Chapter 4

You can make out "image of law," "my shuffle," "matchville," etc., etc.,as far as you like to work it out.Now, suppose you wished to memorize the fact that $1,000,000 in goldweighs 3,685 pounds, you go about it in this way, and here is the kerneland crux of Loisette's system: "How much does $1,000,000 in gold weigh?""Weigh-scales.""Scales--statue of justice.""Statue of Justice--image of law."The process is simplicity itself. The thing you wish to recall, and thatyou fear to forget, is the weight; consequently you cement your chain ofsuggestion to the idea which is most prominent in your mental question.What do you weigh with? Scales. What does the mental picture of scalessuggest? The statue of Justice, blindfolded and weighing out award andpunishment to man. Finally, what is this statue of Justice but the imageof law? And the words "image of law," translated back from thesignificant letters m, g soft, f and 1, give you 3--6--8--5, the numberof pounds in $1,000,000 in gold. You bind together in your mind eachseparate step in the journey, the one suggests the other, and you willfind a year from now that the fact will be as fresh in your memory as itis today. You cannot lose it. It is chained to you by an unbreakablemnemonic tie. Mark that it is not claimed that "weight" will of itselfsuggest "scales," and "scales" "statue of Justice," etc., but that,having once passed your attention up and down that ladder of ideas, yourmental tendency will be to take the same route, and get to the same goalagain and again. Indeed, beginning with the weight of $1,000,000, "imageof law" will turn up in your mind without your consciousness of anyintermediate station on the way, after some iteration and reiteration ofthe original chain.Again, so as to fasten the process in the reader's mind even morefirmly, suppose that it were desired to fix the date of the battle ofHastings (A. D. 1066) in the memory; 1066 may be represented by thewords "the wise judge" (th--1, s--0, j--6, dg--6; the others arenon-significants); a chain might be made thus:Battle of Hastings--arbitrament of war.Arbitrament of war--arbitration.Arbitration--judgment.Judgment--the wise judge.Make mental pictures, connect ideas, repeat words and sounds, go aboutit any way you please, so that you will form a mental habit ofconnecting the "battle of Hastings" with the idea of "arbitrament ofwar," and so on for the other links in the chain, and the work is done.Loisette makes the beginning of his system unnecessarily difficult, tosay nothing of his illogical arrangement in the grammar of the art ofmemory, which he makes the first of his lessons. He analyzes suggestioninto--1. Inclusion.2. Exclusion.3. Concurrence.All of which looks very scientific and orderly, but is really misleadingand badly named. The truth is that one idea will suggest another:1. By likeness or opposition of meaning, as "house" suggests "room" or"door," etc.; or, "white" suggests "black"; "cruel," "kind," etc.2. By likeness of sound, as "harrow" and "barrow"; "Henry" and"Hennepin."3. By mental juxtaposition, a peculiarity different in each person, anddepending upon each one's own experiences. Thus, "St. Charles" suggests"railway bridge" to me, because I was vividly impressed by the breakingof the Wabash bridge at that point. "Stable" and "broken leg" come neareach other in my experience, as do "cow" and "shot-gun" and "licking."Out of these three sorts of suggestion it is possible to get from anyonefact to another in a chain certain and safe, along which the mind may bedepended upon afterwards always to follow.The chain is, of course, by no means all. Its making and its bindingmust be accompanied by a vivid, methodically directed attention, whichturns all the mental light gettable in a focus upon the subject passingacross the mind's screen. Before Loisette was thought of this was known.In the old times in England, in order to impress upon the mind of therising generation the parish boundaries in the rural districts, the boyswere taken to each of the landmarks in succession, the position andbearing of each pointed out carefully, and, in order to deepen theimpression, the young people were then and there vigorously thrashed--amechanical method of attracting the attention which was said never tohave failed. This system has had its supporters in many of theold-fashioned schools, and there are men who will read these lines whocan recall, with an itching sense of vivid impression, the 144 lickingswhich were said to go with the multiplication table.In default of a thrashing, however, the student must cultivate as besthe can an intense fixity of perception upon every fact or word or datethat he wishes to make permanently his own. It is easy. It is a matterof habit. If you will, you can photograph an idea upon your cerebralgelatine so that neither years nor events will blot it out or overlayit. You must be clearly and distinctly aware of the thing you areputting into your mental treasure-house, and drastically certain of thecord by which you have tied it to some other thing of which you aresure. Unless it is worth your while to do this, you might as wellabandon any hope of mnemonic improvement, which will not come withoutthe hardest kind of hard work, although it is work that will growconstantly easier with practice and reiteration. You need, then:1. Methodic suggestion.2. Methodic attention.3. Methodic reiteration.And this is all there is to Loisette, and a great deal it is. Two ofthem will not do without the third. You do not know how many steps thereare from your hall door to your bedroom, though you have attended to andoften reiterated the journey. But if there are twenty of them, and youhave once bound the word "nice," or "nose," or "news" or "hyenas," tothe fact of the stairway, you can never forget it.The Professor makes a point, and very wisely, of the importance ofworking through some established chain, so that the whole may be carriedaway in the mind--not alone for the value of the facts so boundtogether, but for the mental discipline so afforded.Here, then, is the "President Series," which contains the name and dateof inauguration of each President from Washington to Cleveland. Themanner in which it is to be mastered is this: Beginning at the top, tryto find in your mind some connection between each word and the onefollowing it. See how you can at some future time make one suggest thenext, either by suggestion of sound or sense, or by mentaljuxtaposition. When you have found this dwell on it attentively for amoment or two. Pass it backward and forward before you, and then go onto the next step.The chain runs thus, the names of the President being in capitals, thedate words or date phrases being inclosed in parentheses:President  Chosen for the first word as the one most apt to occur to themind of anyone wishing to repeat the names of the Presidents.Dentist       President and dentist.Draw          What does a dentist do?(To give up)  When something is drawn from one it is given up.This is a date phrase meaning 1789.WASHINGTON.   Associate the quality of self-sacrifice withWashington's character.Morning wash   Washington and wash.Dew            Early wetness and dew.Flower beds    Dew and flowers.(Took a bouquet)  Flowers and bouquet. Date phrase (1797),Garden         Bouquet and garden.Eden           The first garden.Adam           Juxtaposition of thought.ADAMS          Suggestion by sound.Fall           Juxtaposition of thought.Failure        Fall and failure.(Deficit)      Upon failure there is usually a deficitDate word (1801).Debt           The consequence of a deficit.Confederate bonds   Suggestion by meaning.Jefferson Davis    Juxtaposition of thought.JEFFERSON.Now follow out the rest for yourself, taking about ten at a time, andbinding those you do last to those you have done before, each time,before attacking the next bunch.JEFFERSONJudge Jeffreys(bloody assize)bereavement(too heavy a sob)parental griefmad sonMADISONMaderiafrustratingfirst-rate wine(defeating)feettoe the linerowMONROErowboatsteamerside-splitting(divert)annoyharassingHARRISONOld Harrythe tempter(the fraud)painted claybaked claytilesTYLERWat Tylerpoll taxcompulsory(free will)free offeringburnt offeringpokerPOLKend of dancetermination "ly"(adverb)part of speechpart of a manTAYLORmeasurertheodoilte(Theophilus)fill usFILLMOREmore fuelthe flameflambeaubowarrowPIERCEhurt (feeling)woundsoldiercannonBUCHANANrebukeofficial censure(to officiate)weddinglinkedLINCOLNcivil serviceward politician(stop 'em)stop procession(tough boy)Little BenHarryHARRISONTippecanoetariff tooknapsackwar-field(the funnel)windpipethroatquinzyQUINCY ADAMSquincefine fruit(the fine boy)sailor boysailorjack tarJACKSONstone wallindomitable(tough make)oaken furniturebureauVAN BURENrentlinkstrollseashoretakegiveGRANTawardschool premiumexaminationcramming(fagging)laborerhay fieldHAYEShazyclear(vivid)brightly lightedcamp-firewar-fieldGARFIELDGuiteaumurdererprisonerprison fare(half fed)well fedwell readauthorARTHURround tabletea cup(half full)dividecleaveCLEVELANDCity of Clevelandtwotwice(the heavy shell)molluskunfamiliar worddictionaryJohnson'sJOHNSONsonbad son(thievish bay)dishonest boy(back)MacMcKINLEYkillCzolgosz(zees)seizeruffianrough riderrouseROOSEVELTsizeheavyfatTAFTIt will be noted that some of the date words, as "free will," only givethree figures of the date, 845; but it is to be supposed that if thestudent knows that many figures in the date of Polk's inauguration hecan guess the other one.The curious thing about this system will now become apparent. If thereader has learned the series so that he can say it down from Presidentto Taft, he can with no effort, and without any further preparation, sayit backwards from Taft up to the commencement! There could be no betterproof that this is the natural mnemonic system. It proves itself by itsworks.The series should be repeated backward and forward every day for amonth, and should be supplemented by a series of the reader's ownmaking, and by this one, which gives the numbers from 0 to 100, andwhich must be chained together before they can be learned:0--hoes1--wheat2--hen3--home4--hair5--oil6--shoe7--hook8--off9--bee10--daisy11--tooth12--dine13--time14--tower15--dell16--ditch17--duck18--dove21--hand19--tabby20--hyenas22--nun23--name24--owner25--nail26--hinge27--ink28--knife29--knob30--muse31--Mayday32--hymen33--mama34--mare35--mill36--image37--mug38--muff39--mob40--race41--hart42--horn43--army44--warrior45--royal46--arch47--rock48--wharf49--rope50--wheels51--lad52--lion53--lamb54--lair55--lily56--lodge57--lake58--leaf59--elbow60--chess61--cheat62--chain63--sham64--chair65--jail66--judge67--jockey68--shave69--ship70--eggs71--gate72--gun73--comb74--hawker75--coal76--cage77--cake78--coffee79--cube80--vase81--feet82--vein83--fame84--fire85--vial86--fish87--fig88--fife89--fib90--piles91--putty92--pane93--bomb94--bier95--bell96--peach98--beef97--book99--pope100--diocese[Transcriber's note: Items 21, 19, 20, 22 are shown as printed.]By the use of this table, which should be committed as thoroughly as thePresident series, so that it can be repeated backward and forward, anydate, figure or number can be at once constructed, and bound by theusual chain to the fact which you wish it to accompany.When the student wishes to go farther and attack larger problems thanthe simple binding of two facts together, there is little in Loisette'ssystem that is new, although there is much that is good. If it is a bookthat is to be learned as one would prepare for an examination, eachchapter is to be considered separately. Of each an epitome is to bewritten in which the writer must exercise all of his ingenuity to reducethe matter in hand to its final skeleton of fact. This he is to committo memory both by the use of the chain and the old system ofinterrogation. Suppose after much labor through a wide space of languageone boils a chapter or an event down to the final irreducible sediment:"Magna Charta was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede."You must now turn this statement this way and that way; asking yourselfabout it every possible and impossible question, gravely considering theanswers, and, if you find any part of it especially difficult toremember, chaining it to the question which will bring it out. Thus,"What was exacted by the barons from King John at Runnymede?" "MagnaCharta." "By whom was Magna Charta exacted from King John at Runnymede?""By the barons." "From whom was," etc., etc.? "King John." "From whatking," etc., etc.? "King John." "Where was Magna Charta," etc., etc.?"At Runnymede."And so on and so on, as long as your ingenuity can suggest questions toask, or points of view from which to consider the statement. Your mindwill be finally saturated with the information, and prepared to spill itout at the first squeeze of the examiner. This, however, is not new. Itwas taught in the schools hundreds of years before Loisette was born.Old newspaper men will recall in connection with it Horace Greeley'sstatement that the test of a news item was the clear and satisfactorymanner in which a report answered the interrogatories, "What?" "When?""Where?" "Who?" "Why?"In the same way Loisette advises the learning of poetry, e. g.:"The Assyrian came down like the wolf on the fold.""Who came down?""How did the Assyian come down?""Like what animal did?" etc.And so on and so on, until the verses are exhausted of every scrap ofinformation to be had out of them by the most assiduouscross-examination.Whatever the reader may think of the availability or value of this partof the system, there are so many easily applicable tests of the worth ofmuch that Loisette has done, that it may be taken with the rest.Few people, to give an easy example, can remember the value of the ratiobetween the circumference and the diameter of the circle beyond fourplaces of decimals, or at most six--3.141592. Here is the value to 108decimal places:3.14159265.3589793238.4626433832.7950288419.7169399375.1058209749.