APPENDIX.

Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general access to publications of this type.

As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.

Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil are:

Rothermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien, published in São Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender, published in Rio and Curityba;Der Familienfreund, published in Porte Alegre;Riograndenser Marienkalender, published in Porto Alegre;

Rothermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien, published in São Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;

Uhle's illustrierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender, published in Rio and Curityba;

Der Familienfreund, published in Porte Alegre;

Riograndenser Marienkalender, published in Porto Alegre;

and

Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender, published in Porto Alegre.

Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was für gebildeten Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]

The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.

In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of those colonists.

The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852,Der Kolonistappeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861,Der Deutsche Einwanderer, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th, 1853,Der Deutsche Beobachter, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 theBrasilia, a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning with January 17th, 1864, theGermania, a weekly edited by Peter Müller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few years.

From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a continual existence from the timeof their founding and appearing to this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is indicated in each case the title of the paper, the place of publication, the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was founded.

Deutsche Zeitung, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.Kolonie Zeitung, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.Deutsches Volksblatt, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.Germania, São Paulo. Daily. 1877.Deutsche Post, São Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.Blumenauer Zeitung, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.Neue Deutsche Zeitung, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.Der Beobachter, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.Kolonie, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.Der Urwaldsbote, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.Nachrichten, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.Deutsche Zeitung für São Paulo.Daily. 1897.Vaterland, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.Der Kompass, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.Volks-Zeitung, São Bento. Weekly. 1908.Die Serra Post, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.Brusquer Zeitung, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.Deutsche Wacht, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.Deutsches Tageblatt, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.

From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German journalistic efforts.

The works listed below are important sources for the study of the history and cultural status of the German element in Brazil. Books, important pamphlets and several manuscripts are noted. A great many articles dealing with the general subject of the German element in Brazil have in the past appeared in newspapers and periodicals such as theAlldeutsche Blätter, Ausland, Der Deutsche Ansiedeler, Deutsche Erde, Deutsche Koloniezeitung, Echo, Globus, Petermann's Mitteilungen, etc., and particularly in the Brazilian German almanacs and newspapers listed in the appendix. Due to the fact that a complete list of these articles would require a volume in itself, they are not further indicated.

Ackerbaukolonien.Dr. Hermann Meyer's Ackerbaukolonien Neu-Würtemberg und Xingu in Rio Grande do Sul.Leipzig, 1904. (Pamphlet.)

Agassiz, Prof. Louis and Mrs.:A Journey to Brazil.Boston, 1868.

Angerami, Domingos.V.Fonseca, Antonio.

Auswanderer.Central Auskunftstelle für Auswanderer. Deutsche Kolonialgesellschaft. Rio Grande do Sul.Berlin, 1904. (Pamphlet.)

Avé-Lallement, Dr. Robert:Reise durch Südbrasilien im Jahre 1858.Leipzig, 1859. (2 vols.)

Bastos, Travares:Questões de Immïgração. (Manuscript in National Library. Rio.)

Blumenau, Dr. Hermann:Südbrasilien in seinen Beziehungen zu deutscher Auswanderung und Kolonisation.Rudolstadt, 1850.

Breitenbach, Dr. W.:Aus Süd-Brasilien. Erinnerungen und Aufzeichnungen, Brackwede i/W., 1913.

Breitenbach, Dr. W.:Die Provinz Rio Grande do Sul Brasiliens und die deutsche Auswanderung.Heidelberg, 1885.

Burton, Richard F.,V.Tootal, Albert.

Canstatt, Oscar:Kritisches Repertorium der Deutsch-Brasilianischen Literatur.Berlin, 1902.

Carvalho, C.M. Delgado de:Le Brésil Méridional.Paris, 1910.

Cunha, Dr. José Bonifacio da:Commemoração do 50° Anniversario da Fundação de Blumenau.Blumenau, 1900.

Dechent, N.:Festschrift zur Jubelfeier des Schulvereins zu Joinville am 14. August 1916.Joinville, 1916.

Dettmann, Eduard:Brasiliens Aufschwung in deutscher Beleuchtung.Berlin, 1908.

Dilthey, R.:Die deutschen Ansiedelungen in Südbrasilien, Uruguay und Argentinien.Berlin, 1882.

Dörffel, Dr. O.:Die Colonie Dona Francisca in der Südbrasilianischen Provinz Santa Catharina.Joinville, 1882.

