INDEX OF NAMES

1. “Homosexuals who display their inclination clearly only after puberty show an interest in the other sex before and during the period of puberty. For instance, I have been told by a 23-year-old typical homosexual, today a victim ofhorror feminae, that at 16 and 17 years of age he entertained strong fancies about girls and ran after them, although without any particular sexual feeling desire. This transitory and undefined preoccupation of homosexuals with the opposite sex is a sort of ‘pseudoheterosexuality.’” (Bloch,loc. cit., p. 597.)

2. In vol. III ofDisorders of Instincts and Emotions: The Sexual Frigidity of Woman; Psychopathology of Woman’s Love Life. English translation byDr. James S. Van Teslaar.

3.Nervöse Angstzustände, 2nd ed., p. 336.

4. Vol. V. in:Disorders of Instincts and Emotions. English version byDr. Van Teslaar.

5.B. Tarnowsky,Die krankhaften Erscheinungen des Geschlechtssinnes(The Morbid Manifestations of the Sexual Instinct).Eine forensisch-psychiatrische Studie.Berlin, 1886, p. 51 ff.

6.Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. IX, 1908, p. 504.

7.Fragment der Psychoanalyse eines Homosexuellen(Jahrb. f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, vol. IX, 1908). [A typical illustration of the wrong way of carrying on a psychoanalysis, the kind of painful ordeal during which the subject calls out in distress: “But, pardon me, whatmustI tell you? You just torture me, nothing less!” The most important relations are overlooked, the patient is tortured to admit that he is in love withSadger, so that after fourteen hours of this sort of torment he runs off.]

8.J. Sadger:Ist die konträre Sexualempfindung heilbar? Zeitschr. f. Sexualwissenschaft, 1908, p. 712.

9.Jahrb. f. psychoanalytische u. psychopathol. Forschungen, vol. II, 1910.

10.Ibsen, the great psychologist, has described in masterly fashion the transposition of sister love into boy love. In “Little Eyolf,” Almers, the writer, suddenly loses the love for his wife and turns his affection exclusively to his child. That child is called ‘little Eyolf,’ like his sister, who had once put on boy’s clothes and called herself ‘little Eyolf.’ The parents had expected a boy. Almers turns his affection for the sister, which pervades the whole drama, into the love for the boy. He has discovered for himselfthe law of substitutionwhich corresponds to the changes spoken of in these pages. Little Eyolf in fact is the dramatisation of the latent homosexual fixation on the sister. Almers cannot split his personality, he cannot be both homo- and heterosexual. This inability to split his self, the root of all homosexuality, forms the background of the whole drama. Rita cannot divide her personality any more than Almers can do it; he must give his whole personality self. Almers cannot divide wife and sister. He embraces his wife and thinks of the sister (That sister, whom he calls his little and his big Eyolf. The sister in trousers, who embodied his ideal, a woman in male clothes, a bisexual being which need not be split up at all). “Love of brothers and sisters is the only relationship not subject to the law of transformation.”Rank(Das Inzestmotiv in Dichtung und Sage, 1919, p. 654) andPfister(Anwendung der Psychoanalyse in der Pädagogik und Seelsorge, p. 72) find the incest motive easily but overlook the fact that the situation involves the outbreak of homosexuality and its psychogenesis. It represents a flight from the sister to man, a wavering homosexuality sublimated into love for the boy. The drama contains numerous other familiar points well worth careful analysis. For Almers, his wife, and his child, are the representatives of the male, female, and infantile components which we endeavor to synthetize in our character (trinity). Regression to the infantile level sets in with flight from the world (flight to the solitude of the mountain top). The solitary Ibsen, as road builder, undertakes to construct a new highway which shall lead up to solitary heights and does not observe that the road leads really straight back to the realm of his youth. Somewhere in the vast expanse of his soul the ‘dead child’ is floating around and staring with wide open eyes into infinity. A child is killed in this drama. It stands for the miscarried regression back to infantilism. Childhood is finally subdued and forgetfulness once more drowns in the soul’s vast expanse all gnawing and biting reproaches. The memories are all dead ... and the next drama has for its theme: When the dead awaken. But in little Eyolf they are already awake.... The dead, whom Ibsen carried in his breast, the corpse to which Rita refers so often.... The child in him is dead and now the man in him also threatens to die. It recalls the admission of impotence, described with such tremendous realism in the great Rita-Almers scene. The man in him dies and the woman in him persists with yearnings. A more detailed treatment of these endopsychic processes will be found in my book onMasochism(Translation byVan Teslaar, in preparation).