-4459230781.6406286208.9986280348.2534211706.7982148086 plus.By a very simple application of the numerical letter values these 108decimal places can be carried in the mind and recalled about as fast asyou can write them down. All that is to be done is to memorize thesenonsense lines:Mother Day will buy any shawl.My love pick up my new muff.A Russian jeer may move a woman.Cables enough for Utopia.Get a cheap ham pie by my cooley.The slave knows a bigger ape.I rarely hop on my sick foot.Cheer a sage in a fashion safe.A baby fish now views my wharf.Annually Mary Ann did kiss a jay,A cabby found a rough savage.Now translate each significant into its proper value and you have thetask accomplished. "Mother Day," m--3, th--l, r--4, d--l, and so on.Learn the lines one at a time by the method of interrogatories. "Whowill buy any shawl?" "Which Mrs. Day will buy a shawl?" "Is Mother Dayparticular about the sort of shawl she will buy?" "Has she bought ashawl?" etc., etc. Then cement the end of each line to the beginning ofthe next one, thus, "Shawl"--"warm garment"--"warmth"--"love"--"mylove," and go on as before. Stupid as the work may seem to you, you canmemorize the figures in fifteen minutes this way so that you will notforget them in fifteen years. Similarly you can take Haydn's Dictionaryof Dates and turn fact after fact into nonsense lines like these whichyou cannot lose.And this ought to be enough to show anybody the whole art. If you lookback across the sands of time and find out that it is that ridiculousold "Thirty days hath September" which comes to you when you are tryingto think of the length of October--if you can quote your old prosody,"O datur ambiguis," etc.,with much more certainty than you can serve up your Horace; if, in fine,jingles and alliterations, wise and otherwise, have stayed with you,while solid and serviceable information has faded away, you may becertain that here is the key to the enigma of memory.You can apply it yourself in a hundred ways. If you wish to clinch inyour mind the fact that Mr. Love lives at 485 Dearborn Street, what ismore easy than to turn 485 into the word "rifle" and chain the ideastogether, say thus: "Love--happiness--good time--picnic--forest--wood--rangers--range--rifle range--rifle fineweapon--costly weapon--dearly bought--Dearborn."Or if you wish to remember Mr. Bowman's name and you notice he has amole on his face which is apt to attract your attention when you nextsee him, cement the ideas thus:"Mole, mark, target, archer, Bowman."MEMORY RHYMES.The Months.Thirty days hath September,April, June and November;All the rest have thirty-one,But February, which has twenty-eight alone.Except in leap-year; then's the timeWhen February's days are twenty-nine.Birthdays.Monday for health,Tuesday for wealth,Wednesday best of all,Thursday for crosses,Friday for losses,Saturday no luck at all.The lines refer to the days of the week as birthdays. They are, in idea,the same as the more familiar lines:Monday's child is fair of face,Tuesday's child is full of grace;Wednesday's child is merry and glad,Thursday's child is sorry and sad;Friday's child is loving and giving;Saturday's child must work for its living;While the child that is born on the Sabbath dayIs blithe and bonny and good and gay.Short Grammar.Three little words you often seeAre Articles, a, an, and the.A Noun's the name of any thing,As school, or garden, hoop, or swing.Adjectives tell the kind of noun,As great, small, pretty, white, or brown.Instead of Nouns the Pronouns stand--His head, her face, your arm, my hand.Verbs tell something to be done--To read, count, laugh, sing, jump or run.How things are done the Adverbs tell--As slowly, quickly, ill or well.Conjunctions join the words together--As men and women, wind or weather.The Preposition stands beforeThe noun, as in or through the door.The Interjection shows surprise--As Oh! how pretty, Ah! how wise.The whole are called nine parts of speech,Which reading, writing, speaking teach.To Tell the Age of Horses.To tell the age of any horse,Inspect the lower jaw, of course;The six front teeth the tale will tell,And every doubt and fear dispel.Two middle "nippers" you beholdBefore the colt is two weeks old,Before eight weeks will two more come;Eight months the "corners" cut the gum.The outside grooves will disappearFrom middle two in just one year.In two years, from the second pair;In three, the corners, too, are bare.At two the middle "nippers" drop;At three, the second pair can't stop.When four years old the third pair goes;At five a full new set he shows.The deep black spots will pass from viewAt six years from the middle two.The second pair at seven years;At eight the spot each "corner" clears.From middle "nippers" upper jaw,At nine the black spots will withdraw.The second pair at ten are white;Eleven finds the "corners" light.As time goes on, the horsemen know,The oval teeth three-sided grow;They longer get, project before,Till twenty, when we know no more.Bees.A swarm of bees in MayIs worth a load of hay;A swarm of bees in JuneIs worth a silver spoon;A swarm of bees in JulyIs not worth a fly.The Cuckoo.May--sings all the day;June--changes his tune;July--prepares to fly;August--go he must.Rules for Riding.Keep up your head and your heart,Your hands and your heels keep down,Press your knees close to your horse's side,And your elbows close to your own.HAPPINESS DEFINED.Wanting nothing and knowing it.The mental sunshine of content.A "will-o'-the-wisp" which eludes us even when we grasp it.Excelsior! The ever-retreating summit on the hill of our ambition.The prize at the top of a greasy pole which is continually slipping fromone's grasp.The only thing a man continues to search for after he has found it.The bull's-eye on the target at which all the human race are shooting.The goal erected for the human race, which few reach, being too heavilyhandicapped.A wayside flower growing only by the path of duty.A bright and beautiful butterfly, which many chase but few can take.The interest we receive from capital invested in good works.The birthright of contentment.A treasure which we search for far and wide, though oft-times it islying at our feet.The summer weather of the mind.APPALLING DEPTHS OF SPACE.Distances that Stun the Mind and Baffle Comprehension."The stars," though appearing small to us because of their immensedistance, are in reality great and shining suns. If we were to escapefrom the earth into space, the moon, Jupiter, Saturn, and eventually thesun would become invisible. Mizar, the middle star in the tail of theGreat Bear, is forty times as heavy as the sun. To the naked eye thereare five or six thousand of these heavenly bodies visible.Cygni is the nearest star to us in this part of the sky. Alpha Centauri,in the constellation of Centaur, in the Southern Hemisphere, is thenearest of all the stars. The sun is off 93,000,000 miles; multiply thisby 200,000, and the result is, roughly speaking, 20,000,000,000,000; andthis is the distance we are from Alpha Centauri. At the speed of anelectric current, 180,000 miles per second, a message to be sent from apoint on the earth's surface would go seven times around the earth inone second. Let it be supposed that messages were sent off to thedifferent heavenly bodies. To reach the moon at this rate it would takeabout one second. In eight minutes a message would get to the sun, andallowing for a couple of minutes' delay, one could send a message to thesun and get an answer all within twenty minutes. But to reach AlphaCentauri it would take three years; and as this is the nearest of thestars, what time must it take to get to the others? If, when Wellingtonwon the battle of Waterloo, in 1815, the news had been telegraphed offimmediately, there are some stars so remote that it would not yet havereached them. To go a step further, if in 1066 the result of the NormanConquest had been wired to some of these stars, the message would stillbe on its way.SENATOR VEST'S EULOGY ON THE DOG."Gentlemen of the Jury: The best friend a man has in this world may turnagainst him and become his enemy. His son and daughter that he hasreared with loving care may become ungrateful. Those who are nearest anddearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name,may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has he maylose. It flies away from him when he may need it most. Man's reputationmay be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people whoare prone to fall on their knees and do us honor when success is with usmay be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles itscloud upon our head. The one absolutely unselfish friend a man may havein this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one thatnever proves ungrateful or treacherous, is the dog."Gentlemen of the jury, A man's dog stands by him in prosperity andpoverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground,when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he maybe near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food tooffer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with theroughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as ifhe were a prince."When all other friends desert, he remains, when riches take wings andreputation falls to pieces he is as constant in his love as the sun inits journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth anoutcast into the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asksno higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him againstdanger, to fight against his enemies, and when the last scene of allcomes and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laidaway in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue theirway, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his headbetween his paws and his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness,faithful and true even to death."HEALTH AND BEAUTYWOULD YOU BE BEAUTIFUL?In womanly beauty the excellences expected and looked for are faultlesssymmetry of form and feature and a complexion varying in hue as the mindis affected by internal emotion, but with an expression of purity,gentleness, sensibility, refinement and intelligence.Moore, the poet, has given expression to his ideal of beauty in thefollowing lines:"This was not the beauty--Oh, nothing like this,That to young Nourmahal gave such magic bliss;But that loveliness, ever in motion, which playsLike the light upon autumn's shadowy days."Now here and now there, giving warmth as it fliesFrom the lips to the cheek, from the cheek to the eyes;Now melting in mist, and now breaking in gleamsLike the glimpses a saint has of heavenly dreams."Wordsworth expressed himself in the following lines:"He was among the prime in worth,An object beauteous to behold;Well born, well bred; I sent him forthIngenuous, innocent, and bold."Perhaps you ask how you can attain beauty if you do not possess it; or,if you have some of its qualities, how you may get those you arelacking. If you will practice the following rules you will grow more andmore beautiful in the eyes of others, even if age does bring gray hairand a wrinkled skin:First.