ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.
An Anglo-Indian.—It is not necessary for Englishmen to eat as much in India as they do in England, and the reason for this is very easy to explain. We eat to produce energy. That energy is of two kinds—heat and work. Four-fifths of the energy of an Englishman in England—four-fifths of what he eats—produce heat, one-fifth only produces work. The normal temperature of the body is 98.6° F. If we lived in a constant temperature of 98.6° F., it would be unnecessary for the body to produce heat at all, and so four-fifths of its energy would be saved. Therefore if man had been constructed to live in a temperature of 98.6° F., he would only require one-fifth of his ordinary diet. But even in the hottest countries the body does produce heat, because it is its nature to do so; but it has to dispose of that heat at once, because the temperature of the body in health is constant. In very hot countries the body has to keep itself cooler than the surrounding air—it has to dispose of more heat than it produces. It is therefore not difficult to understand why persons in hot countries need, and should take, considerably less food than those in England; and, conversely, the inhabitants of cold countries require a very liberal diet. Also, that Europeans in a hot country require more food than the natives, because the bodies of the latter have learnt, through many generations, not to produce so much excessive heat as the bodies of the Europeans who are “green” to the climate.Karamea.—1. To cure corns, first wash your feet in hot water and soap and leave them soaking for fifteen minutes. Then take them out of the water; thoroughly dry them and paint the corn with “solvent.” You must not let the solvent touch the surrounding skin. The solvent is made by mixing together salicylic acid, twenty grains; tincture of Indian hemp, five drops; alcohol, two drams; and collodion to the ounce. Paint the corn with this preparation every evening for some days, until the corn drops off. With very hard corns the treatment may take some weeks, but we have never known it to fail, and it is absolutely safe.—2. The sensation of a hand or foot going to sleep is almost always due to pressure upon a nerve, such as occurs from sitting on a hard chair for many minutes at a time.Curious.—Yawning is a deep and prolonged inspiration (drawing air into the lungs). It occurs commonly when the person is too tired or too lazy to breathe properly. Cough is a sudden spasmodic expiration (forcing air out of the lungs) with the mouth open, following a deep inspiration. During coughing the glottis (the slit through which the air has to pass in order to enter or leave the lungs) is closed at first and then opened. Cough is the natural and only method of clearing the lungs. Sneezing is a short, sudden expiration following a deep inspiration with the mouth shut. Its object is to clear the nose from something “tickling” it. Hiccough is an irregular involuntary expiration usually due to irritation of the lungs by a stomach distended with gas.An Inquiring Sister.—Your brother is indeed unfortunate, for the condition of his face is one which is most difficult to eradicate. The disease is known as “sycosis,” and often follows the use of a razor which has been inoculated with very virulent germs. Abroad all barbers are compelled to disinfect their razors after using them, and this disease is consequently less common than it is with us. In England a careless barber shaves one man with some skin disease and very often communicates the disease to his next customer. The disease is, as we said, a very chronic one. The only treatment which ever completely cures it is to pick out every hair in the beard and moustache—not all at once, but only those which have pustules at their roots. This is not such a painful undertaking as it reads, for the hairs are loose and come out easily. The face should afterwards be covered with sulphur ointment. It is a formidable disease and needs careful and energetic treatment.Eileen.—The best treatment for warts is to wash the hand thoroughly with soap and hot water and leave the hand soaking for ten minutes. Then dry the hand and surround the wart with vaseline. The vaseline is to protect the healthy skin from the caustic, and must not be placed upon the wart itself. Now drop one drop of glacial acetic acid upon the wart, leave it a couple of minutes and then drop on another drop of the acid. Finally rub the wart all over with a stick of nitrate of silver (lunar caustic). This treatment may have to be repeated. Warts are usually due to irritation of the skin. They are practically the same thing as corns.A Girl of Twenty.—It is difficult to be certain what causes your baldness, but probably it is “alopœcia areata.” But if it is this, it has existed for a considerably longer time than is usual. We advise you to paint the bald spots with tincture of iodine every day until the places feel slightly sore. As soon as this occurs, leave off the treatment till the places become well again.A Suffolk Bunny.—The condition of your face is analogous to chaps on the hands. It is caused by rough winds. Always wear a veil when you go out in a cold wind. A little glycerine and rose-water, or glycerine and lime-water, or a very little cold cream will relieve the roughness.Bonne.