From the moment of his return to Canada until his decease, Champlain occupied himself diligently in providing for the material progress of the colony, and at the same time coöperated heartily in all measures for securing its religious welfare, and for converting the savages. While occupied with various duties appertaining to his position, about October 10, 1635, Champlain was laid prostrate by a stroke of paralysis. In his last illness, he was attended by his friend and spiritual adviser, Charles Lalemant, the author of theRelation of 1626, and, during the previous ten years, a most efficient coadjutor in his work. At length, on Christmas Day, 1635, the pious and amiable founder of Quebec breathed his last, bequeathing his blessing to his bereaved people, together with the memory of his virtues and of his great services.
CHRONOLOGY OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY
Embracing the Period Covered in This Volume
A.D. 1558-1608
JOHN RUDD, LL.D.
Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of famous persons, will be found in theIndex Volume, with volume and page references showing where the several events are fully treated.
A.D.
1558.
Calais, the last English possession in France, taken by De Guise. See "England Loses Her Last French Territory,"x, 1.
Death of Bloody Queen Mary; accession of Elizabeth in England. See "Reign of Elizabeth,"x, 8.
Marriage of the Dauphin, Francis, with Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots.
Battle of Gravelines; victory of the Spaniards, under Egmont, over the French.
1559.
A new act of supremacy passed in England, firmly establishing Protestantism.
Treaty of peace (Cateau-Cambrécis) between England, France, and Spain.
Iconoclastic outbreaks in Scotland, due to the teachings of John Knox. See "John Knox Heads the Scottish Reformers,"x, 21.
Institution of the papalIndex Librorum Prohibitorum.
1560.
Conspiracy of Amboise, by the Huguenots, for the overthrow of the Guises, in France; death of Francis II, Charles IX succeeds; Catherine de' Medici controls the government as regent. Arrest of Condé.
Queen Elizabeth of England and the Scottish Reformers conclude a pact of alliance. Death of the Regent, Mary of Guise; Mary Stuart and her husband, Francis II, arrange the treaty of Edinburgh with Elizabeth and the Reformers. Passing by the Scotch Parliament of the Statutes of Reformation.
1561.
Queen Mary Stuart returns to Scotland. See "Mary Stuart: Her Reign and Execution,"x, 51.
Rebellion of Shane O'Neil in Ireland.
Edict against the Reformers, now called Huguenots; Condé and Coligny prepare to take up arms.
1562.
Submission and pardon of Shane O'Neil.
Edict of St. Germain; it grants toleration to the Huguenots; massacre of Huguenots at Vassy and other cities; defeat of the Huguenot army under Condé and Coligny.
Attempted settlement of the Huguenots on the coast of South Carolina.
1563.
Assassination of the Duc de Guise at the siege of Orléans.
Publication of the Thirty-nine Articles in England.[1]
Publication by the Calvinists of the Heidelberg Catechism.
Beginning of the construction of the Escurial, Spain, by Philip II.
1564.
Death of Ferdinand I; Maximilian II succeeds in the German empire, the archduchy of Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia.
Settlement of a Huguenot colony on the St. John's River, Florida. See "Founding of St. Augustine,"x, 70.
Birth of Shakespeare.
1565.
Marriage of Queen Mary Stuart with Darnley. See "Mary Stuart: Her Reign and Execution,"x, 51.
Brilliant defence of Malta by La Valette against the Turks, led by Mustapha Pacha.
Massacre of the Huguenots in Florida. See "Founding of St. Augustine,"x, 70.
1566.
A petition of rights presented to the Regent by nobles of the Netherlands. See "Revolt of the Netherlands against Spain,"x, 81.
Moscow sacked by the Crim Tartars.
Murder of Rizzio by Darnley. See "Mary Stuart: Her Reign and Execution,"x, 51.
1567.
Defeat and assassination of Shane O'Neil.
Renewal of the civil-religious war in France; Battle of St. Denis.
Murder of Darnley; Mary marries Bothwell; she is imprisoned and compelled to resign the crown. See "Mary Stuart: Her Reign and Execution,"x, 51.
Organization of the "Council of Blood" by the Duke of Alva, on his arrival in the Netherlands as Spanish governor.
Founding of the Royal Exchange, London.
1568.
Peace of Longjumeau with the Huguenots; assembling of Protestant leaders at La Rochelle.
Thousands of the better classes of the Netherlands take refuge in England from the persecutions of the Spaniards.
Execution of Egmont and Horn at Brussels; arms taken against the Spaniards by Louis of Nassau and William of Orange, his brother.
1569.
Insurrection of Roman Catholics in England.
Battle of Jarnac; defeat of the Huguenots; Condé taken and shot; Coligny defeated at Moncontour.
Under the sovereignty of the Medici is created the grand duchy of Tuscany out of the Florentine dominions.