--Cleanliness is next to godliness. Practice it in every featureof your daily life.Second.--Have some purpose to achieve and steadfastly work to attain it.Third--Cultivate self-discipline; be master of your passions, under allcircumstances.Fourth.--Study to know the laws of life that yield harmony and goodhealth and obey them. Look on the bright side of life always.Fifth.--Avoid intemperance in all things.Sixth.--Cultivate every mental and bodily quality that will make youfirm in goodness, strong and physically able to be useful to your kind,generous and broad-minded, self-sacrificing, and you will daily andhourly be lovely and grow into the beautiful.CARE OF THE SCALP AND HAIR.Beautiful hair, beautiful skin and a beautiful form are the three graceswhich are the birthright of every woman, but which, through lack of goodjudgment and common sense, or through thoughtlessness on the part ofmothers of growing children, comparatively few possess.Beautiful hair is one of nature's greatest gifts, and yet we never seemto appreciate it until there is danger of losing it, or until it becomesfaded and lusterless because we have not used the right means forpreserving it.The beauty and continuance of the hair depend upon its propernourishment, gained by the circulation of blood through the scalp, andthis must be maintained to keep the hair in good condition.The structure of the hair is very beautiful, and each hair is containedin a delicate sheath which fits into a slight depression in the skincalled the follicle, and around the base of the hair nature has providedglands to secrete oily matter, the purpose of which is to keep the hairglossy.In early maturity the hair reaches the state of greatest beauty, and atthis time the greatest care should be given it, feeding and nourishingit as we would a plant--giving it plenty of air and sunlight, carefullyshampooing at least once in ten days. Massage the scalp to keep it looseand flexible. Use electricity, a good tonic, and occasionally singe thesplit ends.If this process is commenced at the right time, the result will be fewercases of baldness in men and thin, poor hair in women.The hair should also be worn loosely, forming a soft frame for the face,which is always more becoming than tightly drawn hair. Many women dragtheir hair out by the roots by tying back too firmly.CARE OF THE SKIN.A beautiful skin is smooth, soft and clear; the color varies indifferent individuals. In perfect health it is moist and with thedelicate shading of a flower--climate, hair and eyes, of course,determining the color, and the continued beauty of it depending uponpure blood, fresh air and sunlight, also perfect cleanliness and care.The pores should always be kept free from obstruction and extremes ofheat and cold avoided as much as possible. In health, the care of theskin is a simple matter, massage being a great factor, assisted alwaysby the use of pure creams. A good cleansing cream is a great necessity,as it enters the pores and frees them from dirt, leaving the skin softand pliable, in which condition it is ready to absorb the skin food whenthe finger massage is given, making it possible for the gentle electriccurrent to force the ointment into the deeper layers of the skin, thuseffecting the removal of moth patches, tan, freckles and otherdiscolorations and imperfections. The vibratory massage should follow,the purpose of which is to stimulate the tissues, throwing off worn-outparticles and increasing the circulation of the blood by giving properexercise to the facial muscles, thereby restoring and preserving thecolor and contour, making the skin beautiful, clear, eradicating andpreventing wrinkles.The use of a pure face powder is absolutely necessary. Best results areobtained by using a blended powder, as the skin tint is thus assured.TO DEVELOP THE BUST.A beautiful bust is the desire and admiration of every woman. If naturehas not been kind in this respect, any woman can develop a beautifulbust by exercise, bathing and gentle massage with a good bust ointmentor skin food.Electric massage is very beneficial, and if properly given, brings quickand sure results.Swimming and deep breathing are great aids.CARE OF THE HANDS.A study of the hand is very interesting, and if mothers understood moreof its beautiful construction many of the little accidents which resultin deformed finger nails could be avoided. Mothers should attend mostcarefully to the early cultivation of their children's finger nails, asthe habit of biting them is so easily formed and is sure to permanentlydestroy their beauty.A perfect hand is rounded and plump, soft, white and dimpled, withtapering finger tips and filbert-shaped nails, snowing the littlehalf-moon.It is possible for any woman to have such a hand if she is willing totake time once a week to have the nails treated and to give them alittle personal attention each day. Great care should be taken inwashing the hands. A mild soap should be used, and particular attentionpaid to the thorough drying of them, after which a good cuticle creamshould be applied and well rubbed in. The same cream may be used toloosen the cuticle at the base of the nail, when it can be gently pushedback, thus keeping the half-moon exposed. An orange-wood stick shouldalways be used to clean the nails.Massaging the hands at least once a month aids wonderfully in makingthem symmetrical and keeping the joints flexible and the skin free fromdark spots and wrinkles.INFANT FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT.It is of prime importance in feeding an infant to do this at regularintervals, since during the first three months of its life the feedinghabits of the child should be established, and if care be used in thisregard the child will wake of its own accord at the proper time. Thelast meal at night should be at 11 p. m., and if the child is healthyand will sleep it need not be fed until 3 to 5 a. m. the followingmorning. In both breast and artificial feeding the above applies, andthe same method should be employed; namely, the child should be held inthe arms during the meal, which should last from ten to fifteen minutes.Both in breast and artificial feeding it is possible to overfeed thechild. Many infants are systematically overfed. The young mother shouldunderstand how small an infant's stomach is. At birth it will hold alittle more than an ounce of fluid, or two tablespoonfuls, and at theend of two months only three ounces. If, therefore, the mother persistsin trying to give the child four ounces of food, the child will sufferfrom an excess. Many children during the first few mouths of life bringup their food, and the mother fears that there is some inheritedtendency to weak digestion. It is wrong to feed a child simply becauseit cries, as very frequently it is not a cry of hunger, but one causedby indigestion from overfeeding.If the child is being fed with the bottle it is important that the foodbe given at a temperature of 100 deg. F., or as nearly that as possible;never over; and if the child be fed out of doors in its carriage it iswell to have a flannel bag of some kind to slip over the bottle to keepit at the same temperature until the meal is finished. Many cases ofcolic are caused by inattention to this point.It is a common mistake that when a child cries it needs additional food.There are many cases where a little drink of water is the prime need ofthe child, and great care should be taken that this is heated to theproper temperature, and especially that no water be given to the childexcept that which has been boiled. A few teaspoonfuls should be given tothe child, therefore, several times a day, but aside from that he shouldhave nothing but his regular food until he is at least a year old. Forthe same reason, therefore, if a child be fed by the bottle, the waterused in preparing the food should have been previously boiled, and careshould be exercised not to expose the food to the air during or afterits preparation. It should be remembered that the food of a child mustbe nutritious, and that in this food, especially when at the propertemperature for the infant, bacteria from the air will flourishwonderfully fast, and therefore the food should not be exposed topossible contamination.It is of very great importance that the feeding-bottles be always cleanand sweet. It is an advantage to have several bottles on hand, and alsotwo or three brushes for cleaning. Keep a special vessel, with water inwhich there is a little bicarbonate of soda, so that the moment thebottle is used it may be thoroughly washed and kept in the water. Do notuse a nipple with a rubber tube, but the short, black rubber nipples,which fit over the mouth of the bottle. Do not enlarge the hole in thenipple, so as to make it too easy for the baby to draw its food,otherwise the food being taken so rapidly into the stomach will oftencause pain or vomiting. In washing the nipples turn them inside out andsee that they are as thoroughly cleaned as possible, and keep them foruse in a bottle filled with boiled water with a pinch of boric acidadded.The First Nursing.It is very important that the child should be put to the breastimmediately after it is washed. This is very necessary, both for themother and the child, and prevents subsequent troubles. The fluidcontained in the breast is at this stage called colostrum, and isintended by Nature to act upon the child as a laxative. This firstnursing stimulates the secretion of the milk and causes uterinecontraction, which is very much needed at this time. It is well to washthe infant's mouth out with sterilized water every time it feeds. Forthis purpose use clean water which has been boiled and allowed to cool,or a solution of boric acid in boiled water--5 grains to the ounce ofwater.Infants, as a rule, should be bathed once a day, but never immediatelyafter being nursed or fed. In very warm weather a child may be spongedin the evening as well as in the morning. The water for the bath of ayoung baby should be warm, and the temperature can be judged by testingit with the elbow, which is more sensitive than the hand. Lay a smallblanket on the lap, cover the child with a flannel and sponge it underthe clothes. This prevents it from taking cold from exposure, The roomshould not be cooler than 68 deg. F., and the door must be kept closedto avoid drafts. Use only pure white soap, and a soft cloth is betterthan a sponge. The body should be carefully dried and lightly powderedto absorb any moisture that may remain.THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.THE DERIVATIONS OF THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS.January.--The Roman god Janus presided over the beginning of everything;hence the first month of the year was called after him.February.--The Roman festival Februs was held on the 15th day of thismonth, in honor of Lupercus, the god of fertility.March--Named from the Roman god of war, Mars.April.--Latin, Aprilis, probably derived from aperire, to open; becausespring generally begins, and the buds open in this month.May.--Lat. Maius, probably derived from Maia, a feminine divinityworshiped at Rome on the first day of this month.June.--Juno, a Roman divinity worshiped as the Queen of Heaven.July (Julius)--Julius Caesar was born in this month.August.--Named by the Emperor Augustus Caesar, B. C. 30, after himself,as he regarded it as a fortunate month, being that in which he hadgained several victories.September (septem, or 7).--September was the seventh month in the oldRoman calendar.October (octo, or 8).--Eighth month of the old Roman year.November (novem, or 9).-November was the ninth month in the old Romanyear.December (decem, or 10).