—The pneumonia which follows influenza is of a most fatal character, and the majority of subjects attacked never recover. In January-March, 1895, pneumonia was a very common complication of the influenza which was then exceedingly prevalent. We believe that at that time every single patient attacked with this complication died. Now, although very serious, the presence of pneumonia and influenza together is by no means hopeless. The pneumonia in these cases is not a separate disease, but is a manifestation of the influenzal poison. There are three broad types of influenza: that which chiefly affects the lungs; that which mainly attacks the digestive organs; and the type in which the nervous system bears the chief brunt of the affection. Usually, in one epidemic, one type chiefly prevails, although all may occur. In 1894-1895 the respiratory type of the disease was most prevalent; in 1895-1896 the nervous type; in 1896-1898 the digestive type was most prevalent. And, so far, this year the respiratory type is having another innings. Influenza is a most serious disease, and its death-rate is extremely high; but a very large number of complaints put down to influenza have no connection whatever with that disease. As a rule, when a person says that she has had “a slight touch of influenza,” she means either that she has had a common head-cold or else that she has given herself indigestion from trying to feed herself up as a preventive against influenza!Morleena K.—You are quite right to have your rupture operated upon, for it is the only way to cure it, and to go about with a rupture untreated is one of the greatest possible physical dangers. Any surgeon is competent to perform the operation, for though it is not very easy, still he must have seen so many “radical cures of hernia” performed as to be thoroughly capable of performing the operation himself. Although in former times the operation was a very fatal one, ill-effects rarely follow nowadays, and cure usually results. But occasionally the rupture does recur. Surgery is always expensive, unfortunately; but any person who cannot afford to have an operation performed upon her by a private surgeon can obtain proper treatment at a hospital. We fully understand that there are objections to going to a hospital to be treated, but with most persons it is the only chance they possess of obtaining the benefits of surgery. We think it is our duty to remind you and others who obtain hospital relief that you must contribute towards the support of the institution, and that if you obtain treatment in a hospital which would have cost you £30 in private, you must not think that you have done your duty by putting half-a-crown into the box.A Working Woman.—Before you marry you should ask your intended husband to insure himself against accidents. There are many clubs in every town which a working man can join, and by paying a few pence weekly obtain so much a week when he is incapacitated by illness or accident. Most working men do this, and considering how liable they are to be disabled for a time, it is only right that they should insure themselves before marrying. In hospital practice if a patient does not belong to a club, the usual reason is either that he is single or else that he has once belonged to a club, the treasurer of which bolted. Unfortunately this is a very common method of swindling, but if a man looks out for a thoroughly well-going company and pays a reasonable premium he may feel fairly sure of getting his money if he should become incapable of work. If your husband does not belong to a club, what are you to do if he breaks his arm or his leg, an accident to which he is particularly liable?Please help me.—One teaspoonful of Eau de Cologne to every four ounces of water. Sponge the hands with this preparation. You must not use soap with Eau de Cologne.Peggie.—Perhaps it would be better to tell you how to prevent chilblains first, before going on to describe how they can be cured. Always wash your hands in warm water, and use a good toilet soap. After washing, dry your hands well. Always wear woollen gloves throughout the winter, and, lastly, try by general hygienic measures to improve your circulation. When the chilblains first begin to show, sponge the fingers with equal parts of spirit and water, or apply a little tincture of benzoin, and wrap the hands up in cotton-wool. By these measures you may prevent the chilblains from bursting. If, in spite of all precautions, the chilblains do break, they should be treated as any other kind of open wound. Above all, they should be kept scrupulously clean, and bathed in hot solution of carbolic acid (1 in 60). They may then be thickly dusted over with powdered boracic acid and bandaged.
An Anglo-Indian.—It is not necessary for Englishmen to eat as much in India as they do in England, and the reason for this is very easy to explain. We eat to produce energy. That energy is of two kinds—heat and work. Four-fifths of the energy of an Englishman in England—four-fifths of what he eats—produce heat, one-fifth only produces work. The normal temperature of the body is 98.6° F. If we lived in a constant temperature of 98.6° F., it would be unnecessary for the body to produce heat at all, and so four-fifths of its energy would be saved. Therefore if man had been constructed to live in a temperature of 98.6° F., he would only require one-fifth of his ordinary diet. But even in the hottest countries the body does produce heat, because it is its nature to do so; but it has to dispose of that heat at once, because the temperature of the body in health is constant. In very hot countries the body has to keep itself cooler than the surrounding air—it has to dispose of more heat than it produces. It is therefore not difficult to understand why persons in hot countries need, and should take, considerably less food than those in England; and, conversely, the inhabitants of cold countries require a very liberal diet. Also, that Europeans in a hot country require more food than the natives, because the bodies of the latter have learnt, through many generations, not to produce so much excessive heat as the bodies of the Europeans who are “green” to the climate.