11. The following passage, from an observation byHirschfeld, shows how early such fixation on the brother may take place, only to disappear, apparently, and to be mistaken for inborn homosexuality: “I hated boys and boyish games; my sister was myalter ego, while my brother, who was 13 years older and a very beautiful man, had powerfully charmed my childish, pure and innocent heart. I worshipped him for his physical beauty even more than on account of his sterling qualities. At the same time I grew continuously more sensitive in my overt attitude towards him. I remember clearly that during the 6th or 7th year my brother’s physical beauty caused me to shake before him with every fiber of my body in admiration as before some mystery revealed. At 10 years of age I wept through a whole night intoxicated with joy because it fell to my lot to lie down near his intoxicatingly sweet presence for rest. I had a feeling of shame such as I did not experience in the presence of my mother or sister. Clearly and deliberately, although unbeknown, of course, to him, I deified my brother from the 10th to the 15th year, and this worshipful attitude reached its highest from my 10th to the 12th year, when he married. I was disconsolately unhappy over it because that event removed him from our midst and I felt it was dreadful that he should lose his virgin beauty, as I thought.” (Hirschfeld,loc. cit., p. 46.)

12.Zuchtbarkeit der Homosexualität.Sexualprobleme, 6 Jahrg., 1910, No. 12.

13. This thought is very wonderfully expressed inGerhart Hauptmann’s Griseldis. The father is jealous of the son because he, in turn, had been his father’s enemy and rival....

14.Cf.chapter on Jealousy in my collection of essays, “Was am Grunde der Seele ruht...,” Wien, 1909, Hofbuchhandlung Paul Knepler. English Version,The Depths of the Soul, translated byDr. S. A. Tannenbaum, Moffat, Yard & Co., N. Y.

15. With his wonderful psychologic masteryArthur Schnitzlerhas described such a pair in his best piece entitled, “Das weite Land.” Hofrichter, the manufacturer, who flutters from one love affair to another, and his wife, who consoles herself in the arms of a young Cadet, are the kind of a pair who love each other but go down in ruin rather than openly acknowledge their love.

16.Cf.chapter entitled, “Der Kampf der Geschlechter,” in my work,The Beloved Ego, translated byDr. S. A. Tannenbaum, Moffat, Yard & Co., N. Y.

17. The flaring up of jealousy in old age during exhaustive conditions, an extraordinarily common occurrence, seems to be determined partly by endocrinic disorders and partly by the awakening of infantile predispositions. We also find frequent mention of the fact that morbid jealousy manifests itself after a prolonged convalescence in bed. Some physicians are inclined to trace the condition back to an intoxication. It seems to me more likely that the unusual opportunity of mulling things over in the mind is more likely the cause. We must also take into consideration that facing closely the possibility of death all ungratified wishes, including the homosexual, once more flare up, urgently pressing for gratification. This alone may lead to the flaring up also of paraphilias and homosexual tendencies during old age, when it must also be considered that on account of organic changes in the brain cortex the inhibitions are also weakened. I have repeatedly noticed that nursing care by a person of the same sex as the patient also plays a certain rôle. I have even seen directly as a consequence of prolonged invalidism the development of a homosexual feeling-attitude towards the nursing person, for instance, the flaring up of a passion for mother or sister. Regressions back into childhood frequently occur after infectious diseases. All the various infantile attitudes manifest themselves. Psychosexual infantilism, a subject which will be fully treated in a forthcoming volume of our “Disorders of the Emotions and the Instincts,” is most likely to break out particularly after a period of illness when one feels one’s self again a child.