--December was the tenth month of the earlyRoman year. About the 21st of this month the sun enters the Tropic ofCapricorn, and forms the winter solstice.DAYS OF THE WEEK.Sunday, (Saxon) Sunnandaed, day of the sun,Monday, (German) Montag, day or the moon.Tuesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Tiwesdaeg, from Tiw, the god of war.Wednesday, (Anglo-Saxon) Wodnesdaeg, from Odin, the god of storms.Thursday, (Danish) Thor, the god of thunder.Friday, (Saxon) Frigedaeg, day of Freya, goddess of marriage.Saturday, the day of Saturn, the god of time.The names of the seven days of the week originated with the Egyptianastronomers. They gave them the names of the sun, moon, and fiveplanets, viz.: Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn.WHAT HOUSEKEEPERS SHOULD REMEMBER.That cold rain water and soap will remove machine grease from washablefabrics.That fish may be scaled much easier by first dipping them into boilingwater for a minute.That fresh meat beginning to sour will sweeten if placed outdoors in thecool air over night.That milk which has changed may be sweetened or rendered fit for useagain by stirring in a little soda.That a tablespoonful of turpentine boiled with your white clothes willgreatly aid the whitening process.That kerosene will soften boots and shoes that have been hardened bywater and will render them as pliable as new.That thoroughly wetting the hair once or twice with a solution of saltand water will keep it from falling out.That salt fish are quickest and best freshened by soaking in sour milk.That salt will curdle new milk; hence, in preparing porridge, gravies,etc., salt should not be added until the dish is prepared.That one teaspoonful of ammonia to a teacup of water, applied with arag, will clean silver or gold jewelry perfectly.That paint stains that are dry and old may be removed from cotton andwoolen goods with chloroform. It is a good plan to first cover the spotwith olive oil or butter.That clear boiling water will remove tea stains. Pour the water throughthe stain and thus prevent it spreading over the fabric.That charcoal is recommended as an absorbent of gases in the milk-roomwhere foul gases are present. It should be freshly powdered and keptthere continually, especially in hot weather, when unwholesome odors aremost liable to infect the milk.That applying kerosene with a rag, when you are about to put your stovesaway for the summer, will prevent them from rusting. Treat your farmingimplements in the same way before you lay them aside for the fall.That a teaspoonful of borax, put in the last water in which clothes arerinsed, will whiten them surprisingly. Pound the borax so it willdissolve easily. This is especially good to remove the yellow that timegives to white garments that have been laid aside for two or threeyears.That a good agency for keeping the air of the cellar sweet and wholesomeis whitewash made of good white lime and water only. The addition ofglue or size, or anything of that kind, only furnishes organic matter tospeedily putrefy. The use of lime in whitewash is not only to give awhite color, but it greatly promotes the complete oxidation of effluviain the cellar air. Any vapors that contain combined nitrogen in theunoxidized form contribute powerfully to the development of diseasegerms.CHARACTER AS SEEN IN FACES.Thick lips indicate genius and conservatism. Large dilating nostrils area sign of poetic temperament and a sensitive nature. A long foreheaddenotes liberality. Arched eyebrows, good ancestry and amiability. Abold, projecting Roman nose indicates enterprise. Delicate nose, goodnature. A large nose, strength of will and character. An eye that looksone cheerfully and frankly in the face shows honesty and faithfulness.Lips slightly curved upward at the ends indicate a fine sense of humor.Soft round cheeks denote gentleness and affection; dimples in thecheeks, roguery; in the chin, one who falls easily in love. A broad chindenotes firmness. Straight lips, firmly closed, resolution. Large earsdenote generosity.BELL TIME ON SHIPBOARD.Time on shipboard is divided into periods of four hours--from midnightto midnight--and the lapse of every half hour is marked by one or morestrokes of the bell--from one stroke for the end of the first half hourto eight strokes or, in nautical language, eight bells, for the end ofthe fourth hour. Thus 12:30 a. m. is 1 bell; 1:00 a. m., 2 bells; 1:30a. m., 3 bells; 2:00 a. m., 4 bells; 2:30 a. m., 5 bells; 3:00 a. m., 6bells; 3:30 a. m., 7 bells; 4:00 a. m., 8 bells. Then 4:30 a. m. isindicated by 1 bell; 5:00 a. m., 2 bells, etc.; 8 bells being sounded at8:00 a. m., 12:00 m., 4:00 p. m., 8:00 p. m. and 12:00 p. m.Four to 8:00 p. m. is divided into two "dog watches" called "first dogwatch" and "last dog watch," so as to change the watches daily;otherwise starboard or port watch would be on deck the same hours dayafter day.QUEER ANALOGIES IN NATURE.The cocoanut is, in many respects, like the human skull, although itclosely resembles the skull of the monkey. A sponge may be so held as toremind one of the unfleshed face of the skeleton, and the meat of anEnglish walnut is almost the exact representation of the brain. Plumsand black cherries resemble the human eyes; almonds, and some othernuts, resemble the different varieties of the human nose, and an openedoyster and its shell are a perfect image of the human ear. The shape ofalmost any man's body may be found in the various kinds of mammothpumpkins. The open hand may be discerned in the form assumed byscrub-willows and growing celery. The German turnip and the eggplantresemble the human heart. There are other striking resemblances betweenhuman organs and certain vegetable forms, The forms of many mechanicalcontrivances in common use may be traced back to the patterns furnishedby nature. Thus, the hog suggested the plow; the butterfly, the ordinaryhinge; the toadstool, the umbrella; the duck, the ship; the fungousgrowth on trees, the bracket. Anyone desirous of proving the oneness ofthe earthly system will find the resemblances in nature a most amusingstudy.--Scientific American.MODERN FABLES.Luxury.Of two cats, one, thinking to be very fine, hunted only humming birds,and the other hunted only mice. The first had to hunt much longer thanthe other, because humming birds were scarce, so that it spent nearlyall its life in getting food, while the other had little trouble to getall it wanted. "How unfortunate it is," said the first cat, "that I haveformed my liking for what is so hard to get and is so little when I haveit."Fastidiousness.A fastidious ox would not drink while standing in the water with hishead turned down stream lest he should soil the water with his feet. Butonce when drinking with his head turned up stream he saw a whole droveof hogs washing in the water above him.Attracting Attention.A flea, which saw many people trying to get the attention of a king andwaiting long for that purpose, said: "Though I am but a little thing, Iwill get his attention." So he jumped up the throne until he got on theking's head. Here he received recognition from the king by a slap, andwhen he boasted to a dog of his success, the latter said: "Some getattention by their merit, others by their demerit. In making yourself anuisance you get recognition before the lords of the realm, but only asa flea."Gambling.A monkey playing with a steel trap got his tail cut off. He went backthe next day to get his tail, when he got his foot cut off. "Now," hesaid, "I will go back and get both my foot and my tail." He went back,and the third time he got his head cut off, which ended his monkeyingwith the trap.Mugwumpery.A mule on one side of a fence was discontented because he was not on theother side. He finally jumped over, when he was equally discontentedbecause he was not back again. "Which side of the fence do you want tobe on?" asked a horse. "It does not matter," replied the mule, "providedI am on the other side."The Non-Partisan.A dog, running about in an irregular way, was asked where he was going."I am not going anywhere," replied the dog, "but only running about tolearn where to go."Partisanship.The swans, wishing to drive the peacocks from a park, procured a lawagainst big feet. The peacocks retaliated by getting a counter lawagainst big necks. Soon one side could see nothing but ugly feet, andthe other nothing but long necks. At last they came to think peacockswere all feet and swans all neck.NUMBER OF MILES BY WATER FROM NEW YORK.To Amsterdam, 3,510;Bermudas, 660;Bombay, 11,574;Boston, 310;Buenos Ayres, 7,110;Calcutta, 12,425;Canton, 13,900;Cape Horn, 8,115;Cape of Good Hope, 6,830;Charleston, 750;Columbia River, 15,965;Constantinople, 5,140;Dublin, 3,225;Gibraltar, 3,300;Halifax, 612;Hamburg, 3,775;Havana, 1,420;Havre, 3,210;Kingston, 1,640;Lima, 11,310;Liverpool, 3,210;London, 3,375;Madras, 11,850;Naples, 4,330;New Orleans, 2,045;Panama, 2,358;Pekin, 15,325;Philadelphia, 240;Quebec, 1,400;Rio Janeiro, 3,840;Sandwich Islands, 15,300;San Francisco, 15,858;St. Petersburg, 4,420;Valparaiso, 9,750;Washington, 400;around the Globe, 25,000.BUSINESS LAW IN BRIEFIt is a fraud to conceal a fraud.Ignorance of the law excuses no one.A contract made on a Sunday is void.A contract made with a lunatic is void.The act of one partner binds all the others.An agreement without consideration is void.The law compels no one to do impossibilities.Agents are liable to their principals for errors.Principals are liable for the acts of their agents.A receipt for money paid is not legally conclusive.Signatures made with a lead pencil are good in law.The seal of a party to a written contract imports consideration.A contract made with a minor cannot be enforced against him. A note madeby a minor is voidable.Each individual in a partnership is liable for the whole amount of thedebts of the firm.A note which does not state on its face that it bears interest, willbear interest only after due.A lease of land for a longer term than one year is void unless inwriting.An indorser of a note is exempt from liability if notice of its dishonoris not mailed or served within twenty-four hours of its non-payment.In case of the death of the principal maker of a note, the holder is notrequired to notify a surety that the note is not paid, before thesettlement of the maker's estate. Notes obtained by fraud, or made by anintoxicated person, are not collectible.If no time of payment is specified in a note it is payable on demand.An indorser can avoid liability by writing "without recourse" beneathhis signature.A check indorsed by the payee is evidence of payment in the drawer'shands.An outlawed debt is revived should the debtor make a partial payment.If negotiable paper, pledged to a bank as security for the payment of aloan or debt, falls due, and the bank fails to demand payment and haveit protested when dishonored, the bank is liable to the owner for thefull amount of the paper.Want of consideration--a common defense interposed to the payment ofnegotiable paper--is a good defense between the original parties to thepaper; but after it has been transferred before maturity to an innocentholder for value it is not a defense.Sometimes the holder of paper has the right to demand payment beforematurity; for instance, when a draft has been protested fornon-acceptance and the proper notices served, the holder may at onceproceed against the drawer and indorsers.Negotiable paper, payable to bearer or indorser in blank, which has beenstolen or lost, cannot be collected by the thief or finder, but a holderwho receives it in good faith before maturity, for value, can hold itagainst the owner's claims at the time it was lost.If a note or draft is to be paid in the State where it is made, thecontract will be governed by the laws of that State. When negotiablepaper is payable in a State other than that in which it is made, thelaws of that State will govern it. Marriage contracts, if valid wherethey are made, are valid everywhere. Contracts relating to personalproperty are governed by the laws of the place where made, except thoserelating to real estate, which are governed by the laws of the placewhere the land is situated.THE RIGHT OF DOWER.Dower is one-third of the husband's estate, and in general cannot bedestroyed by the mere act of the husband. Hence, in the sale of realestate by the husband, his wife must, with the husband, sign theconveyance to make the title complete to the purchaser. In the