Elliott, L.E.:Brazil Today and Tomorrow.New York, 1917.

L'État de São Paulo. Renseignements utiles.Antwerp, 1914. (São Paulo State publication. 3d ed.)

Festschrift zur Erinnerung an den Ostmarkenabend.São Paulo, 1916. (Apr. 13th.)

Festschrift zum 50 jährigem Jubiläum der Pfarrei São José do Hortencio.Porto Alegre, 1899.

Fonseca, Antonio,—et Angerami, Domingos:Guide de l'Etat de St. Paul.São Paulo, 1912.

Funke, Alfred:Aus Deutsch-Brasilien. Bilder aus dem Leben der Deutschen im Staate Rio Grande do Sul.Leipzig, 1902.

Funke, Alfred:Deutsche Siedelung über See. Ein Abriss ihrer Geschichte und ihr Gedeihen in Rio Grande do Sul.Halle a/Saale, 1902.

Gernhard, Robert:Dona Francisca, Hansa und Blumenau.Breslau, 1901.

Gerstäcker, Friedrich:Achtzehn Monate in Südamerika.Jena, 1862, and Leipzig, 1863.

Giesebrecht, Franz:Die deutsche Kolonie Hansa in Südbrasilien.Berlin, 1899.

Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.A.:Heimatkunde von Brasilien.Porto Alegre, 1914.

Grimm, M., und Rücker, A.:Lehr- und Lesebuch für Schule und Haus.Porto Alegre, 1914.

Grossi, Prof. Dott. Vincenzo:Storia detta Colonizzazione al Brasil e della Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato di S. Paulo.Milano-Roma-Napoli, 1914.

Handbuch des Deutschthums im Auslande.Herausgegeben vom Allgemeinen Deutschen Schulverein zur Erhaltung des Deutschthums im Auslande. Berlin. (Dietrich Reimer.)

Historia da Immigração.Dados para a Historia da Immigração e da Colonização em São Paulo enviados pela Seccão de Informações do Departamento Estadual do Trabalho á Directoria do Serviço de Povoamento.São Paulo, 1916. (Govt. publication.)

Imperio do Brazil.O Imperio do Brazil na Exposição Universal de 1876 em Philadelphia.Rio de Janeiro, 1875. (State publication.)

Impressões do Brazil no Secolo Vinte.London, 1913. (Lloyds Greater Britain Publishing Company.)

Jahn, Adalbert:Die Kolonien von São Leopoldo in der kaiserlich brasilianischen Provinz Rio Grande do Sul sowie allgemeine Betrachtungen über freie Einwanderung in Brasilien.Leipzig, 1871.

Jahrbuch.Erstes Jahrbuch für die deutschsprechende Kolonie im Staate São Paulo.São Paulo, 1905.

Jannasch, R.:Land und Leute von Rio Grande do Sul.Berlin, 1905.

Klüpfel, Dr. Karl:N. Federmanns und H. Stades Reisen in Südamerica 1529 bis 1555.Stuttgart, 1859. (Bibl. des litt. Vereins in Stuttgart. No. 47.)

Koseritz, Carl von:Bilder aus Brasilien.Leipzig and Berlin, 1885.

Krauel, Dr. R.:Deutsche Interessen in Brasilien.Hamburg, 1900.

Kultur-Pionier.Der Kultur-Pionier im Staate São Paulo.(Sonder-Ausgabe der Deutschen Zeitung.) São Paulo, 1913.

Lacmann, Dr. Wilhelm:Ritte und Rasttage in Süd-Brasilien. Reisebilder und Studien aus dem Leben der deutschen Siedelungen.Berlin, 1906.

Lange, Henry:Südbrasilien, mit Rücksicht auf die deutsche Kolonisation.Leipzig, 1885. (2d ed.)

Langendonck, Madame van:Une Colonie au Brésil. Récits Historiques.Antwerp, 1862.

Learned, M.D.:Guide to the Manuscript Materials Relating to American History in the German State Archives.Washington, 1912.

Lehmann, Emil:Die deutsche Auswanderung.Berlin, 1861.

Leyfer, H.:Deutsches Kolonistenleben im Staate Santa Catharina in Südbrasilien.Leipzig, 1900.

Lima, Oliveira:Dom João VI no Brasil, 1808-1821.Rio de Janeiro, 1908.

Ludwig, A.:A colonização nos paizes da America do Sul.Porto Alegre, 1916.

