AN EXPOSITIONOF THEDUNBAR SYSTEM OF HORSESHOEING,AND TREATMENT OF THE HORSE’S FOOT.As taught to the Farriers of the United States Army byAlexander Dunbar, under the authority of the Joint Resolution of Congress, and for which Dunbar received twenty-five thousand dollars. Highly recommended to the U. S. Army by Robert Banner and George Wilkes.
As taught to the Farriers of the United States Army byAlexander Dunbar, under the authority of the Joint Resolution of Congress, and for which Dunbar received twenty-five thousand dollars. Highly recommended to the U. S. Army by Robert Banner and George Wilkes.
The first thing to be done is to carefully examine the horse’s feet all around, to see that they are of a natural shape, taking care to abstain from any action that will tend to excite the horse.
The shoes should be removed one at a time, and the nails carefully drawn after the clinches are cut, one at a time; anything like tearing offthe shoe by main force should by all means be avoided.
The shoe being removed, the rasp should then be used on the edge of the foot where the shoe has been, removing all dirt and gravel which may have accumulated there, and thus prevent injury to the shoeing knife.
If the foot is healthy and of a natural shape, and has been shod regularly, no alteration is required, but simply to pare out the sole of the foot, removing the bors entirely, and opening out the heels back. The surface of the frog should be trimmed off a very little, but the sides should never be cut.
By reference to Plate No. 12 the exact idea of the system of paring the foot may be gained. It has been practiced successfully, and is recommended for the simple reason that by the system of removing the bors and opening out the heels, contraction is prevented, and the frog retains its natural shape, because all pressure is removed from each side.
The foot should not be scooped out so as to leave the wall projecting without any support; for the wall of the hoof is the base upon which the horse travels, and this should be supported by a sufficiency of the sole as a “ground surface.” The shoes should be removed and the feet prepared one at a time.
In fitting a shoe to the foot, after it has been thoroughly prepared, the farrier should take hold of the foot and see that the shoe is perfectly easy on the heels, and that he has sufficient room all around in the manner illustrated on Plate No. 11. If the shoe is found to fit well everywhere, he will take the foot between his knees, and placing the shoe properly, drive the nails with great care, so that the shoe cannot get out of its proper place. When the nails are started he should hammer them home lightly, or according to the foot he is working on. The three nails on the inside and outside, toward the toe, should always be driven a little tighter than the heel nails, so as to prevent pressure on the heels. No man should be in a hurry in shoeing a horse,but should always be careful in fitting and driving the shoe as instructed.
A shoe should never be fitted tightly, unless the coffin-bone has too much play; then it should be fitted tight around the toe and each quarter, as far as the nail-holes extend back, in order to contract the foot, and bring the coffin-bone to its proper place. Such cases are, however, very rare.
The heels of the shoe should never be allowed to curve inward toward the frog, and the foot should be prepared so as to prevent any pressure from the shoe on the heel, in the manner shown by Plate No. 14, at the same time allowing the bearing of the shoe to be perfectly equal.
If the horse has a long foot it should be shortened on the toe as much as possible—the more the better—for the hoof grows out more quickly at the toe; and it is necessary, because in a case of this kind the coffin-bone is necessarily out of its proper position, and the operation of shortening the toe must be continued until itresumes its natural shape; but a close operation, and working the horse at the same time, is not recommended, because the foot can be brought to its proper shape by cutting gradually in time.
After the cutting has been performed, a shoe should be fitted so as to have the pressure on each quarter, and with heels, if the horse’s heels are naturally low, in order to prevent a sudden change.
A horse should be re-shod at least once a month.
Plate No. 3—Paring out the Foot.—By reference to this plate it will be seen what a difference there exists between the system recommended and practiced by Mr. Dunbar, and the old style practiced and recommended by all authorities on the subject heretofore.
No. 3.Paring the Foot.aNew Style.bOld Style.
No. 3.Paring the Foot.
aNew Style.bOld Style.
