FIG. 147. INFLORESCENCEOFARGEMONEGRANDIFLORA.
FIG. 147. INFLORESCENCEOFARGEMONEGRANDIFLORA.
FIG. 147. INFLORESCENCEOFARGEMONEGRANDIFLORA.
A. mexicana(Mexican). Devil's Fig.fl.solitary, yellow; petals four to six. June.l.profoundly repand-sinuated, spiny, blotched with white.h.2ft. Mexico, 1592. Hardy annual.A. ochroleuca(yellowish-white).*fl.pale yellow, solitary; petals six. August.l.profoundly sinuated or pinnatifid, glaucescent nerves with prickly bristles, blotched with white. Stem prickly. Mexico, 1827. Hardy annual.
A. mexicana(Mexican). Devil's Fig.fl.solitary, yellow; petals four to six. June.l.profoundly repand-sinuated, spiny, blotched with white.h.2ft. Mexico, 1592. Hardy annual.
A. ochroleuca(yellowish-white).*fl.pale yellow, solitary; petals six. August.l.profoundly sinuated or pinnatifid, glaucescent nerves with prickly bristles, blotched with white. Stem prickly. Mexico, 1827. Hardy annual.
ARGENTEUS.Silvery. A pale colour resembling silver.
ARGOLASIA.SeeLanaria.
ARGIYREIA(fromargyreios, silvery; in reference to the silvery undersides of the leaves). Silver-weed. ORD.Convolvulaceæ. An elegant genus of greenhouse and stove climbers. Sepals five; corolla campanulate. Shrubs for the most part silvery, but sometimes silky and tomentose. The greater number of the species are robust, extensive twiners or climbers, usually requiring plenty of room to run, before they will flower.A. cuneata, and one or two others, are of dwarf habit, and produce their splendid blossoms in abundance. All the species grow well in light rich soil, or a mixture of peat, loam, and sand. Cuttings root readily if planted in sand, with a hand glass placed over them, in a little bottom heat.
A. capitata(headed).fl., corolla 1in. to 2in. long, rose coloured or purple, hairy outside; peduncles exceeding the petioles. July.l.cordate-ovate, acuminated, 2in. to 5in, long, and 1in. to 3in. broad, hairy on both surfaces; hairs glandular at the base. Plant clothed with strigose hairs. Silhet, 1823.A. cuneata(wedge-leaved).*fl., corolla large, of a beautiful deep bright purple; peduncles downy, shorter than the leaves, three to six-flowered. July.l.obovate-cuneate, emarginate, glabrous above, but beset with short, crowded hairs beneath, hardly petiolate. Stem clothed with powdery down at top.h.2ft. to 5ft. India, 1822.A. cymosa(cyme-flowered).*fl., corolla pale pink, tubularly funnel-shaped, villous outside; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, leafy at top, and cymosely many-flowered.l.roundish-cordate, or reniformly-cordate, obtuse, terminated by a very short prickle, glabrous on both surfaces, or clothed with pruinose down. Malabar (mountains), 1823.A. malabarica(Malabar).fl.rather small; bottom of the bell deep purple; throat pink, with the edges paler, almost white, and slightly ten-lobed; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, many-flowered at the apex. June.l.roundish-cordate, acute, glabrous, or furnished with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces. Coromandel, 1823.A. pomacea(Apple-fruited).fl.large, rose coloured; peduncles villous, exceeding the petioles a little, cymose, many-flowered. Berry size of a cherry, yellow.l.ovate-elliptic, obtuse, clothed with cinerous, velvety down on both surfaces, but especially beneath, sometimes sub-emarginate at apex. Mysore, 1818.A. speciosa(showy).*fl., corolla nearly 2in. long, of a deep rose colour; peduncles about equal in length to the petioles, umbellately capitate. July.l.3in. to 12in. long, and 2in. to 4in. broad, cordate, acute, glabrous above, or rarely villous, thickly nerved beneath, and clothed with silky, silvery down. India, 1818.A. splendens(splendid).*fl., corolla tubularly campanulate, 1½in. long, rather villous outside, pale red; peduncles exceeding the (hoary) petioles, corymbosely many-flowered. November.l.ovate-oblong or ovate-elliptic, entire or pandurately sinuated, sometimes somewhat three-lobed, smooth above, but clothed with silvery, silky down beneath, 6in. long, acuminated. India, 1820.
