Nātapu'tta,Jain Prakrit, Jñātapu'tra,skt., the son of Jñāta. Patronym of Vardhamāna, the founder of Jainism.—145,146.
Nerañjarā, Naira'ñjanā,skt., name of a river identified by some with the Nilajan, by others with the Phalgu.—35,43,235.
Nidā'na,p.andskt., cause. The twelve nidānas, forming the chain of causation which brings about the misery in the world. [See Oldenberg,Buddha, Engl. tr., pp 224-252].—40.
Nigga'ntha,p., Nirgra'ntha,skt., literally "liberated from bonds"; a name adopted by the adherents of the Jaina sect.—145,146; Nigganthas, give also to the,150.
Nigro'dha,p., Nyagro'dha,skt., a tree,ficus indicawell known for its air roots.—43,235.
Nirmā'na Kā'ya,skt., the body of transformation.—254.
Nirvā'na,skt., Nibbā'na,p., extinction, viz., the extinction of self; according to the Hīnayāna it is defined as "extinction of illusion," according to the Mayāyāna as "attainment of truth." Nirvāna means, according to the latter, enlightenment, the state of mind in which upādāna, kilesa, and tanhā are extinct, the happy condition of enlightenment, peace of mind, bliss, the glory of righteousness in this life and beyond, the eternal rest of Buddha after death. Buddha himself has refused to decide the problem whether or not Nirvāna is a final extinction of personality. When questioned, he indicated by his silence that the solution is not one of those subjects a knowledge of which is indispensable for salvation.—2,4,6,16,20,41,43,44,48,50,51,55,64,65,67,70,71,74,76,81,83,91,97,118,122,123,130,143,153,154,160,164,170,171,188,195,235,236,237,245,249,250,252,253; where is Nirvāna?154; Nirvāna not a locality,154; the city of Nirvāna,130; the harvest, Nirvāna,195; the one aim, Nirvāna,164; Samsāra and Nirvāna,2,6,225.
Okkā'ka,p., Ikshvā'ku,skt., the name of a mythological family from which the chiefs of the Sakyas claim descent.—7.
Pabba'jjā,p., pravra'jyā,skt., the act of leaving the world for receiving admittance to the Order. The first step of the Buddhist ordination. (See Upasa'mpadā.)
Pajā'patī,p., Prajā'patī or Mahā-Prajā'patī,skt., the sister of Māyā-devī, second wife of Suddhodana, aunt and fostermother of Buddha. She is also called by her husband's family name Gotamī (feminine form of Gotama).—10,13,86,92,93,103.
Pajjo'ta,p., Pradyo'ta,skt., name of a king of Ujjenī.—90,91.
(Pakati,p.) Pra'kriti,skt., name of a girl of low caste.—196,197.
Pāramitā',p.andskt., perfection, or virtue. The six pāramitās are: almsgiving, morality, patience, zeal or energy, meditation, and wisdom.
Paribbā'jaka,p., Parivrā'jaka,skt., a sect belonging to the Tīrthika school.—98.
Pase'nadi,p., (Prase'najit,skt., also called Pasenit) king of Kosala, residing at Sāvatthī.—75,77.
Pātalipu'tra,skt., Pātalipu'tta,p., also called Pātaligāma, a city on the Ganges north of Rājagaha and belonging to the kingdom of Magadha, the frontier station against the Vriji (Vajji), the present Patna. Buddha is reported to have predicted the future greatness of the place, which is an important passage for determining the time in which the account of Buddha's sojourn in Pātaliputra was written. It is stilluncertain, however, when Patna became the important centre which it is now. It was the capital of the country when Megasthenes, the ambassador of Seleucus Nicator, at the end of the third century B.C., visited India. He gave in his book a detailed description of the city.—223,224; Pātaliputra, three dangers hang over,224.
Pātimo'kkha,p., Pratimo'ksha,skt., (usually spelt Prātimoksha in Buddhistic Sanskrit,) literally "disburdenment." It is the Buddhist confession. Rhys Davids says "that it almost certainly dates from the fifth century B.C. Since that time—during a period that is of nearly two thousand and three hundred years—it has been regularly repeated, twice in each month, in formal meetings of the stricter members of the Order. It occupies, therefore, a unique position in the literary history of the world; and no rules for moral conduct have been for so long a time as these in constant practical use, except only those laid down in the Old Testament and in the works of Confucius" (p. 163).—98,99.
Pā'vā,p.andskt., a village where Buddha took his last meal.—237,239.
Pokkharasā'ti,p., Paushkarasā'ti,skt., a Brahman philosopher.—139.
Pubbārā'ma,p., Pūrvārā'ma,skt., the Eastern garden.—94.