18. Cf.Willy Schmidt,Inzestuöser Eifersuchtswahn, Gross’ Archiv, vol. LVII, 1914, p. 257.

19.Zur Radikalbehandlung der chronischen Paranoia. Jahrbuch f. psychoanalytische Forsch., Vol. III, 1912.

20. A symbolic representation of the identification of myself with the father.

21. A form of sexual disorder not infrequent among neurotics, suggesting a different sexual objective.

22.Hirschfeldnaturally traces this morbid tendency back to the social ostracism of the homosexual. In my opinion that is a forced explanation. The very proneness of the homosexuals to affective disorders, their heightened sensibility, their morbid irritability, their endogenous depression prove that all homosexuals are severe neurotics.Hirschfeldmay be able to trace the homosexual’s acute outbreaks of affective psychoses back to the actual conflicts. But it is impossible to link this heightened affectivity to the feminine attitude of the urnings. For if it were so, how could we explain the equally distressing analogous disorders among theurlinds?Hirschfeldrefers to the anxiety states of the homosexuals (p. 916) and expressly states:“This very condition is found frequently also among homosexuals who are psychically normal so far as their home relations are concerned.”No—they are not normal with regard to home relations, they are severe neurotics on account of the repression of their heterosexuality. Superficial appearances are deceptive and many a person who appears outwardly to be the picture of health, a well balanced temperament, is inwardly the victim of a serious neurosis....Hirschfeldrefers further to the homosexual’s proneness to persecution manias and to delusions of reference. Concerning homosexual women he states:“Compelled against their inclination to fulfill their marital duties the homosexual women become very nervous and, in addition to anxiety attacks, they suffer severe depressions.”...How doesHirschfeldknow that the depressions are due to the enforced fulfillment of marital duties? I know homosexual women who are divorced and suffer even more; I know homosexual unmarried women, who are as neurotic as the married women, and, like the latter, suffer of serious depressions. All these facts prove that the homosexual pays for his monosexuality just as dearly as the neurotic monosexual who is heterosexual.

“This very condition is found frequently also among homosexuals who are psychically normal so far as their home relations are concerned.”

No—they are not normal with regard to home relations, they are severe neurotics on account of the repression of their heterosexuality. Superficial appearances are deceptive and many a person who appears outwardly to be the picture of health, a well balanced temperament, is inwardly the victim of a serious neurosis....Hirschfeldrefers further to the homosexual’s proneness to persecution manias and to delusions of reference. Concerning homosexual women he states:

“Compelled against their inclination to fulfill their marital duties the homosexual women become very nervous and, in addition to anxiety attacks, they suffer severe depressions.”...

How doesHirschfeldknow that the depressions are due to the enforced fulfillment of marital duties? I know homosexual women who are divorced and suffer even more; I know homosexual unmarried women, who are as neurotic as the married women, and, like the latter, suffer of serious depressions. All these facts prove that the homosexual pays for his monosexuality just as dearly as the neurotic monosexual who is heterosexual.

23.Cf. Stekel, Berufswahl und Neurose, Gross’ Archiv, vol. XIX.

24.Beiträge zur Lehre von der konträrer Sexualempfindung Zeitschr. f. Psychol. u. Neurol., vol. VII, 1911.

25. I have at the present time under observation a soldier who for about three weeks masturbated 15 times (!) daily. Advanced hypochondriac. The motive seems to have been the development of a neurosis so he would be freed of military service.

26. The history of the same patient, as given byZiemcke, refers to the same episode as follows: “At 17 years of age the first coitus with a peasant girl, pleasurable, no disorder.” A proof that the heterosexual episodes are always corrected in memory and modified in favor of a homosexual predisposition.