The bors should becut away entirely, removing the pressure from the frog, and cutting out the heel. By this system of paring the foot a ground surface will always be left, commencing at theheel and expanding gradually, as illustrated by the plates “A” to “C;” the sides of the frog should never be cut, but the top should be cut down sufficiently to allow it to be clear of the ground after the shoe is fitted. The cleft of the frog should always be cleaned out thoroughly every time the shoe is renewed.
Plates Nos. 4. and 5—Long Feet before and after Cutting.—A horse with a long foot, as will be easily seen, will suffer from an undue pressure on the heels (see article on Corns), causing corns, and in addition to that, if the foot is not shortened in time, it will cause the coffin-bone to lose its proper shape, but this can be remedied by shortening the toe every time the horse is shod, thus keeping the foot in its proper shape.
No. 4.Long Foot—Before Treatment.
No. 4.Long Foot—Before Treatment.
No. 5.Long Foot—After Treatment.
No. 5.Long Foot—After Treatment.
The common practice of fitting a shoe tight on the heels, to prevent interfering, is entirely wrong; an interfering horse does not strike with his heel, but with the inner side of the toe, not further back than the heel-nails, both hind andforward. To prevent this, the shoe should be fitted wider on theinnerthan on theouterheel. A horse that interferes should be carefully examined by the farrier before shoeing, who will notice particularly the shape of his feet. If the animal standsinwardand interferes, theoutsidequarter should be cut down, and thus throw the foot level; and if he stands outward and interferes, theinsidequarter should be cut down for the same reason. After this a shoeshould be fitted with no nails on the inner quarter, which should bethickest.
To prevent a horse traveling pigeon-toed is simply to pare off the inner quarter of the toe, and have the shoe fitted as above. By this operation the bearing will be level. This will apply also to a horse for light riding, and for a horse traveling between the shafts; but for the latter a good block heel on the outer, and a small one on the inner quarter of the shoe should be made; the toe also to be made thick in proportion, to make the bearing level.
No. 10.Coffin-Bone.Fig. 1.aUpper pastern.bLower pastern.cNavicular bone.dCoffin-bone.Fig. 2.aUpper pastern.bLower pastern.cNavicular bone.dCoffin-bone, with the horny laminæ.
No. 10.Coffin-Bone.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Plate No. 10is a representation of a perfectly healthy coffin-bone, with the upper and lower pastern and navicular bones front, and reverse sides. The system recommended by the author is intended to prevent any pressure whatever on the wings of the coffin-bone. Anything that prevents the perfectly free action of the coffin-bone will cause “navicular disease,” and “ossified cartilages.” After a foot is pared, as recommended in this, so as to be easilyexpanded, the wings of the coffin-bone, which are the widest part, should be protected by a wide shoe, and there should be no pressure whatever on the heels.
No. 11.Fitting a Shoe to Remove Pressure from the Heel.
No. 11.Fitting a Shoe to Remove Pressure from the Heel.
No. 12.Contracted.Natural.No. 13.Old Style Paring out the Foot.New Style.
No. 12.Contracted.Natural.
No. 13.Old Style Paring out the Foot.New Style.
No. 14.Contracted Foot after Treatment.
No. 14.Contracted Foot after Treatment.
The pressure of the bor on one side of the seat of the disease, and of the horny substance of a contracted heel on the other side, added to a tight shoe, causes inflammation, which, when it becomes chronic, is styled acorn.
A corn may be detected by paring the foot close. It is not necessary, as recommended by some authorities, to use pincers, squeezing the hoof all around to find the corn, thereby giving the horse unnecessary pain. They are to be found only in the heel, and do not result from bruises, but from pressure.
Treatment.—The shoe having been removed, the inside of the hoof should be pared out thoroughly all around, and if a long hoof, it should be shortened. If the corn is visible, the heel should be pared down and the bors weakened, opening the heel as far back as possible (see Plate No. 11), and fitting an open shoe, so as to throw the pressure off the heel. The pressurehaving been removed, the corn will disappear, or grow down in the quarter, in which case the farrier should fit a bor shoe, so as to throw the weight off the diseased heel and partly on the frog, the elastic surface of which will prevent severe pressure.
