As to Case: On August 27th, 1914, the 3rd Battalion, Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 53, marching from Rotzelaer to Louvain, had to conduct a transport of about 1000 civilian prisoners. At first, the 9th Company, under my leadership, and the 12th Company, Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 53, under the leadership of Captain Ernst, carried out the supervision. When subsequently further transports of prisoners were added, the 1st Battalion of the Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 53 assisted in the supervision. Amongst the prisoners were a number of Belgian clergymen, one of whom particularly attracted my attention because at every halt he went from one prisoner to the other and spoke to them excitedly, so that I had to put him under special supervision. At Louvain we delivered the prisoners at the station; another section of the troops, whom I cannot now name, undertook the watch over them. On the following morning I was told by various people, amongst whom was also Captain Ernst, that the clergyman above mentioned had fired upon a guard, but had not hit him, and that he had therefore been shot on the square outside the station, probably by the order of the local commandant. Captain Ernst saw his body still lying there on the following day.
With regard to the conditions then prevailing at Louvain I am able further to state the following:
The 3rd Battalion, Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 53, entered Louvain on August 25th, that is, on the day of the sudden attack, and remained at Louvain from August 27th to September 1st. My company was quartered on the Belgian rector of an intermediate school, a very quiet, sober-minded man, with whom I fully discussed the attack. He related to me that he had gone for a walk in the neighbourhood of Louvain on the day of the attack, and had visited an inn. The host told him that on that day a troop of about 100 young men, who conversed in different languages, had passed his house on the way to Louvain. They asked for drinks and lodgings for the night, but the whole thing appeared to him so suspicious that he removed the sign outside his inn, so as to have nothing to do with these people. He said to the rector literally, "If these people get to Louvain, there will be bad smells there to-morrow," by which he meant to say that then blood would flow. The rector also stated to me that in almost every house at Louvain a room for students is to be let. These rooms were tenantless at the time in question on account of the university holidays; friends and acquaintances of the students, or persons who posed as such, could quite easily get admission to these rooms; he assumed that these rooms had been occupied by the above-mentioned persons. It was, at any rate, a striking fact that when I rode at the head of my battalion, together with Captain Ernst and the adjutant, Lieutenant Stegmueller, in order to quarter myself at Louvain in the Rue des Joyeuses Entrées, there was a young man in almost every house, whereas the younger Belgian male population had been called up for war service; that, furthermore, the inhabitants absolutely urged us to quarter only officers in their houses, and that, finally, in all officers' quarters there was—so we were told—only in the outhouses room for the officers' servants, and never in the houses in which officers were quartered.
I had to supply the guard at the railway station from my company; opposite the station building lies a block of houses, and in front of it a street fenced off by boards from the station. From this plank-fence the watch was fired on daily in the dark. I had then all the houses cleared and the block of houses surrounded by guards. On the evening of this day I saw myself how, at dark, a troop of 50 to 60 civilians emerged from the wood which was about 600 to 800 metres away, but withdrew when the guard was noticed. From this date the firing upon the guard ceased.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Josephson, Captain and Battalion Leader.
The witness was sworn in accordance with regulations.
Signed:Stegmueller. Signed:Schmidt.
D. App. 35.
Proceedings atReserve Field Hospital at Cleve,October 9th, 1914.
Royal Court of Justice.
Present:Judge,Fritzen.Secretary,Frings.
There appears the under-mentioned witness, and, after having been acquainted with the object of the examination, he was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Adam Hoos, aged 32; Catholic; soldier, 2nd Company, Landwehr Regiment No. 55, at Wesel, at present in reserve field hospital at Cleve.
As to Case: On August 25th we entered Louvain and took part in the street-fighting. On the morning of August 26th, when searching the houses for wounded, we found in the cellar of a house a soldier of our regiment whose name I do not know, whose body had been cut open so that the entrails protruded. We did not ascertain whether the dead man was otherwise wounded. In my opinion, the cut could have only been effected with a sharp knife.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Adam Hoos.
The witness was sworn.
Signed:Fritzen. Signed:Frings.
D. App. 36.
Lübeck,March 8th, 1915.
Court of Justice, Department 10.
Present:Judge,Dubel.Secretary,Giese.
At the request of the war minister appeared on citation the witnesses mentioned below, who were examined individually and in the absence of witnesses to be heard subsequently.
1. Student Oldenburg.
As to Person: My name is Hans Ludwig Oldenburg, aged 24; Protestant; student of law; at present non-commissioned officer, 3rd Reserve Company, Reserve Battalion No. 162.
As to Case: On August 25th, between 9 and 10 o'clock p.m., our regiment entered Louvain in marching order. The standard of the battalion was at the head of our company. It was already dark and, in marked contrast to the places through which we had passed the previous night, a surprising number of gas-lamps were alight. In the doors of the houses stood Belgians in civilian dress who behaved in a quiet and not unfriendly fashion. I saw no windows illuminated. Having marched into Louvain for about ten minutes, there was suddenly a halt. Two to three minutes later, but perhaps sooner, we were suddenly fired at from the houses of the right and left. I also saw the flashes of several shots from the houses near me. From one house I also saw bombs fall; one fell about 10 metres away from me in the street and exploded there with great detonation. I do not know whether anyone was hit by it. I can point out accurately the house from which the bomb fell. It stood on the left side, near the second lamp, which stands behind the next cross-road, or the next yard-entrance, on the left.
When the bomb fell, no shots had as yet been fired by us. We now received orders, "About turn, march." But after we had turned we were ordered from the rear to shoot into the houses. We then fired into both fronts of the houses. I cannot say what reply was made to our fire because the noise and confusion was too great. It also became at once quite dark, because we demolished the lamps with our fire so as to offer no aim to the opponent. This firing may have lasted a full hour. During the firing I saw a soldier near me fall. I was then run over and lost consciousness. When I recovered from my swoon, the firing was still continuing. I dragged myself to the nearest wall, and was then driven by an automobile to the field hospital.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Oldenburg.
The witness was sworn.
2. Corporal Hoehne.
As to Person: My name is Max Robert Theodor Hoehne, aged 28; Protestant; art dealer; at present corporal, 4th Reserve Company, Reserve Battalion No. 162.
As to Case: On the evening of August 25th, at about 9 o'clock, our regiment marched into Louvain in column of route. At the head marched the 1st Company. Then followed the 2nd, to which I belonged. It was already dark. The gas-lamps were alight. Outside in the suburb a few windows showed light. People in civilian dress put water in the street for us. But we did not drink of it because an officer warned us not to do so. The civilians behaved in a quiet and not unfriendly manner.