27. Regarding this occurrenceZiemckerelates: “Towards the last of his studies at Kiel he brought to his room a 12-year-old boy from the street under the pretext of carrying some books for him. When the boy returned he suggested making some experiments on him, tapped him first on the knee cap, then had him take off his stockings and kneel on the edge of the lowermost cabinet drawer; next he forced the boy to stand up stripped to the waist while he pricked him with a pen in the armpit and under the fingernails. After that he hung him by a rope tied around his hands, but the rope broke. Then he had the boy lie down on the sofa, lowered his trousers so as to expose the hips and gluteal region and proposed to pay the boy 5 pfennig for every one of 50 cane strokes. After the 43rd stroke the boy could not endure the pain any longer, so he increased the pay to 10 pfennig and gave him 5 additional strokes. It has been ascertained that the man had been drinking hard the night before carousing until daylight and according to his own testimony he was very nervous next day and had palpitation of the heart. He also stated that he had acted impulsively; he remembered well all the details of the occurrence but everything took place as in a haze. After the deed he had a feeling of relief, his usual excitement and unrest promptly subsided. Examination showed nothing physically abnormal and absence of any serious intellectual defect as well.”

28. The volume onSadism and Masochism, in my Series on theDisorders of the Instincts and of the Emotions. English version byVan Teslaar.

29. At a meeting of the medical society in Odessa, a colleague was presented as one who had been treated unsuccessfully by me. He suffered compulsions of a most serious character and was one week under my care. I had proposed three months. Nevertheless he was brought forth as proof of the inefficacy of psychoanalysis. It happened that colleague Dr. W. was present, and he knew that the alleged analysis was of one week’s duration. He was able to apprise the meeting of the fact. In a few weeks that honorable sick physician placed himself under the professional care of Dr. W....

30. An “infantile sexual theory,” in which coitus is conceived sadistically as a squeezing.

31.Zentralblatt für Psychoanalyse, Vol. IV.

32.Cf.also my essay,Der Kampf der Geschlechter, the Struggle between the Sexes, in my work,The Beloved Ego, Moffat, Yard & Co., N. Y. I have now under treatment a very sick woman who has gone to pieces over a similar problem. She was anesthetic with all men. The one man who had just once roused her during sexual intercourse she hated and could kill.

33.Havelock EllisandMoll(Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaften, Leipzig, F. C. W. Vogel, 1912) draw attention to this fact: “Both sexes often show a remarkable youthfulness in appearance which is preserved late into the adult state. The love of green, which is chiefly, normally, a favorite color with children, and especially with girls, is often observed. A certain degree of histrionic talent is not uncommon as well as an inclination towards tenderness, occasionally also a feminine love of adornments and jewels. It may be said of many of these physical and psychic characteristics that they denote a certain degree of infantilism, and this fits in with the view that homosexuality is traceable to aboriginal bisexuality; for the deeper we penetrate into the life history of the individual, the nearer we approach the bisexual stage.”

34.Dr. Paul Schrecker, Die Individualpsychologische Bedeutung der Kindheitserrinnerungen, Zentralbl. f. Psychoanalyse, Vol. IV.

35.Cp.the novel byKafka,Die Verwandlung(Verlag von Kurt Wolff). It portrays the transformation of a man into a bedbug. It is obviously a sadistic fancy (the bedbug sucks blood). This meaning is not imparted to the patient so as not to influence the course of his associations.

36. The mouth as an erogenous zone. He expected kisses and meanwhile was satisfied with other sweets as a substitute. He is a confirmed lover of dainties and still relies on sweets which he is in the habit of carrying in his pockets.

37. This is a thought which troubles many neurotics. It is their way of belittling the persons who impress them and who thus make them realize their own inferiority.

38. Later will be shown the sadistic meaning of this phantasy. Urine is often a substitute for blood in the dream....

39.Cp.the boxes in the first dream (Merchant of Venice).

40.Cp.Sex and Dreams: The Language of Dreams, vol. I. Translation byJames S. Van Teslaar.

41.Cp.Chapter onMaternal Body Dreams, in work mentioned above, Vol. II.

