FOOTNOTES:[42]Sir Edward Montagu, afterward Earl of Sandwich, Pepys' patron. He was in command of the English fleet.
[42]Sir Edward Montagu, afterward Earl of Sandwich, Pepys' patron. He was in command of the English fleet.
[42]Sir Edward Montagu, afterward Earl of Sandwich, Pepys' patron. He was in command of the English fleet.
Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of famous persons, will be found in theIndex Volume, with volume and page references showing where the several events are fully treated.
A.D.
1609.Settlement of Somers on the Bermudas; the English give them his name.
The Catholic League in Germany formed.
Twelve years' truce arranged between Spain and the Netherlands.
Discovery by Samuel Champlain of the lake bearing his name.
Ascent of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson. See "Henry Hudson Explores the Hudson River," xi,1.
Publication of the English version of the Bible at Douai.
Galileo constructs the first telescope. (Date uncertain.)
Another false Demetrius appears in Russia; Sigismund, King of Poland, and the Cossacks support him.
Copper coin first issued in England.
1610.Assassination of Henry IV of France; his son, Louis XIII, succeeds; regency of Marie de' Medici.
Discovery and exploration of Hudson Bay.
Shakespeare'sMacbethfirst acted.
Discovery by Galileo of the Satellites of Jupiter. See "Galileo Overthrows Ancient Philosophy," xi,14.
1611.Settlement of English and Scotch Protestants in Ulster Province, Ireland.
Completion and publication of the King James version of the Bible.
1612.Liberation of Russia from its Polish invaders.
First settlement of the English in India. See "Beginning of British Power in India," xi,30.
1613.Founding of the Romanoff, the present, dynasty in Russia, by the accession of Michael II.
Argall, of Virginia, destroys the French colony at Port Royal, Acadia.
1614.Erection, by the Dutch, of a fort on Manhattan Island. See "Dutch Settlement of New York," xi,44.
Last convocation of the States-General in France before the Revolution.
Invention of logarithms by Lord Napier, England.
1615.Marriage of Louis XIII with Anne of Austria, daughter of Philip III of Spain.
At Frankfort-on-the-Main is published the first known weekly newspaper.
1616.Beginning of war between Sweden and Poland.
Discovery of the circulation of the blood by Harvey. See "Harvey Discovers the Circulation of the Blood," xi,50.
Exploration of the bay, to which his name has been given, by Baffin.
Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes.
1617.Assassination of Maréschal d'Ancre, favorite of Marie de' Medici; Marie is exiled.
Peace of Stolbova between Russia and Sweden; territory on the Baltic ceded to Sweden.
1618.Execution of Raleigh.
Beginning of the Thirty Years' War. See "The Defenestration at Prague," xi,62.
Union of the Duchy of Prussia with the Electorate of Brandenburg.
Arminianism condemned by the Synod of Dort.
1619.Death of Emperor Matthias; succession of his cousin, Ferdinand II, for some years his imperial colleague, and also King of Hungary and Bohemia. The Bohemians depose him and elect Frederick to the throne.
Colonial Assembly at Jamestown, Virginia. See "First American Legislature," xi,76.
Foundation of Batavia by the Dutch as the seat of their power in the East Indies.
"Introduction of Negroes into Virginia." See xi,81.
1620.Battle of the White Mountain; decisive defeat of the Protestants of Bohemia; flight of Frederick, the newly elected king.
Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers at Plymouth, New England. See "English Pilgrims Settle at Plymouth," xi,93.
Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline; occupation of the territory by the Spaniards.
Publication of Bacon'sNovum OrganumSee "Birth of Modern Scientific Methods," xi,116.
1621.Bacon, Lord Chancellor of England, confesses his acceptance of bribes; his downfall.
Dissolution of the Evangelical Union; continuation by Mansfield of the war for the Elector Frederick V.
Introduction of cotton culture in Virginia.
Institution of Thanksgiving Day in New England.
War of the Huguenots, led by Rohan and Soubise, against Louis XIII.
1622.Founding of the Propaganda by Pope Gregory XV.