We marched over the railway bridge into the town straight on. At a point where there was a square occupied by automobiles, the road made a sharp bend. We marched past this bend straight on again. Up till then nothing happened, except that we saw no civilians at all in the town. The windows of the ground floors in this part of the street were closed by shutters. The windows of the upper floors were open. But this fact only struck me when we were fired at. Shortly after my company passed the bend of the road, a shot rang out, and this was immediately followed by brisk firing. I saw many such shots flash from the upper windows, and also noticed how sparks flew about as the bullets fell into the street. Immediately at the beginning of the firing two men behind me fell; one of them was Corporal Wiessner. Wiessner sat down at the roadside; the other soldier remained lying in the street, face down. We now dispersed on both sides and fired into the upper windows. During the firing I saw yet another soldier fall. In the meantime we had destroyed the lamps by our fire, so that nothing could be seen. I cannot say how long the firing continued. After some time the order was passed along to cease firing. When we were about to reassemble we were fired at from the windows of the ground floors. I was hit by small shot that had been fired directly through a window-pane on the ground floor; the shot remained in the haversack and coat. A comrade who turned towards the window fell at once owing to, so I assume, a shot in the head.
We now fired also into the ground-floor windows, removing in part the shutters. I, with a few others who had burst open the door, entered the house from which came the small shot. We could find no one in the house, but in the room from which the small shot had come, an overturned paraffin-lamp, still smouldering, was on the table.
When the firing ceased, the order to "rally" was sounded, and I only heard the call of our company. We rallied outside a restaurant at the corner of a street, and were suddenly fired at from a window near us, with revolvers, as I could tell by the sound. After having rallied, we wanted to return in close order, but were again fired at from the houses. The greater part of us continued the retreat. I and four others, however, turned about and marched on in the old direction. We joined some few other soldiers going in the same direction. On our way we saw more than half a dozen wounded soldiers lying in the street. Two men lay beneath and beside a shot horse. One of them pulled himself from beneath it. I pulled away the other from the horse, but left him lying because he was dead. In doing this I was kicked on the knee by the horse. Later on we joined the main body of our battalion near the station bridge in that road which one reaches when entering Louvain straight from the railway bridge. The troops were here drawn up and ordered to search the houses. Shortly before, a woman, with a child upon her arm and with two children beside her, passed right through the troops. No harm befell her. She was allowed to pass into the town unchecked.
Read over, approved, and signed.
Signed:Max Hoehne.
The witness was sworn.
Signed:Dubel. Signed:Giese.
D. App. 37.
Bremen,January 10th, 1915.
Present:Officer of the Court,Ahrens.Secretary,Heinhorst.
At the investigation regarding the events at Louvain the following witnesses appeared, and, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to them, made the following statement:
1. Officer's Deputy Walter Kruse, 3rd Company, Reserve Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 75.
On the evening of August 25th, 1914, at about 9 o'clock, the 3rd Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 75, entered by train the station at Louvain. At a distance of about 300 metres from the station building our train was suddenly fired at from both sides of the railway embankment. I heard the shots rattling against the carriages. The train stopped, and an order was given to leave the train. I made my men at once deploy along the track and reply to the firing. We were about three to four minutes under fire when I received some small shot in the right upper thigh. I then had myself bandaged, and was not a direct witness of the subsequent events. The firing, after scarcely ten minutes, suddenly ceased, whereupon the companies were rallied. In the dark one could only see the flashes of the shots. They came for the most part from above, so that one was obliged to assume that they had been fired from the windows, roofs, and trees. I did not see any individual persons who fired. About an hour and a half later I heard from the railway station, where I lay wounded, another burst of violent firing, which, however, ceased again at once.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Walter Kruse.
The witness was sworn.
2. Sergeant-Major Ludwig Hilmer, 3rd Company, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 215, at present at Bremen.
When the train with the 3rd Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 75, entered the station at Louvain on the evening of August 25th, 1914, at about 9 o'clock, we were suddenly fired at from both sides, at a distance of about 300 to 400 metres from the station building. The window-panes in my compartment broke at once. We got out and replied to the firing. The enemy could not be seen, because it was already quite dark. We only saw the flashes of the shots, and assumed that they came from the houses at each side of the railway. Five men of my company were wounded in this fight. I ascertained that the wounds were partly caused by small shot. After about ten minutes the firing ceased, but was resumed again at once. Only when we had the lights on the station extinguished did the firing cease. The companies now rallied to the station, removed their packs, and were ordered to fire all the houses from which firing had taken place, after searching them first. With this order we received strict injunctions not to hurt a hair of women and children. My company entered in groups the houses of the section allotted to it. Captain Brinckmann and I entered an inn diagonally opposite the station, and found there behind the bar a waiter with a ball-gun and ammunition. He was immediately taken to the railway commandant by some men. We then continued searching. Various civilians were led off by my men, and after a final decision of the commandant they were shot in the place before the station. In accordance with my orders, I helped to fire several houses, after having convinced myself in every case that no one was left in them. At about 12 o'clock p.m. this work was finished, and the company returned to the station building, in front of which lay about fifteen inhabitants, shot. Two clergymen also stood there who were to serve as hostages. I heard a patrol report that in a church inhabitants had been taken with guns and munition. Sleep was not to be thought of during the night, because the town was echoing with the explosion of bombs and munition stored in the burning houses. One might have believed oneself in a heavy artillery fire. On the morning of August 26th the company was again alarmed, because baggage was being fired at in the town. We advanced into a street about five minutes' distance from the station, and were here fired at from the houses, apparently with shot-guns. We entered the houses and took prisoner several civilians whose behaviour had been suspicious. The houses from which the firing had come were then set on fire. About noon the company returned to the station. At about 3 o'clock p.m. I stood with an acting-sergeant-major at the monument in front of the station, when we were suddenly exposed to a violent fire. Immediately afterwards five riderless horses galloped towards us, coming from the street in which the shots had been fired. As was ascertained subsequently, the horses were those of gendarmes whose riders had been shot in the town. Arrangements were now made and published in the whole town by the ringing of bells and the beating of drums that every company advancing into the town must be headed by a number of hostages. These were to be shot the moment there was any more firing from the houses. Among the hostages held at the station were clergymen and state officials. In spite of these measures, the inhabitants again fired on that evening and during the night. The morning of August 27th passed without any special events for my company, because we urgently needed rest. It was only during the afternoon that we were again active. As peace could not be restored in the town by means of hostages, the order was issued to take all male inhabitants, aged seventeen to fifty. I carried out this order by the help of a strong platoon of eighty men after the order had been read out everywhere by a lieutenant. The people had to be fetched out of every house. After three hours' work I took 200 to 300 persons to the station. Every man on whom arms or munition was found was shot; these again numbered some fifteen to twenty persons. The others were notified that if shots were again fired during the night they would all be put in front of a machine-gun. This announcement was effective, for the next night passed perfectly quietly. On the following morning, hardly were the prisoners dismissed when the firing began afresh. My company, accompanied by hostages, advanced again into the town, and was again fired at. Again we had to fire some houses. On this occasion I saw with my own eyes how a civilian fired from a high window upon Captain Brinckmann. I heard the shot fall in the street. The Captain at once ordered the burning of the house. From here we advanced to a monastery on a hill. It was said that firing had taken place there, but we found neither arms nor munition. But immediately we again heard cries for help from the main road leading past the monastery; we hurried back, and had to assist an artillery column that had been fired at. We again set a few houses on fire, whereupon the command was given for all inhabitants to leave Louvain, as firing with artillery was to commence. This happened between 2 and 4 o'clock p.m. whilst our battalion was still at the station. I observed myself that the artillery projectiles only fell in those parts of the town in which attacks had been made.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Hilmer.