Pu'kkusa,p., Pu'kkasha or Pu'kkasa,skt., name of a low caste.—239.
Puññ'aji,p., Pu'nyajit,skt., a friend of Yasa.—61.
Ragā, pleasure, desire or lust; a synonym ofrati. The name of one of Māra's daughters, q. v.—36.
Rāhula,p.andskt., the son of Buddha, was admitted to the fraternity while still a boy. Buddha gave him a lesson in truthfulness [see Chapter LVI]. He is always named among the prominent disciples of Buddha and is revered as the patron saint of novices.—14,85,86,87,88,165,166,167.
Rainy season (see Vassa).—58,232.
Rā'jā,p.andskt., nominative form of the stem rājan, a king (in composition rāja).
Rājaga'ha,p., Rājagri'ha,skt., the capital of Magadha and residence of king Bimbisāra.—26,65,69,71,72,80,91,98,110,119,144,219,220,255.
Ra'tana,p., ra'tna,skt., "jewel."
Rati, love, liking; a synonym ofragā. The name of one of Māra's daughters, q. v.—36.
Saha'mpati, occurs only in the phrase "Brahmā Sahampati," a name frequently used in Buddhist scriptures the meaning of which is obscure.Burnouf renders itSeigneur des êtres patients; Eitel, Lord of the inhabitable parts of all universes; H. Kern [inS.B., XXI, p. 5] maintains that it is synonymous with Sikhin, which is a common term for Agni.
Sa'kka,p., Śa'kra,skt., Lord; a cognomen of Indra.—69.
Sa'kya, Śākya,skt., the name of a royal race in the northern frontiers of Magadha.—7,14,26.
Sakyamuni,p., Śakyamuni,skt., the Sākya sage; a cognomen of Buddha.—27,28,33,34,36,62,63,64,65,71,83,120,121,142,144,178,196,198,210,254.
Sā'la,p., Śā'la,skt., a tree,vatica robusta; sāla-grove,241,245; sāla-trees,241.
Samā'dhi,p.andskt., trance, abstraction, self-control. Rhys Davids says (B.p.177): "Buddhism has not been able to escape from the natural results of the wonder with which abnormal nervous states have always been regarded during the infancy of science.... But it must be added, to its credit, that the most ancient Buddhism despises dreams and visions; and that the doctrine of Samādhi is of small practical importance compared with the doctrine of the noble eightfold Path." Eitel says (Handbook, p. 140): "The term Samādhi is sometimes used ethically, when it designates moral self-deliverance from passion and vice."
Sa'mana,p., Śrā'mana,skt., an ascetic; one who lives under the vow,26,36,42,59,70,87,93,119,152,165,188,189,194,195,207,223; the Samana Gotama,151, the vision of a samana,20.
Sambho'ga-Kā'ya,skt., the body of Bliss.—254.
Sammappadhā'na,p., Samyakpradhā'na,skt., right effort, exertion, struggle. There are four great efforts to overcome sin, which are: (1) Mastery over the passions so as to prevent bad qualities from rising; (2) suppression of sinful thoughts to put away bad qualities which have arisen; (3) meditation on the seven kinds of wisdom (Bojjhañga) in order to produce goodness not previously existing, and (4) fixed attention or the exertion of preventing the mind from wandering, so as to increase the goodness which exists. [See the Mahāpadhāna-Sutta in theDīgha-Nikāya. CompareB.B. St., p. 89, and Rh. Davids'sBuddhism, pp. 172-173.]
Samsā'ra,p.andskt., the ocean of birth and death, transiency, worldliness, the restlessness of a worldly life, the agitation of selfishness, the vanity fair of life.—2,5,172,225.
Sa'ngha,p.andskt., the brotherhood of Buddha's disciples, the Buddhist church. An assembly of at least four has the power to hear confession, to grant absolution, to admit persons to the priesthood, etc. The sangha forms the third constituent of the Tiratana or three jewels inwhich refuge is taken (the S. B. of the E. spell Sawgha).—56,61,64,68,69,71,86,92,95,96,98,99,100,102,103,104,108,145,150,168,178,250,253,254; sangha maybe expected to prosper,221.
Sa'ñjaya,p.andskt., a wandering ascetic and chief of that sect to which Sāriputta and Moggallāna belonged before their conversion.—70.
Sankhā'ra,p., Samskā'ra,skt., confection, conformation, disposition. It is the formative element in the karma as it has taken shape in bodily existence.—155,157,158.
Sāripu'tta,p., Sāripu'tra,skt., one of the principal disciples of Buddha; the Buddhistic St. Peter.—70,71,76,77,85,87,103,112,120,212,213,222; Sāriputta's faith,213,221.
