Saxony,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;governmental system,276-278.Scotland,union of 1707,39-40;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;representative peers,98-99.Senate.SeeFrance,Italy,Belgium,Spain.Social Democrats,in German Empire,231-240;in Prussia,260-261;in France,330-334;in Italy,399-400;in Switzerland,434-436;in Austria,469-470,483;in Holland,529-530;in Belgium,540-548;in Norway,587;in Sweden,593-595,600;in Spain,625.Spain:——Administration,organization,627-628;principles,628.—Alfonso XII.,accession,610.—Amendment,of constitution,611.—Ayuntamiento,of commune,628.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,conquest by,603-604.—Cadiz,Cortes convoked at,604.—Cánovas del Castillo,ministries,621-622.—Carlists,606,609,620.—Commune,organization,627.—Congress of Deputies,composition and election,617-618;sessions and organization,618-619;powers,619-620.—Conservative Party,character,621,625;governments of,621-623.—Constitution,of 1812 drawn up,604;rescinded by Frederick VII.,605;of 1834,607;of 1837,607;of 1845,607-608;of 1869,608;of 1876,611;character and contents to-day,611-612.—Cortes,convened in 1810,604;drafts constitution of 1812,604;under constitution of 1812,604;under constitution of 1834,607;under constitution of 1837,607;under constitution of 1845,608;under constitution of 1869,608-609;establishes republic,609;re-establishes monarchy,610;adopts constitution of 1876,611;composition to-day,616-618;sessions and organization,618-619;powers,619-620;strength of parties,624-625.—Council,of province,627;of commune,628.—Courts,organization,626-627.—Crown,rules of succession,613;regencies,613-614;powers,614-615.—Elections,of senators,617;of deputies,618;of 1907 and 1910,624-625.—Espartero,regent,607.—Estatuto Real,of 1834,607.—Isabella II.,accession,606;declared of age,608;abdicates,608.—Ferdinand VII.,reign,605-607.—France,intervention,605.—Franchise,present system,618.—Governor,of province,627.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—King.SeeCrown.—Law,626.—Liberal Party,character,621,625;governments of,621-623.—Maria Christina,regency,606-607;abdicates,607.—Maura,ministries,623-624.—Ministry,composition,615;functions,615-616.—Parliament.SeeCortes.—Parties,beginnings,620;character of Liberals and Conservatives,621-622;since 1903,623-624;elections of 1910,624-625;republicans and socialists,625.—Pragmatic Sanction,of 1830,606.—Province,organization,627.—Regency,613-614.—Republic,established,609;abolished,610.—Republican Party,rise,620;present character,625.—Revolution of 1820,605.—Sagasta,ministries,621-623.—Salic Law,rescinded,606.—Scrutin de liste,in election of deputies,618.—Senate,composition,616;appointment and election,616-617;sessions and organization,618-619.—Serrano,regent,609.—Socialist Party,character of,625.—Succession,rules of,613.—Supreme Court,626-627.States-General.SeeHolland.Storthing.SeeNorway.Sweden:——Administration,organization,601.—Agricultural Party.SeeLandtmannapartiet.—Amendment,process,589.—Bernadotte,and union with Norway,554,573-574.—Conservative Party,and electoral reform,592-596;long tenure of power,599-600.—Consular Service,question of,576-577.—Constitution,character,572,589;amendment,589.—Constitutional Committee,598.—County,organization,601.—Courts,organization,600-601.—Crown,early status,570-571;present basis,590;relations with ministry,590-591.—Elections,present system,592;movement for reform,592-596;of 1908 and 1911,600.—Franchise,present regulations,592;rise of movement for reform,592-593;Conservative proposal of 1904,593-594;Staaff project of 1906,594-595;law of 1907-1909,595-596;question of women's suffrage,596;bill of 1912,596-597.—Gustavus III.,rehabilitation of monarchy,571.—Gustavus IV.,abdicates,572.—Högsta Domstolen,organization and functions,600-601.—Independence,established,570.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Karlstad,convention of,578.—Kiel,treaty of,554,573,575.—Landsthing,of county,601.