Karamea.—1. To cure corns, first wash your feet in hot water and soap and leave them soaking for fifteen minutes. Then take them out of the water; thoroughly dry them and paint the corn with “solvent.” You must not let the solvent touch the surrounding skin. The solvent is made by mixing together salicylic acid, twenty grains; tincture of Indian hemp, five drops; alcohol, two drams; and collodion to the ounce. Paint the corn with this preparation every evening for some days, until the corn drops off. With very hard corns the treatment may take some weeks, but we have never known it to fail, and it is absolutely safe.—2. The sensation of a hand or foot going to sleep is almost always due to pressure upon a nerve, such as occurs from sitting on a hard chair for many minutes at a time.
Curious.—Yawning is a deep and prolonged inspiration (drawing air into the lungs). It occurs commonly when the person is too tired or too lazy to breathe properly. Cough is a sudden spasmodic expiration (forcing air out of the lungs) with the mouth open, following a deep inspiration. During coughing the glottis (the slit through which the air has to pass in order to enter or leave the lungs) is closed at first and then opened. Cough is the natural and only method of clearing the lungs. Sneezing is a short, sudden expiration following a deep inspiration with the mouth shut. Its object is to clear the nose from something “tickling” it. Hiccough is an irregular involuntary expiration usually due to irritation of the lungs by a stomach distended with gas.
An Inquiring Sister.—Your brother is indeed unfortunate, for the condition of his face is one which is most difficult to eradicate. The disease is known as “sycosis,” and often follows the use of a razor which has been inoculated with very virulent germs. Abroad all barbers are compelled to disinfect their razors after using them, and this disease is consequently less common than it is with us. In England a careless barber shaves one man with some skin disease and very often communicates the disease to his next customer. The disease is, as we said, a very chronic one. The only treatment which ever completely cures it is to pick out every hair in the beard and moustache—not all at once, but only those which have pustules at their roots. This is not such a painful undertaking as it reads, for the hairs are loose and come out easily. The face should afterwards be covered with sulphur ointment. It is a formidable disease and needs careful and energetic treatment.
Eileen.—The best treatment for warts is to wash the hand thoroughly with soap and hot water and leave the hand soaking for ten minutes. Then dry the hand and surround the wart with vaseline. The vaseline is to protect the healthy skin from the caustic, and must not be placed upon the wart itself. Now drop one drop of glacial acetic acid upon the wart, leave it a couple of minutes and then drop on another drop of the acid. Finally rub the wart all over with a stick of nitrate of silver (lunar caustic). This treatment may have to be repeated. Warts are usually due to irritation of the skin. They are practically the same thing as corns.
A Girl of Twenty.—It is difficult to be certain what causes your baldness, but probably it is “alopœcia areata.” But if it is this, it has existed for a considerably longer time than is usual. We advise you to paint the bald spots with tincture of iodine every day until the places feel slightly sore. As soon as this occurs, leave off the treatment till the places become well again.
A Suffolk Bunny.—The condition of your face is analogous to chaps on the hands. It is caused by rough winds. Always wear a veil when you go out in a cold wind. A little glycerine and rose-water, or glycerine and lime-water, or a very little cold cream will relieve the roughness.