Publication of the first known regularly issued newspaper,The Weekly Newes, in England.
Grant of a province containing parts of New Hampshire and Maine, to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason.
New Netherland taken possession of by the Dutch West India Company.
Indian massacre in Virginia.
1623.Conquest and transfer of the Palatinate to the Duke of Bavaria, Maximilian.
Building by the Dutch of Fort Orange, on the present site of Albany.
1624.Discordant factions in the French court prepare the way for Richelieu to become prime minister to Louis XIII.
England, Holland, and Denmark form an alliance to support the Protestants of Germany.
Massacre of the English in Amboyna by the Dutch.
1625.English settlers occupy the islands of Barbados and St. Kitts.
Charles I of England succeeds his father, James I; he prorogues his first Parliament. See "Abolition of the Court of Star Chamber," xi,215.
Renewal of insurrection by the French Huguenots. See "Siege of La Rochelle," xi,129.
1626.Purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians by the Dutch.
Impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham; Charles I dissolves his second Parliament.
Peace of Louis XIII and the Huguenots.
1627.A part of Brazil seized by the Dutch.
Accession to the Mogul throne of Shah Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, Agra, India.
Alliance of England with the Huguenots; renewal of the war; siege of La Rochelle; Buckingham makes an unsuccessful attempt on the Isle of Ré.
1628.Compulsion of Charles I to assent to the Petition of Right, limiting the abuse of the royal authority. Buckingham assassinated.
Unsuccessful siege by Wallenstein of Straslund.
Fall of La Rochelle. See "Siege of La Rochelle," xi,129.
1629.End of the Huguenot wars. Richelieu becomes prime minister of Louis XIII. See "Siege of La Rochelle," xi,129.
Quebec captured by the English.
Edict of Restitution by Ferdinand II demanding the surrender to the Catholic Church of all sees and secularized property in the possession of Protestants. He concludes peace with Denmark.
1630.Foundation of Boston, Massachusetts. See "Great Puritan Exodus to New England," xi,153.
Dismissal of Wallenstein by Emperor Ferdinand II. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden wages war on behalf of the Protestants in Germany.
1631.Escape from France of Marie de' Medici, after being imprisoned for intrigues against Richelieu.
Magdeburg captured and sacked by Tilly, the imperial general.
Gustavus Adolphus advances to the Rhine; the Elector of Saxony, John George, occupies Prague with his forces.
Settlement of Kent Island, Maryland, by William Clayborne.
First newspaper printed in France,Gazette de France; still existing.
Reform of education by Comenius. See "The Educational Reform of Comenius," xi,192.
1632.Charles I of England grants a charter to Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, for a colony in Maryland.
Forcing of the passage of the Lech by Gustavus Adolphus; Tilly defeated and slain; Munich occupied by the Swedes.
Battle of Luetzen; victory of the Swedes over Wallenstein by Gustavus Adolphus, who is slain. His daughter, Christina, succeeds. See "Triumph and Death of Gustavus Adolphus at Luetzen," xi,174.
Restoration of Canada and Nova Scotia to France by England.
1633.Union of Heilbronn; consolidation of the Protestant interests by Oxenstierna.
Wentworth appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
Laud becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
Richelieu fails in his attempt to unite the Italian states in a confederacy.
Under compulsion Galileo rejects the Copernican system. See "Recantation of Galileo," xi,184.
1634.Assassination of Wallenstein, the result of a conspiracy. Battle of Noerdlingen; the German and Swede Protestant army annihilated.
Writ for the levying of ship money in England. Arbitrary proceedings of the Star-chamber.
A windmill for sawing timber prohibited in England.
Leonard Calvert settles St. Mary's, Maryland.
The town on Manhattan Island is named New Amsterdam.
Connecticut settled by the English.
1635.Partition of New England territory, following the dissolution of the Council.
Under Richelieu France actively engages in a contest against Austria and Spain in Italy.
Richelieu takes a hand in the Thirty Years' War.
Foundation of the French Academy.