1570.
Murra, Regent of Scotland, assassinated; the English invade that country; Earl Lennox made regent.
Revolt of the Moors in Spain crushed by John of Austria.
1571.
Battle of Lepanto; the Holy League, consisting of Spain, Venice, and the Pope, wins a great victory over the Turks. See "Battle of Lepanto,"x, 100.
Dumbarton, the main stronghold of the adherents of Mary Stuart, falls into the possession of the Earl of Lennox.
The Thirty-nine Articles are made binding on the clergy of the Church of England.
1572.
Trial, condemnation, and execution of the Duke of Norfolk for conspiracy, in England.
Marriage of Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, with Henry of Navarre; Massacre of St. Bartholomew. See "Massacre of St. Bartholomew,"x, 119.
Rising of the Dutch against their Spanish oppressors; recognition of the authority of William of Orange.
1573.
Successful defence of La Rochelle; the treaty of La Rochelle grants toleration to the Huguenots.
Haarlem reduced by the Spaniards; they besiege Leyden. See "Heroic Age of the Netherlands,"x, 145.
Building of Manila which is made the seat of the Spanish viceroy in the Philippines.
1574.
Coronation of Henry, Duke of Anjou, as King of Poland; he becomes King of France on the death of his brother, Charles IX; he abandons Poland.
1575.
Queen Elizabeth of England is offered the sovereignty of the Netherlands.
Foundation of the University of Leyden, in commemoration of the siege and relief of that city.
Stephen Bathori, Prince of Transylvania, elected king of Portugal.
1576.
Devastation of Italy by the plague; Titian, the painter, is one of the victims.
First voyage of Frobisher in search of a northwest passage. See "Search for the Northwest Passage by Frobisher,"x, 156.
Organization by Henry, Duke of Guise, of the Catholic League against the Huguenots.
Appointment of Don John of Austria as governor of the Netherlands, by his half-brother, Philip II of Spain.
"Building of the First Theatre in England." Seex, 163.
1577.
Peace of Bergerac, the sixth one between Henry III and the Huguenots.
Many of Titian's finest works destroyed in a great fire at Venice.
Sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his circumnavigation of the globe.
1578.
Treaty of alliance concluded between England and the Netherlands.
Invasion of Morocco by King Sebastian of Portugal; he is defeated and slain at Alcazar-Quivir.
Battle of Gembloux; great victory of Don John; on his death the Duke of Parma succeeds as Spanish governor of the Netherlands.
Attempt of the Norwegians to interrupt the English commerce with Archangel; Queen Elizabeth asserts the right freely to navigate all seas.
1579.
Union of Utrecht; foundation of the Dutch Republic.
A force of Spaniards invade Ireland.
Confinement of Tasso as a lunatic by the Duke of Ferrara.
1580.
Persecution by the Protestants of Jesuits and seminary priests in England.
Outlawry of William of Orange, by Philip II of Spain, inviting his assassination.
Seizure of Portugal by Philip II.
1581.
Conquest of Siberia by the Cossacks. See "Cossack Conquest of Siberia,"x, 181.
Declaration of independence formally issued by the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Founding of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland.
1582.
Reformation of the calendar by Gregory XIII. October 5th of this year is made October 15th.
1583.
Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth. See "First Colony of England beyond Seas,"x, 198.
Failing in his treacherous attempt on Antwerp the Duke of Anjou retires into France, covered with disgrace.
1584.
Assassination of William, Prince of Orange, at the instigation of Philip II of Spain. See "Assassination of William of Orange,"x, 202.
Alliance between Philip II and the Catholic League.
Queen Elizabeth dismisses the Spanish ambassador Mendoza.
Having embraced Protestantism the Archbishop of Cologne is expelled his territories.
Visit of Sir Walter Raleigh's men to South Carolina; the name Virginia given to the district. See "Naming of Virginia: First Description of the Indians,"x, 211.
1585.
Renewal of the war against the Huguenots, the "War of the Three Henrys."
Capture of Antwerp by Parma; an English army sent to aid the Dutch.
Attack on the Spanish settlements in the West Indies by a powerful English fleet under Drake and Frobisher.
Ambassadors from Japan received at Rome by Pope Gregory XIII.
Coaches first used in England.
1586.
An unsuccessful settlement made by Raleigh's men on Roanoke Island.
Trial and condemnation of Mary Stuart. See "Mary Stuart: Her Reign and Execution,"x, 51.
Conspiracy of Babbington against Queen Elizabeth.
Drake returns with an immense booty; he takes back the Virginian colonists; they introduce potatoes and tobacco into England.
1587.
Henry of Navarre defeats the army of Henry III at Coutras.
Sigismund Vasa elected King of Poland.
Expedition of Drake against the Spanish harbors. See "Drake Captures Cartagena,"x, 230.
