii.452
Leucosticte, ii.285
Lewis, Mr. George, his collection of Japan insects, i. 228
LIALIDÆ, ii.396
Lialis, ii.396
Liasis, ii.381
Libellula, from the Lias, i. 167
Libythea, ii.475
LIBYTHEIDÆ, ii.475
Lichanotus, ii.381
Lichenops, ii.101
Licina, ii.521
Licmetis, ii.325
Lilljeborg, Professor, on classification of the Rodentia, i. 90
LIMACIDÆ, ii.517
LIMACINIDÆ, ii.531
Limax, ii.517
Limenitis, ii.474
Limnæa, Eocene, i. 169
European Secondary, i. 169
ii.518
LIMNÆIDÆ, ii.518
Limnatornis, European Miocene, i. 161
Limnocharis, ii.420
Limnocyon, N. American Tertiary, i. 134
Limnodynastes, ii.420
Limnohyus, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Limnophis, ii.376
Limnornis, ii.103
Limnotheridæ, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Limnotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Limnurgus, ii.450
Limosa, ii.353
Limpets, ii.511
Lingula, ii.538
LINGULIDÆ, ii.532
Linota, ii.285
Linsang, ii.195
Liocassis, ii.442
Liopelma, ii.417
Liopis, ii.375
Lioptilus, ii.267
Lioscelis, ii.297
LIOTRICHIDÆ, ii.266
Liothrix, ii.266
Lipaugus, ii.102
Liparis, ii.430
Liphyra, ii.477
Lipinia, ii.397
Lipoa, ii.342
Liposarcus, ii.444
Liptala, ii.477
Lissolepis, ii.397
Listriodon, European Miocene, i. 119
Lithiodon, ii.521
Lithomys, European Miocene, i. 120
ii.236
Lithornis, European Eocene, i. 163
Litoria, ii.418
Littorina, ii.510
LITTORINIDÆ, ii.510
Lizards, classification of, i. 90
Tertiary, i. 165
wide range of a species in Polynesia, i. 448
distribution and lines of migration of, ii.547
Lobodon, ii.204
Lochmias, ii.103
Locustella, ii.258
Loddigesia, ii.108
Loncheres, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii.239
Lonchophorus, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
ii.239
LONGICORNIA, ii.498
Longicornia, Palæarctic, i. 188
Ethiopian, i. 257
Oriental, i. 320
Australian, i. 407
Neotropical, ii.17
of Chili, ii.46
Nearctic, ii.123
Lontra, ii.199
Lophiodon, European Eocene, i. 125
N. American Tertiary, i. 136
ii.212
Lophiomeryx, ii.218
Lophiotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 136
Lophius, ii.431
Lophoaëtus, ii.348
LOPHOBRANCHII, ii.456
Lophocitta, ii.273
Lophogyps, ii.346
Lophoictinia, ii.349
Lopholaimus, ii.362
Lophiomys, ii.230
Lophophaps, ii.333
Lophophanes, ii.266
LOPHOPHORINÆ, ii.340
Lophophorus, ii.340
Lophorhina, ii.274
Lophornis, ii.107
Lophortix, ii.339
Lophostrix, ii.350
LOPHOTIDÆ, ii.432
Lophotragus, ii.220
Lophotriorchis, ii.348
Lophura, ii.402
Lord Howe's Island, birds of, i. 453
Loricaria, ii.444
Loriculus, ii.326
Loris, ii.176
Lorius, ii.327
Lota, ii.439
Loxia, ii.285
Loxigilla, ii.285
Loxomylus, Pliocene of Antilles, i. 148
ii.237
Loxops, ii.277
Lucania, ii.450
LUCANIDÆ, ii.492
Lucanus, ii.493
Lucia, ii.477
Lucidella, ii.522
Lucifuga, ii.440
LUCINIDÆ, ii.535
Lucinopsis, ii.536
LUCIOCEPHALIDÆ, ii.434
Lucioperca, ii.425
Luciotrutta, ii.447
Lucisoma, ii.452
Lund, Dr., his researches in caves of Brazil, i. 143
Lupus, ii.197
Lurocalis, ii.320
Luscinia, ii.259
Lusciniola, ii.258
Lutra, European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii.199
Lutronectes, ii.199
Lycæna, Miocene of Greece, i. 115
ii.196
LYCÆNIDÆ, ii.477
Lycalopex, i. 197
LYCODIDÆ, ii.439
Lycodon, ii.380
LYCODONTIDÆ, ii.380
Lycophidion, ii.380
Lycorea, ii.470
Lygosoma, ii.397
Lygosomella, ii.397
Lymanopoda, ii.471
Lymnas, ii.476
Lyncornis, ii.320
Lyncus, ii.193
Lytorhynchus, ii.376
Lyre-bird, figure of, i. 441
ii.298
M.