Sā'vaka,p., Srā'vaka,skt., he who has heard the voice (viz. of Buddha), a pupil, a beginner. The name is used to designate (1) all personal disciples of Buddha, the foremost among whom are called Mahā-sāvakas, and (2) an elementary degree of saintship. A sāvaka is he who is superficial yet in practice and comprehension, being compared to a hare crossing the stream of Samsāra by swimming on the surface. [See EitelHandbook, p. 157.]—172,173,174.
Sati-patthā'na,p., Smrityupasthā'na,skt., meditation; explained as "fixing the attention." The four objects of earnest meditation are: (1) the impurity of the body, (2) the evils arising from sensation, (3) ideas or the impermanence of existence, and (4) reason and character, or the permanency of the dharma. (Rh. D.B., p. 172.) The term is different from "bhāvanā," although translated by the same English word. (S.B.of theE.XI, p. 62.—211).
Sāva'tthi,p., Srāva'sti,skt., capital of Northern Kosala. It has been identified by General Cunningham with the ruins of Sāhet-Māhet in Oudh and was situated on the river Rapri, northwest of Magadha.—75,77,81,94,96,97,103,188,195,212,215.
Se'niya,p., Sai'nya,skt., military, warlike, an honorary title given to Bimbisāra the king of Magadha.—65,69,90,98.
Siddha'ttha,p., Siddhā'rtha,skt., Buddha's proper name. Etymology, "He who has reached his goal."—10-26,48,82-86,88,110,165.
Sigā'la,p., Srigā'la,skt., literally, "jackal"; name of a Brahman converted by Buddha.—144,145.
Si'mha,skt., Sī'ha,p., literally, "lion." Name of a general, an adherent of the Niggantha sect, converted by Buddha,145-151; Simha, a soldier,147; Simha's question concerning annihilation,146.
So'ma,p.andskt., derived from the rootsu, to press in a winepress; not as, according to Eitel, Chinese scholars propose from "exhilarate(su) and mind (mana)." Name of a plant and of its juice, which is intoxicating and is used at Brahmanical festivals; the Soma drink is identified with the moon and personified as a deity.—141.
Subā'hu,p.andskt., a friend of Yasa.—61.
Subha'dda,p., Subha'dra,skt., name of a samana. Subha'dda, Buddha's last convert, must not be confounded with another man of the same name who caused dissension soon after Buddha's death.—119,246,247.
Suddho'dana,p., Śuddho'dana,skt., Buddha's father. The word means "possessing pure rice." Buddhists always represent him as a king, but Oldenberg declares that this does not appear in the oldest records, and speaks of him as "a great and wealthy land-owner." (See hisBuddha, English version, pp. 99 and 416-417).—7,8,13,14,25,82,83,85,91.
Su'mana,p.andskt., name of a householder.—189,190.
Suprabuddha, father of Devadatta.—110.
Su'tta,p., Sū'tra,skt., literally" thread," any essay, or guide of a religious character.
Tanhā,p., Tr'ishna,skt., thirst; the word denotes generally all intense desire, cleaving and clinging with passion. The name of one of Māra's daughters, q.v.—36,138.
Tapu'ssa,p.andskt., a merchant.—42.
Tāru'kkha,p., Tāru'kshya,skt., name of a Brahman philosopher.—139.
Tathā'gata,p.andskt., generally explained as "the Perfect One." The highest attribute of Buddha,21,32,34,44,49,50,55,58,59,63,65,68,69,71,73,74,80,82,85,86,87,90,92,93,95,96,111,121,124,127,128,129,130,138,142,143,144,147,148,150,151,152,154,156,157,158,163,164,165,171,172,174,175,176,177,181,188,195,197,198,199,201,202,213,214,217,225,233,234,235,236,237,239,240,242,246,247,248,249,253; robe of the Tathāgata,127; soldiers of the Tathāgata,130; the law the body of the Tathāgata,253; Tathāgatas are only preachers,131.
Tiratana,p., Trira'tna,skt., the three jewels or the holy trinity of the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha, a doctrine peculiar to Northern Buddhism. (See Trikāya.)
Ti'tthiya,p., Tī'rthika,skt., a religious school of India in Buddha's time.—98.
Trikā'ya, the three bodies or personalities of Buddha, the Dharmakāya, the Sambhoga-kāya, and the Nirmāna-kāya.—254.
Uddaka,p., U'draka,skt., a Brahman philosopher.—29,31.
Ujje'nī,p., Ujja'yinī,skt., name of a city.—90.
Upādā'na,p.andskt., desire, a grasping state of mind. One of the nidānas.