Hilmer was sworn.
3. Soldier Heinrich Westerkamp, company of wounded, Reserve Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 75.
At noon, on August 25th, I had arrived at Louvain with the 2nd Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 75. Whilst we were being provisioned from the field-kitchens in that part of the town which is near the suburb of Herent we were struck by the number of young strong people who were in the street and putting their heads together. At Herent I was transferred to the baggage because of foot-trouble whilst my battalion marched on. I was about to draw water from a well when suddenly the baggage was being fired on from all sides. The baggage had already turned about, and as the horses could not be stopped we returned to Louvain at full speed. But there, too, all was not safe, as we heard from stragglers; we wanted to drive past the station into the nearest village in order to spend the night there. We got, however, only about 50 metres beyond the station, and had to halt there because a wheel had come off a cart. Hardly had the carts stopped on the perfectly dark road when we were violently fired at from the houses near us, as well as from those on the other side of the railway and from the bushes on the railway embankment. The man beside me on the cart immediately received a shot in the foot. We dismounted and tried to make ourselves safe. At that moment a civilian came running up towards me from a house, pointing a revolver at me. I immediately shot the person down. A hand-grenade exploded immediately after this, about 7 to 8 metres away from me, and smashed a horse. Three of us now sought cover in the recess of a house, from which we succeeded in reaching a goods-shed. At this time—about 9 p.m.—the 3rd Battalion arrived, which we joined. During the night the detonations never ceased, and the houses round the station were burning. From the Hôtel du Nord a machine-gun had even been fired, as could be distinctly heard from the regular shots. On the following morning I ascertained that five horses of the baggage transport had been killed. I remained in front of the station building until noon on August 26th, and I here saw that about forty persons were examined by an officer and about half of them were shot. Two clergymen were also brought forward, one of whom declared himself a German, and said that he had not fired. I heard subsequently, however, that a Browning pistol was found on him. I also saw a man of Regiment No. 162 or 163 carried past on a stretcher. He whimpered terribly, and I heard that whilst doing patrol duty in the town several inhabitants fell upon him and cut off the scrotum. Later on I heard that the man had died of his wound. A Belgian who addressed me in German declared that the whole misfortune could have been avoided if the clergy did not from the pulpit praise those who fire upon German troops. At noon on the same day we followed the company with the baggage after having previously received fresh horses. We only found a heap of ruins where the village of Herent had stood. About three days later I met Lieutenant Foerster (now of the 4th Company, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 75). He told me that German soldiers had had the genital members cut off and put into the mouth, and that the latter had then been sewn up.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Westerkamp.
The witness was sworn according to regulations.
Signed:Ahrens, Lieutenant and Judicial Officer.Signed:Heinhorst, Non-commissioned Officer.
D. App. 38.
Altona,March 1st, 1915.
Court of the Commandant.
Present:President, Dr.Steengrafe.Secretary,Koch.
There appeared the merchant Gruner as witness, and, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to him, he was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Richard Gruner, aged 23; Protestant; merchant in Hamburg.
As to Case: After mobilisation I offered my services voluntarily and went into the field as a motor driver on the staff of the IX. Reserve Army Corps. On the evening of August 25th, 1914, we arrived at Louvain. As a sortie had been announced from Antwerp, the German troops were taken from Louvain and, as I assume, employed in the attack. The baggage, including the motors, stopped in the square in the immediate vicinity of the Hôtel Métropole. At the command of Captain von Esmarch, I followed the troops who were marching off and brought back one company for the protection of the staff, which was then drawn up in the place mentioned above. At about 9 o'clock p.m. I saw a green rocket ascend over the town. At the same moment commenced the firing upon us from the houses surrounding the place. I also heard the regular "tak, tak" of machine-guns. The German soldiers fired again and succeeded in beating down the hostile fire; the houses from which firing had taken place were set alight. I had the impression that the proceedings had been systematically prepared. Up till then we had been treated by the inhabitants with the greatest kindness and amiability.
After the attack in the centre of the town had been dealt with, the troops in the interior of the town were conducted to the station. Until then I had not seen any sign of interference on the part of the Belgian clergy. On the way to the station I saw a man in clerical garb, with unmistakable clerical physiognomy and a broad-brimmed hat with two tassels, directing our troops to a certain road. I myself drove along another road, following some cars before me. Subsequently I heard that the troops who had followed the directions of the clergyman reached a cul-de-sac, and were there exposed to fire from the houses.