Mabouya, ii.397
Macacus, European Pliocene, i. 112
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
Indian Miocene, i. 121
supposed in European Eocene, i. 125
ii.173
ii.178
Macaws, ii.327
Machairodus, i. 110, 111
Miocene of Greece, i. 115
European Miocene, i. 118
Indian Miocene, i. 121
N. American Tertiary, i. 134
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 146
ii.193
Machetornis, ii.101
Machærhamphus, ii.349
Machærirhynchus, ii.271
Machæropterus, ii.102
Machetes, ii.353
Macrauchenia, S. American Pliocene, i. 146
Macrocalamus, ii.374
Macroceramus, ii.516
Macrochilus, ii.491
Macrocyclis, ii.516
Macrodipteryx, ii.320
Macrodon, ii.445
Macroglossa, ii.482
Macrones, ii.442
Macronus, ii.261
Macronyx, ii.290
MACROPODIDÆ, ii.250
Macropus, ii.251
Macropygia, ii.332
Macrorhamphus, ii.353
MACROSCELIDIDÆ, ii.186
Macroscelides, ii.186
Macrosila, ii.482
Macrotherium, Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 121
ii.246
Macrotus californicus, ii.182
MACROURIDÆ, ii.440
MACTRIDÆ, ii.443
Madagascar, extinct birds of, i. 164
description of, i. 272
mammalia of, i. 272
birds of, i. 274
reptiles of, i. 279
amphibia of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282
general remarks on insect fauna of, i. 284
Madeira, birds of, i. 208
land-shells of, i. 208
beetles of, i. 210
wingless insects numerous in, i. 211
how stocked with animals, i. 213
MALACANTHIDÆ, ii.433
Malacca, Sumatra, and Borneo, zoological unity of, i. 353
comparison of mammalia, i. 354
of birds, i. 355
Malacocircus, ii.261
Malacopteron, ii.261
Malacoptila, ii.310
Malacorhynchus, ii.364
Malacothrix, ii.230
Malagasy sub-region, description of, i. 272
mammalia of, i. 272
birds of, i. 274
illustration of zoology of, i. 278
reptiles of, i. 279
amphibia of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282, 289
insects of, i. 282
early history of, i. 286
Malapterurus, ii.443
Malaya and Indo-Malaya, terms defined, i. 345 (note)
Malaya, meaning of term, ii.261
Malay Archipelago, distribution of butterflies in, ii.484
distribution of Cicindelidæ in, ii.487
distribution of Longicorns in, ii.500
Malayan forms of life reappearing in West Africa, i. 263
fauna, probable origin of, i. 359
resemblances to that of Madagascar and Ceylon explained, i. 361
Malimbus, ii.286
Mallodon, ii.501
Mallotus, ii.447
Malta, Post-Pliocene fauna of, i. 114
formerly joined to Africa, i. 201
fossil elephants of, i. 201
birds of, i. 206 (note)
Malurus, ii.258
Mammal, the most ancient American, i. 134
Mammalia, means of dispersal of, i. 10
as limited by climate, i. 11
as limited by rivers, i. 12
how far limited by the sea, i. 13
dispersed by ice-floes and drift-wood, i. 14
means of dispersal of aquatic, i. 15
of most importance in determining zoological regions, i. 57
classification of, i. 85
birthplace and migrations of some families of, i. 142, 153
cosmopolitan groups of, i. 176
of the Palæarctic region, i. 181
of the European sub-region, i. 192
of the Mediterranean sub-region, i. 202
of the Siberian sub-region, i. 217
characteristic of Western Tartary, i. 218
of the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222
Palæarctic genera of, in the Manchurian sub-region, i. 222
Oriental genera of, on borders of same sub-region, i. 223
peculiar to Japan, i. 223
characteristic of N. W. China and Mongolia, i. 226
table of Palæarctic families of, i. 234
range of Palæarctic genera of, i. 239
of the Ethiopian region, i. 253
absence of certain important groups, i. 253
of the E. African sub-region, i. 260
of W. Africa, i. 262
of S. Africa, i. 267
of Madagascar, i. 272
table of Ethiopian families of, i. 294
table of Ethiopian genera of, i. 300
of the Oriental region, i. 315
range of the genera inhabiting the Indian sub-region, i. 322
of Ceylon, i. 327
of the Indo-Chinese sub-region, i. 330
of the Indo-Malayan sub-region, i. 336
illustration of characteristic Malayan, i. 336
of the Philippine Islands, i. 345
table of Oriental families of, i. 365
table of Oriental genera of, i. 371
of Australian region, i. 390
of the Papuan Islands, i. 410
of the Moluccas, i. 417
of the Timor group, i. 422
of Celebes, i. 427
of Australia, i. 439
illustration of, i. 439
of New Zealand, i. 450
table of families of Australian, i. 470
table of genera of Australian, i. 475
destinctive characters of Neotropical, ii.6
of S. Temperate America, ii.36
of Straits of Magellan, ii.37
of the Mexican sub-region, ii.52
of the Antilles, ii.62
table of Neotropical families of, ii.85
table of Neotropical genera of, ii.91