(Upagutta,p.), Upagu'pta,skt., name of a Buddhist monk.—200,201.
U'paka,p.andskt., name of a man, a Jain, who met Buddha, but was not converted by him.—47,48.
Upā'li,p.andskt., a prominent disciple of Buddha. Before his conversion he was, according to the Buddhistic tradition, court-barber to the king of the Sakyas.—86,104,252.
Upasa'mpadā,p.andskt., admittance to the Buddhist brotherhood, ordination. (See Pabbajā.)
Upava'ttana, Upava'rtana,skt., a grove in Kusinagara. The word means a rambling-place, a gymnasium.—241,245.
Upo'satha,p., Upava'satha,skt., the Buddhist sabbath. Rhys Davids says (pp. 140-141): "The Uposatha days are the four days in the lunar month when the moon is full, or new, or half way between the two. It is the fourteenth day from the new moon (in short months) and the fifteenth day from the full moon (in the long months), and the eighth day from each of these. The corresponding Sanskrit word is Upavasatha, the fast-day previous to the offering of the intoxicating soma, connected with the worship of the moon. Instead of worshipping the moon, the Buddhists were to keep the fast-day by special observance of the moral precepts; one of many instances in which Gotama spiritualised existing words and customs."—98,99,101,102; observe the Uposatha or Sabbath,99.
Uruve'lā,p., Urubi'lvā,skt., a place south of Patna on the banks of the Nerañjara river, now Buddha Gayā. The residence of Kassapa, the chief of the Jatilas.—34,62,64,65,206.
Va'jji,p., Vri'ji,skt., name of a people living in the neighborhood of Magadha,120,219,220; assemblies of the Vajji,220.
Va'rana,p.andskt., a tree;Crataeva Roxburghii.—184,185.
Vardhamā'na,skt., Vaddhamā'na,Jaina Prākrit, proper name of the founder of Jainism. Also called Jñātapu'tra inskt.and Nātapu'tta inJaina Prākrit.
Va'runa,p.andskt., a Brahman deity, the god of heaven and regent of the sea; one of the guardians of the world.—141.
Vāsavada'ttā,p.andskt., a courtesan of Mathurā.—200,201,202.
Vāse'ttha,p., Vāsi'shtha,skt., name of a Brahman.—139,142.
Va'ssa,p., Va'rsha,skt., rain, rainy season. During the rainy season of Northern India, which falls in the months from June to October, the samanas could not wander about, but had to stay in one place. Itwas the time in which the disciples gathered round their master, listening to his instructions. Thus it became the festive time of the year. In Ceylon, where these same months are the fairest season of the year, Buddhists come together and live in temporary huts, holding religious meetings in the open air, reading the Pitakas and enjoying the Jātakas, legends, and parables of Buddhism. [See Rhys Davids'sB., p. 57.]
Vassakāra,p., Varshakā'ra,skt., lit. "rain-maker." Name of a Brahman, the prime minister of the king of Magadha.—219,220.
Ve'das,50,140,141,187; I know all the Vedas,159.
Veluva'na,p., Venuva'na,skt., a bamboo-grove at Rājagaha,70,80; Veluvana vihāra,110.
Vesā'lī,p., Vaiśā'līī,skt., a great city of India, north of Patna.—150,220,227,228,232,236.
Vihā'ra,p.andskt., residence of Buddhist monks or priests; a Buddhist convent or monastery; a Buddhist temple.—67,75,76,95,99,110,111,165,213,214,242.
Vi'mala,p.andskt.(etym., the spotless), name of a friend of Yasa.—61.
Vi'naya,57.
Visā'khā,p., Viśā'khā,skt., a wealthy matron of Sāvatthi, one of Buddha's most distinguished woman lay-disciples. Says Oldenberg,Buddha, English translation, p. 167: "Every one invites Visākhā to sacrificial ceremonies and banquets, and has the dishes offered to her first; a guest like her brings luck to the house."—94,95,96,97; eight boons of Visākhā,95; gladness of Visākhā,97.
Ya'ma,p.andskt., also called Yama-rā'ja, death, the god of death.—206,207.
Ya'sa, Ya'śas,skt., the noble youth of Benares, son of a wealthy man and one of Buddha's earliest converts.—58-61.
Yaso'dharā,p., Ya'śodharā,skt., wife of Prince Gotama Siddhattha before he became Buddha. She became one of the first of Buddhist nuns. [See Jātaka, 87-90; Commentary on Dhammapada, vv. 168, 169: Bigandet, 156-168; Spence Hardy'sManual, 198-204; Beal, pp. 360-364:B. Birth Stories, 127.]—13,84-87,92,110,165.