Lufft, Dr. Hermann:Das portugiesische Südamerika.Berlin and Leipzig, 1913. (Sammlung Göschen. No. 672.)

Marcondes de Souza, T. Oscar:O Estado de São Paulo.São Paulo, 1915.

d'Oliveira, Luiz Rodriguez:Algumas Ideias sobre a Colonisação do Brazil.Paris, 1871. (Pamphlet.)

Orlando, Arthur:Brazil. A Terra e o Homem.Recife, 1913.

Pereira da Silva, J.M.:Quadros da Historia Colonial do Brazil.Rio de Janeiro, 1895.

Perrin, Paul:Les Colonies Agricoles au Brésil d'après les documents officiels les plus récents.Paris, 1912.

Piccarolo, Dott. Antonio:L'Emigrazione Italiana nello Stato de S. Paulo.São Paulo, 1911.

Pompeu, Julio:Vier Staaten Brasiliens. Four Brazilian States.Rio de Janeiro, 1910.

Prospekt der Hanseatischen Kolonisation-Gesellschaft. Ansiedelungen im Staate Santa Catharina, Südbrasilien, Kolonie "Hansa." (Pamphlet.)Hamburg, 1898.

Ratschläge für Auswanderer nach Südbrasilien.(Jannasch, Koseritz, Dörffel, Sellin.) Berlin, 1897, (3d ed.)

Relatorio. Ministerio da Agricultura. Serviço de Povamento em 1910.Rio de Janeiro, 1911.

Rücker, A.A.V.Grimm, M.

Schanz, Moritz:Das Heutige Brasilien. Land, Leute und wirtschaftliche Verhältnisse.Hamburg, 1893.

Schüler, Heinrich:Brasilien. Ein Land der Zukunft.Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1912.

Sellin, A.W.:Brasilien und die La Plata-Staaten.Munich. (J.F. Lehmann's Verlag.)

Sellin, A.W.:Das Kaiserreich Brasilien.Leipzig, 1885. (2 vols.)

Sellin, A.W.:Landeskunde der Vereinigten Staaten von Brasilien.Hamburg, 1909.

Sieves Wilhelm:Südamerika und die deutschen Interessen.Stuttgart, 1903.

Simon, Alex.:Auswanderung und deutsch-nationale Kolonisation v. Südamerika.Bayreuth, 1850.

Sommer, Friedrich:Das Deutschthum in São Paulo unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Entwickdung und seiner heutigen wirthschaftlichen und kulturellen Bedeutung.São Paulo. (Still in manuscript at the time the present work went to press.)

Stade, Hans:Wahrhafftig Historia und Beschreibung einer Landschafft der wilden, nacketen, grimmigen Menschfresser Leuthen, in der newen Welt America gelegen.Franckfurt am Main, 1556. (V.Klüpfel, Dr. Karl.)

Telles, Moreira:O Brazil e a Emigração.Lisbon, 1913.

Tootal, Albert, and Burton, Richard F.:The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse, in A.D. 1547-1555, among the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil.London, 1874.

Tschudi, Johann Jakob von:Reisen durch Südamerika.Leipzig, 1866-1869. (5 vols.)

Urwaldsbote.Der Urwaldsbote. Kalender für die Deutschen in Südbrasilien. Herausgegeben zum 50 jährigen Bestehen der Kolonie Blumenau.Blumenau, 1900.

Vallentin, Dr. W.:Das Deutschthum in Südamerika.Berlin, 1908.

Wagemann, E.:Die deutschen Kolonisten im brasilianischen Staate Espirito Santo.Schriften des Vereins für Sozialpolitik (Beitrag zur Enquête üher die Ansiedelung von Europäern in den Tropen). 1916 [?].[130]

Wappäus, Dr. J.E.:Deutsche Auswanderung und Kolonisation.Leipzig, 1846 and 1848. (2 parts.)

Wernicke, Hugo:Deutsch-evangelisches Volkstum in Espirito Santo. Eine Reise zu deutschen Kaffeebauern in einem tropischen Staate Brasiliens.Potsdam, 1910. (2d ed.)

Wright, Marie Robinson:The New Brazil.Philadelphia, 1907.

Zöller, Hugo:Die Deutschen im Brasilischen Urwald.Berlin and Stuttgart, 1883.

