Minas Geraes5,000.Sommer.Espirito Santo25,000.Ludwig[39]Rio (Fed. Dist.)18,000.Sommer.São Paulo32,000.Ibid.Paraná35,000.Ibid.Santa Catharina100,000.Müller von KönigswinterRio Grande do Sul250,000.Ibid.Northern and Central States (including Bahia)10,000.Sommer.—————Total475,000.
Making a fairly liberal allowance for underestimates, we may regard the number 500,000 as representing the total number of citizens of German descent in Brazil to-day.[40]
FOOTNOTES:[1]V.Tootal, p. XCV.[2]V.Klüpfel, pp. 121 and 162.[3]Cf.Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann."German American Annals.New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da Silva:Quadros.... p. 111.[4]V.Ludwig, p. 27.[5]It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or private) in which the German element forms an important part of the population are noted.[6]These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."[7]A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers. Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.[8]Cf.Sellin,Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 80.[9]Ibid.[10]Formerly called "Philadelphia."[11]Cf.Report of Pedro Rache,Inspector do Serviço de Povoamento, inRelatorio.[12]Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.[13]Cf.report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro Sobrinho inRelatorio.[14]V.Marcondes de Souza:O Estado de São Paulo, p. 195.Cf.statement by Ernst Heinke inJahrbuch, Erstes..., p. 250.[15]I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of one-half of the yearly products.[16]A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil. In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil, i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Paraná.[17]Cf.statements by C.F. Scheler inJahrbuch, Erstes..., p. 175 ff.[18]In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.[19]Paraná was separated from São Paulo in 1853.[20]V.Sellin,Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 111.[21]Cf.report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia inRelatorio.[22]Information furnished by Johann Potuček, Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.[23]This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to aColonia Alemão o Conselheiro Pedreira(state colony) founded in 1827.[24]Lacmann (p. 8) states thatGross Itajahywas founded in 1829.[25]Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From 1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he returned to Germany. Died 1898.[26]V. Le Brésil Meridional,p. 309.[27]The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently (as used in this work) an emancipated colony.[28]According to census of 1907 and calculations to date (September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.[29]The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese "sede."[30]So named in honor of the president of the state at the time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.[31]Information furnished by E. Bloch,Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina.[32]Grossi, p. 162.[33]Cf.Ludwig, p. 84.[34]A particularly strong current of German settlers has in recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.[35]Cf.report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira inRelatorio.[36]About equal to that of the United States without the colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.[37]The study of emigration reports in European archives does not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.[38]In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemão" (German peril), the following facts are noted by way of comparison:According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915, inclusive. They are superseded by:a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.Total to 1862209Total to and including 19151,348,777b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.Total to and including 1915977,524c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.Total to 1868274Total to and including 1915470,107[39]Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg, recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at 20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Münzenthaler, German Consular-General in Rio.[40]The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of 1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year was 23,000,000.
[1]V.Tootal, p. XCV.
[1]V.Tootal, p. XCV.
[2]V.Klüpfel, pp. 121 and 162.
[2]V.Klüpfel, pp. 121 and 162.
[3]Cf.Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann."German American Annals.New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da Silva:Quadros.... p. 111.
[3]Cf.Sommer: "Manoel Beckmann."German American Annals.New Series. Vol. 14, Nos. 5 and 6, 1916, pp. 189-196. Also Pereira da Silva:Quadros.... p. 111.
[4]V.Ludwig, p. 27.
[4]V.Ludwig, p. 27.
[5]It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or private) in which the German element forms an important part of the population are noted.
[5]It is emphasized that only colonies (state, provincial, or private) in which the German element forms an important part of the population are noted.
[6]These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."
[6]These are commonly designated as "Imperial Colonies."
[7]A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers. Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.
[7]A comparatively very small number of Germans are located in the northern and western states of Brazil. They primarily follow business or professional careers and can hardly be classed as settlers. Consequently they do not come in consideration in this work.
[8]Cf.Sellin,Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 80.
[8]Cf.Sellin,Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 80.
[9]Ibid.
[9]Ibid.
[10]Formerly called "Philadelphia."
[10]Formerly called "Philadelphia."
[11]Cf.Report of Pedro Rache,Inspector do Serviço de Povoamento, inRelatorio.
[11]Cf.Report of Pedro Rache,Inspector do Serviço de Povoamento, inRelatorio.
[12]Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.