When I arrived at the station I heard that here, too, an attack had been made upon the German soldiers by the civilian population from the surrounding houses, and had been defeated; in the station square and throughout the town houses were burning. All citizens taken were conducted to the station square, examined, and, if their guilt was ascertained, shot according to martial law. I myself acted as interpreter during part of the examinations. The examinations continued through the night until the following morning. The number of persons shot by court-martial may have been eighty to a hundred; among them may have been ten to fifteen clergymen. This number is exclusive of one man in unmistakable clerical garb, because beneath his clerical garb he wore civilian dress. Among the clergymen shot was the one I mentioned previously, and of this I am quite sure. He was pointed out by soldiers as the one who had directed them and their comrades into the cul-de-sac; he, too, was shot. I interpreted during the examination of two further clergymen. On one of them a revolver was found that still contained four cartridges, and one had been discharged; he, too, was shot. It had, moreover, been announced previously that every inhabitant on whom arms were found would be shot. I cannot now say what was furthermore ascertained in relation to this clergyman; but no one was shot whose participation in the attacks upon the German troops was not determined beyond doubt by at least two witnesses, or on whom arms were not found. Those brought up for examination must have rendered themselves suspect in some way, otherwise they would not have been examined at all.
During the night isolated attacks upon German troops took place, also during the day.
During the examinations many of the Belgians related that their behaviour towards the Germans had been represented to them by the authorities, also by the preachers, as a matter of faith. When we fetched the wounded in automobiles during the night we were fired at, and also from a convent.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Gruner.
The witness was duly sworn.
Authenticated:
Signed:Steengrafe, President.Signed:Koch.
Berlin,March 19th, 1915.
Ministry of War.
Military Examination Bureau for Infringements of Martial Law.
Present:President, Dr.Grasshoff.Secretary,Pahl.
There appears on citation merchant Richard Gruner of Hamburg-Grossborstel, Holunderweg 12.
The importance of the oath was pointed out to the witness, and he declared:
As to Person: My name is Richard Gruner, aged 23; Protestant.
As to Case: I repeat, first of all, all the statements made during my judicial examination at Altona on March 1st, 1915. This statement, which has just been read to me, is perfectly true in all respects. I add further what follows:
The examination of the volunteers brought forward by the German troops on the station square at Louvain on the night of August 25th to 26th, 1914, was conducted by Captain Albrecht, who was then reporting officer on the staff of the IX. Reserve Army Corps, and who fell later, at the end of October 1914, at Noyon. Captain Albrecht was attached to the Grand General Staff in peace time. I was requested by him to act as interpreter during part of the examinations. The examination proceeded in such a way that the soldiers brought forward the civilians taken by them, whilst the firing in the town continued. I was given about 100 to 200 persons to search and to examine. Captain Albrecht passed from one group of persons assembled in the station square for examination to another group, and inquired the result in order to give instructions for the further treatment of the accused. Altogether about 600 persons may have been brought forward, at least 500 of whom were spared death by shooting because no sure proof of their guilt was brought forward during the examination. These persons were led aside; the men amongst them were later on sent to Germany, whilst it was left to the women and children to go to Anvers.
It is not true that the persons were arbitrarily selected when arrangements for shooting them were made; on the contrary, the examinations were carried out strictly according to the facts. I examined myself the persons brought forward for arms, and frequently found arms on them. I also had instructions to see whether the accused were Belgian soldiers, which could be seen from the identification disc. On many of the persons brought to me I found the military disc in the pocket or in the purse. Captain Albrecht proceeded—I assume on higher command—in such a way that he ordered those to be shot on whom either arms or a rallying sign was found, or those of whom it was testified by at least two witnesses that they had fired upon the German troops. In my opinion it is quite out of the question that any innocent person lost his life; particularly Captain Albrecht did under the circumstances all that was possible to exhort the soldiers to speak the truth; if no arms or identification discs were found, he himself questioned the witnesses as to whether they could make their assertions with certitude, and he pointed out to them that the life and death of a man depended upon their word. And only when the soldiers maintained their assertions after this admonition, the command for the shooting of the condemned was given.
Amongst the persons brought forward were a number of priests; of these about ten to fifteen in all were shot. I ascertained myself that one priest carried a loaded revolver which had been fired once, and the empty cartridge-case was still in the barrel. I furthermore recognised another priest as the one who, according to the testimony of the soldiers, had intentionally decoyed them into the fire of the francs-tireurs. These two were undoubtedly genuine clergymen. On a third man wearing clerical garb, and civilian clothes underneath, I found a military identification disc.
I was in the station square during the whole examinations, and I can therefore testify from my own knowledge that no mock-execution of priests has taken place, and that not one of the involuntary spectators of these scenes was forced to applaud.
Among the persons brought forward there were many civilians who, when they became aware that I spoke French, called to me that they were innocent, and that the priests bore the whole guilt of what had taken place. They expressly pointed to the priests who had been brought forward. Amongst them was a Belgian civilian who, as a sign of his goodwill to the Germans, showed a document, according to which the King of Prussia had bestowed the Order of the Red Eagle upon him. I took the opportunity to remonstrate with this person that he, an educated man, and the other men of his station had not stopped the populace from making the attack; he replied, "It is quite impossible for us to prevail upon the people who are in the hands of the clergy."
I remained at Louvain until August 26th, 1914, 4 p.m. During August 26th I still heard and saw, now and again, firing from the houses; comrades of mine were wounded actually at my side; thus also the voluntary soldier Wuppermann. During the morning of August 26th I spoke in the station square, where there were many women prisoners, with two of them who evidently belonged to the educated classes. One of them, an American from St. Louis, addressed me in English and begged me to release her and another known lady from imprisonment, as they were innocent. She explained to me that the clergy were responsible for the events. She then called the other lady, a Belgian, with whom I also conversed in French. She also confirmed to me that the firing from the houses was due to the conduct of the clergy. She related the following: In the evening, Belgian soldiers dressed as civilians entered individual houses and forced the inhabitants by threats to receive them and to admit them to the windows in order to shoot from them; previous to that the clergy had gone into the houses and declared to the inhabitants that it was their duty to receive and support the Belgian soldiers because the German troops were making war upon the faith of the Belgians.
During the critical days, particularly violent firing on the German troops came from a convent outside Louvain, on the road from Louvain to Bueken. I have heard this repeatedly from soldiers, and on August 26th, 1914, in the afternoon, whilst going in my automobile to Bueken, I had to pass the street near the convent under special protective measures. In order to be safe from any firing from the convent we had to take with us several civilians, who were placed partly upon the footboard of the car, partly upon the cooler.
I wish to emphasise that even during the examinations in the station square we were fired at from houses there. I particularly remember the incident when about ten to twelve young people in sporting-caps—which was frequently the distinguishing mark of disguised Belgian soldiers—were brought up quite close to the station building, and that I was fired upon from a building opposite on my way to see these persons, and that the prisoners ran away, and that we Germans fired after them.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Richard Gruner.