FOOTNOTES:[41]V.note 29, p. 18.[42]I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and Itapecerica.[43]V.note 27, p. 18.[44]I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.[45]In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and São Lourenço] sprechen sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsrücker Dialekt.... Ein Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?" fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald."Uhle's Kalenderfor 1912, p. 76.[46]This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German'j'as e.g., where the latter replaces the'h'injatte(fromhiate), the'i'or'y'incuja(fromcuia, cuya) or the'lh'incangalje(fromcangalho). In such cases the'j'has the phonetic value of the English'y'.[47]See note 4, p. 19.[48]The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo.V.note 2, p. 19.[49]Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.[50]For a further example of a short proper name compare the one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of São Paulo.[51]This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to native-born German Brazilians.[52]Political propaganda literature intended to lead the unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.[53]Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.[54]By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in theFamilienfreundfor 1917, P. 39 ff.[55]Viezüchter.[56]Feigenbaum.[57]Landgut.[58]Read60 Milreis.[59]Winterquatier.[60]Conto= 1000 Milreis.[61]Freund.[62]Schlächterei.[63]Viehhändler.[64]Schenke.[65]Fertig.[66]Gepräge.[67]Uhles Familienkalender, 1916, p. 318.[68]Ibid., p. 300.[69]Ibid., p. 315.[70]Ibid., p~ 297.[71]Familienfreund, 1917, p. xxv.[72]Ibid., p. xxvii.[73]Riograndenser Marienkalender, 1917, p. 128.[74]Rotermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien, 1915, p. 410.[75]Uhle's Familienkalender, 1917, p. 170.[76]Deutsche Zeitung, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.[77]Vaterland, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.[78]Ibid.[79]Blumenauer Zeitung, August 22, 1916.[80]Brusker Zeitung, August 12, 1916.[81]Deutsches Volksblatt, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.[82]Kolonie-Zeitung, Joinville, August 17, 1916.[83]Die Serra-Post, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15, 1916.[84]From Funke'sAus Deutsch-Brasilien,p. 167.[85]Unverhofftes Gewinn.[86]Reisetasche.[87]Waldpfadswanze.[88]Baumwolle.[89]Gingan.[90]Reitermäntel.[91]Preisermässigung.[92]Kaufladen.[93]Maulesel.[94]10,000 milreis.[95]Guten Tag![96]V.Breitenbach:Aus Süd-Brasilien, p. 247.[97]Verdeck.[98]Scheck.[99]Falbe.[100]Tierhändler.[101]Hochland.[102]Gevatter.[103]Tor.[104]Waldstrasse.[105]Lichtung.[106]Maiskolben.[107]Maultier.[108]Kürbisse.[109]="portreiro" (Weideplats, Koppel).[110]Graben.[111]Böschungen.[112]Waldmesser.[113]Bambus.[114]Lianen.[115]Gürteltier.[116]Buschsichel.[117]Wettrennen.[118]Mehl.[119]Kleinhändler.[120]Gezogen.[121]Geschlagen.[122]Packsattel.[123]Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer acknowledges as his source for the following theVerdeutschungsheftby G.A. Büchler, Blumenau, 1915:Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong, multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren, strupiat, wolte, zise.[124]It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German forms appear relatively rarely.[125]All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception ofagriãoandbond.[126]The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here (as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.[127]This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken language.[128]I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France, "Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.[129]V.Grimm-Rücker:Lehr-und Lesebuch, p. iii.[130]Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.

[41]V.note 29, p. 18.

[42]I.e., Pedreiras, Parelheiros, M'Boy, Colonia Velha and Itapecerica.

[43]V.note 27, p. 18.

[44]I.e., Brazilian of Portuguese extraction.

[45]In den Schneizen [of Santa Cruz and São Lourenço] sprechen sogar die dort aufgewachsenen Neger Hunsrücker Dialekt.... Ein Musterreiter bereiste einst ... die Rio Grandenser Kolonieen. Als er an einen Kreuzweg kam, sah er zwei Schwarze am Wege im Felde hocken. Er fragte sie auf Portugiesisch um den richtigen Weg. "Wat seggt de Kirl?" fragt ein Schwarzer den andern. "Ah, ihr sprecht deutsch?" ... "Ja," war die Antwort, "mir sein deitsche Neger."E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald."Uhle's Kalenderfor 1912, p. 76.