[12]Koehler was born in Mainz in 1810. At the age of 23 he went to Brazil and soon became a naturalized citizen of the country. He entered the government service and was promoted to the rank of major in the engineering corps in 1842. Died in Petropolis in 1847.
[13]Cf.report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro Sobrinho inRelatorio.
[13]Cf.report of the inspector Antonio Ribeiro de Castro Sobrinho inRelatorio.
[14]V.Marcondes de Souza:O Estado de São Paulo, p. 195.Cf.statement by Ernst Heinke inJahrbuch, Erstes..., p. 250.
[14]V.Marcondes de Souza:O Estado de São Paulo, p. 195.Cf.statement by Ernst Heinke inJahrbuch, Erstes..., p. 250.
[15]I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of one-half of the yearly products.
[15]I.e., lease of a section of land for the return of one-half of the yearly products.
[16]A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil. In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil, i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Paraná.
[16]A Prussian ministerial decree (also adopted by other German states) forbidding the emigration of German citizens to Brazil. In 1896 it was revoked for the three most southern states of Brazil, i.e., Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catharina and Paraná.
[17]Cf.statements by C.F. Scheler inJahrbuch, Erstes..., p. 175 ff.
[17]Cf.statements by C.F. Scheler inJahrbuch, Erstes..., p. 175 ff.
[18]In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.
[18]In 1828 according to Grossi, p. 168.
[19]Paraná was separated from São Paulo in 1853.
[19]Paraná was separated from São Paulo in 1853.
[20]V.Sellin,Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 111.
[20]V.Sellin,Das Kaiserreich Brasilien, Vol. II, p. 111.
[21]Cf.report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia inRelatorio.
[21]Cf.report of the inspector Manoel F. Ferreira Correia inRelatorio.
[22]Information furnished by Johann Potuček, Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.
[22]Information furnished by Johann Potuček, Austro-Hungarian Consul in Curityba.
[23]This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to aColonia Alemão o Conselheiro Pedreira(state colony) founded in 1827.
[23]This is commonly referred to as the first colony in Santa Catharina. However, Grossi (p. 168) refers to aColonia Alemão o Conselheiro Pedreira(state colony) founded in 1827.
[24]Lacmann (p. 8) states thatGross Itajahywas founded in 1829.
[24]Lacmann (p. 8) states thatGross Itajahywas founded in 1829.
[25]Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From 1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he returned to Germany. Died 1898.
[25]Born 1819 at Hasselfelde in Braunschweig. Specialized in pharmacy. In 1849 came to Brazil and laid out plans for a colony. From 1850 to 1880 he was primarily occupied in directing the colony which bears his name. This colony was emancipated in 1880, but Dr. Blumenau remained on the scene of his former activities until 1884, when he returned to Germany. Died 1898.
[26]V. Le Brésil Meridional,p. 309.
[26]V. Le Brésil Meridional,p. 309.
[27]The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently (as used in this work) an emancipated colony.
[27]The term "municipio" denotes a city or town together with the surrounding districts coming under the same jurisdiction; frequently (as used in this work) an emancipated colony.
[28]According to census of 1907 and calculations to date (September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.
[28]According to census of 1907 and calculations to date (September, 1916) in the archives at Blumenau.
[29]The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese "sede."
[29]The term "Stadtplatz" as used by the colonists designates the seat or governmental center of a particular colony. Portuguese "sede."
[30]So named in honor of the president of the state at the time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.
[30]So named in honor of the president of the state at the time, Dr. Araujo Brusque.
[31]Information furnished by E. Bloch,Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina.
[31]Information furnished by E. Bloch,Engenheiro Chefe da Estrada de Ferro Santa Catharina.
[32]Grossi, p. 162.
[32]Grossi, p. 162.
[33]Cf.Ludwig, p. 84.
[33]Cf.Ludwig, p. 84.
[34]A particularly strong current of German settlers has in recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.
[34]A particularly strong current of German settlers has in recent years been moving into Ijuhy, mostly by indirect immigration.
[35]Cf.report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira inRelatorio.
[35]Cf.report of the inspector C. Lila da Silveira inRelatorio.
[36]About equal to that of the United States without the colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.
[36]About equal to that of the United States without the colonies and Alaska, but with the state of Texas doubled.
[37]The study of emigration reports in European archives does not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.