The witness was sworn.
Proceedings closed.
Signed:Pahl.Signed: Dr.Grasshoff.
D. App. 39.
Guiscard,March 1st, 1915.
Present:Member of the Military High Court,Riese.Secretary,Reisener.
There appeared as a witness Non-commissioned Officer Muesfeldt, and, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to him, he was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Willy Muesfeldt, aged 33; Protestant; non-commissioned officer, IX. Reserve Corps.
As to Case: On August 25th I arrived with the first party of the General Command at Louvain. We unloaded and drove with the baggage to the market-place. Here we remained, as it was said that the English were near, and that we might have to go into action that day. In the evening, at about 9 o'clock, Captain von Esmarch, leader of our baggage, arrived in the automobile and said that matters had turned out differently, and that we could march off to quarters. The Captain mounted the horse and gave the order "Mount." He had hardly said this when firing commenced from all sides. I fetched my rifle from the cart, took cover, and fired. Then I noticed that the Captain lay on the ground, wounded; I brought him into safety beneath a cart, and continued firing. I cannot say exactly how long the firing continued. When it ceased, the order was given to search the houses from which the firing had taken place for francs-tireurs. I approached a house from which firing had taken place, battered the street door, and went down the cellar, from which shots had also been fired. I found there a man of about forty years of age, with dark pointed beard, who had a revolver in his hand. I immediately threw myself upon him, and in spite of his struggles I led him up the stairs, where I handed him over to gendarmes. I did not indeed see this man shoot, but I assume it with certainty, since I found him with the revolver in his hand; he struggled, and there was no one in the house except his wife. All this I related to Captain von Esmarch at Christmas when he was here on a visit to the General Command. There was a pharmacy in the house, which I mentioned above.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed: Non-commissioned OfficerMuesfeldt.
The witness was sworn.
Proceedings closed.
Signed:Riese. Signed:Reisener.
D. App. 40.
Altona,March 1st, 1915.
Court of the Commandant.
Present:President, Dr.Steengrafe.Secretary, SergeantMeyer.
There appears as witness engineer Weiss, who, after the importance of the oath has been pointed out to him, he declares as follows:
As to Person: My name is Robert Weiss; engineer, in Altona; aged 31; Christian; motor-driver.
As to Case: After mobilisation I offered my services as a volunteer, and went into the field as motor-driver on the staff of the IX. Reserve Army Corps.
On the afternoon of August 25th, 1914, we arrived at Louvain. The inhabitants behaved at first more than kindly towards us.
Towards the evening I had driven a wounded man to the field hospital near the market-place. The field hospital was established in a monastery. About 9 o'clock I drove the car with Captain von Harnier in it from the monastery back to the market-place, when suddenly firing began on all sides from the houses. I stopped my car and remained unhurt; Captain von Harnier was wounded in the arm; he hurried to the market-place, and I sought cover beneath the car.
I may have remained there about half an hour when a platoon of German infantry came along the road. I called to the leader, and he had the surrounding houses, from which the shooting continued, covered by fire. I then took the car to safety in the yard of the monastery.
When, after a short time, I wished to leave, Captain von Esmarch was carried in, covered with blood. Whilst being carried to the field hospital, he was fired upon from the monastery. I went into the monastery with an infantryman; we found a revolver, but to save ourselves from being cut off we could not enter the vaults of the monastery into which the people had evidently retired.
The Belgian field hospital did not want to bandage Captain von Esmarch; I finally forced a Belgian surgeon, whom I caught by the arm, to apply the bandage.
Subsequently, on driving my car to the market-place, and from there to the station with the General Staff, I saw everywhere on the way burning houses; now and again isolated firing from the houses still took place.
At the station there were no burning houses, and strict orders had been given to set no houses on fire there. After half an hour the firing from the hotels opposite the station began. From that point right to the station there was firing with machine-guns; I could distinctly hear the regular "tak, tak."
It was only then that orders were given to raze the houses in front of the station; they were set on fire, but even from the burning houses, and finally from the ruins, the firing continued briskly. We suffered losses.
Later on, isolated shots were fired.
The citizens who had in any way taken part in the attack were brought to the station square, and, if found guilty, shot according to martial law.
The soldiers, who brought the citizens along, were exhorted—as I have myself heard—to bear witness carefully and conscientiously. The examinations were conducted by officers of the General Staff. Whoever carried loaded arms, in spite of the prohibition issued and announced, was shot at once.
In the town lay several men in clerical garb, shot; at the station, too, several men in clerical dress were shot; all were examined, but I was not present at the examinations.
On the following day, too, isolated shots fell upon us from houses.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Weiss.
The witness was sworn in accordance with the regulations.
Signed: Dr.Steengrafe, President.Signed:Meyer.
D. App. 41.
Court of the Commander.
Present:President, Dr.Steengrafe.Secretary,Meyer.
Altona,March 3rd, 1915.
There appeared as witness merchant Dammann, who, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to him, was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Carl Dammann, aged 31; Christian; merchant in Hamburg; soldier of the Reserve.
As to Case: After mobilisation I volunteered for duty as motor-driver, and as such I was assigned to the Staff of the IX. Reserve Army Corps.
On the evening of August 25th, 1914, we arrived in Louvain. At first the inhabitants were very obliging.
My motor-car was put in the market-place, a big square near which is the Hôtel Métropole. In the evening, towards 9 o'clock, we motor-drivers stood under the trees of the place and chatted together. Comrades told me they had seen a rocket go up.
Suddenly an awful firing commenced from the houses surrounding the place. The fire was first of all directed on the baggage-carts which were to be drawn up at the place. Each one of us sought cover, I on a baggage-cart, the horses of which had just been shot. My car showed later on a hole as large as a fist in the protective cover and in the body of the car; to judge by the way the tin was bent, the shot must have come from below, from a cellar. Whilst we sought cover, the firing continued, and some of us were wounded. In my opinion this was a well-prepared and planned attack of the civilian population.
After the firing had become less violent, we drivers went to the station. At the market-place and in its small side-streets the houses were burning. During our drive to the station, German patrols passed us everywhere. In the station square firing took place principally from the four large hotels there. The firing in the station square continued till the morning.
Those persons of the town who had participated in the attack upon the Germans were taken to the station square in the course of the evening and during the night. An officer then examined them; the soldiers who had brought up the people were examined. A number of men, nearly fifty, were shot in the station square after the examination was over.