E. Niemeyer in "Deutsche Siedler und Siedlungen im Urwald."Uhle's Kalenderfor 1912, p. 76.

[46]This rule holds for the Portuguese, but not for the German'j'as e.g., where the latter replaces the'h'injatte(fromhiate), the'i'or'y'incuja(fromcuia, cuya) or the'lh'incangalje(fromcangalho). In such cases the'j'has the phonetic value of the English'y'.

[47]See note 4, p. 19.

[48]The outlying districts of Santo Amaro in São Paulo.V.note 2, p. 19.

[49]Joinville in Dona Francisca, state of Santa Catharina.

[50]For a further example of a short proper name compare the one commonly applied to the small town "O'" (contraction of "Nossa Senhora do O'"), located a short distance to the northwest of São Paulo.

[51]This commonly applies to naturalized as well as to native-born German Brazilians.

[52]Political propaganda literature intended to lead the unwary to draw different conclusions has been copiously spread before the public during the last decade. Whatever the ideas on the subject may be in foreign countries, the German Brazilians themselves are the only ones who can speak on it with authority. Strange to say, they never seem to be consulted or studied at first hand by those who speak most loudly about the "German peril" in Brazil. Porto Alegre, Blumenau, Joinville and Curityba can furnish more accurate information on this particular subject than Berlin, Paris, London and New York.

[53]Several specific examples will be noted in the specimens from advertisements in almanacs and newspapers, pp. 36-39.

[54]By P. Th. Amstadt, S.J. The story appears in theFamilienfreundfor 1917, P. 39 ff.

[55]Viezüchter.

[56]Feigenbaum.

[57]Landgut.

[58]Read60 Milreis.

[59]Winterquatier.

[60]Conto= 1000 Milreis.

[61]Freund.

[62]Schlächterei.

[63]Viehhändler.

[64]Schenke.

[65]Fertig.

[66]Gepräge.

[67]Uhles Familienkalender, 1916, p. 318.

[68]Ibid., p. 300.

[69]Ibid., p. 315.

[70]Ibid., p~ 297.

[71]Familienfreund, 1917, p. xxv.

[72]Ibid., p. xxvii.

[73]Riograndenser Marienkalender, 1917, p. 128.

[74]Rotermund's Kalender für die Deutschen in Brasilien, 1915, p. 410.

[75]Uhle's Familienkalender, 1917, p. 170.

[76]Deutsche Zeitung, Porto Alegre, July 20, 1916.

[77]Vaterland, Porto Alegre, September 18, 1916.

[78]Ibid.

[79]Blumenauer Zeitung, August 22, 1916.

[80]Brusker Zeitung, August 12, 1916.

[81]Deutsches Volksblatt, Porto Alegre, July 5, 1916.

[82]Kolonie-Zeitung, Joinville, August 17, 1916.

[83]Die Serra-Post, Ijuhy, Rio Grande do Sul, September 15, 1916.

[84]From Funke'sAus Deutsch-Brasilien,p. 167.

[85]Unverhofftes Gewinn.

[86]Reisetasche.

[87]Waldpfadswanze.

[88]Baumwolle.

[89]Gingan.

[90]Reitermäntel.

[91]Preisermässigung.

[92]Kaufladen.

[93]Maulesel.

[94]10,000 milreis.

[95]Guten Tag!

[96]V.Breitenbach:Aus Süd-Brasilien, p. 247.

[97]Verdeck.

[98]Scheck.

[99]Falbe.

[100]Tierhändler.

[101]Hochland.

[102]Gevatter.

[103]Tor.

[104]Waldstrasse.

[105]Lichtung.

[106]Maiskolben.

[107]Maultier.

[108]Kürbisse.

[109]="portreiro" (Weideplats, Koppel).

[110]Graben.

[111]Böschungen.

[112]Waldmesser.

[113]Bambus.

[114]Lianen.

[115]Gürteltier.

[116]Buschsichel.

[117]Wettrennen.

[118]Mehl.

[119]Kleinhändler.

[120]Gezogen.

[121]Geschlagen.

[122]Packsattel.

[123]Of the words appearing in the GLOSSARY the writer acknowledges as his source for the following theVerdeutschungsheftby G.A. Büchler, Blumenau, 1915:Backeljau, balse, kaschimbo, lelong, multe, multieren, orsament, pikarette, rekerieren, rossieren, sellieren, strupiat, wolte, zise.

[124]It is to be remembered, however, that High German is the norm in ordinary news articles in almanacs, newspapers, etc., as well as for literary purposes in general. In such instances Brazilian German forms appear relatively rarely.