1636.France invaded by the Imperialists, Spaniards, and Charles of Lorraine.
Banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts; he makes a settlement at Providence.
Hartford, Connecticut, founded.
Establishment of Harvard College.
John Hampden resists the payment of ship-money; the judges of England declare the impost to be lawful.
1637.Continued severities of the Star chamber in England; Prynne a second time its victim, together with Burton, Bastwick, and Lilburne.
Resistance of the Scots against the introduction of the English liturgy.
War of the New England colonies with the Pequots.
1638.Publication of the National Covenant by the Scots; they declare Episcopacy abolished.
John Harvard, Cambridge, England, bequeaths his library and the half of his fortune to Harvard College, which takes his name.
Alsace occupied by the French.
A settlement made on the island of Aquidneck (Rhode Island) by William Coddington.
Founding of New Haven colony.
Settlement of Swedes and Finns in Delaware.
Bagdad besieged and captured by the Turks; a horrible massacre of the inhabitants follows.
1639.In Scotland the Covenanters take up arms; Pacification of Berwick.
Capture and destruction of two Spanish fleets by Van Tromp, the Dutch admiral, in the English Channel.
In Connecticut the people adopt a constitution. See "First Written Free Constitution in the World," xi,205.
First observance of the transit of Venus, by Jeremiah Horrox.
1640.Invasion of England by the Scots.
Meeting of the Long Parliament; impeachment of Strafford; Laud is impeached. Iniquities of the Star chamber.
Death of George William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia; his son, Frederick William, succeeds; he regains his states by an alliance with Sweden, and prepares the eminence of Prussia.
Madras, India, settled by the English.
Portugal recovers independence; John, Duke of Braganza, proclaimed king as John IV.
1641.Archbishop Laud committed to the Tower of London; execution of Strafford. See "Abolition of the Court of Star-chamber," ix,215.
Alleged massacre of Protestants in a rising of Catholics in Ireland.
The title of Roundheads given to the popular party in England.
1642.Conspiracy of Cinq Mars in France; he and De Thou are executed.
Revolt against Charles I in England. He raises his standard at Nottingham.
Battle of Breitenfeld; the Swedes are victorious.
Condemnation of Jansen's work on the doctrine of Augustine, by Pope Urban VIII.
Tasman, the Dutch navigator, discovers Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) and New Zealand.
"Founding of Montreal." See xi,232.
1643.Convention of the Westminster Assembly of divines. See "Presbyterianism Established," xi,238.
Establishment of a confederacy by the United Colonies of New England.
Death of Louis XIII; succession of Louis XIV to the French throne; Anne of Austria regent; Mazarin prime-minister.
Battle of Rocroy; defeat of the Spaniards by the Duc d'Enghien. The French are defeated by the Imperialists at Tuttlingen.
Invention, by Torricelli, of the barometer.
1644.Battle of Marston Moor.
Denmark overrun by Torstenson; battle at Freiburg between French and Germans; at Jueterbog Torstenson defeats Gallas.
Establishment of the Manchu dynasty in China; end of the Ming line.
A patent obtained from the English Parliament by Roger Williams for the united government of the settlements of Rhode Island.
1645.Execution of Laud; Battle of Naseby in England, defeat of the Royalists.
Death of Michael, Emperor of Russia; Alexis succeeds.
1646.Charles I delivers himself to the Scots; the Marquis of Montrose, who had been operating in Scotland against the Covenanters, capitulates to the Roundheads.
Battle of Jankau; victory of Torstenson; Hatzfeld, the Imperial general, captured. The Duc d'Enghien and Turenne near Noerdlingen.
1647.Insurrection of Masaniello in Naples. See "Masaniello's Revolt at Naples," xi,253.
Charles I, being handed over to the Parliamentarians by the Scots, imprisoned.
A truce arranged between the Elector of Bavaria and the Swedes and French.
Peter Stuyvesant appointed governor of New Amsterdam.
Huygens invents and applies the pendulum to clocks.
Founding of the Society of Friends, or Quakers, by George Fox, England.
