Chapter 22

4Livy, 38, 30-34.

5Polyb.22,3,10,12.

6Polyb.24,6.

7Polyb.29,24.

8Plutarch,Timol.ch. 39; Plato,Laws, 947.

9Cicero,Ep. ad Fam.5, 12

10Lucian,Macrobii, § 22.

11Livy, 36, 31.

12Pausan. 7, 9, 4.

13As Callicrates inB.C.179; Polyb.36,2.

1425,9.

1526,3. Callicrates at the same time secured a party in his favour, during his year of officeB.C.179, by restoring the Spartan and Messenian exiles; in return for which the former set up his statue at Olympia, the base of which is preserved. Hicks’sGreek Inscriptions, p. 330.

1628,3.

1728,6.

18See11,8.

1928,12.

20The decree was brought into the Peloponnese by C. Popilius and Cn. Octavius inB.C.171. See Livy, 43, 17,ne quis ullam rem in bellum magistratibus Romanis conferret præter quam quod Senatus censuisset. Cp. Polyb.28,3.

2128,13-14.

2228,7.

2329,23.

2429,25,26.

25Thus Appius Claudius Cento would be hostile from the rejection of his illegal demand for 5000 men. One of the common grounds of offence had long been the refusal of Philopoemen and other Strategi to summon an assembly to meet a Roman officer unless he came duly authorised with a definite communication from the Senate. On this ground Quintus Caecilius was refused inB.C.185 (Polyb.23,19) and also Titus Flamininus inB.C.183 (Polyb.24,5). See Freeman’sFederal Government, pp. 652-655. And no doubt other cases of a similar nature would occur, generally leading to an unfavourable report at Rome.

26Polyb.30,13. Thirlwall, vol. viii. p. 419.

27Pausanias, 7, 10, 7-12.

28Some few, it appears, had managed to escape, though at the risk of certain execution if caught.

29Polyb.29,21. Plutarch,Aemilius, ch. 28.

30Diodorus Sic.fr. lib.31; Plutarch,Apophth. Scip. min.2.

3132,8-16.

32Thus he seems to have searched the Archives of the Pontifices. Dionys. Halicarn. 1, 73. And he observed and criticised all Roman customs, as, for instance, the provision for boys’ education at Rome. Cic.de Rep.4, 3.

3331,19-21.

3435,6.

35Livy,Ep.49; Appian,Pun.74-77.

36I infer this, not very confidently, from9,25.

3737,3.

38Scipio was bornB.C.185.

399,25.

4039,3.

41Pliny,N. H.5, § 9.

42Pausanias, 7, 11-12.

43Ib.13.

44Ib.14; Polyb.38,7-8.

4538,7-10.

46Thucyd. 3. 92.

47Livy says the battle was at Thermopylae. This was near enough for a general statement, but Scarpheia is some miles to the south. Livy,Ep.52, Pausan. 7. 15.

4839,8sq.Pausan. 7, 12sq.

49This has been much disputed. See Thirlwall’s note, vol. viii. p. 455. If the fragment,29,13(40,7) is given correctly by Strabo, it seems certain that he must have arrived either before or immediately after the fall of Corinth.

5039,13-14.

5139,15.

52Livy,Ep.52.

53Pausan. 7, 16, 9. Polyb.39,16.

54Thus inB.C.44 Brutus going out as propraetor to take the province of Macedonia, goes first to Athens, and there, as well as in the rest of Greece, collects troops and money. See the note in Mommsen’sHistory of Rome, vol. III. p. 50 (book IV. c. 1.)

55Pausan. 8, 9, 1.

56Id.8, 30, 8.

57Id.8, 37, 2.

58Id.8, 44, 5.

59Id.8, 48, 8.

60The base of this has been discovered with its inscription—Ἡ πόλις τῶν Ἡλείων ΠολύβιονΛυκόρτα Μεγαλοπολείτην.

60The base of this has been discovered with its inscription—

Ἡ πόλις τῶν Ἡλείων ΠολύβιονΛυκόρτα Μεγαλοπολείτην.

61Cicero,Ep. ad Fam.5, 12. For the Numantine war (B.C.134-132) the authorities are Appian,Hisp.48-98; Eutrop. 4, 17; Cicerode Off.1, 11, Strabo, 3, p. 162.

6234,14. Strabo, p. 677.

631,1.

6434. It is clear that such passages, as for instance the beginning of2,42, must have been written beforeB.C.146, and perhaps published, and therefore not altered. Cp. the answer of Zeno of Rhodes to corrections sent by Polybius, that he could not make alterations, as his work was already published (16,20).

653,57, cp.34,5**.

6621,38.

67Lucian,Macrobii, §22.

689,20.

6910,21.

70Cicero,Epist. ad Fam.5, 12.

7129,10.

7222,14.

73Off.3,32.

74Republ. 2, 14, § 27.

753,48.

763,33.

773,59.

789,25.

7910,11.

8016,15.

81Dionys. Halic. 1, 17.

823,22sqq.

8331,38.

8434,14.

8512,5.

86The elder Africanus died inB.C.183.