42. In the Tristan phantasy these reminiscences return. The father is the betrayed King. The episode of the father’s departure in that dream becomes clear only now. He died in time to avoid the experience of a second deception in love.

43.Cp.my laws of symbolic equivalents inLanguage of Dreams: All secretions and excreta are equal to one another as symbols.

44.Raffalovich, author of a small monograph onDie Entwickelung der Homosexualität(The Development of H.), Berlin, 1895, states in a few pages more truths than many authors disclose in heavy volumes of writing. He states, for instance, that “there are no distinct barriers between heterosexuals and homosexuals.” He also emphasizes the strong self-love of homosexuals: “They havedie Leidenschaft der Æhnlichkeit.”

45. Page 248, of the German edition. “The neurotic’s attachment to the family is an overcorrection of former lack of love and is induced by a feeling of remorse.” “Poets formulate a longing for love because of their inability to love and that drives them to their continuous chase after love adventure. Love becomes the overstressed idea and the unattainable ideal of poets.” “The poet differs from the criminal because he is aware of his incapacity to love as a handicap, and from hatred and scorn of humanity he turns to love his fellow men.”

46.Domestikation und die secundären Geschlechtsmerkmale. Zeitschrift f. Sexualwissenschaft, Vol. III, No. 6–7, 1916.

47. An excellent account of the history of homosexuality may be found in the work ofHirschfeld(loc. cit.).

48. Politics, II. Quoted afterHavelock EllisandI. A. Symonds,Das konträre Geschlechtsgefühl, Leipzig, George H. Wiegands Verlag, 1896.

49.Die dorische Knabenliebe(Ihre Ethik and ihre Idee),Rheinisches Museum f. Philologie(Neue Folge), vol. 69, 1907.The authors prove that boy love in Hellas was introduced by the Dorians. Although traces of the custom are found also among the Ionians, boy love, like knighthood, became fashionable in Greece through the Dorians. “It was permitted only to the free citizen, the knight, while slaves were forbidden to indulge in the practice often under penalty of death. The practice was regulated by strict rules and became a state institution. In Sparta, Crete, Thebes the training for (arety)ἀρεθή, among the dominant class was based on pederasty. The lovers in Sparta were held to a strict accountability for their ‘companions’ who became attached to them from their 12th year; so that they and not their youthful companions were punished for any shameful act on the part of the latter.” “The battlefield atChaironeiawas covered with the lovers ... lying in pairs.” In Crete the choice of boy lovers assumed the form of bridal theft. The lover advised the boy’s family of his intention of stealing the boy. If the family did not like the “match” it tried to avoid the capture of the boy. The higher the lover’s social position the greater was the honor felt by the boy and his family. The chosen one was afterwards sent home carrying gifts....In fact, at Thebes, Thera and in Cretesuch unions even enjoyed religious sanction. “The engagement of the lovers or rather their physical union certainty occurred under the protection of some god or hero at Thera and at Thebes. At Thebes we find the language unmistakably clear in the high archaic field inscriptions of the Seventh Century, chiselled in large letters upon the holy promontory near the City, at a distance of 50–70 meters from the temple ofApollo Karneiosand on the holy site dedicated toZeus. They read as follows: “On this holy place, under protection ofZeus,Kerionhas consummated his union with the son ofBathyklesand proclaiming it proudly to the world dedicates to it this imperishable memorial. And many Thereans with him, and after him, have united themselves with their boys on this same holy spot.””At Crete it was considered a shame for a boy to possess no knightly lover. On the other hand it was a great honor for a boy to be wanted by many lovers.For the lovers and for the boys these relations had an excellent effect. Each was inspired to do his best in order to prove his mettle and beἀγαθός ανήρ(agathoi anyr). The heroic tales even took note of this love. The wondrous deeds of aHerakleswere carried out in honor of the male loverEurystheus. Repelling a wooing knight was considered ignominious,—a blot on one’s honor.Plutarchrelates the story howAristodamusstruck down with his sword an obstinate boy: “Man gerät unwilkürlich in die Sprache unseres ritterlichen Ehrenkomments,”—statesBethe.With that act the knight transferred hisἀρετή(arety), knighthood, upon the boy. It had a symbolic meaning. Among the Spartans the pæderast was calledεἰοπνήλας(eiopnylas), fromεἰοπνειν(eiopnein), meaning,the one who blows something in(the inblower). But what was it that the pederast blew into the boy? Clearly theπνευμα(pneuma), the soul, a belief which has come down from the oldest period (Bible) surviving to this day in Christianity. According to primitive conceptions the soul of man resided in his various secreta and excreta. Urine, fæces, blood and semen were magical substances inasmuch as they contained the life principle. With his male seed the Dorian endowed his boy with knightly prowess. (Similarly the savages in New Guinea drink the urine of the chieftain in order to acquire his skill and strength.Bethementions numerous similar instances.) The semen was regarded as the seat of the soul.Bethepoints out also that the liver, the heart and more particularly thephalluswere similarly identified with the soul. The reader is referred to the original study for further details.The remarkable notion of blowing one’s soul into anothera posteriori, is traced by the author to primitive beliefs. Animals showed no objection to these love-offerings; and men who ascribed magical properties to urine and fæces undoubtedly lacked any feeling of revulsion against these excreta.... Since the anus was looked upon as the portal for angry demons, why should not the benevolent magical power of heroes be introduced the same way?“The notion which led to the development of pæderasty as a State Institution among the Dorians, could not long endure. It had to give way finally.... But boy love persisted as a widespread custom and stood throughout antiquity and throughout the whole extent of Greek culture as a necessary feature of decent superior Greek citizenship. The Christian church fought the heathen custom from the beginning and was the first to drive pæderasty from Christian society; unable to root it out by spiritual means, it adopted criminal punishment in the year 342.”That is, briefly, the philologist’s account, who also states that during the pre-Doric period (Homer, for instance) the custom of boy love had as yet no roots as an Institution.