absenceof such signature, the widow can claim full dower rights after thehusband's death. Creditors, also, seize the property subject to suchdower rights.The husband in his will sometimes gives his wife property in lieu ofdowry. In this case, she may, after his death, elect to take either suchproperty or her dower; but she cannot take both. While the husband livesthe wife's right of dower in only inchoate; it cannot be enforced.Should he sell the land to a stranger, she has no right of action orremedy until his death.In all cases the law of the State in which the land is situated governsit, and, as in the case of heirship, full information must be sought forin statute which is applicable.MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE.Marriage may be entered into by any two persons, with the followingexceptions: Idiots, lunatics, persons of unsound mind, persons relatedby blood or affinity within certain degrees prohibited by law, infantsunder the age of consent, which varies in the different States, and allpersons already married and not legally divorced.The causes for which a divorce may be obtained vary greatly in thedifferent States. In South Carolina only fraud and force are recognizedas invalidating the marriage tie, this State having no divorce law. Inthe District of Columbia and all the other States with the exception ofMaryland, Massachusetts, Michigan and Virginia, cruelty is a statutorycause, and desertion in all but New York. In most of the States neglectis also recognized as a valid cause. Imprisonment for crime is a causein all except Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York.Physical inability is a cause in all the States except California,Connecticut, Idaho, North Dakota and Texas. Intemperance, in all butMassachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakotah, Rhode Island,Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia. The time of residence required tosecure a divorce varies from 6 months in Idaho, Nebraska, Nevada andTexas to 3 to 5 years in Massachusetts. In most States it is one year.Remarriage is permitted in all the States having divorce laws exceptGeorgia, and alimony is also provided for in all these States.RIGHTS OF MARRIED WOMEN.Any and all property which a woman owns at her marriage, together withrents, issues and profits thereof, and the property which comes to herby descent, devise, bequest, gift or grant, or which she acquires by hertrade, business, labor, or services performed on her separate account,shall, notwithstanding her marriage, remain her sole and separateproperty, and may be used, collected and invested by her in her ownname, and shall not be subject to the interference or control of herhusband, or be liable for his debts, unless for such debts as may havebeen contracted for the support of herself or children by her as hisagent.A married woman may likewise bargain, sell, assign, transfer and conveysuch property, and enter into contracts regarding the same on herseparate trade, labor or business with the like effect as if she wereunmarried. Her husband, however, is not liable for such contracts, andthey do not render him or his property in any way liable therefor. Shemay also sue and be sued in all matters having relation to her sale andseparate property in the same manner as if she were sole.In the following cases a married woman's contract may be enforcedagainst her and her separate estate: 1. When the contract is created inor respecting the carrying on of the trade or business of the wife. 2.When it relates to or is made for the sole benefit of her sole orseparate estate. 3. When the intention to charge the separate estate isexpressed in the contract creating the liability.When a husband receives a principal sum of money belonging to his wife,the law presumes he receives it for her use, and he must account for it,or expend it on her account by her authority or direction, or that shegave it to him as a gift. If he receives interest or income and spendsit with her knowledge and without objection, a gift will be presumedfrom acquiescence.Money received by a husband from his wife and expended by him, under herdirection, on his land, in improving the home of the family, is a gift,and cannot be recovered by the wife, or reclaimed, or an accountdemanded.An appropriation by a wife, herself, of her separate property to the useand benefit of her husband, in the absence of all agreement to repay, orany circumstances from which such an agreement can be inferred, will notcreate the relation of debtor and creditor, nor render the husbandliable to account.Though no words of gift be spoken, a gift by a wife to her husband maybe shown by the very nature of the transaction, or appear from theattending circumstances.A wife who causelessly deserts her husband is not entitled to the aid ofa court of equity in getting possession of such chattels as she hascontributed to the furnishing and adornment of her husband's house. Herlegal title remains, and she could convey her interest to a third partyby sale, and said party would have a good title, unless her husbandshould prove a gift.Wife's property is not liable to a lien of a sub-contractor formaterials furnished to the husband for the erection of a buildingthereon, where it is not shown that the wife was notified of theintention to furnish the materials, or a settlement made with thecontractor and given to the wife, her agent or trustee.The common law of the United States has some curious provisionsregarding the rights of married women, though in all the States thereare statutory provisions essentially modifying this law. As it nowstands the husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to the wifeeven should he not fail to supply them himself, and is held liable if heturn her from his house, or otherwise separates himself from her withoutgood cause. He is not held liable if the wife deserts him, or if heturns her away for good cause. If she leaves him through good cause,then he is liable. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and sorepresents her, even though this representation is made to one who knowsshe is not, he is liable the same way as if she were his wife.THE LAW OF FINDING.The general rule is that the finder has a clear title against every onebut the owner. The proprietor of a hotel or a shop has no right todemand property of others found on his premises. Such proprietors maymake regulations in regard to lost property which will bind theiremployes, but they cannot bind the public. The finder has been held tostand in the place of the owner, so that he was permitted to prevail inall action against a person who found an article which the plaintiff hadoriginally found, but subsequently lost. The police have no specialrights in regard to articles lost, unless those rights are conferred bystatute. Receivers of articles found are trustees for the owner orfinder. They have no power in the absence of special statute to keep anarticle against the finder, any more than the finder has to retain anarticle against the owner.THE LAW OF COPYRIGHT.The new copyright law, which went into effect July 1, 1909, differs inmany respects from the law previously in force. Its main provisions aregiven below, but those desiring to avail themselves of its protectionshould write to the Register of Copyrights, Library of Congress,Washington, D. C., for full instructions and the necessary blanks. etc.The new law provides that the application for registration of any work"shall specify to which of the following classes the work in whichcopyright is claimed belongs": (a) Books, including composite andcyclopedic works, directories, gazetteers, and other compilations; (b)periodicals, including newspapers; (c) lectures, sermons, addressesprepared for oral delivery: (d) dramatic or dramatico-musicalcompositions; (c) musical compositions; (f) maps; (g) works of art;models or designs for works of art; (h) reproductions of a work of art;(i) drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character:(j) photographs; (k) prints and pictorial illustrations.Necessary Steps to Secure Copyright.For works reproduced in copies for sale: 1. Publish the work with thecopyright notice. The notice may be in the form "Copyright, 19 .....(year date of publication) by (name of copyright proprietor)." 2.Promptly after publication, send to the Copyright Office, Library ofCongress, Washington, D. C., two copies of the best edition of the work,with an application for registration and a money order payable to theRegister of Copyrights for the statutory registration fee of $l.In the case of books by American authors, or permanent residents of theUnited States, the copies deposited must be accompanied by an affidavit,under the official seal of an officer authorized to administer oaths,stating that the typesetting, printing and binding of the book have beenperformed within the United States. Affidavit and application forms willbe supplied on request.Books of foreign origin in a language or languages other than Englishare not required to be manufactured in the United States. In the case ofa book in the English language published abroad before publication inthis country, an ad interim copyright for 30 days may be secured undercertain conditions.Copyright may also be had of certain classes of works (see a, b, c,below) of which copies are not reproduced for sale, by filing anapplication for registration, with the statutory fee of $1, sendingtherewith: (a) in the case of lectures or other oral addresses or ofdramatic or musical compositions, one complete manuscript or typewrittencopy of the work. Registration, however, does not exempt the copyrightproprietor from the deposit of printed copies. (b) In the case ofphotographs not intended for general circulation, one photographicprint. (c) In the case of works of art (paintings, drawings, sculpture),or of drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical character,one photograph or other identifying reproduction of the work. In allthese cases, if the work is later reproduced in copies for sale, suchcopies must be deposited.Duration of Copyright.The original term of copyright runs for twenty-eight years, and may berenewed under certain conditions for a further term of twenty-eightyears, making fifty-six years in all.Assignments.Copyrights are assignable by any instrument of writing.Every assignment of copyright must be recorded in the Copyright Officewithin three months after its execution in the United States or withinsix months after its execution without the limits of the United States.LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN VARIOUS STATES.Jan. 1, New Year's Day. All the States (including District of Columbia),except Mass., Miss. and N. H.Jan. 19, Lee's Birthday. In Ga., Fla., N. C, S. C., Va., Ala., Ark.Feb. 12, Lincoln's Birthday. In Col., Conn., Del., Ill., Kans., Mass.,Minn., Nev., N. J., N. Y., N. Dak., Penn., Wash. and Wyo.Feb. 22. Washington's Birthday. In all the States and District ofColumbia; in Miss., observed in the schools.April 14, 1911, Good Friday. In Ala., Dela., Fla., La., Md., Minn.,N.J., Penn., Tenn.April 19, Patriots' Day. In Me. and Mass.April 26, Confederate Memorial Day. In Ala., Fla., Ga., and Miss.May, second Sunday, Mothers' Day, recognized in sixteen States.May 10, Confederate Memorial Day. In N. C and S. C.; in Tenn., secondFriday of May.May, last Friday, Pioneer Day. In Mont.May 30, Decoration Day. In all States and Territories, and the Districtof Columbia. except Fla., Ga., Ida., La., Miss., N.C., S. C., Tenn.,Tex. In Va., called Confederate Memorial Day.June 3, Jefferson Davis' Birthday. In Fla. Ga., Ala., Miss., Tenn., Tex.and S. C.  