Chapter 32

1386Livy states that 120,000 Kelts were slain, and Pliny, 130,000.

1387Lyons.

1388Ἄραρ.

1389The Allobroges and Segusii were separated by the Rhone; the former inhabiting the left bank of the river.

1390The Saone rises in the Vosges.

1391These people are elsewhere called by Strabo Lingones, the name by which they are designated by other writers.

1392The Doubs rises in the Jura, not in the Alps. Ptolemy falls into the same mistake as Strabo.

1393We have here followed the proposed correction of Ziegler.

1394Nîmes.

1395This name is written diversely, Tectosages, Tectosagæ, and Tectosagi. It appears to be composed of the two Latin words, “tectus,” covered, and “sagum,” a species of cassock.

1396Viz. between Lodève and Toulouse; we must remember that Strabo supposed the chain of the Cevennes to run west and east.

1397Angora.

1398These three nations inhabited Galatia, of which Ancyra was the capital.

1399279 years before the Christian era.

1400Justin tells us that the Tectosages on returning to Toulouse from the expedition, were attacked with a pestilential malady, from which they could find no relief until they complied with the advice of their augurs, and cast the ill-gotten wealth into a lake. Justin, lib. xxxii. c. 3.

1401The Atlantic and Mediterranean.

1402Ἄραρ.

1403The Lexovii inhabited the southern banks of the Seine, Lizieux was anciently their capital. The Caleti occupied the opposite side of the Seine, and the sea-coast as far as Tréport.

1404The inhabitants of Auvergne.

1405The ancient Liger.

1406Ἄταξ.

1407The whole of Gaul bore the name of Keltica long before the Romans had penetrated into that country. After their conquest of the southern provinces, they distinguished them from the rest of Keltica by conferring on them the name of Gallia Narbonensis. Aristotle gave the name of Kelts to the inhabitants of the country near Narbonne. Polybius tells us that the Pyrenees separated the Iberians from the Kelts; while Diodorus Siculus fixed the position of the Kelts between the Alps and the Pyrenees.

1408“Strabo,” says Gosselin, “always, argues on the hypothesis that the Pyrenees run from south to north; that the Garonne and the Loire flowed in the same direction; that the Cevennes stretched from west to east; and that the coasts of Gaul, from the Pyrenees, rose gently towards the north, bending considerably east.”

1409The Garonne becomes navigable at Cazères near to Rieux, in the ancient Comté de Comminges. From this point to its mouth, following the sinuosities of the river, there are about 68 leagues of 20 to a degree, or 2030 Olympic stadia. The Loire is navigable as far as St. Rambert, about three leagues from St. Etienne-en-Forez, that is to say, double the distance assigned by Strabo. 2000 stadia measured from the mouth of the Loire would extend merely as far as Orleans.

1410Probably the Arriége, the Tarn, and the Dordogne.

1411Ἰοσκῶν MSS.

1412The present Saintes was the capital of this nation.

1413Bordeaux.

1414Poictiers was the capital of the Pictones or Pictavi, and Nantes of the Namnetæ.

1415Scipio Æmilianus.

1416Saintes.

1417The Gulfs of Gascony and Lyons.

1418The Tarbelli occupied the sea-coast from the Pyrenees to the Lake of Arcachon.

1419The Canton of Comminges.

1420St. Bertrand.

1421Xylander thinks that these Onesii may be identical with the Monesi of Pliny. Gosselin says that the hot springs are probably the baths of Bagnières-sur-l’Adour.

1422The territory of the city of Auch.

1423The inhabitants of Vivarais.

1424The inhabitants of Vélai.

1425The inhabitants of Auvergne.

1426The Limousins.

1427The inhabitants of Périgord, Agénois, Querci, and Berri.

1428The inhabitants of Saintonge and Poitou.

1429The inhabitants of Rouergue and Gévaudan.

1430Gosselin supposes that this city is Clermont in Auvergne at some distance from the Allier.

1431Orleans.

1432The people of the Chartrain.

1433Cæsar himself (lib. vii. c. 76) states the number at 248,000 men.

1434A city near Clermont.

1435Alise. The ruins of Alesia, says Gosselin, still exist near to Flavigni in Burgundy, on Mount Auxois, between two small rivers, the Oze and the Ozerain, which flow into the Brenne.

1436The Sorgue.

1437In Athenæus, (lib. iv. p. 152,) this name is written Luernius.

1438Lyons.

1439MSS. read ὑπὸ, “under,” we have not hesitated to translate it ἐπὶ, like the Italian, French, and German versions; although Kramer remarks “paulo audacius,” of Coray’s reading ἐπὶ in the Greek.

1440Ἄραρ.

1441Kramer says that ἄλλος is manifestly corrupt.—I have ventured to translate it _another altar_.

1442Kramer concurs with Falconer and Gosselin in understanding this passage to have been originally between the Rhone and the Loire.

1443Σηκοάνας.

1444The Sequani.

1445Châlons-sur-Saone.