49.Die dorische Knabenliebe(Ihre Ethik and ihre Idee),Rheinisches Museum f. Philologie(Neue Folge), vol. 69, 1907.

The authors prove that boy love in Hellas was introduced by the Dorians. Although traces of the custom are found also among the Ionians, boy love, like knighthood, became fashionable in Greece through the Dorians. “It was permitted only to the free citizen, the knight, while slaves were forbidden to indulge in the practice often under penalty of death. The practice was regulated by strict rules and became a state institution. In Sparta, Crete, Thebes the training for (arety)ἀρεθή, among the dominant class was based on pederasty. The lovers in Sparta were held to a strict accountability for their ‘companions’ who became attached to them from their 12th year; so that they and not their youthful companions were punished for any shameful act on the part of the latter.” “The battlefield atChaironeiawas covered with the lovers ... lying in pairs.” In Crete the choice of boy lovers assumed the form of bridal theft. The lover advised the boy’s family of his intention of stealing the boy. If the family did not like the “match” it tried to avoid the capture of the boy. The higher the lover’s social position the greater was the honor felt by the boy and his family. The chosen one was afterwards sent home carrying gifts....

In fact, at Thebes, Thera and in Cretesuch unions even enjoyed religious sanction. “The engagement of the lovers or rather their physical union certainty occurred under the protection of some god or hero at Thera and at Thebes. At Thebes we find the language unmistakably clear in the high archaic field inscriptions of the Seventh Century, chiselled in large letters upon the holy promontory near the City, at a distance of 50–70 meters from the temple ofApollo Karneiosand on the holy site dedicated toZeus. They read as follows: “On this holy place, under protection ofZeus,Kerionhas consummated his union with the son ofBathyklesand proclaiming it proudly to the world dedicates to it this imperishable memorial. And many Thereans with him, and after him, have united themselves with their boys on this same holy spot.””

At Crete it was considered a shame for a boy to possess no knightly lover. On the other hand it was a great honor for a boy to be wanted by many lovers.