[37]The study of emigration reports in European archives does not help us much because by no means did all persons listed as emigrants for Brazil finally arrive in the latter country.
[38]In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemão" (German peril), the following facts are noted by way of comparison:According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915, inclusive. They are superseded by:a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.Total to 1862209Total to and including 19151,348,777b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.Total to and including 1915977,524c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.Total to 1868274Total to and including 1915470,107
[38]In order to enable the reader to put a correct valuation on the popular bugaboo, the "perigo allemão" (German peril), the following facts are noted by way of comparison:
According to the statistics above referred to, the German immigrants occupy fourth place in point of numbers for the period 1820-1915, inclusive. They are superseded by:
a) Italians. First mentioned in the records 1836.
b) Portuguese. First noted in 1837.
c) Spaniards. First noted 1841.
[39]Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg, recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at 20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Münzenthaler, German Consular-General in Rio.
[39]Dr. Ernst Wagemann, of the Kolonialinstitut, Hamburg, recently estimated the German population of Espirito Santo at 20,000-30,000, according to statements by W. Münzenthaler, German Consular-General in Rio.
[40]The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of 1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year was 23,000,000.
[40]The above estimates refer to conditions at the end of 1915. The estimate for the total population of the country for that year was 23,000,000.
As may be inferred from chapter I, the German immigration into Brazil antedating the nineteenth century was quite insignificant. Beginning with the early years of that century, however, there was a steady current of new settlers from the German-speaking sections of Europe into the southern part of the country. The people who made up this current settled, particularly during the early years, in small, widely separated colonial nuclei where they found themselves more or less thoroughly cut off from the outside world and its influences. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that these people have developed a new dialect which we may call "Brazilian German."
The Germanic settlers from Europe who had come to Brazil found themselves located in surroundings radically different from the ones to which they had been accustomed in the land of their nativity. Physically they had to adapt themselves to a new climate. From the moment of their arrival on the parcel of land allotted to them they were in contact with many objects for which their mother tongue offered no designation. The animals, plants, insects and even the agricultural implements in the new home land had, to a large extent, names for which the German language offered no equivalent. As a result, many non-germanic words had to be immediately adopted.
In reference to the older colonies, the German-speaking immigrants from any particular section of Germany, Switzerland or Austria would more or less settle in a particular section of Brazil. Thus we have Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro settled byformer inhabitants of the Coblenz district and Blumenau in Santa Catharina settled largely by Pomeranians. In a general way it may be stated that the older colonies were in this respect relatively homogenious, while those founded since the middle of the past century drew their settlers to a larger extent from different German-speaking sections of Europe.
The settlers, largely drawn from the agricultural class, naturally brought with them from Europe a variety of German dialects. These were more or less preserved depending on the relative isolation of the colonies. In cases where a considerable and constant influx of settlers either by direct or indirect immigration was kept up after the first years of the history of any particular colony the original dialect largely gave way to a modified form of High German, due primarily to the normalizing influence of the German school and church. Such is the case in the "Stadtplätze"[41]of Dona Francisca, Blumenau, Santa Cruz and São Lourenço.
The preceding statements are intended to present, as it were, the background or basis on which the new dialect was developed. We now come to the most potent influence in the formation of that dialect. It is the Brazilian Portuguese, a language which has no connection with the Germanic group. In this point, therefore, our case differs radically from that of the student of the German dialects which have been developed in North America.
The degree of linguistic influence exerted by the Brazilian Portuguese on the High German or its various dialects as spoken by the immigrants varies again according to the relative isolation of the settlements. We have degrees ranging from that of the old settlements in the Santo Amaro district of São Paulo,[42]where the German language has practically in its entirety given way to the Brazilian Portuguese, to that of some of the sections of the "municipios"[43]of Blumenau in Santa Catharina and São Leopoldo in Rio Grande do Sul where a modified German has notonly held its own among the inhabitants of German extraction, but has also become the language of parts of the Luso-Brazilian[44]and negro elements as well.[45]About half way between these two extremes we might range the case of Petropolis in Rio de Janeiro.
The following general principles are observed in connection with the dialect which has been developed by the German element in Brazil.
Nouns form by far the greatest number of words taken over, followed next in order by verbs, exclamatory words and phrases, adjectives and adverbs. The last two appear relatively rarely.