If a horse has a long foot, the pressure is more on the corns, because his foot is in front of him, and an over-proportion of his weight comes on his heels. A horse with a long foot is like a man with a thick sole to his boot and no heels, for with his heels he strikes the ground first.
Every horse should have his feet wellunderhim, and not infrontof him. This fact should be taken into consideration when fitting the open shoe.
Inflammation should be reduced by placing a swab over the coronet, and using a hot poultice of linseed meal for the foot.
No. 15.Expanding the Foot after it has been Pared out.
No. 15.Expanding the Foot after it has been Pared out.
No. 16.Lateral Quarter-Crack before Treatment. Contracted Foot.
No. 16.Lateral Quarter-Crack before Treatment. Contracted Foot.
No. 17.Quarter-Crack—Lateral—Under Treatment.
No. 17.Quarter-Crack—Lateral—Under Treatment.
No. 18.Straight Quarter-Crack under Treatment.
No. 18.Straight Quarter-Crack under Treatment.
The pressure having been removed from a corn for a fortnight, it will be observed to have a light color, representing the color of a new corn, and if properly treated, it will gradually disappear, and be displaced by a healthy growth of foot.
The horse should be allowed at least a month in which to recover from his lameness; but it is not necessary to turn him out to grass, and care should be taken that his feet are closely attended to, having the shoes renewed about once in a fortnight.
Contractionis the result of neglect, want of natural moisture, and tight shoeing. The result is lameness, if in one foot, and if in both feet, the loss of their free, natural use, causing short steps and stumbling. If the inner quarter is contracted, it is the cause, if not soon remedied, of quarter-crack. The practice of fitting a shoe so as to fit tighter on the inner than the outer quarter, to prevent interfering, renders it more liable to contraction.
The want of proper moisture causes the horn to shrink, and prevents the foot from expanding naturally. This should be remedied by soaking the feet, if feverish, in warm, and if healthy, in cold water, twice a day, an hour at each time.This moisture should be applied at least two hours before the horse is used. This will render the foot elastic, and prevent abuse from traveling over rough roads.
By reference to accompanying plate, No. 12, the difference will be observed between a natural and a contracted foot. The quarters growing toward each other in the contracted, cause the coffin-bone to lose its proper shape, and forcing the sensitive frog upwards from its proper place, causes scratches and thrush.
Treatment of contraction, briefly speaking, isexpansion. The foot should be thoroughly prepared in the following manner: If the horse is lame, the farrier should shorten the toe, lower the foot all around, and open the heels back until the blood is drawn. The sole of the foot should be pared as closely as possible on each side of the frog, in the manner shown by the illustration on Plate No. 12, “natural foot.” The frog should be lowered, but the side shouldnotbe cut. A groove should be made with a rasp just under and parallel with the coronet on each side (see Plate No. 14) deep enough to draw blood, then with a fine shoeing knife, cut little notches down from the cornet and across the groove at certain equal distances, as shown by illustration No. 14, the entire length of the groove. These notches should also be deep enough to draw blood. This will relieve the pressure caused by contraction from the cartilages on both sides, and allow them to resume their proper shape.
No. 19.Quarter-Crack, after Treatment.
No. 19.Quarter-Crack, after Treatment.
No. 20.Toe-Crack, before Treatment.
No. 20.Toe-Crack, before Treatment.
Having the foot ready for a shoe, a hand should be placed on each side of the foot, pressing it outward in the manner shown by Plate No, 15. The shoe must be very carefully fitted, and must have eight nail-holes, for the reason that it is the heel nails that relieve a horse while in contraction.
The shoe should be fitted so as to project at least a quarter of an inch on each side of the foot, so as to see the nail-holes projecting on each side of the outer and inner quarter. Having this accomplished, the bearing should be equal; the nails must be driven first toward the toe,then toward the heel, driving them half-way, and using the utmost care and skill; the higher the nails are driven the better. The shoe being fitted so wide, there is no fear of pricking.
The nails toward the heel should be driven by alternate taps on each side, because the foot expands on each side on account of being pared so thin on either side of the frog, the source of the expansion.
The heel nails should relieve the wings of the coffin-bone, which suffer most while in a state of contraction, and allow them to come back to their proper position.