A. capitata(headed).fl., corolla 1in. to 2in. long, rose coloured or purple, hairy outside; peduncles exceeding the petioles. July.l.cordate-ovate, acuminated, 2in. to 5in, long, and 1in. to 3in. broad, hairy on both surfaces; hairs glandular at the base. Plant clothed with strigose hairs. Silhet, 1823.
A. cuneata(wedge-leaved).*fl., corolla large, of a beautiful deep bright purple; peduncles downy, shorter than the leaves, three to six-flowered. July.l.obovate-cuneate, emarginate, glabrous above, but beset with short, crowded hairs beneath, hardly petiolate. Stem clothed with powdery down at top.h.2ft. to 5ft. India, 1822.
A. cymosa(cyme-flowered).*fl., corolla pale pink, tubularly funnel-shaped, villous outside; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, leafy at top, and cymosely many-flowered.l.roundish-cordate, or reniformly-cordate, obtuse, terminated by a very short prickle, glabrous on both surfaces, or clothed with pruinose down. Malabar (mountains), 1823.
A. malabarica(Malabar).fl.rather small; bottom of the bell deep purple; throat pink, with the edges paler, almost white, and slightly ten-lobed; peduncles as long or longer than the leaves, many-flowered at the apex. June.l.roundish-cordate, acute, glabrous, or furnished with a few scattered hairs on both surfaces. Coromandel, 1823.
A. pomacea(Apple-fruited).fl.large, rose coloured; peduncles villous, exceeding the petioles a little, cymose, many-flowered. Berry size of a cherry, yellow.l.ovate-elliptic, obtuse, clothed with cinerous, velvety down on both surfaces, but especially beneath, sometimes sub-emarginate at apex. Mysore, 1818.
A. speciosa(showy).*fl., corolla nearly 2in. long, of a deep rose colour; peduncles about equal in length to the petioles, umbellately capitate. July.l.3in. to 12in. long, and 2in. to 4in. broad, cordate, acute, glabrous above, or rarely villous, thickly nerved beneath, and clothed with silky, silvery down. India, 1818.
A. splendens(splendid).*fl., corolla tubularly campanulate, 1½in. long, rather villous outside, pale red; peduncles exceeding the (hoary) petioles, corymbosely many-flowered. November.l.ovate-oblong or ovate-elliptic, entire or pandurately sinuated, sometimes somewhat three-lobed, smooth above, but clothed with silvery, silky down beneath, 6in. long, acuminated. India, 1820.
ARGYROCHÆTA.A synonym ofParthenium(whichsee).
ARGYROXYPHIUM(fromargyros, silver, andxyphion, a corn-flag; in allusion to the leaves). ORD.Compositæ. An ornamental greenhouse perennial herb. Involucre campanulate; receptacle conical; heads pedunculate, racemose, or in thyrsoid panicles. Leaves alternate; lower ones close, elongated, thick, on both sides silver-lined. Stems simple or slightly branched. It thrives well in rich sandy loam and leaf mould. Propagated by seed-heads.
C. sandwicense(Sandwich Islands).fl.-headspurplish.l.linear lanceolate, imbricate, clothed, like the stems, with silvery hairs.h.3ft. Sandwich islands, 1872. SYN.Argyrophyton Douglasii.
C. sandwicense(Sandwich Islands).fl.-headspurplish.l.linear lanceolate, imbricate, clothed, like the stems, with silvery hairs.h.3ft. Sandwich islands, 1872. SYN.Argyrophyton Douglasii.
ARIA.SeePyrus Aria.
ARISÆMA(fromaron, Arum, andsana, a standard; in reference to the close alliance toArum). ORD.Aroideæ. Small tuberous rooted greenhouse (except where stated otherwise) herbaceous plants. Spathe rolled round the spadix at the base; spadix bearing unisexual flowers below. and rudimentary flowers in the upper part. Leaves peltate, pedate, palmate, or simple. For culture, &c.,seeArum.