1446Autun, according to Gosselin. Beurect, according to Ferrarius.

1447Cæsar, Tacitus, and other writers, also speak of this relationship of the Ædui with the Romans.

1448_Lit._ “As for the Ædui on these accounts indeed.”

1449The sources of the Rhine take their rise in Mount St. Gothard and Mount Bernardin, while the Adda rises in the glaciers of the Valteline. Adula, however, may have been the name of the Rhætian Alps.

1450The Lake of Como.

1451The Lake of Constance.

1452The Rhæti occupied the Tirol; the Vindelici that portion of Bavaria south of the Danube.

1453Ptolemy says it has three. It appears that the ancient mouths of this river were not the same as the present.

1454Lyons.

1455The Swiss.

1456Gosselin identifies the Cimbri as the inhabitants of Jutland or Denmark.

1457Casaubon remarks that the text must be corrupt, since Strabo’s account of the Helvetii must have been taken from Cæsar, who (lib. i. c. 29) states the number of slain at 258,000, and the survivors at 110,000.

1458The Sequani occupied La Franche-Comté.

1459Metz was the capital of the Mediomatrici.

1460These people dwelt between the Rhine and the Vosges, nearly from Colmar to Hagenau.

1461The Allobroges dwelt to the left of the Rhone, between that river and the Isère.

1462The Arverni have given their name to Auvergne, and the Carnutes to Chartrain.

1463Strabo here copies Cæsar exactly, who, speaking of his second passage into Britain, (lib. v. c. 8,) says: “Ad solis occasum naves solvit ... accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore.”

1464The capital of these people is Trèves.

1465Viz. to the western bank of the river.

1466The Nervii occupied Hainault, and the Comté de Namur.

1467The Sicambri occupied the countries of Berg, Mark, and Arensberg. They afterwards formed part of the people included under the name of Franci or Franks.

1468Bavai, to the south of Valenciennes, was the capital of the Nervii; Duricortora, now Rheims, of the Remi; Arras of the Atrebates, and Tongres of the Eburones.

1469Térouane was the principal city of the Morini, Beauvais of the Bellovaci, Amiens of the Ambiani, Soissons of the Suessiones, and Lilebonne of the Caleti.

1470Cæsar (lib. vi. c. 29) describes the forest of Ardennes as 500 miles in extent.

1471Ardennes.

1472West of the Rhine.

1473Ptolemy names it Lucotecia; Cæsar, Lutetia. Julian, who was proclaimed emperor by his army in this city, names it Leucetia.

1474The inhabitants of Vannes and the surrounding country.

1475Neque enim his nostræ rostro nocere poterant; tanta erat in his firmitudo. Cæsar, lib. iii. c. 13.

1476Vide Cæsar, lib. iii. c. 14.

1477The Boii, who passed into Italy, established themselves near to Bologna.

1478The Senones, or inhabitants of Sens, are thought to have founded Sienna in Italy.

1479The promontory of Calbium, the present Cape Saint-Mahé, is here alluded to.

1480Gosselin observes, “These people called themselves by the name of Kelts; the Greeks styled them Galatæ, and the Latins Galli or Gauls.”

1481The Cimbri inhabited Denmark and the adjacent regions.

1482The inhabitants of the Beauvoisis.

1483Vide Cæsar, lib. ii. c. 4.

1484This slashed garment is the smock frock of the English peasant and the blouse of the continent.

1485Conf. Cæsar, lib. vi. c. 13. Plebs pene servorum habetur loco, quæ per se nihil audet, et nulli adhibetur consilio.

1486By the others are probably meant the Bards and Vates.

1487These opinions are also to be found in the Pythagorean philosophy.

1488These particulars are taken from Posidonius. See also Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 29.

1489A similar custom existed amongst the Spartans; the young people were obliged to present themselves from time to time before the Ephori, and if of the bulk thought proper for a Spartan, they were praised, if on the contrary they appeared too fat, they were punished. Athen. l. xii. p. 550. Ælian, V. H. l. xiv. c. 7. At Rome likewise it was the duty of the censor to see that the equites did not become too fat; if they did, they were punished with the loss of their horse. Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. l. vii. c. 22.

1490Transalpine Gaul.

1491The coasts occupied by the Morini extended from la Canche to the Yser.

1492The Menapii occupied Brabant.

1493General opinion places the port Itius at Wissant, near Cape Grisnez; Professor Airy, however, is of opinion that the portus Itius of Cæsar is the estuary of the Somme. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1852, vol. ii. No. 30, p. 198.

1494Cæsar passed twice into Britain: the first time he started about midnight, and arrived at the fourth hour of the day; the second time he started at the commencement of the night, and did not arrive until the following day at noon, the wind having failed about midnight.

1495The fleet consisted of 1000 vessels, according to Cotta. (Athen. l. vi. c. 21.) The great loss spoken of by Strabo occurred before the first return of Cæsar into Gaul. (Cæsar, l. iv. c. 28.) As to his second return, it was occasioned, to use his own words, “propter repentinos Galliæ motus.” L. v. c. 22.