of the Nearctic region, ii.115
of California, ii.127
of N. American central plains, ii.129
of E. United States, ii.132
of Canada, ii.135
table of Nearctic families of, ii.140
table of Nearctic genera of, ii.145
Mammalia, extinct, of Old World, i. 107
extinct, of historic period, i. 110
extinct, comparative age of in Europe, i. 127
extinct, of the New World, i. 129
extinct, of N. America and Europe, compared, i. 141
original birthplace of some families and genera, i. 142, 153
of the secondary period, i. 160
MAMMALIA, summary and conclusion, ii.540
lines of migration of, ii.544
Manakins, ii.102
MANATIDÆ, ii.210
Manatus, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
ii.210
Manchurian sub-region, description of, i. 220
mammalia of, i. 222
birds of, i. 223
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 227
fresh-water fish of, i. 227
insects of, i. 227
coleoptera of, i. 228
MANIDIDÆ, ii.245
Manis, ii.245
Manorhina, ii.276
Manticora, ii.487
Manucodia, ii.274
Mareca, ii.363
Margaroperdix, ii.338
Margarops, ii.256
Margarornis, ii.103
Marginella, ii.508
Marine Mollusca, general remarks on the distribution of, ii.537
Marine shells of the Neotropical region, ii.20
Marmosets, ii.175
Marquesas Islands, birds of, i. 443
Marsh, Mr., on improvability of Asiatic and African deserts, i. 200
on camels and goats as destructive to vegetation, i. 200
MARSUPIALIA, ii.248
general remarks on the distribution of, ii.253
Marsupials, classification of, i. 91
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
European Miocene, i. 121
first migration to America, i. 155
diversified forms of, i. 391
of America prove no connection with Australia, i. 399
list of Australian genera of, i. 476
MARSUPIALIA and MONOTREMATA, summary and conclusion, ii.543
Martes, N. American Tertiary, i. 135
ii.198
Mascarene Islands, zoology of, i. 280
extinct fauna of, i. 282
gigantic land-tortoises of, i. 289
Masius, ii.102
MASTACEMBELIDÆ, ii.437
Mastodon, European Pliocene, i. 113
Miocene of Greece, i. 116
European Miocene, i. 120
in Brazilian caves, i. 144
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Indian Miocene, i. 123
N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
N. American Tertiary, i. 138
ii.227,228
Mauritius, zoology of, i. 280
reptiles of, i. 281
McCoy, Professor, on Palæontology of Victoria, i. 466
Mechanitis, ii.470
Meda, ii.452
Mediterranean, recent changes in, i. 39
sub-region, description of, i. 199
mammalia of, i. 202
birds of, i. 203
reptiles and amphibia of, i. 204
fresh-water fish of, i. 205
insects of, i. 205
islands of, i. 206
sea not separating distinct faunas, i. 201
Megabias, ii.270
Megablabes, ii.376
Magacephala, ii.478
Megacephalon, ii.342
Megacerops, N. American Tertiary, i. 137
Megaderma, ii.182
Megærophis, ii.383
Megalæma, ii.306
MEGALÆMIDÆ, ii.305
MEGALÆMINÆ, ii.306
Megalixalus, ii.419
Megalocnus, fossil in Cuba, i. 148
Megalomastoma, ii.521
Megalomeryx, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Megalomma, ii.487
Megalonyx, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
Megalophrys, ii.421
Megalostoma, Eocene, i. 169
Megalurus, ii.258
Megalophonus, ii.289
Megamys, S. American Eocene, i. 148
ii.238
Meganostoma, ii.478
MEGAPODIIDÆ, ii.341
Megapodius, ii.342
Megaptera, ii.207
Megarhynchus, ii.101
Megaspira, European Tertiary, i. 169
ii.527
Megatheridæ, in Brazilian caves, i. 145
Megatherium, N. American Post-Pliocene, i. 130
in Brazilian caves, i. 145
S. American Pliocene, i. 147
ii.245
Meiornis, ii.369
Melampitta, ii.298
Melampus, ii.519
Melanerpes, ii.303
Melania, European Secondary, i. 169
MELANIADÆ, ii.509
Melanitis, ii.471
Melanochlora, ii.266
Melanocorypha, ii.289
Melanophidium, ii.374
Melanoptila, ii.256
Melanotis, ii.256
MELEAGRINÆ, ii.340
Meleagris, N. American Miocene, i. 163
ii.340
Meles, ii.199
Melidectes, ii.276
Melidora, ii.316
Melierax, ii.348
Melinæa, ii.470
Meliornis, ii.275
Meliphaga, ii.275
MELIPHAGIDÆ, ii.275
Melipotes, ii.276
Melirrhophetes, ii.276
Melitæa, ii.474
Melithreptus, ii.276
Melittophagus, ii.312
Melizophilus, ii.259
Mellisuga, ii.108
Mellivora, Indian Miocene, i. 121
ii.199
Melolonthidium, Oolitic insect, i. 167
Melopelia, ii.333
Melopsittacus, ii.325
Melopyrrha, ii.285
Melospiza, ii.284
Melursus, ii.202
Menetia, ii.395
Meniceros, ii.317
Meniscotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 138
Menobranchus, ii.412
Menopoma, ii.412
MENOPOMIDÆ, ii.412
Menotherium, N. American Tertiary, i. 133
Menura, ii.298
MENURIDÆ, ii.298
Mephitis, in Brazilian caves, i. 144
ii.199
Merganetta, ii.364