A. concinna(neat).*fl., spathe convolute, tubular at the base; upper portion bent over at the mouth, and gradually narrowed into a tail-like appendage about 3in. long; spathe of the female plant longitudinally barred with white and green, the latter colour being replaced with blue-purple in the male. June.l.solitary, sheathing at the base, and made up of ten or twelve lanceolate, entire, light green leaflets, which radiate from the top of the petiole, the latter being 1ft. to 2ft. high. Sikkim, 1871.A. curvatum(curved).*fl.crowning a scape which overtops the foliage; tube of spathe cylindrical, green, obscurely striped with white; the elliptic blade arches forward, green on the inner surface, and brownish-red on the outer; spadix produced into a purplish-red tail, about 1ft. long. April.l.pedate. The large bracts, which sheath the base of the stem, are beautifully marbled with dark olive green, red, and light green.h.4ft. Himalayas, 1871. SYN.A. helleborifolium.A. galeata(helmeted).*fl., spathe about 4in long; tube and cylindrical side of spathe green, tinted purplish at base, with many longitudinal white lines; inside of the tube purple. July.l.solitary, trifoliate; middle leaflet 6in. long by 3¾in. broad; lateral ones 7in. long and nearly 4in. broad.h.1ft. Himalayas, Sikkim, 1879.A. Griffithi(Griffith's).*fl., spathe large, hood-like, brown-violet, with green veins; spadix brown-violet, and the barren end at the base above the flowers has a disk-like projection, while its free extremity is prolonged into a long thread-like appendage. Spring.l.with bold roundish leaflets.h.1ft. to 1½ft. Sikkim, 1879. Hardy; very handsome. SYN.A. Hookerianum.A. helleborifolium(Hellebore-leaved). A synonym ofA. curvatum.A. Hookerianum(Hooker's). A synonym ofA. Griffithi.A. nepenthoides(Nepenthes-like).*fl., spathe above the tubular portion extended into two decided auricles, which serve to distinguish it from other species, ochre, brown, green; spadix yellowish Spring.l.pedate, of five lanceolate or oblanceolateleaflets; central one 6in. long, the others shorter.h.2ft. Himalayas, 1879.A. præcox(early). A synonym ofA. ringens.A. ringens(gaping).*fl., spathe striped green and white, erect and cylindrical below, then arching suddenly over, and again contracting into a rather small deep purple orifice, with broad, reflexed margins; spadix erect, pale yellow-green. Spring.l., leaflets three, ovate-oblong, acuminate, and produced into a filiform point; peduncle short. Japan. Hardy. SYNS.A. præcoxandA. Sieboldi.A. Sieboldi(Siebold's). A. synonym ofA. ringens.A. speciosa(showy).*fl., spadix deep glossy purple, greenish and white, with a long flexuous prolongation, sometimes nearly 20in. in length; spathe also terminating with a filiform elongation. March.l.solitary, trifoliate; leaflets petioled, dark green, conspicuously edged with blood red; petioles long, mottled with white.h.2ft. Temperate Himalayas, 1872.
A. concinna(neat).*fl., spathe convolute, tubular at the base; upper portion bent over at the mouth, and gradually narrowed into a tail-like appendage about 3in. long; spathe of the female plant longitudinally barred with white and green, the latter colour being replaced with blue-purple in the male. June.l.solitary, sheathing at the base, and made up of ten or twelve lanceolate, entire, light green leaflets, which radiate from the top of the petiole, the latter being 1ft. to 2ft. high. Sikkim, 1871.
A. curvatum(curved).*fl.crowning a scape which overtops the foliage; tube of spathe cylindrical, green, obscurely striped with white; the elliptic blade arches forward, green on the inner surface, and brownish-red on the outer; spadix produced into a purplish-red tail, about 1ft. long. April.l.pedate. The large bracts, which sheath the base of the stem, are beautifully marbled with dark olive green, red, and light green.h.4ft. Himalayas, 1871. SYN.A. helleborifolium.
A. galeata(helmeted).*fl., spathe about 4in long; tube and cylindrical side of spathe green, tinted purplish at base, with many longitudinal white lines; inside of the tube purple. July.l.solitary, trifoliate; middle leaflet 6in. long by 3¾in. broad; lateral ones 7in. long and nearly 4in. broad.h.1ft. Himalayas, Sikkim, 1879.
