Colonizing of Pennsylvania by William Penn; he founds Philadelphia; also, with other Friends, purchases East Jersey.
Expedition of La Salle to the mouth of the Mississippi. See "DISCOVERY OFTHE MISSISSIPPI," xii, 108.
Death of Czar Feodor III; his sister, Sophia, regent in the name of her brothers Ivan V, of weak intellect, and Peter I (Peter the Great).
%1683%. A penny-post first established in London, by a private individual. Execution in England of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney, for participation in the Rye House Plot.
Siege of Vienna by the Turks. See "LAST TURKISH INVASION OF EUROPE," xii, 164.
Attack on the Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV.
%1684%. Forfeiture of the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company.
Formation of the Holy League by Venice, Poland, Emperor Leopold I, and PopeInnocent XI against the Turks.
Genoa bombarded by the French. Louis XIV forcibly occupies Luxemburg.
An embassy sent from the King of Siam to France.
Publication by Leibnitz of his invention of the differential calculus. (SeeNewton, 1665.)
%1685%. Death of Charles II; his brother, James II, ascends the English throne. Insurrection of Argyle and Monmouth; they are both executed. Jeffries' Bloody Assizes. See "MONMOUTH'S REBELLION," xii, 172.
Pillage of the coast of Peru by the buccaneers.
"REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES." See xii, 180.
A demand made for the surrender of Connecticut's charter; it is hidden inCharter Oak.
Bradford's printing-press arrives in Pennsylvania. See "ORIGIN AND PROGRESSOF PRINTING," viii, i.
%1686%. Attempt of James II to restore Romanism in the British domains; a camp established by him at Hounslow Heath. Revival of the Court of High Commission.
League of Augsburg formed by William of Orange, by which the principal continental states unite to resist French encroachments.
A bloody crusade waged by Louis XIV, and Victor Amadeus II of Savoy, against the Waldenses of Piedmont.
Recovery of Buda by the Austrians from the Turks.
Appointment of Sir Edmund Andros as Governor over the consolidated NewEngland colonies.
%1687%. Refusal of the University of Cambridge to admit Francis, a Benedictine monk, recommended by James II.
Leopold I compels the Hungarian Diet to make the kingdom hereditary in theHapsburg family.
Battle of Mohacs; defeat of the Turks by the Duke of Lorraine.
Capture of Athens by the Venetians.
Appointment of Tyrconnel, a Roman Catholic, as Lord Deputy of Ireland.
Publication of Newton'sPrincipia.
Assumption of power by Peter the Great, in Russia.
1688. Louis XIV declares war against Holland: he makes war on Germany.
Capture of Philippsburg by the French.
Battle of Enniskillen in Ireland.
Landing in England of William of Orange, on invitation of the malcontents in that country. See "THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION," xii, 200.
New York and New Jersey united with New England under Governor-General SirEdmund Andros.
1689. William and Mary, she being daughter of the ex-king, are proclaimed King and Queen of England. Passage of the Bill of Rights.
James II lands in Ireland; he unsuccessfully besieges Londonderry: battle of Newtown Butler, defeat of the Irish Catholics.
Great Britain joins the League of Augsburg.
Overthrow of Andros in New England. See "TYRANNY OF ANDROS IN NEW ENGLAND," xii, 241.
At the instance of Louvois, his war minister, Louis XIV lays waste thePalatinate.
Battle of Killiecrankie, Scotland; defeat of the government forces by theHighlanders; Claverhouse, their leader, slain.
"MASSACRE OF LACHINE, CANADA." See xii, 248.
"PETER THE GREAT MODERNIZES RUSSIA." See xii, 223.
1690. Battle of the Boyne. See "SIEGE OF LONDONDERRY," xii, 258.
Presbyterianism reestablished in Scotland.
Defence of Canada by Frontenac.
James II leaves Ireland and returns to France.
Destruction of Schenectady by the French and Indians.
Conquest of Acadia and unsuccessful attempt on Québec by the English.
John Locke publishes hisEssay Concerning the Human Understanding.
1691. Overthrow of the Jacobites in Scotland.
Battle of Salankeman; victory of Louis of Baden over the Turks.
Execution in New York of Jacob Leisler.
1692. Union of the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts.
Beginning of the witchcraft mania in New England. See "SALEM WITCHCRAFTTRIALS," xii, 268.
The duchies of Hanover and Brunswick become an electorate; Ernest Augustus elector.
Battle of La Hogue; the attempted French invasion of England defeated by the victory of the English and Dutch fleets.
Massacre, at Glencoe, of the MacDonalds.
1693. Defeat of the English fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, by Tourville, admiral of the French fleet.
Distress in France from famine and the expense of the war with England.
Founding of the College of William and Mary, Virginia.
Bradford's printing-press removed from Pennsylvania to New York. See"ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING," viii, i.
1694. Attacks on the coast of France by the English.
Death of Queen Mary, consort of William. Cessation of the censorship of the press in England.
"ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND." See xii, 286.
Peter the Great of Russia employs Brant, a Dutch shipwright, to build a vessel at Archangel.
1695. Peace arranged between France and Savoy.
Azov captured from the Turks by Peter the Great.
1696. On the death of John Sobieski the Polish crown is purchased by Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony.