As far as I remember, there were two persons in clerical garb amongst them; but there may have been more.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Carl Dammann.
The witness was then sworn.
Signed: Dr.Steengrafe, President.Signed:Meyer.
D. App. 42.
Court of the Commander at Altona.
Present:President, Dr.Steengrafe.Secretary,Kahl.
Altona,December 28th, 1914.
On citation there appears as witness Captain of Landwehr II. Hermansen, who, after the sanctity of the oath had been pointed out to him, makes the following statement:
As to Person: My name is Richard, aged 37; Protestant; Public Prosecutor at Düsseldorf; at present in the Reserve Battalion, Infantry Regiment No. 76, Hamburg.
As to Case: I arrived at Louvain on August 25th at about 9 o'clock p.m. after a railway journey of 55 hours.
At the moment of alighting a violent fire was opened upon the station and its vicinity from the houses lying round the station. I also heard a mechanical noise, which I took to be machine-gun fire.
We took part in the searching and the burning down of houses from which firing had taken place.
Some of the houses were furnished with regular loopholes, among them also houses which, as I saw on the following morning, had flown white flags.
On September 1st, at Lombeek, St. Catharinen, near Ternath, west of Brussels, I made the acquaintance of a priest, to whom I expressed my approval of the quiet bearing of the inhabitants of Lombeek towards our company.
He said, "Yes, for weeks I have been preaching this from the pulpit, and my flock listens to me. I have told them that if they wished to fight, they should go to Antwerp, put on uniform, and obtain a rifle. The enemy is only doing his duty; his soldiers are children of the same heavenly Father."
I replied that, if all his colleagues in office had acted thus, much that was disagreeable would have been avoided both for the Belgians and for us. He did not contradict me; we remained talking a little while longer, and when I took my leave of him, he blessed me.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Hermansen.
The witness was then sworn according to regulations.
Signed:Steengrafe, President.Signed:Kahl.
D. App. 43.
Present:President,Felgner.Secretary,Becker.
Flensburg,January 8th, 1915.
There appeared as witness Captain von Vethacke, who, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to him, was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Moritz, aged 37; Protestant; Captain, Reserve Battalion, Reserve Infantry Regiment No. 86.
As to Case: I have just read Captain Hermansen's statement of December 28th, 1914, and I confirm it with the following remarks:
I know for certain that among the corpses lying in the station square there were several dressed in clerical garb. The examinations in the station square in Louvain were carried out very carefully. Each company had its portion of the town which it tried to clear of francs-tireurs. Persons found with a rifle in their hand were at once shot, but others who could not be at once convicted of the participation in the attack were led to the station building for a decision to be come to there regarding them. The witnesses accompanied them in order to give their testimony in the station square. Whatever priests were shot, were found guilty before the Court. I also made the acquaintance of the priest mentioned by Captain Hermansen at the end of his statement; he made an excellent impression on me also; he did not contradict me when I expressed my view that priests had stirred up the people and had taken part in the attacks. From my conversation with this priest I gained the impression that he did not approve of the behaviour of his colleagues in office.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:von Vethacke.
The witness was sworn according to regulations.
Proceedings closed.
Signed:Felgner. Signed:Becker.
D. App. 44.
Court of the Bavarian Landsturm Infantry Battalion Gunzenhausen.
Present:President, CaptainHahn.Secretary,Walz.
Vielsalen,February 4th, 1915.
On citation there appeared as witness Herr Karl Dörffer, born on December 25th, 1877, at Erda, district of Wetzlar; Protestant; 1st Lieutenant, Reserve of Prussian Railway Regiment No. 3, assigned to the Railway Constructing Company No. 17, at present commanded by the Bavarian Staff Officer of railway troops in Vielsalen.
The witness, to whom the importance of the oath was pointed out, was examined as follows:
As to Person: My personal description is correctly stated.
As to Case: On August 24th, 1914, I was commanded to effect the detraining at the station in Louvain. I was acting manager in the station as well as commandant over the station. On August 25th detraining took place almost continuously; I particularly mention the detraining of the IX. Reserve Corps and the General Staff of this corps. On the evening of August 25th, at nightfall, shots fell suddenly in front of and on both sides of the station area; in this area were detachment of troops and trains. At first I did not attach much importance to the firing; but as it became more violent I went to the front of the station building.
I now saw that violent firing was taking place, particularly from an hotel to the right of the station. From the long flash of fire from the individual shots I assumed that military rifles were not being used. I know for certain that firing took place from the upper floors of this hotel, but the windows from which firing took place were dark.
The following design will indicate the position of the hotel more clearly:
map
To judge by the violence of the firing I must assume that firing from other houses also took place.
Through officers of the Mecklenburg Dragoons belonging to the General Commando of the IX. Reserve Army Corps—if I remember right, through Captain von Alten and another officer—the news was received at the station that even the transport of the Army Corps had been fired on in the town. A high officer gave the command to search the hotel mentioned and other houses, and then to set them on fire. A number of persons, partly middle aged, partly older people, were taken out of these houses, and a great number of them—but only males—were immediately shot according to martial law. It was then quiet in the station square for a long time. I would point out that I could not stand in the station square continuously, because I had business to transact in the station itself. It was therefore impossible for me to watch all the events in front of the station. At about 11 or 11.30 p.m.—most of the houses in the station square were burning—a volley was fired on us from the roof of an hotel on the left of the station; the hotel was already burning at the bottom. I stood, as it happened, in the centre of the station square with several officers; there remained nothing for us but to throw ourselves upon the ground so as to offer the smallest possible target. Orders were then given to search this house once again; in spite of this, a few isolated shots were fired during the night from the houses in the station square, especially from the houses on the road to Tirlemont, opposite the loading ramp, upon which artillery and vehicles were unloaded even during the night.
I know that, after the volley had been fired from the house last mentioned, a high officer gave orders to clear the people from all the houses round the station; a number of women and children, also old and middle-aged men, were thereupon apprehended; a few of the men were shot according to martial law, but in a great number of cases it could not longer be ascertained whether they had taken part in the firing. These persons were first housed in the station; part of them were later on transported.
On August 26th a few isolated shots fell near the station. On my request, the commandant of a battalion—according to my notes it must have been Colonel von Treskow, 2nd Battalion, Reserve Regiment No. 76—had various houses on the road to Tirlemont cleared; this officer told me that in doing so he lost one of his reserve officers. I cannot say whether there were persons of the Garde Civique among the Belgians who fired on us.