A. Griffithi(Griffith's).*fl., spathe large, hood-like, brown-violet, with green veins; spadix brown-violet, and the barren end at the base above the flowers has a disk-like projection, while its free extremity is prolonged into a long thread-like appendage. Spring.l.with bold roundish leaflets.h.1ft. to 1½ft. Sikkim, 1879. Hardy; very handsome. SYN.A. Hookerianum.
A. helleborifolium(Hellebore-leaved). A synonym ofA. curvatum.
A. Hookerianum(Hooker's). A synonym ofA. Griffithi.
A. nepenthoides(Nepenthes-like).*fl., spathe above the tubular portion extended into two decided auricles, which serve to distinguish it from other species, ochre, brown, green; spadix yellowish Spring.l.pedate, of five lanceolate or oblanceolateleaflets; central one 6in. long, the others shorter.h.2ft. Himalayas, 1879.
A. præcox(early). A synonym ofA. ringens.
A. ringens(gaping).*fl., spathe striped green and white, erect and cylindrical below, then arching suddenly over, and again contracting into a rather small deep purple orifice, with broad, reflexed margins; spadix erect, pale yellow-green. Spring.l., leaflets three, ovate-oblong, acuminate, and produced into a filiform point; peduncle short. Japan. Hardy. SYNS.A. præcoxandA. Sieboldi.
A. Sieboldi(Siebold's). A. synonym ofA. ringens.
A. speciosa(showy).*fl., spadix deep glossy purple, greenish and white, with a long flexuous prolongation, sometimes nearly 20in. in length; spathe also terminating with a filiform elongation. March.l.solitary, trifoliate; leaflets petioled, dark green, conspicuously edged with blood red; petioles long, mottled with white.h.2ft. Temperate Himalayas, 1872.
FIG. 148. ARISÆMATRIPHYLLA.
FIG. 148. ARISÆMATRIPHYLLA.
FIG. 148. ARISÆMATRIPHYLLA.
A. triphylla(three-leaved).*fl., spathe 4in. to 6in. long, striped with broad lines of purplish-brown, with about 1in. of green in the middle; spadix 3in. long, spotted with brown. June to July.l.on long stout petioles, trifoliate; leaflets entire, equal, acuminated.h.9in. to 1ft. North America, 1664. This is quite hardy. SYNS.A. zebrinaandArum triphyllum. See Fig. 148.A. zebrina(zebra). A synonym ofA. triphylla.
A. triphylla(three-leaved).*fl., spathe 4in. to 6in. long, striped with broad lines of purplish-brown, with about 1in. of green in the middle; spadix 3in. long, spotted with brown. June to July.l.on long stout petioles, trifoliate; leaflets entire, equal, acuminated.h.9in. to 1ft. North America, 1664. This is quite hardy. SYNS.A. zebrinaandArum triphyllum. See Fig. 148.
A. zebrina(zebra). A synonym ofA. triphylla.
ARISARUM(name of Greek origin). ORD.Aroideæ. A small genus of half-hardy herbaceous plants, possessing but little horticultural interest, and allied toArisæma. Flowers unisexual, spadix having no rudimentary flowers. Leaves on long stalks, heart-shaped or spear-shaped. The only species in cultivation thrives in a sand, loam, and peat compost. Propagated by seeds or divisions of the root in spring.
A. vulgate(common).fl., spathe livid purple. May.h.1ft. South Europe, 1596.
A. vulgate(common).fl., spathe livid purple. May.h.1ft. South Europe, 1596.
ARISTATE.Having a beard or awn, as the glumes of barley.
ARISTEA(fromarista, a point or beard; in reference to the rigid points of the leaves). ORD.Iridaceæ. A genus of greenhouse herbaceous perennials from the Cape of Good Hope. Flowers blue; perianth rotate, six-parted, twisted after flowering; scape two-edged, rigid, often branched. Leaves narrow, sword-shaped. The species are more interesting than ornamental, and may be grown in a compost of three parts turfy peat, and one of loam. Easily propagated by divisions and seeds. They vary in height from 3in. to 3ft., and flower generally in summer.
A. capitata(headed).fl.blue. July.h.3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1790.A. cyanea(bright blue).fl.blue. June.h.6in. Cape of Good Hope, 1759.