Bonne.—The pneumonia which follows influenza is of a most fatal character, and the majority of subjects attacked never recover. In January-March, 1895, pneumonia was a very common complication of the influenza which was then exceedingly prevalent. We believe that at that time every single patient attacked with this complication died. Now, although very serious, the presence of pneumonia and influenza together is by no means hopeless. The pneumonia in these cases is not a separate disease, but is a manifestation of the influenzal poison. There are three broad types of influenza: that which chiefly affects the lungs; that which mainly attacks the digestive organs; and the type in which the nervous system bears the chief brunt of the affection. Usually, in one epidemic, one type chiefly prevails, although all may occur. In 1894-1895 the respiratory type of the disease was most prevalent; in 1895-1896 the nervous type; in 1896-1898 the digestive type was most prevalent. And, so far, this year the respiratory type is having another innings. Influenza is a most serious disease, and its death-rate is extremely high; but a very large number of complaints put down to influenza have no connection whatever with that disease. As a rule, when a person says that she has had “a slight touch of influenza,” she means either that she has had a common head-cold or else that she has given herself indigestion from trying to feed herself up as a preventive against influenza!
Morleena K.—You are quite right to have your rupture operated upon, for it is the only way to cure it, and to go about with a rupture untreated is one of the greatest possible physical dangers. Any surgeon is competent to perform the operation, for though it is not very easy, still he must have seen so many “radical cures of hernia” performed as to be thoroughly capable of performing the operation himself. Although in former times the operation was a very fatal one, ill-effects rarely follow nowadays, and cure usually results. But occasionally the rupture does recur. Surgery is always expensive, unfortunately; but any person who cannot afford to have an operation performed upon her by a private surgeon can obtain proper treatment at a hospital. We fully understand that there are objections to going to a hospital to be treated, but with most persons it is the only chance they possess of obtaining the benefits of surgery. We think it is our duty to remind you and others who obtain hospital relief that you must contribute towards the support of the institution, and that if you obtain treatment in a hospital which would have cost you £30 in private, you must not think that you have done your duty by putting half-a-crown into the box.
A Working Woman.—Before you marry you should ask your intended husband to insure himself against accidents. There are many clubs in every town which a working man can join, and by paying a few pence weekly obtain so much a week when he is incapacitated by illness or accident. Most working men do this, and considering how liable they are to be disabled for a time, it is only right that they should insure themselves before marrying. In hospital practice if a patient does not belong to a club, the usual reason is either that he is single or else that he has once belonged to a club, the treasurer of which bolted. Unfortunately this is a very common method of swindling, but if a man looks out for a thoroughly well-going company and pays a reasonable premium he may feel fairly sure of getting his money if he should become incapable of work. If your husband does not belong to a club, what are you to do if he breaks his arm or his leg, an accident to which he is particularly liable?
Please help me.—One teaspoonful of Eau de Cologne to every four ounces of water. Sponge the hands with this preparation. You must not use soap with Eau de Cologne.
Peggie.—Perhaps it would be better to tell you how to prevent chilblains first, before going on to describe how they can be cured. Always wash your hands in warm water, and use a good toilet soap. After washing, dry your hands well. Always wear woollen gloves throughout the winter, and, lastly, try by general hygienic measures to improve your circulation. When the chilblains first begin to show, sponge the fingers with equal parts of spirit and water, or apply a little tincture of benzoin, and wrap the hands up in cotton-wool. By these measures you may prevent the chilblains from bursting. If, in spite of all precautions, the chilblains do break, they should be treated as any other kind of open wound. Above all, they should be kept scrupulously clean, and bathed in hot solution of carbolic acid (1 in 60). They may then be thickly dusted over with powdered boracic acid and bandaged.
J. M. Ellis.—The address of your letter was the correct one. If you do not receive a reply, we advise you to write again, as it is always possible for secretaries to overlook letters or make mistakes. Let us know if a second appeal produces no result.Mrs. C. L. Jacksoncan inform “Ailsa” (July) of a blind musician who will set her words to music for moderate remuneration. Address for information, Mrs. Jackson, Lyttleton House, Lower Wick, Worcester.N. M.—Cardiff Castle was the scene of the tedious captivity of Robert, Duke of Normandy. In 1106 he fell into the hands of his brother Henry I., with whom he had long been at strife, and he was confined in this fortress, which had recently been conquered from the Welsh. At first Robert was allowed to take exercise among the fields and woods of the neighbourhood. He attempted to make his escape on horseback, and, having been pursued and taken back, was condemned to closer durance. Some historians say that his eyes were put out by his brother’s orders; certain it is that he lingered a prisoner for twenty-eight years, and died at Cardiff Castle in 1135.Disappointed.—The difficulty you mention is only a temporary one, and need not discourage you at all. It is only the difference in the keyboard that bewilders you at first, and practice on both instruments will set things right.A Pilgrim in a Sunny Land(Beyrout, Syria).—The lines you quote are by “George Eliot,” and may be found in her collected poems. The“Choir invisible,Whose music is the gladness of the world,”is the great company of heroic departed souls who have done work for the sake of mankind: their “music” is the added happiness of humanity which their efforts have secured. We think, as you suggest, that your explanations mean much the same thing. This fine poem will repay close study.A Queensland Girl.—What prettily painted note paper you send us from your distant home!—1. The competition you speak of is over.—2. Your writing is admirable, distinct, well formed, and most pleasant to look at and to read.Olive Cambus.—It is not necessary in writing for the press to leave any extra space at the top of foolscap paper. It is better to leave a margin on your left hand as you write. The sheets should be fastened together in the top left-hand corner, not by a “clip,” but by a paper-fastener that goes through a hole pierced in the sheets; any stationer will sell you a box. Foolscap is, we think, preferable to sermon paper. The great matter is to have your MS. perfectly distinct and clear to read, and only to write on one side of the page.