As to the persons shot—I speak, of course, only of my own observations—it had been ascertained by witnesses that they were guilty.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Karl Dörffer, 1st Lieutenant of the Reserve.
The witness was then sworn.
Signed:Hahn, Captain and Officer of the Court.Signed:Friedrich Walz, Secretary.
D. App. 45.
Court of the Mobile Commissary Commando, 1, VII. Army Corps.
Present:President,Elble.Secretary,Casser.
Péronne,December 29th, 1914.
There appears on citation as witness Paymaster Otto Rudolph, Reserve Railway Constructing Company No. 11, at present at Péronne, who, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to him, was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Otto Rudolph, aged 34; Protestant; police officer at Worms.
As to Case: The Reserve Railway Constructing Company No. 11, of whom I am paymaster, marched into Louvain on August 24th, 1914. My Commandant instructed me to arrange for quarters for the officers and the horses of the company near the principal railway station. I first applied to the proprietors of the hotels in the station square, especially to the proprietor of the Hôtel "Maria Theresa." Everywhere I was received in the kindest way. As the rooms of the hotel were, however, already engaged by officers of other units of troops, I could not get the necessary rooms. I therefore tried to find quarters in the main road leading from the town hall direct to the station, but the name of which I have forgotten. Here the necessary rooms were put at my disposal in the kindest way. In the house No. 105 of this street I found quarters for three officers. In the house diagonally opposite, the apartments of a bank official, I was also well received.
The quarters were not occupied on this day, because the company was trench-digging at the station during the whole night.
On the following day I had requisitioned vegetables, straw, etc., at Linden and Kessel-Loo, the latter a suburb of Louvain. The various farmers fulfilled my requirements in the kindest way. In the evening I returned from the requisitioning. On the way, in the suburb Kessel-Loo, male civilians, who had assembled in imposing numbers, intimated to me that the English had succeeded in breaking through near Louvain. On inquiring for the messenger who had brought this news I heard that priests had related it. I also remember actually to have seen three priests at the eastern exit of the village at about 7 o'clock p.m. They went through the streets singly, and here and there made communications to the people. As I heard the firing of cannon at no very great distance, I hurried to reach the main station at Louvain. I arrived there at about 8 o'clock p.m. At about 9 o'clock I suddenly saw, near the station, a rocket go up. At the same moment I heard violent gun-fire. In order to inform myself regarding the firing, and to have a better view, I went to a "G"-car of the company transport, which was about 30 metres distant from the station square. From the open peep-hole of the "G"-car I obtained a good outlook over the station square and towards the road that connects Louvain with Kessel-Loo. I saw quite clearly firing upon the railway train from the roof of the third house of the street opposite to the train entering Louvain. I also remarked firing towards the station square from a window on the third floor of an hotel. From a window of the Hôtel "Maria Theresa" firing upon the station square took place. During the firing, the station square and the adjacent streets, which I was able to overlook, were filled with our troops. The firing could only be intended for our troops. Our men replied to the firing. I myself fired at a window of the second floor of the fifth house of the road that is parallel to the train, from which a civilian, whom I could clearly see, was firing.
After our side had received the signal to stop firing, I went to the station square; this may have been at about 10.30. A General there had instructed the field-gendarmes to search the houses from which firing had taken place for arms and ammunition. On my report of what I had seen, a search was also made in the third and fifth houses of the street parallel to the train. In both houses suspected persons with guns and suitable ammunition were found. One of these persons who was examined at the station had cartridges which fitted the guns in his pocket.
At about 12 o'clock p.m. several civilians, among them about six or seven priests, were shot in the station square. Suddenly a window was opened on the second floor of the Hôtel "Maria Theresa," where I had received information in such a trustworthy manner during my search for quarters on the previous day. I saw a male person who repeatedly fired upon the troops assembled in the station square. Firing also took place from houses whose inhabitants had wished to signify their friendliness by flying white flags.
On the following day, August 26th, at about 12 o'clock, I again went to the station square. A large number of male and female inhabitants of Louvain were there. Among the male inhabitants who were held as hostages I recognised the bank official who was the proprietor of the house in the Rue de la Station in Louvain. I entered into conversation with him; he told me that the Belgian Garde Civique had fired from his house, as well as from house No. 105 in which I had intended to engage quarters. When asked why he had permitted it, he told me that on August 25th, 1914, at about 3 o'clock in the afternoon, members of the Belgian Garde Civique had appeared and had forcibly seized the houses under threat of death; he said that the citizens of Louvain did not wish this treacherous firing, but had been forced by the Garde Civique to put up with the firing from the houses.
At about 2 o'clock p.m., when a few of the houses in the main street of Kessel-Loo, opposite the main railway station, had been set on fire, firing took place from the other houses of this street whose inhabitants had on the previous day conversed with me apparently in the kindest way.
In my opinion, supported by the foregoing personal observations, this treacherous firing was organised according to plan.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Rudolph.
The witness was then sworn.
Signed:Elble, President.Signed:Casser, Secretary.
D. App. 46.
War Ministry.
Military Examination Office for Infringements of Laws of War.
Berlin,February 12th, 1915.
Before the President at the War Ministry in Berlin, Dr. Grasshoff and the Secretary Pahl, there appears to-day, without citation, Captain Karl Friedrich von Esmarch (permanently living at his country seat, Schönheim, Post Rinkenes, district of Apenrade, at present wounded in Berlin, Club Hospital, Wilhelmstrasse 30, landowner).
The witness requests to be heard as such with regard to his observation of the events at Louvain on August 25th, 1914.
The importance of the oath was pointed out to him, and he makes the following statement:
As to Person: My name is Karl Friedrich von Esmarch, aged 40; Protestant.
As to Case: On August 25th, 1914, I arrived at Louvain as Commandant of the Headquarters of the Corps, IX. Reserve Army Corps. We arrived in Louvain by train about 6 o'clock p.m. We detrained the horses and the 1st Division. We were to march to a Belgian hussar barrack, take in provisions, and move into quarters. On the way from the station to the barracks the adjutant brought me the order to turn back because the alarm was being raised as our troops were fighting about 10 km. outside the town. The horses and 1st Division were therefore to go to the Place du Peuple in Louvain, taking in provisions there, and the riding horses were to follow on a new order. We rode to the place designated, and drew up there. In the square stood a train column. The square was therefore rather fully occupied on all four sides with vehicles and horses. Gradually it became dark. Infantry regiments marched past us; on the south-west side of the square they went in the direction of the town hall. As I had only a few Staff guards to escort the hand-carts, I asked a passing infantry regiment for a company as reinforcement. I had become uneasy as to our safety for the following reason: At first the streets were full, very full of inhabitants; towards the evening all movement of the inhabitants suddenly stopped; the streets gave me the impression of being deserted; I also noticed that generally the roller shutters in the houses were down. I obtained the company and drew it up on the north-west side of the square; I then rode to the opposite (south-east) side of the square, where the forage master stood, in order to urge him to hasten matters.