1697. Barcelona captured by the French.
Peace of Ryswick between France, Holland, England, and Spain.
Election of Francis I as King of Poland.
Battle of Zenta; crushing defeat of the Turks by Leopold I.
1698. Foundation of Calcutta by the English.
A Scotch colony established on the Isthmus of Darien: abandoned in 1700.
Peter the Great recalled from England by a revolt of the Strelitz guards; he subdues and disbands them.
Society for Propagating Christianity formed in London.
Partition of Spain arranged between England, France, and the Netherlands.
1699. Iberville settles a French colony in Louisiana. See "COLONIZATION OF LOUISIANA," xii, 297.
Reduction of the Turkish territories in Europe, by nearly one-half, arranged by the Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey, Austria, Venice, and Poland.
Peter the Great introduces the computation of time in Russia by the Christian era, but adheres to the old style, which still obtains in that country.
1700. Russia, Poland, and Denmark make joint war against Sweden. The army of Peter the Great overwhelmed at Narva, by Charles XII of Sweden.
Foundation of the future Yale College, Connecticut.
1701. Frederick III of Brandenburg crowns himself King of Prussia. See "PRUSSIA PROCLAIMED A KINGDOM," xii, 310.
Passage of the Act of Settlement in England; the Hanoverian succession founded.
Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession.
Charles XII defeats the Poles and Saxons.
1702. Death of William III; Queen Anne succeeds to the throne of England.
Command of the army of the States-General given to Marlborough, the English general.
Battle of Vigo; naval victory of the English and Dutch over the Spaniards and French.
Beginning of Queen Anne's War in America.
Foundation of a French settlement on the Mobile River, Alabama.
Charles XII occupies Warsaw; he defeats Augustus II at Klissow; Cracow entered by him.
1703. Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal, for facilitating commerce between those countries.
Peter the Great lays the foundation of St. Petersburg. See "FOUNDING OF ST.PETERSBURG," xii, 319.
Defeat of Augustus II by Charles XII at Pultusk.
1704. English conquest of Gibraltar from Spain. "BATTLE OF BLENHEIM." See xii, 327.
At Boston is published the first newspaper in the American colonies ofEngland. See "ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING," viii, i.
Sack, burning, and massacre of the inhabitants of Deerfield, Massachusetts, by French and Indians.
Charles XII completes the subjugation of Poland.
1705. Failure of the French and Spaniards in an attempt to recapture Gibraltar.
Invasion of Spain by the English under the Earl of Peterborough; capture ofBarcelona.
1706. Battle of Ramillies; Marlborough defeats the French under Villeroi.
Unsuccessful attempt of the French and Spaniards on Barcelona. Birth ofBenjamin Franklin.
1707. Sanction of the Union of England and Scotland by the Scotch Parliament. See "UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND," xii, 341.
Charles XII subjugates Saxony; he dictates the Peace of Altranstaedt.
1708. Russia invaded by Charles XII.
Battle of Oudenarde; victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over theDukes of Burgundy and Venddme.
1709. Annihilation of the army of Charles XII at Poltava See "DOWNFALL OF CHARLES XII," xii, 352.
Invasion of Sweden by the Danes. Recovery of Poland by Augustus II.
1710. Expulsion of the Danes from Sweden by Stenbock. Request of the Irish Parliament for union with that of Great Britain. "CAPTURE OF PORT ROYAL, CANADA." See xii, 373.
1711. After further successes in Flanders, Marlborough is removed from command; the Whig ministry falls in England.
Under Walker, the English and New England forces make an unsuccessful attempt on Canada.
Having taken up arms for Charles XII, the Turks nearly achieve the ruin of Peter the Great, whose army is hemmed in near the Pruth River; peace arranged, the Turks recovering Azov and other towns.
%1712%. Peace conference at Utrecht.
Newspapers come under the operation of the Stamp Act, in England; so many discontinue publication that it is called the "Fall of the Leaf."
Second Toggenburg War between the Reformed and Catholic cantons ofSwitzerland.
%1713%. Peace of Utrecht ending the War of the Spanish Succession. Great Britain acquires Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay, and the Isle of St. Kitts; with the title of king the Duke of Savoy is ceded Sicily by Spain, and by France, Savoy and Nice with certain fortified places; the King of Prussia exchanges the principality of Orange and Châlons for Spanish Gelderland, Neuchâtel, and Valengin; Spain cedes to Austria, Naples, Milan, Spanish Tuscany, and sovereignty over the Spanish Netherlands; the harbor and fortifications of Dunkirk to be destroyed.
Charles I issues the Pragmatic Sanction securing succession to the female line in default of male issue.
%1714%. Establishment of the Clarendon Press at Oxford, from the profits of Clarendon'sHistory of the Rebellion.
Death of Anne and accession in England of George (I), Elector of Hanover.
Capture of Barcelona by the French and Spanish forces; the citizens deprived of their liberties.
Fahrenheit invents his thermometer.
%1715%. Jacobite rebellion in Britain in behalf of the Pretender.
Death of Louis XIV; he is succeeded by his great-grandson, Louis XV; theDuke of Orléans regent.
A Barrier Treaty made between Austria, England, and Holland; it gave theDutch a right to garrison certain places in the Austrian Netherlands.