—Landtmannapartiet,growth,599.—Liberal Party,and electoral reform,592-596;gains,600.—Lindman,project for electoral reform,595.—Ministry,composition,590;powers,590-591.—Norway,union with,573-574;nature of union,574-575;friction with,575-576;question of consular service,576-577;separation of,577-578.—Parliament.SeeRiksdag.—Parliamentarism,591.—Parties,and electoral reform,592-596;military and tariff questions,598-599;history since 1891,599-600.—Regerings-formen, of 1809,promulgated,572.—Riksakt,of 1815,574-575.—Riksdag,original character,591;reorganization in 1866,591;composition of chambers,591-595;electoral system,582;movement for electoral reform,592-596;organization and procedure,597;powers,597-598.—Social Democratic Party,and electoral reform,593-595;gains,600.—Staaff,project for electoral reform,594.—Statsrad.SeeMinistry.—Supreme Court.SeeHögsta Domstolen.—Union.SeeNorway.—Women's Suffrage,movement for,596-597.Switzerland:——Act of Mediation,407.—Bezirksammann,422.—Bezirksrath,422.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,promulgates Act of Mediation,407.—Bundesgericht,nature and functions,437-438.—Bundesrath.See Federal Council.—Canton,constitutions liberalized,409;sovereignty,412;federal control,412-413;powers exercised concurrently with Confederation,414-415;variation of constitutions,416;theLandesgemeinde,417-418;the Greater Council,418-419;use of referendum,419-420;use of initiative,421;the executive Council of State,421;local administration,422;the judiciary,422.—Centralism,triumph in 1848,410;as a political issue,434.—Clerical Party,character,434-435.—Commune,422.—Confederation,origins,405;composition in later eighteenth century,406;erected into Helvetic Republic,406;remodelled in 1803,407;reorganized in 1815,408;constitution of 1848 and 1874,410;nature,411-412;control of cantons by,412;powers vested exclusively in,413-414;powers denied,414-415;general aspects,415.—Constitution,of Helvetic Republic,406-407;remodelled in 1803,407;of 1815,408;of cantons liberalized,409;of 1848,410;revision of 1874,410;nature of government established by,411-416;amendment,431-432.—Council of State,executive agency in cantons,421.—Council of the States,composition,427;compared with Senate of United States,427-428;powers,428-429;procedure,429-430.—Courts,of the cantons,422;absence of administrative tribunals,425-426;theBundesgericht,437-438;Civil Code,439.—Diet,of Confederation in 1803-1815,407;after 1815,408.—Elections,of Federal Council,423;of National Council,426;of Council of the States,428;party conditions,435-437.—Federal Assembly,relations with Federal Council,424-425;composition,426;powers,428-429;procedure,429-430.—Federal Court.SeeBundesgericht.—Federalism,triumph of in 1803,407;in 1815,408;survival in present constitutional system,411;as a political issue,434.—Federal Pact,408.—Franchise,426.—Gemeindeversammlung,422.—Greater Council,of the canton,418-419.—Helvetic Republic,creation and character,406-407.—Initiative,employment in cantons,421;in the federal government,432-434.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Landammann,421-422.—Landesgemeinde,417-418.—Law,439.—Left.SeeRadical Party.—Liberal Party,character,435.—National Council,composition,426;organization,427;powers,428-429;procedure,429-430.—Parties,prolonged ascendancy of Radicals,434;alignments to-day,434-435;stability of groups,435-436;inactivity,436-437.—President,election and functions,422-424.—Proportional Representation,419,433.—Radical Party,prolonged ascendancy,434;present character,434-436.—Referendum,origins,419;operation in cantons,419-420;optional form in federal government,430-431;obligatory form,431-432.—Right.SeeClerical Party.—Socialist Party,rise,434-436.—Sonderbund,409.—Vienna, Congress of,disposition of Swiss affairs,408.Table of Magnates.SeeHungary.Woman's Suffrage,in Great Britain,91-92;in Holland,527-528;in Norway,582;in Sweden,596-597.Württemberg,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,278-279.