For the lovers and for the boys these relations had an excellent effect. Each was inspired to do his best in order to prove his mettle and beἀγαθός ανήρ(agathoi anyr). The heroic tales even took note of this love. The wondrous deeds of aHerakleswere carried out in honor of the male loverEurystheus. Repelling a wooing knight was considered ignominious,—a blot on one’s honor.Plutarchrelates the story howAristodamusstruck down with his sword an obstinate boy: “Man gerät unwilkürlich in die Sprache unseres ritterlichen Ehrenkomments,”—statesBethe.

With that act the knight transferred hisἀρετή(arety), knighthood, upon the boy. It had a symbolic meaning. Among the Spartans the pæderast was calledεἰοπνήλας(eiopnylas), fromεἰοπνειν(eiopnein), meaning,the one who blows something in(the inblower). But what was it that the pederast blew into the boy? Clearly theπνευμα(pneuma), the soul, a belief which has come down from the oldest period (Bible) surviving to this day in Christianity. According to primitive conceptions the soul of man resided in his various secreta and excreta. Urine, fæces, blood and semen were magical substances inasmuch as they contained the life principle. With his male seed the Dorian endowed his boy with knightly prowess. (Similarly the savages in New Guinea drink the urine of the chieftain in order to acquire his skill and strength.Bethementions numerous similar instances.) The semen was regarded as the seat of the soul.

Bethepoints out also that the liver, the heart and more particularly thephalluswere similarly identified with the soul. The reader is referred to the original study for further details.

The remarkable notion of blowing one’s soul into anothera posteriori, is traced by the author to primitive beliefs. Animals showed no objection to these love-offerings; and men who ascribed magical properties to urine and fæces undoubtedly lacked any feeling of revulsion against these excreta.... Since the anus was looked upon as the portal for angry demons, why should not the benevolent magical power of heroes be introduced the same way?

“The notion which led to the development of pæderasty as a State Institution among the Dorians, could not long endure. It had to give way finally.... But boy love persisted as a widespread custom and stood throughout antiquity and throughout the whole extent of Greek culture as a necessary feature of decent superior Greek citizenship. The Christian church fought the heathen custom from the beginning and was the first to drive pæderasty from Christian society; unable to root it out by spiritual means, it adopted criminal punishment in the year 342.”

That is, briefly, the philologist’s account, who also states that during the pre-Doric period (Homer, for instance) the custom of boy love had as yet no roots as an Institution.

50.Zur Psychologie der Vita Sexualis, Allg. Zeitschr. f. Psychol., 1894.

51. I am unable to corroborate the contention ofFerencziin hisZur Nosologie der männlichen Homosexualität(Homoerotik), published inZeitschrift f. ärztl. Psychoanalyse, Vol. II, 189, 1914. He assumes two forms of homosexuality: 1.the passive subject-homoerotic, who represents an inborn state and stands for an intermediary type inHirschfeld’ssense and is incurable and 2. theactive object-homoerotic, a type he describes as a special form of compulsion neurosis. The passive type never consults the physician for his trouble,—he is a genuine homosexual; the active type is unhappy over his condition, he shows the typical symptoms. Both share in common the peculiarity that their own sex is an essential condition for the attainment of their love-object and remains so throughout life.I have seen many homosexuals who are interchangeably active or passive. On the other hand I have seen active homosexuals who were very much troubled over their condition and passive homosexuals who have been cured. Incidentally I may mention thatFerencziborrows thoughts from my essay onMasken der Homosexualität, without indicating the source. SinceFreudhas decreed against me his anathema, the narrower Freudian school looks upon my work as common property to be appropriated at will by any one.

I have seen many homosexuals who are interchangeably active or passive. On the other hand I have seen active homosexuals who were very much troubled over their condition and passive homosexuals who have been cured. Incidentally I may mention thatFerencziborrows thoughts from my essay onMasken der Homosexualität, without indicating the source. SinceFreudhas decreed against me his anathema, the narrower Freudian school looks upon my work as common property to be appropriated at will by any one.

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