[125]All words or phrases thus noted have since been observed in print in Brazilian German publications, with the exception ofagriãoandbond.

[126]The simple word "Portuguese" is particularly avoided here (as well as throughout this work generally) because the language as spoken by the general public in Brazil frequently differs from the language of Portugal. While the same in form, the words often have a different meaning. Also many Indian words, especially from the Guarany and Tupi languages, are embodied in the Brazilian national idiom.

[127]This applies to the written, but not always to the spoken language.

[128]I.e., like the use of the word "sou" in France, "Groschen" in Germany, or "penny" in the United States.

[129]V.Grimm-Rücker:Lehr-und Lesebuch, p. iii.

[130]Because of existing conditions it has been impossible to determine whether this work has as yet appeared in print.

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3.Friedrich Schiller in America.A Contribution to the Literature of the Poet's Centenary, 1905. By Ellwood Comly Parry, Ph.D. 117 pp. Price $1.25

4.The Influence of Salomon Gessner upon English Literature.By Bertha Reed. 119 pp. Price $1.25

5.The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and Its Colony, Hermann, Missouri.By William G. Bek. 193 pp. Price $1.50

6.Philipp Waldeck's Diary of the American Revolution.With Introduction and Photographic Reproductions. By M.D. Learned. 168 pp. Price $1.50

7.Schwenkfelder Hymnology and the Sources of the First Schwenkfelder Hymn-Book Printed in America.With Photographic Reproductions. By Allen Anders Seipt, Ph.D. 112 pp. Price. $2.00

8.The Settlement of the German Coast of Louisiana and the Creoles of German Descent.By J. Hanno Deiler. With Illustrations. 136 pp. Price $1.25

9.Early German Music in Philadelphia.By R.R. Drummond, Ph.D. 112 pp. Price $1.25

10."Uncle Tom's Cabin" in Germany.By Grace Edith MacLean, Ph.D. 102 pp. Price $1.50

11.The Germans in Texas.A Study in Immigration. By Gilbert Giddings Benjamin, Ph.D. 161 pp. 3 Illustrations. Price $1.50

12.The American Ethnographical Survey.Conestoga Expedition. M.D. Learned, Director $2.00

13.Swedish Settlements on the Delaware 1638-1664.With 6 Maps and 150 Illustrations and Photographic Reproductions. By Amandus Johnson, Ph.D. Two volumes. 908 pp. Price $10.00

14.National Unity in the German Novel Before 1870.By Roy H. Perring, Ph.D. 75 pp. Price $1.25

15.Journal of Du Roi the Elder, Lieutenant and Adjutant in the Service of the Duke of Brunswick, 1776-1778. Translated by Charlotte S.J. Epping. 189 pp. Price $1.50

16.The Life and Works of Friedrich Armand Strubberg.By Preston A. Barba, Ph.D. 151 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00

17.Baldwin Möllhausen, the German Cooper.By Preston A. Barba, Ph.D. 188 pp. 4 Illustrations. Price $2.00

18.Beliefs and Superstitions of the Pennsylvania Germans.By Edwin M. Fogel, Ph.D. 386 pp. Price $3.50

19.Dickens' Einfluss auf Ungern-Sternberg, Hesslein, Stolle, Raabe und Ebner-Eschenbach.By J. Theodor Geissendoerfer, Ph.D. 51 pp. Price $1.00

20.Whittier's Relation to German Life and Thought.By Iola Kay Eastburn, Ph.D. 161 pp. Price $2.00

21.Benjamin Franklin and Germany.By Beatrice Marguerite Victory. Ph.D. 180 pp. Price $2.00

22.Die Deutschamerikanische Patriotische Lyrik der Achtundvierziger und Ihre Historische Grundlage.By Gottlieb Betz, Ph.D. 131 pp. Price $1.50

23.Heine in America.By H.B. Sachs, Ph.D. 193 pp. Price $2.00

24.Socialism in German American Literature.By William Frederic Kamman, Ph.D. 1—pp. Price $1.50

25.Robert Reitzel.By Adolf E. Zucker, Ph.D. 74 pp. Price $1.25

26.The German Element in Brazil. Colonies and Dialect.By Benjamin Franklin Schappelle, Ph.D. 68 pp. Price $1.50

MONOGRAPHS DEVOTED TO THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE

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