A. Masculines.
1) In the case of masculines the vowel ending is as a rule dropped, e.g.,
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.abatimentoabatimentdiscount.campocampfield, plain.facãfachunting-knife.intendenteintendentadministrator.pastopastpasture.
abatimento
abatiment
discount.
campo
camp
field, plain.
facã
fac
hunting-knife.
intendente
intendent
administrator.
pasto
past
pasture.
2) The same holds for words of the following type where there have been further orthographical changes with preserve, however, the same phonetic values.
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.macacomakakmonkey.trapichetrapischwarehouse (on the wharf).
macaco
makak
monkey
trapiche
trapisch
warehouse (on the wharf).
3) Internal phonetic changes have taken place in such words as:
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.kascherokaschörshop.municipiomunizipdistrict.
kaschero
kaschör
shop.
municipio
munizip
district.
B. Feminines.
In feminines the final vowel '-a' is as a rule weakened to'e', e.g.,
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.capoeiracapoeirecopse.carretacarretecart.garaffagaraffebottle.lanchalanchebarge.laranchalarancheorange.mulamulemule.persiannapersianneVenetian.picadapicadelane (through a forest).pimentapimentepepper.pipapipebarrel, tun.roçarosseclearing (of a forest).sangasangeditch.toldatoldecover, hood (of a wagon).traçatracetrack, design.vendavendeinn, store.
capoeira
capoeire
copse.
carreta
carrete
cart.
garaffa
garaffe
bottle.
lancha
lanche
barge.
larancha
laranche
orange.
mula
mule
mule.
persianna
persianne
Venetian.
picada
picade
lane (through a forest).
pimenta
pimente
pepper.
pipa
pipe
barrel, tun.
roça
rosse
clearing (of a forest).
sanga
sange
ditch.
tolda
tolde
cover, hood (of a wagon).
traça
trace
track, design.
venda
vende
inn, store.
C. Change of gender in nouns.
1) Masculine to feminine, e.g.,
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.barrancom.barrankef.slope.cabrestom.cabrestef.halter.cachimbom.kaschimbef.tobacco-pipe.camarotem.camarotef.box (in a theater).cangalhom.cangalhef.packsaddle.charutom.charutef.cigar.farelom.farellef.bran.hiatem.jattef.yacht.portreirom.portreeref.pasture-ground.riom.riof.(rarelym.)stream, river.
barrancom.
barrankef.
slope.
cabrestom.
cabrestef.
halter.
cachimbom.
kaschimbef.
tobacco-pipe.
camarotem.
camarotef.
box (in a theater).
cangalhom.
cangalhef.
packsaddle.
charutom.
charutef.
cigar.
farelom.
farellef.
bran.
hiatem.
jattef.
yacht.
portreirom.
portreeref.
pasture-ground.
riom.
riof.(rarelym.)
stream, river.
2) Feminine to masculine, e.g.,
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.cachaçaf.cachassm.gin, brandy (of sugar-cane).trocaf.trocm.change (of money).
cachaçaf.
cachassm.
gin, brandy (of sugar-cane).
trocaf.
trocm.
change (of money).
3) Masculine to neuter, e.g.,
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.docem.dossn.candy, confectionery.fosforom.fosforon.match.tatúm.tatún.armadillo.xarquem...xarquen..jerked beef.
docem.
dossn.
candy, confectionery.
fosforom.
fosforon.
match.
tatúm.
tatún.
armadillo.
xarquem...
xarquen..
jerked beef.
4) Feminine to neuter, e.g.,
Brazilian Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.canoaf.kanoen.monoxylon, dugout.farinhaf.farinn.flour.
canoaf.
kanoen.
monoxylon, dugout.
farinhaf.
farinn.
flour.
From the above examples it will be observed that the gender of the Brazilian German noun is, where there has been a changefrom that of the original Brazilian Portuguese, as a rule, the same as that of the High German word replaced, e.g.,
Brazilian German.High German.barrankef.Böschungf.cachassm.Schnapsm.camarotef.Theaterlogef.charutef.Zigarref.dossn.Konfektn.farellef.Kleief.farinn.Mehln.fosforon.n.Streichholzn.kaschimbef.Tabakspfeifef.portreeref.Weidem.trocm.Wechselm.
D. Nouns of mixed origin are quite frequent, e.g.,
Brazilian German.English.aboboramusstewed (and mashed) pumpkin.korbgarrafãodemijohn.miljekolbencob (of corn).mesclahosentrousers (striped).ochsencarreteox-cartpalhazigarrettecigarette (with cornhusk wrapper).polizeidelegadoinspector of police.puschochsedraught-ox.rocewirtschaftagriculture, farming.sellofiskalrevenue agent.vendaschulddrinking-score, debt for drink.