A. capitata(headed).fl.blue. July.h.3ft. Cape of Good Hope, 1790.
A. cyanea(bright blue).fl.blue. June.h.6in. Cape of Good Hope, 1759.
ARISTOLOCHIA(fromaristos, best, andlocheia, parturition; in reference to its supposed medicinal character). Birthwort. ORD.Aristolochiaceæ. A very large genus of stove, greenhouse, or hardy, evergreen or deciduous, climbing or erect shrubs. Flowers axillary, clustered, or solitary, pendulous, of most extraordinary forms; perianth tubular, curved, or straight, with an oblique, cordate limb; stamens six, rarely four, or numerous, adhering to the stigma; capsule six-valved. Leaves cordate entire or lobed. Good loam, with a small proportion of decayed manure and a slight addition of sharp sand to secure efficient drainage, is a good compost for the whole. They will thrive when planted out in the conservatory more satisfactorily than elsewhere; for as they usually grow a considerable height before flowering, they require very long trellises in pots, and have to be trained up and down; or, better still, round a pillar of uniform circumference, a pyramid form being useless. The best way is to train them round, close down to the pot, and keep on about 2in. from one turn to the next. Some of the larger sorts will require more room. Cuttings root freely in sand under a bell glass with bottom heat.
A. anguicida(snake-killing).fl.white, spotted brown; tube of perianth inflated at base, dilated and oblique at the mouth; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. December.l.on short petioles, cordate acuminate; stipules cordate-roundish.h.10ft. New Grenada, 1845. An evergreen stove twiner.A. barbata(bearded).fl.purple, axillary, 2½in. long; perianth straight; limb spreading; lip spathulate, bearded at the end. July.l.cordate, oblong.h.10ft. Caraccas, 1796. Stove evergreen.A. caudata(tailed).*fl.lurid; perianth cylindrical ventricose, and six-spurred at the base; lip cordate, cuspidate; the cusp twisted, filiform. June.l., lower ones reniform, lobed; upper ones three partite.h.5ft. Brazil, 1828. Deciduous stove twiner.A. ciliosa(fringed).*fl.purple-yellow; tube of perianth obliquely ventricose at base, stretched out, from the middle to the apex cylindrical, fringed; peduncles one-flowered. September.l.cordate reniform. Plant glabrous.h.6ft. Brazil, 1829.A. Clematitis(Clematis-like).fl.pale yellow, upright; lip oblong, shortly acuminate. July.l.cordate. Stem erect.h.2ft. A hardy herbaceous perennial, naturalised here and there in Britain.A. clypeata(shielded).fl.axillary; tube yellowish, cylindrical; limb elliptic, white, blotched with purple, long and large, funnel-shaped.l.subcordate-ovate, acuminate. Columbia, 1871.A. cordiflora(cordate-flowered).fl.axillary, very large, with broad cordiform limb, creamy yellow, with blotchy purple veining. May.l.cordate acuminate.h.30ft. Mexico, 1860.A. deltoidea variegata(deltoid variegated variety).l.variegated with white.h.6ft. Columbia, 1870.A. Duchartrei(Duchartre's).*fl.racemose; tube brown; limb cream colour, with purple blotches. January.l.reniform-cordate, acuminate. Upper Amazons, 1868.h.5ft. This stove species flowers from the old wood. SYN.A. Ruiziana.A. floribunda(free-flowering).*fl.numerous; limb purplish-red, with yellow veins, centre yellow. July.l.cordate ovate, acuminate.h.10ft. Brazil, 1868. Stove species.A. galeata(helmeted).fl.creamy, with reticulated veins. August.l.cordate, with broad open sinus.h.20ft. New Grenada, 1873.A. gigas(giant).fl.purple; perianth large, cordate ribbed outside, reticulated, downy; tube inflated, contracted in the middle; limb large, cordate ovate, with a long tail. June.l.downy, cordate, acuminate; peduncles solitary, bracteate.h.10ft. Guatemala, 1841.A. Goldieana(Goldie's).