Considerable soreness will result from this mode of treatment, which can be remedied by using thin poultices of linseed meal, applied as hot as possible, to be renewed at least once every two days for the period of two weeks. The foot should also be thoroughly soaked in a bucket of warm water for half an hour at each renewal of the poultice; this will remove all soreness, and prevent the foot from shrinking when exposed to the weather. Theexpansiontreatment shouldbe continued gradually until the coffin-bone resumes its natural shape; when this is accomplished, the growing hoof will naturally accommodate itself to the bone.
The severe treatment recommended is necessary only in an aggravated case causing lameness. It can be so modified by cutting the hoof, and expanding the foot gradually, as to allow the horse to be used while under treatment, if he has not been disabled.
Quarter-cracks are commonly found in feet of saddle horses, and are caused by contraction and pressure, and are also the result of a shoe being fitted tightly on the inner quarter, to prevent interfering, as stated in remarks on “Contraction.”
Most commonly found on the inner quarter; it commences at the coronet, extending downward, and when it extends through to the laminæ causes lameness, and is especially serious if the foot is contracted, as shown by Plate No. 16.
There are two kinds of quarter-cracks, as shown by plates Nos. 17 and 18—thelateraland thestraightthe latter being the most serious, if the separation commences at the coronet.
Treatment.—If the foot is inclined to contract, it should be prepared as for contraction; shorten the toe and expand the foot, under the directions already given. If lameness has resulted, a bor shoe should be fitted, so as to remove all pressure from half an inch on each side of the crack, then with a rasp cut a groove under and parallel with the coronet, extending about half an inch on each side of the crack; with a shoeing knife cut some small notches on each side of the groove, after which the edges of the crack may be cut away. (See Plates Nos. 17 and 18.) If the foot bleeds freely so much the better. After this is done a firing-iron should be applied so as to cauterize the crack. This operation having been performed, the foot should be dressed with tar every morning for about three weeks. The pressure being removed, the new growth will commence at the coronet, and extend downward, as shown in Plate No. 19, until a permanent cure is effected.
No. 21.Toe-Crack, after Treatment.Explaining use of “Expansion Plate.”
No. 21.Toe-Crack, after Treatment.
Explaining use of “Expansion Plate.”
No. 22.Thrush.Before Treatment. After Treatment.No. 23.Pumice Foot.Before Treatment. After Treatment.
No. 22.Thrush.
Before Treatment. After Treatment.
No. 23.Pumice Foot.
Before Treatment. After Treatment.
No. 24.Hoof-bound—Under Treatment.
No. 24.Hoof-bound—Under Treatment.
Toe-crack, more common to heavy and draught horses, is caused by want of room; the space inside the wall of the foot not being large enough to accommodate the laminæ, it causes inflammation, and breaks out at the weakest point, which is the coronet, and extends downward to the toe, causing the foot to assume the appearance of a cloven foot. (See Plate No. 20.)
Treatment.—Shorten the toe as much as possible, and then pare the sole of the foot until it will yield to the pressure of the thumb. No pressure should be allowed within half an inch on each side of the crack on the toe, for the reason that the pressure on the toe prevents the coronet from uniting. Having prepared the sole of the foot, a fine shoeing knife should be used to remove the horn that is inclined to grow inward on each side of the crack, after which a groove under the coronet, extending on each side of the crack, will be made, and the notches on each side of the groove as already directed. Afiring-iron should be applied to cauterize the crack from the coronet downward. Then the crack should be cut away in the center, so as to allow the use of an “expansion plate,” as shown in Plate No. 21. This expansion plate can be made of brass or steel. It is composed of four pieces, as follows: A plate divided in the center into two equal parts, A and B (see Plate No. 21), and a thread cut in the center. Each part is made so as to fit dove-tailed into the crack, held in place with a screw C, and a burr D, underneath, to prevent the screw from pressing the laminæ of the foot. The screw, which has considerable power as a lever, forces the two plates apart, lifts up the wall of the foot which is pressing each side of the crack, and presses it outward. This being done, an open shoe should be fitted, wider than the foot, so as to expand it, which, together with the notches cut in the groove under the coronet, will cause a new and strong growth from each side of the crack, commencing at the coronet and extending downward.