Cabal of "the Sixteen" in Paris.
1588.
Publication of the first English newspaper, by Lord Burghley,The English Mercury. It announced the defeat of the Invincible Armada. See "Defeat of the Spanish Armada,"x, 251.
Revolt against Henry III in Paris; "Day of the Barricades."
1589.
End of the Valois line in France; inauguration of the Bourbon dynasty.
Invention of the stocking-knitting frame by Lee, of Cambridge, England.
1590.
Battle of Ivry; Henry IV defeats the Catholic League; he lays siege to Paris, which is relieved by the Duke of Parma.
Establishment of the first paper-mill in England.
Publication of three books of Spenser'sFaerie Queene, theArcadiaof Sidney, and part of Marlowe'sTamburlane.
1591.
Elizabeth sends an army to assist Henry IV in France; it besieges Rouen; it is relieved by Parma.
1592.
Introduction of the sale of books at the fair of Leipsic.
Building of the Théâtre Français at Paris.
Abolishment of Episcopacy and establishment of Presbyterianism in Scotland.
1593.
"Henry of Navarre Accepts Catholicism." Seex, 276.
Severe enactments against the recusants in England.
Conformation to Catholicism by Henry IV; Pope Clement VIII refuses to absolve him. The Parliament of Paris declares against foreign interference and female succession.
Publication of Shakespeare'sVenus and Adonis.
1594.
Jesuits expelled Paris.
Coronation of Henry IV at Chartres; Paris opens its gates to him.
1595.
Declaration of war against Spain by Henry IV.
1596.
Crushing defeat of the Austrians by the Turks in Hungary.
Writing ofRomeo and Julietby Shakespeare.
Capture of Cadiz by Essex and Howard.
1597.
Rebellion in Ireland of Tyrone.
Abolition of the Hanseatic League's privileges in England.
1598.
Toleration granted to the Huguenots.
Treaty of Vervins, securing peace between France and Spain.
Founding of the Bodleian Library at Oxford, England.
Shakespeare performs in his own plays at the new Globe theatre, London.
1599.
Essex sent to Ireland to crush the rebellion there; he treats with the rebel leader.
Attempt of Sigismund Vasa to establish Catholicism in Sweden; he loses the crown.
1600.
Establishment of the English East India Company.
Invasion and occupation of Savoy by the French; marriage of Henry IV with Marie de' Medici.
Giordano Bruno burned in Rome as an obstinate heretic.
1601.
Suppression of the rebellion in Ireland; complete tranquillity restored by Mountjoy, Elizabeth's general.
Commencement of the siege of Ostend by Archduke Albert of Austria.
Enactment of the earliest "poor law in England."
1602.
Beheading of the Due de Biron for conspiring against King Henry IV.
Failure of the Duke of Savoy in an attempt to seize Geneva.
Attempted settlement of Bartholomew Gosnold on the coast of Massachusetts.
1603.
Death of Queen Elizabeth; James VI of Scotland succeeds as James I, King of Great Britain.
"Downfall of Irish Liberty." Seex, 299.
Committal to the Tower of Sir Walter Raleigh, on a charge of conspiring to place Arabella Stuart on the English throne.
Publication of Shakespeare'sHamlet. See "Culmination of Dramatic Literature in 'Hamlet,'"x, 287.
A French colony founded at Port Royal, Acadia; now Nova Scotia.
1604.
Conference at Hampton Court between English prelates and Puritans, James I presiding.
Ostend surrenders to the Spanish general, Spinola.
1605.
Detection of the Gunpowder Plot. See "The Gunpowder Plot,"x, 310.
Publication of Bacon'sAdvancement of Learning.
Cervantes'Don Quixote, Part I, published. See "Cervantes' 'Don Quixote' Reforms Literature,"x, 325.
Death of the Russian Czar, Boris Godunoff; Fedor, his son, is dethroned; his successor being the first Pseudo-Demetrius. This impostor pretended to be Demetrius, a son of Ivan IV, who was put to death by Boris Godunoff in 1591.
Battle of Bassorah; defeat of the Turks by Abbas the Great, of Persia.
1606.
A patent granted to the London and Plymouth companies for the purpose of American colonization.
Dethronement of the first Pseudo-Demetrius; he is slain; Shinski succeeds as Basil V.
Discovery of Australia by the Portuguese. See "Earliest Positive Discovery of Australia,"x, 340.
1607.
Naval victory of the Hollanders over the Spaniards off Cape St. Vincent.
Foundation of Jamestown, Virginia. See "Settlement of Virginia,"x, 350.
1608.
Ireland secures an improved government from James I; the forfeited lands in Ulster are offered to Protestant settlers.
Foundation of Quebec by the French. See "Founding of Quebec,"x, 366.
Formation of the Evangelical Union by the Protestant German states.