In La., called Confederate Memorial Day.July 4, Independence Day. In all States, Territories and the District.Sept. 4, 1911, Labor Day. In all States, Territories and the District.except N. Dak.Oct. 12, Columbus Day. In N. Y., Penn., Ill., Conn., N. J., Mich.,Mont., Calif., O., Md., Ky., and R. I.Nov. 1, All Saints' Day. In La.November--General Election Day. In Ariz., Calif., Col., Del., Fla.,Ida., Ill. (Chicago, Springfield and East St. Louis only), Ind., Ia.,Kans., Ky., La., Md., Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., Nev., N. H., N. J., N.Mex., N. Y., N. C., N. Dak., O. (5:30 a. m. to 9 a. m. only). Okla.,Ore. (Presidential only), Penn., R. I., S. C., S. Dak., Tenn., Tex., W.Va., Wash., Wis., Wyo.By act of March 3, 1875, elections of Representatives in Congress takeplace on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in Nov., 1876, andevery second year thereafter.Nov. 30, 1911, Thanksgiving Day, observed in all the States, Ariz., N.Mex. and the Dist. of Col.December 25, Christmas Day. In all the States, Territories and theDistrict.Arbor Day. In Ariz., Me., Md., N. Mex., Wis., Wyo., and Penn., byappointment of the Governor. Tex., Feb. 22; Neb., Apr. 22; Utah., Apr.15; R. I., second Friday in May; Mont., second Tuesday in May; Ga.,first Friday in December; Col. (in the schools), third Friday in Apr.;Okla., Friday after second Monday in March; Ark., first Saturday inMarch.Half Holidays.Every Saturday after 12 o'clock noon; in Calif., public offices; inIll., cities of 200,000 or more inhabitants; in Md., Mich., N. Y., N.J., O., Penn., R. I., Va., Dist. of Col. (for banking); New Orleans,Charleston, La. and Mo., cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants; in Tenn.(State and county offices); in Col., for June, July, August; in Ind.,from first Saturday in June to last Saturday in October, for publicoffices in counties with a county seat of 100,000 or more population.PRINCIPAL POINTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL LAW.Congress must meet at least once a year.One State cannot undo the acts of another.Congress may admit as many new States as desired.The Constitution guarantees every citizen a speedy trial by jury.A State cannot exercise a power which is vested in Congress alone.One State must respect the laws and legal decisions of another.Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed.U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by jointballot.Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives.A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge in another.The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruelpunishment.Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratifiedby the Senate.In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with NewYork.When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the State laws onthat subject.Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States.There must be an overt act.Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a personconvicted of crime or misdemeanor.The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has the right ofdebate, but not the right to vote.The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, has no votein that body except on a tie ballot.An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto excepton a two-thirds vote of both houses.An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order orhonor without the permission of Congress.Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government.Registering a letter does not insure its contents.It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President forany crime, and the Senate hears the accusation.If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress isstill in session, it becomes a law without his signature.Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender for morethan $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal tender.The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may bere-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish.Amendments to the Constitution requires two-thirds vote of each house ofCongress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the States.When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government,they pass out of the control of the various States under the command ofthe President.The President of the United States must be 35 years of age: a UnitedStates Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been aresident of the United States fourteen years.A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side of a case.It simply decides whether there is good reason to hold for trial. Itconsists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom may indict.A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of theUnited States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equalchance to become President with one born on American soil.CHAMOIS SKINS.The animal from which the chamois skin derives its name inhabits thehigh mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Chamois are mostnumerous in the Alps, where they dwell in small herds and feed on theherbage of the mountain sides. They are about the size of a small goat,dark chestnut-brown in color, with the exception of the forehead, thesides of the lower jaws and the muzzle, which are white. Its horns,rising above the eyes, are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds oftheir length, when they suddenly curve backward.The chamois hunter, provided with a gun, a bag of provisions, aniron-shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping, an ax to cutsteps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points, traverses themountains and follows his prey not only during the day, but also atnight.Nearly all the chamois skins now in the market are made from the skinsof the lamb or sheep. This industry has been largely developed inEngland and France, and these countries have supplied the market of theUnited States almost exclusively until recent years, when themanufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States.WHAT'S IN A NAME?ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN.AAaron, Hebrew, a mountain, or lofty.Abel, Hebrew, vanity.Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many.Absalom, Hebrew, the father of peace.Adam, Hebrew, red earth.Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help.Adrian, Latin, one who helps.Alan, Celtic, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.Albert, Saxon, all bright.Alexander, Greek, a helper of men.Alfred, Saxon, all peace.Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v.Alphonso. German, ready or willing.Ambrose, Greek, immortal.Amos, Hebrew, a burden.Andrew, Greek, courageous.Anthony, Latin, flourishing.Archibald, German, a bold observer.Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor.Arthur, British, a strong man.Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand.BBaldwin, German, a bold winner.Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son.Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who made the waters to rise.Beaumont, French, a pretty mount.Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of a right hand.Bennett, Latin, blessed.Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.Bertrand, German, bright, raven.Boniface, Latin, a well-doer.Brian, French, having a thundering voice.CCadwallader, British, valiant in war.Caesar, Latin, adorned with hair.Caleb, Hebrew, a dog.Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted.Charles, German, noble-spirited.Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ.Clement, Latin, mild-tempered.Conrad, German, able counsel.Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain.Crispin, Latin, having curled locks.Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously.DDaniel, Hebrew, God is judge.David, Hebrew, well-beloved.Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wine.Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray.Duncan, Saxon, brown chief.Dunstan, Saxon, most high.EEdgar, Saxon, happy honor.Edmund, Saxon, happy peace.Edward, Saxon, happy keeper.Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.Egbert, Saxon, ever bright.Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord.Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us.Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated.Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful.Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious.Esau, Hebrew, hairy.Eugene, Greek, nobly descended.Eustace, Greek, standing firm.Evan, or Ivan, British, the same as John.Evard, German, well reported.Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.FFelix, Latin, happy.Ferdinand, German, pure peace.Fergus, Saxon, manly strength.Francis, German, free.Frederic, German, rich peace.`GGabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God.Geoffrey, German, joyful.George, Greek, a husbandman.Gerald, Saxon, all towardliness.Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker.Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold.Giles, Greek, a little goat.Godard, German, a godly disposition.Godfrey, German, God's peace.Godwin, German, victorious in Cod.Griffith, British, having great faith.Guy, French, a leader.HHannibal, Punic, a gracious lord.Harold, Saxon, a champion.Hector, Greek, a stout defender.Henry, German, a rich lord.Herbert, German, a bright lord.Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain.Howel, British, sound or whole.Hubert, German, a bright color.Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty.Humphrey, German, domestic peace.IIgnatius, Latin, fiery.Ingram, German, of angelic purity.Isaac, Hebrew, laughter.JJabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain.Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter.James, or Jaques, beguiling.Job, Hebrew, sorrowing.Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing.John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord.Jonah, Hebrew, a dove.Jonathan. Hebrew, the gift of the Lord.Joseph, Hebrew, addition.Joshua, Hebrew, a savior.Josiah, or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Lord.Julius, Latin, soft-haired.LLambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.Leonard, German, like a lion.Leopold, German, defending the people.Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people.Lionel, Latin, a little lion.Llewellin, British, like a lion.Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning.Lucius, Latin, shining.Luke, Creek, a wood or grove.MManfred, German, great peace.Mark, Latin, a hammer.Martin, Latin, martial.Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present.Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.Michael, Hebrew, who is like God.Morgan, British, a mariner.Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.NNathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.Neal, French, somewhat black.Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people.Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity.Norman, French, one born in Normandy.OOliver, Latin, an olive.Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.Orson, Latin, a bear.Osmund, Saxon, house peace.Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.Owen, British, well descended.PPatrick, Latin, a nobleman.Paul, Latin, small, little.Percival, French, a place in France.Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye."Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.RRalph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Rudolph,  Saxon, purehelp.Raymond, German, quiet peace.Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.Reynold, German, a lover of purity.Richard, Saxon, powerful.Robert, German, famous in counsel.Roderick, German, rich in fame.Rollo, form of Roland, q.v.Rufus, Latin, reddish.Roger, German, strong counsel.Roland, German, counsel for the land.SSamson, Hebrew, a little son.Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.Saul, Hebrew, desired.Seth, Hebrew, appointed.Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods.Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.Simon, Hebrew, obedient.Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.Swithin, Saxon, very high.TTheobald, Saxon, bold over the people.Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God.Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain.Toby, Hebrew, goodness of the Lord.VValentine, Latin, powerful.Victor, Latin, conqueror.Vincent, Latin, conquering.Vivian, Latin, living.WWalter, German, a conqueror.Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful.William, German, defending many.ZZaccheus, Syriac, innocent.CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.AAdela, German, same as Adeline, q. v.Adelaide, German, same as Adeline, q. v.Adeline, German, a princess.Agatha, Greek, good.Agnes, German, chaste.Althea, Greek, hunting.Alice, Alicia, German, noble.Alma, Latin, benignant.Amabel, Latin, lovable.Amy, Amelia, French, beloved.Angelina, Greek, lovely, angelic.Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, gracious.Arabella, Latin, a fair altar.Aurora, Latin, morning brightness.BBarbara, Latin, foreign or strange.Bella, Italian, beautiful.Benedicta, Latin, blessed.Bernice, Greek, bringing victory.Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.Bessie, short form of Elizabeth. q.v.Blanche, French, fair.Bona, Latin, good.Bridget, Irish, shining bright.CCamilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice.Carlotta. Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v.Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited.Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men.Catherine, Greek, pure or clean,Charity, Greek, love, bounty.Charlotte, French, all noble.Chloe, Greek, a green herb.Christina, Greek, belonging to Christ.Clara, Latin, clear or bright.Constance, Latin, constant.DDagmar, German, joy of the Danes.Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe.Dorothy, Greek, gift of God.EEdith, Saxon, happiness.Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful.Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God.Emily, corrupted from Amelia.Emma, German, a nurse.Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret.Eudora, Greek, good gift.Eugenia, French, well-born.Eunice, Greek, fair victory.Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life.FFanny, dim. of Frances, q.v.Flora, Latin, flowers.Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing.Frances, German, free.GGertrude, German, all truth.Grace, Latin, favor.HHannah, Hebrew, gracious.Harriet, German, head of the house.Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring.Henrietta, fem. and dim. of  Henry, q. v.Hilda, German, warrior maiden.Honora, Latin, honorable.Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel.IIrene, peaceful.Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.JJane, or Jeanne,  fem. of John, q.v.Janet, Jeanette, little Jane.Jemima, Hebrew, a dove.Joan, Joanna. Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v.Joyce, French, pleasant.Judith, Hebrew, praising.Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, q. v.KKatherine, form of Catherine, q. v.Ketura, Hebrew, incense.LLaura, Latin, a laurel.Lavinia, Latin, of Latium.Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily.Lois, Greek, better.Louisa, German. fem. of Louis, q.v.Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady.Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius.Lydia. Greek, descended from Lud.MMabel, Latin, lovely or lovable.Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v.Margaret, Greek, a pearl.Martha, Hebrew, bitterness,Mary, Hebrew, bitter.Matilda, German, a lady of honor.Maud, German, form of Malilda, q.. v.May, Latin, month of May.Mercy, English, compassion.Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild.Minnie, dim. of Margaret. q. v.NNaomi, Hebrew, alluring.OOlive, Olivia, Latin, an olive.Ophelia, Greek, a serpent.PPatience, Latin, bearing patiently.Penelope, Greek, a weaver.Persis, Greek, destroying.Philippa, Greek, fem. of Philip.Phoebe, Greek, the light of life.Phyllis, Greek, a green bough.Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v.Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old.Prudence, Latin, discretion.RRachel, Hebrew, a lamb.Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump.Rhoda, Greek, a rose.Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose.Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose.Roxana, Persian, dawn of day.Rosamond, Saxon, rose of peace.Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty.SSabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines.Salome, Hebrew, a princess.Selina, Greek, the moon.Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God.Sophia, Greek, wisdom.Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily.TTabitha, Syriac, a roe.Theodosia, Creek, given by God.UUrsula, Latin, a she bear.VVictoria, Latin, victory.Vida, Erse, fem. of David.WWalburga, Saxon, gracious.Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.ZZenobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter.PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIESWith Population of over 100,000 in 1910.(The population for 1900 is given in parentheses by way of comparison.)New York, N. Y., 4,766,883 (3,437,202);Chicago, Ill., 2,185,283 (l,698,572);Philadelphia, Pa., 1,549,008 (1,293,697);St. Louis, Mo., 687,029 (575,238);Boston, Mass., 670,585 (560,892);Cleveland, O., 560,663 (381,768);Baltimore, Md., 558,485 (508,957);Pittsburg, Pa., 533,905 (451,512);Detroit. Mich., 465,766 (285,704);Buffalo, N. Y., 423,715 (352,387);San Francisco, Cal., 416,912 (342,782);Milwaukee, Wis., 373,857 (285,315);Cincinnati, O., 364,462 (325,902);Newark. N. J., 347,469 (246,070);New Orleans. La., 339,075 (287,104);Washington. D. C., 331,069 (278,718);Los Angeles, Cal., 319,198 (102,479);Minneapolis, Minn., 301,408 (202,718);Jersey City, N. J., 267,779 (206,433);Kansas City, Mo., 248,331 (163,752);Seattle, Wash., 237,194 (80,671);Indianapolis, Ind., 233,650 (169,164);Providence, R. I., 224,326 (175,597);Louisville, Ky., 223,928 (204,731);Rochester, N. Y., 218,149 (162,608);St. Paul, Minn., 214,744 (163,065);Denver, Col., 213,381 (133,859);Portland, Ore., 207,214 (90,426);Columbus, O., 181,548 (125,560);Toledo, O., 168,497 (131,822);Atlanta, Ga., 154,839 (89,672);Oakland, Cal., 150,174 (66,960);Worcester, Mass., 145,986 (118,421);Syracuse, N. Y., 137,249 (108,374);New Haven, Conn., 133,605 (108,027);Birmingham, Ala., 132,683 (38,415);Memphis, Tenn., 131,105 (102,320);Scranton, Pa., 129,867 (102,026);Richmond, Va., 127,628 (85,050);Paterson, N. J., 125,600 (105,171);Omaha, Neb., 124,096 (102,555);Fall River, Mass., 119,295 (104,803);Dayton, O., 116,577 (85,333);Grand Rapids, Mich., 112,571 (87,565);Nashville, Tenn., 110,364 (80,865);Lowell, Mass., 106,294 (94,969);Cambridge, Mass., 104,839 (91,886);Spokane, Wash., 104,402 (36,848);Bridgeport, Conn., 102,054 (70,996);Albany, N. Y., 100,253 (94,151).STATE FLOWERS.The following list includes all the "State flowers" Commonly accepted orofficially adopted:Alabama, goldenrod;Arizona, sequoia cactus;Arkansas, apple blossom;California, poppy;Colorado, columbine;Delaware, peach blossom;Georgia, Cherokee rose;Idaho, syringa;Illinois, violet;Iowa, wild rose;Kansas, sunflower;Louisiana, magnolia;Maine, pine cone;Michigan, apple blossom;Minnesota, moccasin;Mississippi, magnolia;Montana, bitter root;Missouri, goldenrod;Nebraska, goldenrod;New Jersey, sugar maple (tree);New York, rose;North Dakota, goldenrod;Oklahoma, mistletoe;Oregon, Oregon grape;Rhode Island, violet;Texas, blue bonnet;Utah, Sego lily;Vermont, red clover;Washington, rhododendron.HEIGHT OF NOTED STRUCTURES.Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures:Amiens cathedral, 383;Bunker Hill monument, 221;Capitol, Washington, 288;City Hall, Philadelphia, 535;Cologne cathedral, 512;Eiffel tower, 984;Florence cathedral, 387;Fribourg cathedral, 386;Masonic Temple, Chicago, 354;Metropolitan building. N. Y., 700;Milan cathedral, 360;the Great Pyramid, 451;Rouen cathedral, 464;St. Paul's, London, 404;St. Peter's, Rome, 433;Singer building, N. Y., 612;Strassburg cathedral, 465;St. Stephen's, Vienna, 470;Ward building, Chicago, 394;Washington monument, 556.MAXIMUM AGE OF TREES.Palm, 250 years;elm, 355 years;cypress, 388 years;ivy, 448 years;maple, 516 years;larch, 576 years;lemon, 640 years;plane, 720 years;cedar, 800 years;chestnut, 860 years;walnut, 900 years;lime, 1,076 years;spruce, 1,200 years;oak, 1,600 years;olive, 2,000 years;yew, 2,880 years;baobab, 5,100 years;dragon, 5,900 years.Eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, sometimes grows twenty-four feet inthree months: bamboo, two feet in twenty-four hours.DICTIONARY OF AERONAUTICSThe new science of aeronautics has given rise to many new words, amongthem some of awkward derivation, and even those properly formed andworthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used. Thefollowing compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive:Aeroplane--A generic term applied in common use to all classes ofsustaining surfaces; strictly applicable only to flat surfaces.Adjusting Surfaces--Commonly a comparatively small surface, usually atthe end of a wing tip, used to adjust lateral balance; preferablyrestricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment, but not ofmovement by controlling devices. See "Stabilizer'" and "Wing tip" andcompare "Aileron."Advancing Edge--The front edge of a sustaining or other surface.Advancing Surface--A surface that precedes another through the air, asin a double monoplane.Aerocurve--A proposed substitute for aeroplane.Aerodrome--A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane. Strictlyapplicable to a course rather than to a vehicle.Aileron (a'ler-on)--A small hinged or separated wing tip or surfacecapable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaininglateral balance.Aviation (a-vi-a'shun)--Dynamic flight by means of heavier-than-airmechanisms.Aviator (a'vi-a-ter)--The operator or pilot of a heavier-than-airmachine.Aerofoil--Term used to indicate lifting surface,Angle of Incidence--The angle which a line drawn from the leading to thetrailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing anglebetween the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the chord or aline drawn from the leading to the trailing edge.Arc--Any portion of a circle or other curve.Aspect--The top or plan view of an aeroplane surface.Automatic Stability--Applied to lateral or longitudinal stabilitymaintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independentof any control exercised by the operator. There is a tendency torestrict the term to such stability secured by automatic manipulation ofcontrolling devices, rather than to systems in which balance ismaintained by the use of dihedral arrangements.Biplane (bi'plane)--An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces.Balance--To maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement ofbalancing surfaces, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing.See "Stabilizer."Body--The center part of an aeroplane or other aerial vehicle, in whichthe motor, fuel tanks, passenger accommodation, etc., are placed.Camber--The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which isimparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has acamber or curvature.Chassis (shas-see)--That part of the main framework of a monoplane towhich the main planes and tail planes are fitted and which contains theengine and aviators seat.Center of Pressure--Really a line of pressure along the under side of awing or aeroplane surface, on either side of which the pressures areequal.Center of Gravity--The center of weight, about which the vehiclebalances in all directions.Chord--A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle orother curve.Dirigible (dir'-igihle)--Steerable or navigable; applied to balloons.Derrick--A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting anaeroplane.Diagonal--A diagonal brace or stay in a framework.Dihedral (di-he'dral)--Said of wing pairs inclined at an upward angle toeach other.Elevator--A principal supplementary surface, usually of a miniature formof the main planes. Used for purpose of altering the vertical directionof machine.Gap--The distance between two main planes in a biplane.Gliding--Flying down a slant of air without power.Gyroscopic Effect--The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends tomaintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces.Gauchissement (or warping)--Applied to the main planes and produces thesame ultimate effect as the use of ailerons.Hangar (hang'ar)--A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes, generallythe latter.Horsepower--A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 ft.