Events treated at length are here indicated in large type; the numerals following give volume and page.
Separate chronologies of the various nations, and of the careers of famous persons, will be found in the Index Volume.
1910. The United States established an annual meeting of State Governors as a new machinery of government. See "THE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF GOVERNORS," XXI, 1.
Chile and Argentina completed the first railroad crossing the AndesMountains.
A naval revolt in Brazil, finally pacified.
Mrs. Eddy, founder of Christian Science, died.
King Edward VII of England died and was succeeded by his son, George V.
The various British provinces in South Africa united in a single confederation. See "UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA," XXI, 17.
The "Labor" party gained complete control of power in Australia underMr. Fisher as Prime Minister.
A Revolution made Portugal a republic. See "PORTUGAL BECOMES AREPUBLIC," XXI, 28.
In Paris there were unprecedented floods, and many people were killed.
In Greece a National Assembly was called, and the Constitution was revised.
The new Turkish government faced revolts in Albania and other provinces.
Russia completed the destruction of Finnish liberty. See "THE CRUSHINGOF FINLAND," XXI, 47.
In Egypt the native Prime Minister Boutros Pasha was assassinated;England adopted severe repressive measures.
In Persia, Morgan Shuster, an American, undertook the financial administration of the new constitutional government.
Corea was formally annexed by Japan.
China began establishing representative assemblies in each province, also a National Senate, in preparation for an elective government. Tumultuous demands made for a Constitution.
1911. Widespread use of automobiles seemed to establish an Automobile Age; unprecedented records of speed made. See "MAN'S FASTEST MILE," XXI, 73.
The Woman Suffrage movement gained a most important step by its victory in California. See "WOMAN SUFFRAGE," XXI, 156.
A Canadian movement for trade reciprocity with the United States led to suggestions of annexation and was then vehemently rejected.
Renewed persecution of the Jews in Russia led the United States to abrogate her long-standing Russian treaties.
In Mexico President Diaz was overthrown by a revolution headed byFrancisco Madero. See "THE FALL OF DIAZ," XXI, 96.
In England the Liberals took almost all power from the House of Lords.See "FALL OF THE ENGLISH HOUSE OF LORDS," XXI, 113.
Germany made Alsace-Lorraine a State of the Empire, partly self-governing.
A French protectorate was established over Morocco; Germany objected and war came very close. See "MILITARISM," XXI, 186.
Spain faced a naval mutiny and proclaimed universal martial law.
In Italy a noted Camorrist trial was held at Viterbo, breaking the criminal power. Italy attacked Turkey and snatched away her last African province. See "THE TURKISH-ITALIAN WAR," XXI, 140.
The Russian prime minister Stolypin was assassinated by revolutionists.
In Persia the exiled Shah invaded the country and was again defeated and expelled; Russia demanded the expulsion of Mr. Shuster. The Persian parliament refused submission, and Russia invaded Persia, overthrew the government, and compelled submission to all her demands. See "PERSIA'S LOSS OF LIBERTY," XXI, 199.
In Japan a widespread anarchistic murder plot was discovered and suppressed.
In China a revolt for a republic began at Wuchang in October; theManchu court made Yuan Shi-kai dictator; he summoned a NationalAssembly. All southern China joined the republic movement under Sun YatSen; Nanking captured and made capital of the Republic. See "THECHINESE REVOLUTION," XXI, 238.
1912. Surgeons established the possibility of keeping human tissues and organs alive outside the body, and even transferring them from one body to another. See "OUR PROGRESSING KNOWLEDGE OF LIFE SURGERY," XXI, 273.
England and France made arbitration treaties with the United States.See "A STEP TOWARD WORLD PEACE," XXI, 259.
New Mexico and Arizona were admitted to United States statehood; the close of the old territorial system within the mainland of the United States.
The United States presidential election resulted in almost a political revolution. Woodrow Wilson was elected to power by the "Progressive Democrats." See "THE NEW DEMOCRACY," XXI, 323.
In Canada the French of Ontario province made vigorous protest against efforts to Anglicize them.
In England there were extensive coal strikes; the Liberals prepared aHome Rule bill and Ulster threatened rebellion.
German Socialists made such gains in the German election that they became the strongest political party in the Empire.
The suffrage was extended in Italy, so as to include almost all adult males.
In Spain, prime minister Canalejas was assassinated by anarchists.
The Balkan States formed a league against Turkey, and Montenegro precipitated a war in which Bulgaria, Greece, and Servia joined her. See "THE OVERTHROW OF TURKEY," XXI, 282.
Turkey made peace with Italy so as to meet her new foes. Turks everywhere defeated by the Balkan League; Bulgarians defeated Turks in chief battle of Lule-Burgas, and besieged Adrianople.
The European Powers intervened for peace. In India England transferred the official capital to Delhi, the ancient Mogul capital.
In China, the north and south came to an agreement; the Manchu emperor abdicated and Yuan Shi-kai was made temporary president. Peking was made the capital of the new republic. See "THE CHINESE REVOLUTION," XXI, 238.
The great Japanese Emperor Mutsuhito died.
1913. Two amendments were made to the United States Constitution. See "THE INCOME TAX IN AMERICA," XXI, 338.
The progressive Democrats under President Wilson passed a Low-Tariff bill, an Income-Tax, law and a Currency-Revision law. Several arbitration treaties were made with smaller nations.
In Mexico a revolution overthrew President Madero, and Huerta became dictator. See "MEXICO PLUNGED INTO ANARCHY," XXI, 300.
A political strike of half a million laborers in Belgium forced the government to abandon the "plural voting" system.
The "Liberals" ousted the Labor party from control of the government ofAustralia.
Peace negotiations between the Balkan League and Turkey broke down; theBulgarians and Servians captured Adrianople and beleagueredConstantinople; the Greeks captured Janina and their fleet capturedTurkish islands; peace left Turkey expelled from all Europe exceptConstantinople. See "THE OVERTHROW OF TURKEY," XXI, 282.
The European Powers refused to let the Balkan States take all the conquered territory, and established the new state of Albania with a German king; Servia especially aggrieved at Austrian interference.
The Balkan States quarreled; Bulgaria attacked Greece and Servia; Roumania joined them, and the three allies crushed Bulgaria. Turkey regained a portion of her territory from Bulgaria. General peace followed. See "THE SECOND BALKAN WAR," XXI, 350.
King George of Greece assassinated; Greece became the chief state of the eastern Mediterranean.
The Arabs took advantage of the Turkish defeat to reassert complete independence.
In China Yuan Shi-kai was elected as the first regular president of the republic; he had much trouble with his parliament.
The United States was forced to intervene in Mexico, and seized VeraCruz.
Renewed racial bitterness in Japan against the United States because of persistent exclusion of emigrants.
The Canadian steamshipEmpress of Irelandsank with loss of a thousand lives.
In Peru, a revolt overthrew the president and established a new and more liberal government.
Irish Home Rule bill passed by the English Parliament despite violent opposition.
Woman Suffrage voted in the Denmark parliament.
Severe labor riots in Italy.
The Albanians revolted against the foreign king imposed on them by thePowers.
The Archduke of Austria and his wife were assassinated in Bosnia by a revengeful Serb.
Turkey began reconstructing her navy under British guidance; and Greece purchased warships from the United States.
The Chinese president dissolved his parliament and assumed dictatorial power, promising to resign it when the people were trained in political knowledge.
The long-threatened European War broke out at last.