J. M. Ellis.—The address of your letter was the correct one. If you do not receive a reply, we advise you to write again, as it is always possible for secretaries to overlook letters or make mistakes. Let us know if a second appeal produces no result.
Mrs. C. L. Jacksoncan inform “Ailsa” (July) of a blind musician who will set her words to music for moderate remuneration. Address for information, Mrs. Jackson, Lyttleton House, Lower Wick, Worcester.
N. M.—Cardiff Castle was the scene of the tedious captivity of Robert, Duke of Normandy. In 1106 he fell into the hands of his brother Henry I., with whom he had long been at strife, and he was confined in this fortress, which had recently been conquered from the Welsh. At first Robert was allowed to take exercise among the fields and woods of the neighbourhood. He attempted to make his escape on horseback, and, having been pursued and taken back, was condemned to closer durance. Some historians say that his eyes were put out by his brother’s orders; certain it is that he lingered a prisoner for twenty-eight years, and died at Cardiff Castle in 1135.
Disappointed.—The difficulty you mention is only a temporary one, and need not discourage you at all. It is only the difference in the keyboard that bewilders you at first, and practice on both instruments will set things right.
A Pilgrim in a Sunny Land(Beyrout, Syria).—The lines you quote are by “George Eliot,” and may be found in her collected poems. The
“Choir invisible,Whose music is the gladness of the world,”
“Choir invisible,Whose music is the gladness of the world,”
“Choir invisible,Whose music is the gladness of the world,”
“Choir invisible,
Whose music is the gladness of the world,”
is the great company of heroic departed souls who have done work for the sake of mankind: their “music” is the added happiness of humanity which their efforts have secured. We think, as you suggest, that your explanations mean much the same thing. This fine poem will repay close study.
A Queensland Girl.—What prettily painted note paper you send us from your distant home!—1. The competition you speak of is over.—2. Your writing is admirable, distinct, well formed, and most pleasant to look at and to read.
Olive Cambus.—It is not necessary in writing for the press to leave any extra space at the top of foolscap paper. It is better to leave a margin on your left hand as you write. The sheets should be fastened together in the top left-hand corner, not by a “clip,” but by a paper-fastener that goes through a hole pierced in the sheets; any stationer will sell you a box. Foolscap is, we think, preferable to sermon paper. The great matter is to have your MS. perfectly distinct and clear to read, and only to write on one side of the page.
Yum-Yum.—It is quite possible that the pain over your eye may proceed from a little congestion, if in the hollow over the ball of the eye. Perhaps your spectacles are unsuitable, and there should be a difference between the two glasses. There is often a different focus in one eye from that of the other, and the left one may be overstrained. We advise you to consult an oculist or a good optician, to test the sight of each. We are glad to give our correspondent “Seaton Devon” the benefit of your information respecting the song, “Please have You seen my Dolly?” It is (you say) composed by F. W. Lancelott, and the words are by E. Cympson. The publisher is F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster Row, E.C.Miserable.—We are never told in the Bible that “to those who do not marry He will give a rich reward.” No such thing. But during those terrible persecutions, already begun, and to continue subsequently to St. Paul’s time, women unmarried and without children were in a preferable condition to those who had them. Of course, to marry without a very special bond of affection between you and your husband, would be not only a bar to any happiness, but also very wrong; and to marry without suitable means to support and educate a family must entail much suffering, mental and physical. From what you say of your feelings, and that you only “care for him in a way,” you would act wisely in declining his offer. You say “the thought of living unlovedunmansme!” We hope you have no pretensions to manliness!March Girl.—Hares are said to be specially wild in the month of March, and thence has arisen the term, “Mad as a March hare.” According to Dr. Brewer, the name “Neddy” was transferred from the little low cart for which donkeys are employed in Dublin, to the animals themselves. And the meaning of the term as used for the cart refers to the jolting which results from the lack of springs, and makes those who drive in them to nod perpetually. These, or a much similar description of cart was also termed a “Noddy.”