Saxony,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;governmental system,276-278.Scotland,union of 1707,39-40;allotment of parliamentary seats,85;representative peers,98-99.Senate.SeeFrance,Italy,Belgium,Spain.Social Democrats,in German Empire,231-240;in Prussia,260-261;in France,330-334;in Italy,399-400;in Switzerland,434-436;in Austria,469-470,483;in Holland,529-530;in Belgium,540-548;in Norway,587;in Sweden,593-595,600;in Spain,625.Spain:——Administration,organization,627-628;principles,628.—Alfonso XII.,accession,610.—Amendment,of constitution,611.—Ayuntamiento,of commune,628.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,conquest by,603-604.—Cadiz,Cortes convoked at,604.—Cánovas del Castillo,ministries,621-622.—Carlists,606,609,620.—Commune,organization,627.—Congress of Deputies,composition and election,617-618;sessions and organization,618-619;powers,619-620.—Conservative Party,character,621,625;governments of,621-623.—Constitution,of 1812 drawn up,604;rescinded by Frederick VII.,605;of 1834,607;of 1837,607;of 1845,607-608;of 1869,608;of 1876,611;character and contents to-day,611-612.—Cortes,convened in 1810,604;drafts constitution of 1812,604;under constitution of 1812,604;under constitution of 1834,607;under constitution of 1837,607;under constitution of 1845,608;under constitution of 1869,608-609;establishes republic,609;re-establishes monarchy,610;adopts constitution of 1876,611;composition to-day,616-618;sessions and organization,618-619;powers,619-620;strength of parties,624-625.—Council,of province,627;of commune,628.—Courts,organization,626-627.—Crown,rules of succession,613;regencies,613-614;powers,614-615.—Elections,of senators,617;of deputies,618;of 1907 and 1910,624-625.—Espartero,regent,607.—Estatuto Real,of 1834,607.—Isabella II.,accession,606;declared of age,608;abdicates,608.—Ferdinand VII.,reign,605-607.—France,intervention,605.—Franchise,present system,618.—Governor,of province,627.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—King.SeeCrown.—Law,626.—Liberal Party,character,621,625;governments of,621-623.—Maria Christina,regency,606-607;abdicates,607.—Maura,ministries,623-624.—Ministry,composition,615;functions,615-616.—Parliament.SeeCortes.—Parties,beginnings,620;character of Liberals and Conservatives,621-622;since 1903,623-624;elections of 1910,624-625;republicans and socialists,625.—Pragmatic Sanction,of 1830,606.—Province,organization,627.—Regency,613-614.—Republic,established,609;abolished,610.—Republican Party,rise,620;present character,625.—Revolution of 1820,605.—Sagasta,ministries,621-623.—Salic Law,rescinded,606.—Scrutin de liste,in election of deputies,618.—Senate,composition,616;appointment and election,616-617;sessions and organization,618-619.—Serrano,regent,609.—Socialist Party,character of,625.—Succession,rules of,613.—Supreme Court,626-627.States-General.SeeHolland.Storthing.SeeNorway.Sweden:——Administration,organization,601.—Agricultural Party.SeeLandtmannapartiet.—Amendment,process,589.—Bernadotte,and union with Norway,554,573-574.—Conservative Party,and electoral reform,592-596;long tenure of power,599-600.—Consular Service,question of,576-577.—Constitution,character,572,589;amendment,589.—Constitutional Committee,598.—County,organization,601.—Courts,organization,600-601.—Crown,early status,570-571;present basis,590;relations with ministry,590-591.—Elections,present system,592;movement for reform,592-596;of 1908 and 1911,600.—Franchise,present regulations,592;rise of movement for reform,592-593;Conservative proposal of 1904,593-594;Staaff project of 1906,594-595;law of 1907-1909,595-596;question of women's suffrage,596;bill of 1912,596-597.—Gustavus III.,rehabilitation of monarchy,571.—Gustavus IV.,abdicates,572.—Högsta Domstolen,organization and functions,600-601.—Independence,established,570.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Karlstad,convention of,578.—Kiel,treaty of,554,573,575.—Landsthing,of county,601.