87I append a list of all writers referred to by Polybius, the index will show the places where they are mentioned. Aeneas Tacticus, Alcaeus a grammarian, Antiphanes of Berga, Antisthenes of Rhodes, Aratus of Sicyon, Archedicus, Aristotle, Callisthenes, Demetrius of Phalerum, Demosthenes, Dicaearchus, Echecrates, Ephorus of Cumae, Epicharmus of Cos, Eratosthenes, Eudoxus, Euemerus, Euripides, Fabius Pictor, Hesiod, Homer, Philinus, Phylarchus, Pindar, Plato, Pytheas, Simonides of Ceos, Stasinus, Strabo, Theophrastus of Lesbos, Theopompus of Chios, Thucydides, Timaeus, Xenophon, Zaleucus, Zeno of Rhodes.

881,14,15.

89See bk.1.

9012,15.

91Athenaeus, vi. 272b.

92Plutarch,Nicias, 1,Arat.38.

93In the reference to the Seven Magi (5,43), and to the story of Cleobis and Bito (22,20).

94Cornelius Nepos,Alcib.11. Plutarch,Lys.30. Lucian,Quomodo hist. conscr.§ 59.

95The History of the Achaean league is given with unrivalled learning, clearness, and impartiality by Bishop Thirlwall in the eighth volume of hisHistory of Greece. Its constitution has been discussed with great fulness by Professor E. A. Freeman in hisHistory of Federal Government. Recently Mr. Capes has published an edition of the parts of Polybius referring to it which will be found useful; and Mr. Strachan-Davidson has an able essay upon it in his edition of Extracts from Polybius. Still some brief statement of the main features of this remarkable attempt to construct a durable Hellenic Federation could not be altogether omitted here.

96Take for instance the oath of the Pylagorae (Aeschin.de Fal. L.121): “We will destroy no city of the Amphictyony, nor cut off its streams in peace or war; if any shall do so, we will march against him and destroy his cities; should any pillage the property of the god, or be privy to or plan anything against what is in his temple, we will take vengeance on him with hand and foot and voice and all our might.” This is indeed the language rather of a Militant Church than a state; but it is easily conceivable that, had these principles been carried out (which they were not), something nearer a central and sovereign parliament might have arisen.

97Herodotus, vi. 7, 11-12.

98See Herod. 9, 15; Thucyd. 2, 2; 4, 91; 5, 37; XenophonHellen.3, 4, 4, Boeckh,C. I. G.vol. i. p. 726.

99Herod. 7, 145-169.

100Id.7, 172-174.

101Herod. 9, 88; Polyb.9,39. Equally abortive proved another attempt at combination inB.C.377, when the ξύνεδροι from the islands met for a time at Athens. Grote, vol. ix. p. 319.

102Herod. 6, 49.

103Polybius (12,26c.) says that in his time the schools were generally in disrepute. But is not this generally the verdict of “practical” men on universities? The excitement at Rome at the visit of the philosophers (B.C.155) seems to show that they still enjoyed a world-wide reputation.

104Herod. 8, 73.

105Thucy. 1, 103.

106Id.3, 94-98.

107Xen.Hellen.4, 6, 13, 14.

108Pausan. 10, 38, 10.

109Demosth. 3Phil.120.

110Pausan. 1, 4, 4.

11118,4and5.

112Herod. 1, 145. Instead of Rhypes and Aegae, the first of which seems to have been burnt, and the other to have for some reason been deserted, Polybius (2,41) mentions Leontium and Caryneia.

113Thucyd. 1, 111, 115.

114Thucyd. 4, 21.

1152,38,39.

1162,39,40.

117Plutarch,Arat.ch. 9.

118Plutarch,Arat.ch. 22.

119Though this law was several times broken, certainly in the case of Philopoemen, and probably in that of Aratus also. It is very difficult to arrive at a satisfactory arrangement of Aratus’s seventeen generalships if the strict alternation is preserved. See Freeman’sFederal Government, p. 601.

1202,46.

121Plutarch,Cleomenes, 3-16.

122Plutarch,Cleom.3. Messenia had been free from the Spartans since the battle of Leuctra (B.C.371). Epaminondas had meant by the foundation of Megalopolis and Messene (B.C.371-370) to form a united Messenian and Arcadian state as a counterpoise to Sparta. The Messenians had drifted away from this arrangement, but were now members of the Achaean league. Polyb.4,32.

1232,46.

124Plutarch,Cleom.15.

125See the remarks of Plutarch,Arat.38.

126He was believed to have been long in secret communication with Antigonus. Plutarch,l.c.

127Polyb.8,14; Plutarch,Arat.52.

12810,22,24.

12911,9-10.

130Plutarch,Philop.12, 13.

131Plutarch,Philop.16; Livy, 38, 32-34.

1322,38.

13326,3sq.

134The title of Achaean Strategus seems to have been revived under the Empire.C. I. G.1124. The principal authorities for the history of the last hundred years of Greek Independence, including that of the Achaean league, are Polybius, beginning with book 2, and in its turn going on throughout the rest of his work which remains; scattered notices in Livy from 27, 29 to the end of his extant work, and the epitomes of the last books, mostly translated directly from Polybius; Plutarch’s Lives of Agis, Cleomenes, Aratus, Philopoemen, Flamininus, Aemilius; Pausanias, 7, 6-16; parts of Diodorus; Justinus (epitome of Trogus); and some fragments of Greek historians collected by Müller.

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