*fl.greenish outside, deep yellow with chocolate veins inside, bent into two unequal portions, the lower portion surmounting the ovary about 8in. in length, somewhat cylindrical, terminating in a club-shaped curved knob; the upper portion, commencing from this knob, is about a foot long, funnel-shaped, ribbed, dilated above into a somewhat three-lobed limb. Stamens twenty-four—a very unusual number in the whole family. The enormous flowers are 26in. long by 11in. in diameter. July.l.ovate, or triangular-cordate, acuminated. Old Calabar River, 1867. This noble climber should be repotted in fresh soil in February or March. But little water will be necessary until the young shoots have made about 6in. of growth; the quantity should then be increased with moderation until early in September, when the old stem dies down within a few inches of the surface of the pot—at this period, and during winter, water must be entirely withheld. This species blooms freely in a temperature of 65deg. to 70deg.A. indica(Indian).fl.purple; perianth erect; peduncle many-flowered. July.l.elliptical, blunt, somewhat emarginate, slightly cordate.h.10ft. India, 1780. Stove evergreen.A. labiosa(great-lipped).*fl.greenish; perianth incurved at base, saccate, two-lipped in the middle. July.l.reniform, roundish cordate, amplexicaul.h.20ft. Brazil, 1821. Stove evergreen.A. leuconeura(white-veined).fl.purple brown. September.l.cordate, acuminate.h.12ft. Magdalena, 1858. Stove species.A. odoratissima(sweetest-scented).*fl.purple, sweet-scented; peduncles one-flowered, longer than the leaf; lip cordate lanceolate, longer than the perianth. July.l.cordate, ovate, evergreen. Stem twining.h.10ft. Jamaica, 1737. Stove evergreen.A. ornithocephala(bird's-head).*fl.purple, very large, and extremely singular. To render any description at all lucid, this species may be said to have the head of a hawk and the beak of a heron, with the wattles of a Spanish fowl, which, however, are grey, netted with brown; head of the same colour, veined; and the beak grey.l.between cordate and reniform, obtuse. October.h.20ft. Brazil, 1838. Stove species.A. ringens(gaping).*fl.extremely grotesque, 7in. to 10in. long, pale green, marbled and reticulated with black purple. The perianth has an obovoid ventricose sac, or cup, 2½in. long, which is woolly inside; tube ascending obliquely from the sac, terete, dividing into two very long lips, the upper of which (lower as the flower hangs) is oblong-lanceolate, recurved, and hairy inside below the middle, while the lower one is shorter, with recurved margins, and expanding into an orbicular or almost reniform limb. Unlike many other species, the flowers are produced on the young shoots. July.l.bright green, glabrous, roundish-reniform.h.20ft. Brazil, 1820. Stove evergreen.A. Ruiziana(Ruiz's). A synonym ofA. Duchartrei.A. saccata(pouch-flowered).fl.purplish-red, forming a large pouch; throat circular, vertical. September.l.12in. to 15in. long, and 4in. broad, scattered, ovate-cordate, narrowed at apex, slightly waved and sinuated, entire, more silky beneath than above.h.20ft. Sylhet, 1829. Stove evergreen.A. sempervirens(evergreen).fl.purple; perianth incurved. May.l.cordate, oblong, acuminate. Stem prostrate, flexuous, somewhat climbing.h.4ft. Candia, 1727. Greenhouse species.
A. anguicida(snake-killing).fl.white, spotted brown; tube of perianth inflated at base, dilated and oblique at the mouth; peduncles axillary, solitary, one-flowered. December.l.on short petioles, cordate acuminate; stipules cordate-roundish.h.10ft. New Grenada, 1845. An evergreen stove twiner.
A. barbata(bearded).fl.purple, axillary, 2½in. long; perianth straight; limb spreading; lip spathulate, bearded at the end. July.l.cordate, oblong.h.10ft. Caraccas, 1796. Stove evergreen.
A. caudata(tailed).*fl.lurid; perianth cylindrical ventricose, and six-spurred at the base; lip cordate, cuspidate; the cusp twisted, filiform. June.l., lower ones reniform, lobed; upper ones three partite.h.5ft. Brazil, 1828. Deciduous stove twiner.
A. ciliosa(fringed).*fl.purple-yellow; tube of perianth obliquely ventricose at base, stretched out, from the middle to the apex cylindrical, fringed; peduncles one-flowered. September.l.cordate reniform. Plant glabrous.h.6ft. Brazil, 1829.