1496Called by Cæsar, Hibernia; by Mela, Juverna; and by Diodorus Siculus, Iris.

1497This custom resembles that related by Herodotus (lib. i. c. 216, and iv. 26) of the Massagetæ and Issedoni. Amongst these latter, when the father of a family died, all the relatives assembled at the house of the deceased, and having slain certain animals, cut them and the body of the deceased into small pieces, and having mixed the morsels together, regaled themselves on the inhuman feast.

1498Strabo intends by φανερῶς what Herodotus expresses by μίξιν ἐμφανέα, καθάπερ τοῖσι προβάτοισι (concubitum, sicuti pecoribus, in propatulo esse).

1499Herodotus, (l. iv. c. 180,) mentioning a similar practice amongst the inhabitants of Lake Tritonis in Libya, tells us that the men owned the children as they resembled them respectively. Mela asserts the same of the Garamantes. As to the commerce between relations, Strabo in his 16th Book, speaks of it as being usual amongst the Arabs. It was a custom amongst the early Greeks. Homer makes the six sons of Æolus marry their six sisters, and Juno addresses herself to Jupiter as “Et soror et conjux.” Compare also Cæsar, lib. v.

1500An extremity to which the Gauls were driven during the war they sustained against the Cimbri and Teutones, (Cæsar, lib. vii. c. 77,) and the inhabitants of Numantia in Iberia, when besieged by Scipio. (Valerius Maximus, lib. vii. c. 6.) The city of Potidæa in Greece experienced a similar calamity. (Thucyd. lib. ii. c. 70.)

1501Pytheas placed Thule under the 66th degree of north latitude, which is the latitude of the north of Iceland.

1502Transalpine Gaul.

1503Port Monaco.

1504Vadi.

1505Albinga.

1506Vintimille.

1507Kramer conjectures that instead of Ἀλπιόνια, we should read Ἀλπεινὰ.

1508These people occupied the borders of the province of Murlaka, near to Istria, on the Gulf of Venice. Mount Albius is still called Alben.

1509Casaubon observes that the Roman writers separated the name Albium Ingaunum, in the same manner as Albium Intemelium.

1510These two tribes inhabited the country round Fréjus and Antibes as far as the Var.

1511Or amber.

1512Μόνοικος, an epithet of Hercules signifying “sole inhabitant.” According to Servius, either because after he had driven out the Ligurians he remained the sole inhabitant of the country; or because it was not usual to associate any other divinities in the temples consecrated to him.

1513Λίγυες, or Ligurians.

1514Λιγυστικὴ, or Liguria.

1515Κελτολίγυες, or Kelto-Ligurians.

1516Kramer is of opinion that we should adopt the suggestion of Mannert, to read here Avignon.

1517We have adopted the reading of the older editions, which is also that of the French translation. Kramer however reads φόβον, and adds φόρον in a note.

1518The Albiœci are named Albici in Cæsar; the capital city is called by Pliny Alebece Reiorum; it is now Riez in Provence.

1519Nîmes.

1520There are two rivers of this name which descend from the Alps and discharge themselves into the Po. The Durias which rises near the Durance is the _Durias minor_ of the ancients, and the Doria Riparia of the moderns; this river falls into the Po at Turin.

1521Gosselin observes:—The Salassi occupied the country about Aouste, or Aoste. The name of this city is a corruption of Augusta Prætoria Salassorum, which it received in the time of Augustus. The Durias which passes by Aouste is the _Durias major_, the modern Doria Baltea. Its sources are between the Great Saint Bernard and Mont Blanc.

1522The Ister of the classics.

1523_Augusta Taurinorum_, hodie Turin, was the capital of these people.

1524Various conjectures have been hazarded concerning this name, of which there appears to be no other mention.

1525The Kentrones occupied la Tarentaise; the Catoriges, the territories of Chorges and Embrun; the Veragri, a part of the Valais south of the Rhone; and the Nantuatæ, Le Chablais.

1526The Lake of Geneva.

1527Saint Gothard.

1528The Adda does not flow from the same mountain as the Rhine.

1529The Lake of Como.

1530The Rhæti are the Grisons; the Vennones, the people of the Val Telline.

1531The Lepontii inhabited the Haut Valais, and the valley of Leventina; the Tridentini occupied Trente; the Stoni, Sténéco.

1532The valley of Aouste.

1533These two routes still exist. The former passes by the Great Saint Bernard, or the Pennine Alps; the latter traverses the Little Saint Bernard, and descends into La Tarentaise, formerly occupied by the Centrones.

1534Anciently Durias.

1535Modena.

1536It does not appear that Julius Cæsar is here intended, for he mentions nothing of it in his Commentaries. It seems more probable that Strabo used the expression of Cæsar in its wider sense of Emperor, and alludes to Augustus, of whom he speaks immediately after.

1537Ivrea.

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