Brazilian German verbs are commonly formed by adding a weak ending,'-en'or'-ieren'to the Portuguese stem, e.g.,
Portuguese.Brazilian German.English.amolaramolierento grind, sharpen.capinarcapinento weed.cobrarcobrierento cash, take in (money),laçarlassento throw the lasso.puxarpuschen, pussento pull.repousarposento rest.requererrekerierento request.roçarrossierento clear of weeds.sellarsellierento stamp.tocartockento beat, strike.trocartrockento change (money etc.).
In pronunciation the Brazilian German differs still more from the Portuguese than the printed forms would indicate. The main additional differences in this case are the following:
1) The noun ending '-ão'has the value of'-ong'instead of the Portuguese sound represented by'-ão.'Thus, by phonetic spelling we would have, e.g.,
Brazilian German.Portuguese.algodongforalgodão.capong"capão.garrafong"garrafão.patakong"patacão.questong"questão.sertong"sertão.violong"violão.
2) The'j'instead of remaining sonant as in Portuguese, becomes surd.[46]Thus
Brazilian German.Portuguese.feschongforfeijão.schakaré"jacaré.Schwong"joão
3) In the case of infinitives the final'-n'is not sounded, particularly in sections influenced by the Hunsrück dialect. These forms are therefore pronounced, e.g.,
Brazilian German.Portuguese.amoliereforamolieren.kapine"kapinen.pusche"puschen.tocke"tocken.
As a general rule German family names are retained in their original form in all sections where the German language held its own among the colonists. This is especially true where such names offer no difficulty in their pronunciation to people having Portuguese as their mother tongue. On the other hand, where such names could not be readily pronounced by Luso-Brazilians,[47]they underwent changes to greater or less extent even in communities where the German element is most strongly represented. Where the German language disappeared the German family name as a rule disappeared with it, or was retained in such a form as to be hardly recognizable.
By way of example a number of modifications in surnames are noted below; first, from a section where the German language has almost entirely given way to Portuguese[48], and second, from one of the strongest German-speaking sections of Brazil.[49]
1)
Emmich becameM'. The Portuguese could not pronounce the "-ich" and consequently it dropped off, resulting in the formation of what is probably one of the shortest family names in existence.[50]
Felippoffsky becameFelippe, Franz,orFranço. In this instance one branch of the family adopted the first part of the original family name and other branches made surnames out of the Christian name of the first immigrant, i.e., Franz Felippoffsky.
Glaser becameFrittenmaku. The first immigrant was Fritz Glaser. One of his characteristics was lameness. The new family name is equivalent in meaning to "der lahme Fritz."
Gottfried becameGottesfried, GottesfridorGottesfritz.
Helfenstein becameHelfestein.
Hessel becameEssel.
Klein becameCleene. In this instance a German dialect variant of the original became the new family name.
Reinberg becameRemberg.
Rochenbach becameRocumbakorRocumbaque.
Roschel becameRocha.
Toll becameDollorDoro.
Weisshaupt becameSapateiro. In this instance the first Weisshaupt was a shoemaker. The trade name translated into Portuguese became the family name.
Züllich becameSills.
2)
Wächter becameWalter.
Werner becameVierne.
From the above examples it will be noticed that the new family names show, as a general rule, an adaptation of the original to Portuguese pronunciation.
So far as baptismal names are concerned, the case is quite different from that applying to surnames. While the latter have been modified to a great extent only where the German languagegave way to the Portuguese almost entirely, as stated, the former have been replaced by their Portuguese counterparts, as a rule, in all parts of Brazil.[51]Probably the chief reason for this is sentiment, or, to use what is in this case perhaps a more accurate term, patriotism. The Portuguese Christian name in the country in question distinguishes the individual as a Brazilian, not as a German. The people under discussion regard themselves first of all as Brazilians.[52]While, according to their idea the retention and cultivation of their "Deutschthum" makes them better and more valuable Brazilian citizens, they carefully differentiate between "Deutschthum" and (to use their own expression) "Deutschländerthum."
The following are examples of Portuguese baptismal names which are commonly substituted for their German counterparts by Brazilian Germans.