A. Clematitis(Clematis-like).fl.pale yellow, upright; lip oblong, shortly acuminate. July.l.cordate. Stem erect.h.2ft. A hardy herbaceous perennial, naturalised here and there in Britain.
A. clypeata(shielded).fl.axillary; tube yellowish, cylindrical; limb elliptic, white, blotched with purple, long and large, funnel-shaped.l.subcordate-ovate, acuminate. Columbia, 1871.
A. cordiflora(cordate-flowered).fl.axillary, very large, with broad cordiform limb, creamy yellow, with blotchy purple veining. May.l.cordate acuminate.h.30ft. Mexico, 1860.
A. deltoidea variegata(deltoid variegated variety).l.variegated with white.h.6ft. Columbia, 1870.
A. Duchartrei(Duchartre's).*fl.racemose; tube brown; limb cream colour, with purple blotches. January.l.reniform-cordate, acuminate. Upper Amazons, 1868.h.5ft. This stove species flowers from the old wood. SYN.A. Ruiziana.
A. floribunda(free-flowering).*fl.numerous; limb purplish-red, with yellow veins, centre yellow. July.l.cordate ovate, acuminate.h.10ft. Brazil, 1868. Stove species.
A. galeata(helmeted).fl.creamy, with reticulated veins. August.l.cordate, with broad open sinus.h.20ft. New Grenada, 1873.
A. gigas(giant).fl.purple; perianth large, cordate ribbed outside, reticulated, downy; tube inflated, contracted in the middle; limb large, cordate ovate, with a long tail. June.l.downy, cordate, acuminate; peduncles solitary, bracteate.h.10ft. Guatemala, 1841.
A. Goldieana(Goldie's).*fl.greenish outside, deep yellow with chocolate veins inside, bent into two unequal portions, the lower portion surmounting the ovary about 8in. in length, somewhat cylindrical, terminating in a club-shaped curved knob; the upper portion, commencing from this knob, is about a foot long, funnel-shaped, ribbed, dilated above into a somewhat three-lobed limb. Stamens twenty-four—a very unusual number in the whole family. The enormous flowers are 26in. long by 11in. in diameter. July.l.ovate, or triangular-cordate, acuminated. Old Calabar River, 1867. This noble climber should be repotted in fresh soil in February or March. But little water will be necessary until the young shoots have made about 6in. of growth; the quantity should then be increased with moderation until early in September, when the old stem dies down within a few inches of the surface of the pot—at this period, and during winter, water must be entirely withheld. This species blooms freely in a temperature of 65deg. to 70deg.
A. indica(Indian).fl.purple; perianth erect; peduncle many-flowered. July.l.elliptical, blunt, somewhat emarginate, slightly cordate.h.10ft. India, 1780. Stove evergreen.
A. labiosa(great-lipped).*fl.greenish; perianth incurved at base, saccate, two-lipped in the middle. July.l.reniform, roundish cordate, amplexicaul.h.20ft. Brazil, 1821. Stove evergreen.
A. leuconeura(white-veined).fl.purple brown. September.l.cordate, acuminate.h.12ft. Magdalena, 1858. Stove species.
A. odoratissima(sweetest-scented).*fl.purple, sweet-scented; peduncles one-flowered, longer than the leaf; lip cordate lanceolate, longer than the perianth. July.l.cordate, ovate, evergreen. Stem twining.h.10ft. Jamaica, 1737. Stove evergreen.
A. ornithocephala(bird's-head).*fl.purple, very large, and extremely singular. To render any description at all lucid, this species may be said to have the head of a hawk and the beak of a heron, with the wattles of a Spanish fowl, which, however, are grey, netted with brown; head of the same colour, veined; and the beak grey.l.between cordate and reniform, obtuse. October.h.20ft. Brazil, 1838. Stove species.
A. ringens(gaping).*fl.extremely grotesque, 7in. to 10in. long, pale green, marbled and reticulated with black purple. The perianth has an obovoid ventricose sac, or cup, 2½in. long, which is woolly inside; tube ascending obliquely from the sac, terete, dividing into two very long lips, the upper of which (lower as the flower hangs) is oblong-lanceolate, recurved, and hairy inside below the middle, while the lower one is shorter, with recurved margins, and expanding into an orbicular or almost reniform limb. Unlike many other species, the flowers are produced on the young shoots. July.l.bright green, glabrous, roundish-reniform.h.20ft. Brazil, 1820. Stove evergreen.