1648.Rising of the Royalists in England; the Scots, who had taken up arms for Charles, are defeated by Cromwell. The Long Parliament driven from its chambers by Cromwell.
Recognition of the independence of Holland by Spain.
End of Thirty Years' War. See "Peace of Westphalia," xi,285.
Insurrection in Paris against Prime-Minister Mazarin: Day of the Barricades.
1649.Execution of Charles I. His son Charles proclaimed king in Scotland. England becomes a commonwealth; Cromwell Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. See "Great Civil War in England," xi,311.
Imprisonment of George Fox, founder of the Society of Friends, at Nottingham.
Civil war of the Fronde; the Treaty of Reuil ends it.
"Cromwell's Campaign in Ireland." See xi,335.
Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland. See "Religious Toleration Proclaimed in Maryland," xi,303.
1650.Montrose lands in Scotland to aid the Scot forces of Charles II; he is defeated, taken prisoner, and hanged. Cromwell passes the Tweed; Battle of Dunbar, victory of Cromwell.
Mazarin orders the princes of Condé and Conti and the Duke of Longueville to be imprisoned.
Invention of the air-pump by Otto von Guericke. (Date uncertain.)
Possession of the Cape of Good Hope taken by the Dutch.
Settlement of North Carolina.
1651.Battle of Worcester; defeat of Charles II; flight of the King. See "Great Civil War in England," xi,311.
Passage of the Navigation Act, which was disastrous to the trade of England's American colonies.
Mazarin banished France; peace ensues.
Massachusetts adopts the Cambridge Platform, a declaration of principles respecting church government.
1652.War between the two republics of England and Holland; Blake, commanding the English fleet, defeats De Witt and De Ruyter; he is in turn surprised by Van Tromp, who captures six English ships, drives the others up the Thames, and sails the Channel with a broom at the masthead.
Complete suppression of the Irish rebellion.
Rhode Island legislates to restrict slavery in the Province.
1653.A three-days' naval engagement between the English fleet, under Blake, and that of the Dutch, under Van Tromp; great victory of the former.
Cromwell expels the Rump Parliament; assembling of the Barebones Parliament. Cromwell becomes Protector of the English Commonwealth.
1654.Peace between England and Holland.
Scotland incorporated with the English Commonwealth.
Revolt of the Cossacks against Poland; their leader, Chmielnicki, places himself under the Russian crown; war ensues between Russia and Poland.
First meeting in London of the Society of Friends.
Nova Scotia conquered by the New England colonists.
Abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden in favor of her cousin, Charles X.
1655.Dispossession of the Swedish settlers on the Delaware by Peter Stuyvesant.
The island of Jamaica captured from the Spaniards by the English.
1656.First persecution of Quakers in Massachusetts.
Charles X is joined by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, against the Poles; the Cossacks resume their allegiance to Poland. Battle of Warsaw, overthrow of the Poles.
An end put to the Portuguese power in Ceylon by the Dutch.
1657.Declination of the English crown by Oliver Cromwell.
Alliance between Austria and Poland against Sweden.
Death of Emperor Ferdinand III; his son, Leopold, inherits Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary.
1658.Battle of the Dunes; defeat of the Spaniards by the English and French; Dunkirk, captured from the Spaniards by the French, is secured to England.
Aurungzebe the Great seizes the Mogul throne in India.
Death of Cromwell; his son Richard becomes Protector.
Election of Leopold I as Emperor of Germany.
1659.Production of Molière's first comedy. See "Molière Creates Modern Comedy," xi,347.
Resignation of Richard Cromwell; formation of a provisional government by the army in England.
Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain.
Conventions of The Hague between England, Holland, and France.
1660.End of Puritan rule in England; restoration of the Stuarts. See "Cromwell's Rule in England," xi,357.
Death of Charles X; Charles XI succeeds to the Swedish throne.
Foundation of the Royal Society, London, for the promotion of mathematical and physical science.
Marriage of Louis XIV of France with Maria Theresa, daughter of Philip IV of Spain.