END OF VOLUME X
SPAIN AND GREAT BRITAIN
1(return)SeeBattle of St. Quentin, page 1.
2(return)SeeEngland Loses Her Last French Territory, page 1.
3(return)SeeReign of Elizabeth, page 8.
4(return)SeeJohn Knox Heads the Scottish Reformers, page 21.
5(return)SeeMary Stuart: Her Reign and Execution, page 51.
6(return)SeeMassacre of St. Bartholomew, page 119.
7(return)SeeHenry of Navarre Accepts Catholicism, page 276.
8(return)SeeRise of the Gueux or Beggars, page 81.
9(return)SeeSiege of Leyden, page 145.
10(return)SeeAssassination of William of Orange, page 202.
11(return)SeeEarliest Positive Discovery of Australia, page 340.
12(return)SeeFounding of St. Augustine, page 70.
13(return)SeeLepanto: Destruction of the Turkish Naval Power, page 100.
14(return)SeeCervantes'Don QuixoteReforms Literature, page 325.
15(return)SeeCossack Conquest of Siberia, page 181.
16(return)SeeSearch for the Northwest Passage by Frobisher, page 156.
17(return)SeeFirst Colony of England beyond Seas, page 198.
18(return)SeeNaming of Virginia: The Lost Colony, page 211.
19(return)SeeDrake Captures Cartagena: He "Singes the King of Spain's Beard" at Cadiz, page 230.
20(return)SeeDefeat of the Spanish Armada, page 251.
21(return)SeeBuilding of First Theatre in England, page 163.
22(return)SeeCulmination of Dramatic Literature inHamlet, page 287.
23(return)SeeDownfall of Irish Liberty: "Flight of the Earls," page 299.
24(return)SeeThe Gunpowder Plot, page 310.
25(return)SeeSettlement of Virginia, page 350.
26(return)SeeFounding of Quebec, page 366.
REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS AGAINST SPAIN
RISE OF THE GUEUX OR BEGGARS
1(return)The Regent mentioned to the King a number (three thousand) of these writings. It is remarkable how important a part printing, and publicity in general, played in the rebellion of the Netherlands. Through this organ one restless spirit spoke to millions. Besides the lampoons, which for the most part were composed with all the low scurrility and brutality that were the distinguishing characteristics of most of the Protestant polemical writings of the time, works were occasionally published which defended religious liberty in the fullest sense of the word.
2(return)It was not without cause that the Prince of Orange suddenly disappeared from Brussels in order to be present at the election of a king of Rome in Frankfort. An assembly of so many German princes must have greatly favored a negotiation.
3(return)"But," Egmont asserted in his written defence, "we drank only one single small glass, and thereupon they cried, 'Long live the King and the Gueux!' This was the first time that I heard that appellation, and it certainly did not please me. But the times were so bad that one was often compelled to share in much that was against one's inclination, and I knew not but I was doing an innocent thing."
MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW
1(return)The author, not Professor Saintsbury, is responsible for the Italics.
SEARCH FOR THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE BY FROBISHER
1(return)Cathay (China).
2(return)Further details of this voyage may be gathered from the log of Christopher Hall, master of the Gabriel, printed in Hakluyt. The present narrative, prefixed to Best's accounts of the second and third voyages, was preceded by a treatise intended to prove all parts of the earth, even the poles, equally habitable.
3(return)The date is incorrect. Hall quitted his moorings at Ratcliffe on the 7th, and left Deptford on the 8th. In passing the royal palace of Greenwich, says Hall, "we shot off our ordnance, and made the best show we could. Her majesty, beholding the same, commended it, and bade us farewell, with shaking her hand at us out of the window." Gravesend was passed on the 12th.
4(return)The land was Greenland. Friesland was the name given to the Faroe Islands in the voyage of the brothers Zeni. Hall saw the rocky spires of the coast "rising like pinnacles of steeples" in the afternoon sun.
5(return)The northeast corner of the island to the north of Resolution Island.
6(return)The North Foreland, at the southeast corner of Hall's Island.
7(return)Afterward called Frobisher Bay.
8(return)The English assayers all pronounced the stone worthless. An Italian, Giovanni Baptista Agnello, reported it to contain gold. On being questioned as to how it was that he alone was able to produce gold from the stone, he is said to have replied, "Bisogna safiere adular la natura" ("Nature requires coaxing "). Agnello's assay necessarily involved the addition of other substances for the purpose of separating the gold; and it has been suggested that the gold produced by him was itself added during this process. There is no good reason for thinking so. Pyrites often contains a minute proportion of gold. Admitting the possibility of trickery in the case of the small specimen submitted to Agnello, it is incredible that the fraud should have been successfully repeated when the two hundred tons of mineral brought back by the second expedition came to be tested. The mineral undoubtedly contained gold, but not enough to pay for the carriage and working.