The length of time required to effect a removal of the crack depends on the treatment and skill of the operator. If the foot is expanded by the plate with skill, and the nails in the shoe driven so as to prevent the wall of the foot from closing in on the crack, the plate may be removed at once; otherwise it should remain stationary, which can be done by substituting the small screw E, which will not prevent the horse from being used while under treatment. The use of the expansion plate is not necessary, unless the crack extends the whole length of the hoof. The crack extending from the coronet, partly down the front of the foot, should be treated at once, removing pressure by shortening the toe and expanding the foot, as already instructed; then, by means of the groove and notches, promote a new growth at the coronet.
Is a disease of the frog, most common to a foot which is hoof-bound or contracted, but all horses’ feet are subject to it when they are neglected.The frog, pressed on each side by the bors of the foot, and from the overgrowth of the hoof, becomes inflamed, and the result isthrush. (See Plate No. 22.)
No. 25.Overgrowth of Hoof and Neglect.After Treatment. Ground Surface before Treatment.
No. 25.Overgrowth of Hoof and Neglect.
After Treatment. Ground Surface before Treatment.
Treatment if the Hoof is Hoof-bound.—The farrier, after removing the shoe, should use his rasp, and lower the wall of the foot all around from heel to heel; then, by the free use of the knife, pare the foot to its natural size. Also pare around the frog until the sole of the foot yields to the pressure of the thumb, then open the heels and remove the pegs that grow on each side of the heels. All this should be done before a knife is used on the frog. After all pressure is removed by this paring operation, the condition of the frog will show how it was affected by pressure on each side.
No. 26.Overgrowth of Hoof—Front View before Treatment.
No. 26.Overgrowth of Hoof—Front View before Treatment.
No. 27.Overgrowth of Hoof—Front View after Treatment.
No. 27.Overgrowth of Hoof—Front View after Treatment.
No. 28.Navicula.—Enlargement of Metacarpal Bone.
No. 28.Navicula.—Enlargement of Metacarpal Bone.
Next, by the use of the knife, cut a slice off the top of the frog, and carefully clean out the cleft, which suffers most on account of the direct pressure of the bors on each side of the frog. After this cleaning operation is performed, a warm poultice of flaxseed meal should be applied two or three times, according to the condition of the foot. When the poultice is removed, the foot should be washed out occasionally with castile soap and warm water, after which a little salt, ground into fine powder, should be forced into the cleft, and kept in by a mixture of tar and oakum as a dressing, after which an open shoe should be fitted so as to expand the foot gradually. This treatment should be pursued until a permanent cure is effected.
If the foot is in a state of contraction, it should be expanded under the instructionsalready given. By this expansion all pressure is removed, and a permanent cure is easily effected by following the instructions already given.
No liquid remedies, such as butter of antimony, or chloride of zinc, should be used, as they dry up the foot before the inflammation is removed.
By reference to Plate No. 22 a good idea may be obtained of the manner of paring out a hoof suffering from thrush.
(See Plate No. 23) should always be pared out on each side of the frog until it yields to the pressure of the thumb. This paring should, however, be done immediately around the frog, leaving more than the usual ground surface (see plate After Treatment). The toe should be shortened as much as possible, and the heels cut out back. If the horse is lame a bor shoe is the best to protect the foot, with a leathersole, and some spirits of tar as a moisture. This shoe should be renewed at least once a month, with a leather sole, until a cure is effected.
(Plate No. 24.) A horse that is hoof-bound is deprived of his free action, and resembles a horse that is foundered.
Treatment.—The foot should be pared out thoroughly, and on each side of the frog, until it yields to the pressure of the thumb. Open the heels and remove the bors that press the frog on each side, and cause the animal much pain.
The toe should be shortened, and if the foot is inclined to contraction, the shoe should be fitted wider than the foot, which, if done properly, will expand the foot (see article Contraction). The shoe should be a good, heavy, open one, well eased off at the heels. Having the foot prepared, the operation should next be performed around the coronet, as follows: If thecartilages are hard, as they are generally from being pressed upwards, a groove should be made with a rasp immediately under the coronet, and extending all the way across from heel to heel, deep enough to draw blood. Next, with a fine knife cut notches across the groove at equal distances the whole length of the groove, and extending from the coronet downward.