I had hardly arrived there when I heard a clock strike. I did not count the strokes, there may have been eight or nine. It was already perfectly dark. At the same moment I saw a green rocket go up above the houses south-west of the place. Shortly afterwards the sound of gun-fire came from the direction south-west of the place. This first gun-fire was followed by general firing from all the houses round the square itself; the firing was directed upon the German troops in the square. The shots came from the closed shutters; one could clearly see their flashes; holes must therefore have been bored previously in the shutters. I now wanted to gallop to the company to make arrangements, and as I could not ride through the whole park of vehicles I had to ride round them,i.e.round the north-eastern part of the square. In doing so I was shot from my horse on the north-eastern side of the square. I heard distinctly the rattling of machine-guns, and the bullets flew in great quantities all round me. I was severely hit by five bullets; I also received a large number of grazing shots; my whole coat was in rags. When I had fallen from the horse I was run over by a baggage-cart, the horses of which bolted on account of the firing; I was dragged to the corner of the square which separates the north-east side from the north-west side. Here I remained lying under the cart for about half an hour. During this time I never lost consciousness and I accurately observed my surroundings. The bullets continually rebounded on the pavement all round me; I noticed clearly the cracking off of numerous splinters. I also heard repeatedly the explosion of apparently heavy projectiles all round me; I thought artillery was firing; but as there was none present there is only one explanation, that the inhabitants were throwing hand-grenades on us from the houses in the square. The firing was not answered to by our troops until some time had elapsed. The firing on both sides continued for about half an hour, during which time I lay under the cart; the chain of the brake-shoe had caught my belt so that I could not get free by myself. When the shooting ceased somewhat, my servant came and released me from my position. He brought me to the place where my company was drawn up on the north-west side of the square and laid me on the edge of the square, leaning my back against the wheel of a cart. From this position I could observe all the houses on the north-west side of the square and also the first houses on both sides contiguous to the square. I noticed the following:
The company continued firing into the houses. The firing of the inhabitants gradually ceased. The German soldiers then beat open the doors of the houses and set them on fire by throwing burning paraffin lamps into the houses or by knocking off the gas cocks, igniting the escaping gas and throwing tablecloths and curtains into the flames; now and again benzine was used as an incendiary means. Colonel von Stubenrauch gave the order to set the houses on fire, and I heard his voice. As soon as the smoke in the houses became stronger, the francs-tireurs came out of their houses down the stairs. In many cases they still held their arms in their hands; I saw clearly muskets, revolvers, military rifles, and other firearms. I was particularly struck by the great number of revolvers. The francs-tireurs were to a man evil-looking figures such as I have never in my life seen before; they were shot by the German sentries standing below. Our men took great care to spare women and children, who were allowed to leave the burning houses without interference. I have not seen a single case in which a woman or child were hurt. Some of the women and children even assembled in the square round us and were very well treated by the German soldiers. Near me stood a woman with a perambulator containing a small child. The soldiers standing round were consoling the weeping woman.
I watched the scenes of burning the houses and taking the francs-tireurs perhaps for half an hour. My servant then brought up a motor-car. Together with other wounded I was driven to a hospital, which we only reached after driving to and fro for some time. It was a Belgian military hospital; I took it to be a monastery at the time, because there were many monks there. I was handed over about 12 o'clock, midnight, August 25th, 1914. On the very next day, August 26th, 1914, I was again fetched in an automobile and taken to Louvain station to be transported to Liège.
Read over, approved, signed.
Signed:Karl Friedrich von Esmarch.
The witness was sworn.
Proceedings took place as above.
Signed:Grasshoff. Signed:Pahl.
D. App. 47.
Present:President, Dr.van Gember.Secretary,Lempfrid.
Wesel,January 8th, 1915.
There appeared as a witness Musketeer Schmidt, who, after the importance of the oath had been pointed out to him, was examined as follows:
As to Person: My name is Alfred Schmidt, aged 32; Protestant; butcher; musketeer, 9th Company, Landwehr Infantry Regiment No. 53.
As to Case: With regard to participation of civilians in the battle I know the following: I was attached to the Staff of the 2nd Battalion, Landwehr Regiment No. 53, as a butcher. On August 25th we had arrived at Louvain in the afternoon about 5 o'clock. At first we could not go to our quarters. In the evening at 9 o'clock I was near the baggage. A lieutenant, who was leader of the baggage, called us together and explained to us that we were to keep our eyes open, because things did not seem quite safe. We had hardly returned to our baggage, which stood in a somewhat narrow turning in the market, when I heard a loud shot. This was evidently not a rifle-shot, but rather a shot from a small gun, and evidently a signal; for its sound had hardly died away when we were fired on from all sides from the houses. The shots came from the cellars and from all floors; it was real rapid fire. The horses having shied and the carts having become interlocked, as I stood between two carts, I could not at first get out. After about five minutes I got free, looked about for my comrades, and could see none. I therefore ran to the market, but was fired at there too, also in two side-streets into which I wished to turn. At a third street I finally succeeded in finding cover inside a new building. After a time a few comrades assembled there. We then determined to advance together towards the gun-fire which we heard in the distance. Coming through a street in which firing went on continually, I stepped on an iron grate with which cellar holes are covered in Louvain; I fell through, fell on my arm, and broke my wrist. Immediately behind me two other comrades fell into the cellar. We had hardly fallen on the floor when we were fired at from the interior of the cellar. After some time a sergeant-major of artillery came who had evidently seen us fall down, and he asked from the road whether we were Germans. I then stepped up to the cellar opening, and was pulled up by him by my uninjured hand. The other two could not rise. I told this to the sergeant-major, who then said that help was coming immediately. I was taken to a barrack and bandaged. I cannot say from own knowledge what happened to my comrades who had fallen in with me. On the following day, however, I was told at our quarters that they had been severely wounded.