—Landtmannapartiet,growth,599.—Liberal Party,and electoral reform,592-596;gains,600.—Lindman,project for electoral reform,595.—Ministry,composition,590;powers,590-591.—Norway,union with,573-574;nature of union,574-575;friction with,575-576;question of consular service,576-577;separation of,577-578.—Parliament.SeeRiksdag.—Parliamentarism,591.—Parties,and electoral reform,592-596;military and tariff questions,598-599;history since 1891,599-600.—Regerings-formen, of 1809,promulgated,572.—Riksakt,of 1815,574-575.—Riksdag,original character,591;reorganization in 1866,591;composition of chambers,591-595;electoral system,582;movement for electoral reform,592-596;organization and procedure,597;powers,597-598.—Social Democratic Party,and electoral reform,593-595;gains,600.—Staaff,project for electoral reform,594.—Statsrad.SeeMinistry.—Supreme Court.SeeHögsta Domstolen.—Union.SeeNorway.—Women's Suffrage,movement for,596-597.Switzerland:——Act of Mediation,407.—Bezirksammann,422.—Bezirksrath,422.—Bonaparte, Napoleon,promulgates Act of Mediation,407.—Bundesgericht,nature and functions,437-438.—Bundesrath.See Federal Council.—Canton,constitutions liberalized,409;sovereignty,412;federal control,412-413;powers exercised concurrently with Confederation,414-415;variation of constitutions,416;theLandesgemeinde,417-418;the Greater Council,418-419;use of referendum,419-420;use of initiative,421;the executive Council of State,421;local administration,422;the judiciary,422.—Centralism,triumph in 1848,410;as a political issue,434.—Clerical Party,character,434-435.—Commune,422.—Confederation,origins,405;composition in later eighteenth century,406;erected into Helvetic Republic,406;remodelled in 1803,407;reorganized in 1815,408;constitution of 1848 and 1874,410;nature,411-412;control of cantons by,412;powers vested exclusively in,413-414;powers denied,414-415;general aspects,415.—Constitution,of Helvetic Republic,406-407;remodelled in 1803,407;of 1815,408;of cantons liberalized,409;of 1848,410;revision of 1874,410;nature of government established by,411-416;amendment,431-432.—Council of State,executive agency in cantons,421.—Council of the States,composition,427;compared with Senate of United States,427-428;powers,428-429;procedure,429-430.—Courts,of the cantons,422;absence of administrative tribunals,425-426;theBundesgericht,437-438;Civil Code,439.—Diet,of Confederation in 1803-1815,407;after 1815,408.—Elections,of Federal Council,423;of National Council,426;of Council of the States,428;party conditions,435-437.—Federal Assembly,relations with Federal Council,424-425;composition,426;powers,428-429;procedure,429-430.—Federal Court.SeeBundesgericht.—Federalism,triumph of in 1803,407;in 1815,408;survival in present constitutional system,411;as a political issue,434.—Federal Pact,408.—Franchise,426.—Gemeindeversammlung,422.—Greater Council,of the canton,418-419.—Helvetic Republic,creation and character,406-407.—Initiative,employment in cantons,421;in the federal government,432-434.—Judiciary.SeeCourts.—Landammann,421-422.—Landesgemeinde,417-418.—Law,439.—Left.SeeRadical Party.—Liberal Party,character,435.—National Council,composition,426;organization,427;powers,428-429;procedure,429-430.—Parties,prolonged ascendancy of Radicals,434;alignments to-day,434-435;stability of groups,435-436;inactivity,436-437.—President,election and functions,422-424.—Proportional Representation,419,433.—Radical Party,prolonged ascendancy,434;present character,434-436.—Referendum,origins,419;operation in cantons,419-420;optional form in federal government,430-431;obligatory form,431-432.—Right.SeeClerical Party.—Socialist Party,rise,434-436.—Sonderbund,409.—Vienna, Congress of,disposition of Swiss affairs,408.
Table of Magnates.SeeHungary.
Woman's Suffrage,in Great Britain,91-92;in Holland,527-528;in Norway,582;in Sweden,596-597.Württemberg,made a kingdom,194;granted a constitution,197;special privileges,208;governmental system,278-279.