By this operation, illustrated on Plate No. 24, the pressure is removed from the cartilages. After this a poultice of linseed meal should be applied around the coronet, which loosens all pressure and starts a new growth.
If the horse is lame from this disease the close cutting operation should be performed and the poultice applied one week; otherwise the operation need not be so severe.
Plates Nos. 25, 26, 27—Illustrations of Overgrowth of Hoof and Neglect before and after Treatment.—The illustration, “Before Treatment,” Plate No, 25, represents the ground surface of a foot operated upon, and “After Treatment”represents the same foot after one pound of overgrowth had been removed from one foot. Plates Nos. 26 and 27 show the difference between the foot before and after treatment, and show the importance of being careful in observing a horse’s foot so as to prevent lameness, and the various diseases caused by neglect.
Plates Nos. 28 and 29—Enlargement of the Metacarpal Bone.—In a great many cases because the enlargement interferes with the free use of the flexor tendon, pressing it out of its proper place. A horse with a contracted foot suffers from this pressure when the shoe is fitted tight and brings the heels inward. The metacarpal bones extend from the back of the knee downward to the pastern joint, forming, as it were, a brace on each side. They become quite small as they extend downward, and the enlargement is generally found on the inside of the leg. (See Plate No. 28.)
No. 29.Enlargement of the Metacarpal Bone.aShowing how to find the enlargement.bShowing the manner in which the incision is made, and the enlargement removed.
No. 29.Enlargement of the Metacarpal Bone.
aShowing how to find the enlargement.
bShowing the manner in which the incision is made, and the enlargement removed.
The enlargement may be discovered by running the hand downward from the knee, the thumb on the side and the forefinger on theother, until it is felt (see Plate 29, “A”). If pressed and the horse yields to the pressure, it is a sure sign that he is affected, and he should be properly shod at once as if for contraction, or the enlargement should be removed. To do this, the horse should be in the following position:First, with plenty of straw under him to prevent bruising; then he should be thrown on his side and fastened down, so as to allow the operator to make an incision with a fine pocket knife partly to the front and near where the enlargement is. This operation will not interfere with the tendons, or veins that extend upward from the foot. The incision having been made, the finger may be inserted, as shown in Plate No. 29, “B,” so as to raise the enlargement and make it visible. Then, with a pair of nippers, snap the end off with one motion. The incision should be closed, fastened together with a needle and silk thread; then apply a linen bandage and over this a woolen cloth, containing a little moisture, to prevent fever. A little sweet oil should be applied, to keep it clean while healing. The operation is not severe and is thoroughly effective.
No. 30.A Foot that is Deprived of the free use of the Back Tendons.
No. 30.A Foot that is Deprived of the free use of the Back Tendons.
Plates Nos. 30 and 31represent a foot which has been deprived of the free use of the back tendons, caused by a sudden jar or misstep, causing a horse so affected to travel on his toe, and can be remedied only by a system of expanding the foot under the directions already given for contraction.
No. 31.Ossified growth of Upper and Lower Pastern Joint, also Navicular Joint and Coffin-bone, in a foot which has been deprived of the free use of the back Tendons. See Plate No. 30.
No. 31.
Ossified growth of Upper and Lower Pastern Joint, also Navicular Joint and Coffin-bone, in a foot which has been deprived of the free use of the back Tendons. See Plate No. 30.
After this a shoe should be fitted with a toe and no heels, for by raising the toe the bearing is thrown on the heels. If the action is heavy on the toe, the shoe should be provided with a steel toe-calk. This will prevent a horse fromtraveling on his toe, and such a case, if taken in time, can be remedied, if not permanently cured, by simply fitting a shoe so as to throw the bearing on the heels.
No. 32.The Sensitive Frog.Interior surface. Exterior surface.
No. 32.The Sensitive Frog.
Interior surface. Exterior surface.