-lb. aminute.Head Resistance--The resistance of a surface to movement through theair; closely proportionate to its projected area.Heavier-than-air--Applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more thanthe air they displace.Horizontal Rudder--A horizontally placed rudder for steering in verticaldirections.Lift--The sustaining effect, expressed in units of weight of anaeroplane or wing surface.Monoplane--An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the samehorizontal plane.Main Plane--Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of amulti-surfaced aeroplane.Mast--A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays tostiffen the wings or other parts of a structure.Main Spars--Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built.Main Landing Wheels--In an alighting gear, the wheels that take thechief shock in landing.Ornithopter--A dynamic flying machine of the heavier-than-air type, inwhich sustension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wingsurfaces.Pylon--A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests.Ribs--Supports for the fabric, made of ash or spruce and bent to thecorrect curves.Rudder--One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practicalmachines to control the direction of flight.Superposed Planes--Arrangement of one plane over the other, as in theWright, Voisin and Farman machines.Supplementary Planes (or surfaces)--Additional surfaces which are usedfor stabilization.Stabilizer--Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral orlongitudinal balance.Struts--Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equaldistance between two planes.Skids--Long skates on which the machine can land in safety.Span--The distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transversedirection to that of flight.Soaring Flight--The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping.Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerialnavigation.Sustaining Surface--Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximatelyhorizontal position, primarily for the purpose of affording sustension.Triplane--An aeroplane with three main surfaces.Webs--Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distancepieces.Wing Warping--A system of maintaining lateral balance by differentialtwisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the sustension onone side and decrease it on the other.--New York Tribune.COLLEGE COLORS.Amherst--Purple and white.Beloit--Old gold,Bowdoin--White.Brown--Brown and white.Columbia--Light blue and white.Cornell--Carnelian and white.Dartmouth--Green.Harvard--Crimson.Indiana--Crimson and cream.Iowa--Scarlet and black.Iowa State--Cardinal and gold.Johns Hopkins--Black and old gold.Lake Forest--Red and black.Leland Stanford--Cardinal.Northwestern--Royal Purple.Oberlin--Crimson and goldPrinceton--Orange and black.Purdue--Old gold and black.University of Chicago--Maroon.University of Illinois--Orange and navy blue.University of Michigan--Maize and blue.University of Minnesota--Old gold and maroon.University of Notre Dame--Gold and blue.University of Pennsylvania--Red and blue.University of Rochester--Dandelion yellow.University of Wisconsin--Cardinal.Vassar--Rose and gray.Williams--Royal purple.Yale--Blue.THE CLAIMS OF OSTEOPATHY.Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is ananti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to whichthe human body is liable.Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led tothe establishment of the school of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseasesand lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation, or breakage ofsome bone or bones; this, however, is not now maintained to any greatextent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim thatall diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the humanbody, and that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normaladjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claimthat a dislocation is not always necessarily the result of externalviolence; it may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation ofligaments, or excessive muscular action.The constriction of an important artery or vein, which may be caused bya very slightly displaced bone, an indurated muscle, or other organ, mayproduce an excess of blood in one part of the body, thereby causing adeficiency in some other part. A dislocated member will generally showalteration in the form of the joint and axis of the limb; loss of powerand proper motion; increased length or shortening of the limb;prominence at one point and depression at another; greatly impairedcirculation, and pain due to the obstruction of nerve force in the partsinvolved.The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly from somemal-adjustment in some part of the body, and that a return to goodhealth involves treatment for the normal adjustment of the skeleton; heasserts, though any luxation may be only partial, it may cause pressureat some point upon a blood vessel, or a nerve of which the patient maybe unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration of good health.Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused bya dislocated member, be it a bone, ligament, or nerve, by which abnormalpressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be liketrying to operate a machine with an important cog out of gear. To cureit involves the reduction of a dislocation; the breaking up ofadhesions, and the arousing of the enervated organ or organs partiallyor wholly failing in the performance of function.THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS.Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any lawfultrademark by complying with the following:1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, residenceand place of business of persons desiring the trademark.2. The class of merchandise and description of the same.3. A description of the trademark itself with facsimiles.4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used.5. By payment of the required fee--$6 for labels and $25 for trademarks.6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by theCommissioner of Patents.7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the nameof a person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thingto which it is applied; of some designating symbol, or of both said wordand symbol.HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT.Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under the sealof the Patent Office. A patent is a grant by the Government to theinventor, his heirs or assigns, for a limited period, of the exclusiveright to make, use or sell any new and useful art, machine, manufactureor composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, orany new, original and ornamental design for any article of manufacture.Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, forthe term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use andvend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and theTerritories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof.If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his application,believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent willnot be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any partthereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before hisinvention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented ordescribed in any printed publication.Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim oneseparately. Independent inventors of distinct and independentimprovements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for theirseparate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capitaland another makes the invention entitle them to make application asjoint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees.Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner ofPatents, from whom blanks and printed instructions can be obtained bymail.REISSUES.--A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legalrepresentatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, byreason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of thepatentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a rightto claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, providedthe error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake and withoutany fraudulent or deceptive intention.CAVEATS.--A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to theoffice of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent thegrant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon anapplication filed during the life of the caveat without notice to thecaveator.Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention ordiscovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on paymentof a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth theobject and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, andpraying protection of his right until he shall have matured hisinvention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives ofthe office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the termof one year from the filing thereof.An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United Statesone year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath ofhis intention to become a citizen.The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature ofthe case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must belimited to a single invention or improvement.FEES.--Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows. On filing eachoriginal application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent,$20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10: for sevenyears, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, $10.On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. Added to theseare the usual charges of patent solicitors for preparing the applicationand for drawings etc.SHAKESPEARE'S COUNSEL.(Polonius' Advice to His Son Laertes.)And these few precepts in thy memorySee thou character: Give thy thoughts no tongue.Nor any unproportion'd thought his act.Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel;But do not dull thy palm with entertainmentOf each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. BewareOf entrance to a quarrel, but, being in,Bear 't that the opposed may beware of thee.Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy.But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy;For the apparel oft proclaims the man.   * * *Neither a borrower nor a lender be:For loan oft loses both itself and friend,And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.This above all: to thine own self be true,And it must follow, as the night the day,Thou canst not then be false to any man.--"Hamlet," 1 :3.POOR RICHARD'S SAYINGS.(Benjamin Franklin.)Drive thy business! Let not thy business drive thee!Diligence is the mother of good luck.Now I have a sheep and a cow, everybody bids me good morrow.If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.Great estates may venture more, but little boats should keep near shore.What maintains one vice would bring up two children.God helps them that help themselves.Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue, 'Tis hard for anempty bag to stand upright.Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship.For age and want, save while you may. No morning sun lasts a whole day.HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY.Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much money werealready counted out, then add to amount of purchase enough small changeto make an even dollar, counting out the even dollars last until fullamount is made up.If the purchase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $2.00 inpayment, count out 43 cents first to make an even dollar. Then layoutthe other dollar.Should the purchase be $3.69, to be taken out of $20.00, begin with$3.69 as the basis and make up even $4.00 by laying out 31 cents. This31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will consider as $4.00, andcount out even dollars to make up the $20.00 which the customer hashanded in.MERCHANTS' COST AND PRICE MARKS.All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling price ofgoods. The cipher is usually made up from some short word or sentence ofnine or ten letters, as:

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