Yum-Yum.—It is quite possible that the pain over your eye may proceed from a little congestion, if in the hollow over the ball of the eye. Perhaps your spectacles are unsuitable, and there should be a difference between the two glasses. There is often a different focus in one eye from that of the other, and the left one may be overstrained. We advise you to consult an oculist or a good optician, to test the sight of each. We are glad to give our correspondent “Seaton Devon” the benefit of your information respecting the song, “Please have You seen my Dolly?” It is (you say) composed by F. W. Lancelott, and the words are by E. Cympson. The publisher is F. Pitman, 20, Paternoster Row, E.C.
Miserable.—We are never told in the Bible that “to those who do not marry He will give a rich reward.” No such thing. But during those terrible persecutions, already begun, and to continue subsequently to St. Paul’s time, women unmarried and without children were in a preferable condition to those who had them. Of course, to marry without a very special bond of affection between you and your husband, would be not only a bar to any happiness, but also very wrong; and to marry without suitable means to support and educate a family must entail much suffering, mental and physical. From what you say of your feelings, and that you only “care for him in a way,” you would act wisely in declining his offer. You say “the thought of living unlovedunmansme!” We hope you have no pretensions to manliness!
March Girl.—Hares are said to be specially wild in the month of March, and thence has arisen the term, “Mad as a March hare.” According to Dr. Brewer, the name “Neddy” was transferred from the little low cart for which donkeys are employed in Dublin, to the animals themselves. And the meaning of the term as used for the cart refers to the jolting which results from the lack of springs, and makes those who drive in them to nod perpetually. These, or a much similar description of cart was also termed a “Noddy.”
FOOTNOTES:[1]It may be interesting to readers to know that the adventure of theSlains Castleand the unexpected return of those who had been mourned as dead, is, in almost every detail, the true history of a British vessel calledThe Wandering Minstrel, which sailed from Hong Kong in 1887 and was not heard of again for more than two years, when her first mate and “a castaway” suddenly appeared in Honolulu, and a steamer was sent off to rescue the remainder of the party.[2]Peptones and pre-digested albumens are also soluble in boiling water; but these substances do not naturally occur in our food stuffs. Some, but very few, of the patent meat extracts, consist of peptones or altered albumens soluble in boiling water.
FOOTNOTES:
[1]It may be interesting to readers to know that the adventure of theSlains Castleand the unexpected return of those who had been mourned as dead, is, in almost every detail, the true history of a British vessel calledThe Wandering Minstrel, which sailed from Hong Kong in 1887 and was not heard of again for more than two years, when her first mate and “a castaway” suddenly appeared in Honolulu, and a steamer was sent off to rescue the remainder of the party.
[1]It may be interesting to readers to know that the adventure of theSlains Castleand the unexpected return of those who had been mourned as dead, is, in almost every detail, the true history of a British vessel calledThe Wandering Minstrel, which sailed from Hong Kong in 1887 and was not heard of again for more than two years, when her first mate and “a castaway” suddenly appeared in Honolulu, and a steamer was sent off to rescue the remainder of the party.
[2]Peptones and pre-digested albumens are also soluble in boiling water; but these substances do not naturally occur in our food stuffs. Some, but very few, of the patent meat extracts, consist of peptones or altered albumens soluble in boiling water.
[2]Peptones and pre-digested albumens are also soluble in boiling water; but these substances do not naturally occur in our food stuffs. Some, but very few, of the patent meat extracts, consist of peptones or altered albumens soluble in boiling water.
[Transcriber’s note—the following changes have been made to this text.
Page 827: purtrefy to putrefy—“putrefy and die”.
Page 832: decease to disease—“disease was most prevalent”.]