Plates Nos. 30 and 31represent an aggravated case, which from neglect became incurable.
Plate No. 32represents the exterior surface of the sensitive frog. The great principle of this system of paring the horse’s feet, is to remove all pressure from the frog. It should be protectedfrom all pressure, and such diseases as thrush and scratches may be avoided.
Plate No. 33gives a sectional view of all the bones and tendons of the horse’s foot. Every blacksmith and farrier should thoroughly understand this and the anatomy of the horse’s foot, in order to be able to know exactly how to treat any disease which may be brought to their notice.
No. 33.Section of the Pastern and other Bones, Ligaments, etc.A—Shank-bone.B—Upper and larger pastern-bone.C—Sesamoid-bone.D—Lower or smaller pastern-bone.E—Navicular or shuttle-bone.F—Coffin-bone, or bone of the foot.G—Suspensory ligament inserted into the sesamoid-bone.H—Continuation of the suspensory ligament inserted into the smaller pastern-bone.I—Small inelastic ligament lying down the sesamoid-bone to the larger pastern-bone.K—A long ligament reaching from the pastern-bone to the knee.L—Extensor tendon inserted into both the pastern and the coffin-bone.M—Tendon of the perforating flexor inserted into the coffin-bone, after having passed over the navicular-bone.N—Seat of the navicular-joint lameness.O—Inner or sensible frog.P—Cleft of the horny frog.Q—A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the smaller pastern.R—A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the coffin-bone.S—Sensible sole between the coffin-bone and the horny side.T—Horny sole.U—Crust or wall of the foot.V—Sensible laminæ to which the crust is attached.W—Coronary ring of the crust.X—The covering of the coronary ligament from which the crust is secreted.Z—Place of bleeding at the toe.
No. 33.Section of the Pastern and other Bones, Ligaments, etc.
A—Shank-bone.B—Upper and larger pastern-bone.C—Sesamoid-bone.D—Lower or smaller pastern-bone.E—Navicular or shuttle-bone.F—Coffin-bone, or bone of the foot.G—Suspensory ligament inserted into the sesamoid-bone.H—Continuation of the suspensory ligament inserted into the smaller pastern-bone.I—Small inelastic ligament lying down the sesamoid-bone to the larger pastern-bone.K—A long ligament reaching from the pastern-bone to the knee.L—Extensor tendon inserted into both the pastern and the coffin-bone.M—Tendon of the perforating flexor inserted into the coffin-bone, after having passed over the navicular-bone.N—Seat of the navicular-joint lameness.O—Inner or sensible frog.P—Cleft of the horny frog.Q—A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the smaller pastern.R—A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the coffin-bone.S—Sensible sole between the coffin-bone and the horny side.T—Horny sole.U—Crust or wall of the foot.V—Sensible laminæ to which the crust is attached.W—Coronary ring of the crust.X—The covering of the coronary ligament from which the crust is secreted.Z—Place of bleeding at the toe.
A—Shank-bone.
B—Upper and larger pastern-bone.
C—Sesamoid-bone.
D—Lower or smaller pastern-bone.
E—Navicular or shuttle-bone.
F—Coffin-bone, or bone of the foot.
G—Suspensory ligament inserted into the sesamoid-bone.
H—Continuation of the suspensory ligament inserted into the smaller pastern-bone.
I—Small inelastic ligament lying down the sesamoid-bone to the larger pastern-bone.
K—A long ligament reaching from the pastern-bone to the knee.
L—Extensor tendon inserted into both the pastern and the coffin-bone.
M—Tendon of the perforating flexor inserted into the coffin-bone, after having passed over the navicular-bone.
N—Seat of the navicular-joint lameness.
O—Inner or sensible frog.
P—Cleft of the horny frog.
Q—A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the smaller pastern.
R—A ligament uniting the navicular-bone to the coffin-bone.
S—Sensible sole between the coffin-bone and the horny side.
T—Horny sole.
U—Crust or wall of the foot.
V—Sensible laminæ to which the crust is attached.
W—Coronary ring of the crust.
X—The covering of the coronary ligament from which the crust is secreted.
Z—Place of bleeding at the toe.