A. Ruiziana(Ruiz's). A synonym ofA. Duchartrei.
A. saccata(pouch-flowered).fl.purplish-red, forming a large pouch; throat circular, vertical. September.l.12in. to 15in. long, and 4in. broad, scattered, ovate-cordate, narrowed at apex, slightly waved and sinuated, entire, more silky beneath than above.h.20ft. Sylhet, 1829. Stove evergreen.
A. sempervirens(evergreen).fl.purple; perianth incurved. May.l.cordate, oblong, acuminate. Stem prostrate, flexuous, somewhat climbing.h.4ft. Candia, 1727. Greenhouse species.
FIG. 149. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFARISTOLOCHIASIPHO.
FIG. 149. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFARISTOLOCHIASIPHO.
FIG. 149. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFARISTOLOCHIASIPHO.
A. Sipho(tube-bearing).*fl.yellowish-brown; corolla ascending; limb in three equal portions, not expanding, flat, brown; bracts of the peduncle large, ovate. May and June.l.cordate, acute. Stem twining.h.15ft. to 30ft. North America, 1763. This hardy, climbing, deciduous shrub grows freely in a deep, free, rather dry soil. See Fig. 149.A. Thwaitesii(Thwaites').fl.yellow. March.h.3ft. Old Calabar, 1854. Stove species.A. tomentosa(tomentose).*fl.purple; perianth with its tube twisted back, and much more deeply divided than inA. Sipho, expanding, flat, and yellow, with the mouth of the tube of a deep purple; peduncle solitary, without a bract. July.l.cordate, downy beneath.h.20ft. North America, 1799. Hardy.A. tricandata(three-tailed).*fl.dark purple-brown, solitary, split into three subulate tails. August.l.oblong acuminate, rugose, 5in. to 8in. long. Mexico, 1866. A curious, but pretty, stove shrub.A. trilobata(three-lobed).fl.purple; perianth cylindrical, broken saccate at base; lip cordate cuspidate. June.l.three-lobed. Stem twining.h.8ft. South America, 1775. Stove evergreen.A. ungulifolia(claw-leaved).fl.racemose; perianth brownish-purple, stipitate at base, above which it is swollen out in a globose or oblong form, with two thickened projections near the end; upper end of tube contracted, somewhat curved, terminating in a two-lipped limb, one lip large, ovate, the other minute. June.l.6in. to 7in. long, cordate, and pedately five-nerved at the base, three-lobed below the middle, with broad sinuses, the two lateral lobes arcuate, and blunt at the apex. Labuan, 1880. Stove species.
A. Sipho(tube-bearing).*fl.yellowish-brown; corolla ascending; limb in three equal portions, not expanding, flat, brown; bracts of the peduncle large, ovate. May and June.l.cordate, acute. Stem twining.h.15ft. to 30ft. North America, 1763. This hardy, climbing, deciduous shrub grows freely in a deep, free, rather dry soil. See Fig. 149.
A. Thwaitesii(Thwaites').fl.yellow. March.h.3ft. Old Calabar, 1854. Stove species.
A. tomentosa(tomentose).*fl.purple; perianth with its tube twisted back, and much more deeply divided than inA. Sipho, expanding, flat, and yellow, with the mouth of the tube of a deep purple; peduncle solitary, without a bract. July.l.cordate, downy beneath.h.20ft. North America, 1799. Hardy.
A. tricandata(three-tailed).*fl.dark purple-brown, solitary, split into three subulate tails. August.l.oblong acuminate, rugose, 5in. to 8in. long. Mexico, 1866. A curious, but pretty, stove shrub.
A. trilobata(three-lobed).fl.purple; perianth cylindrical, broken saccate at base; lip cordate cuspidate. June.l.three-lobed. Stem twining.h.8ft. South America, 1775. Stove evergreen.
A. ungulifolia(claw-leaved).fl.racemose; perianth brownish-purple, stipitate at base, above which it is swollen out in a globose or oblong form, with two thickened projections near the end; upper end of tube contracted, somewhat curved, terminating in a two-lipped limb, one lip large, ovate, the other minute. June.l.6in. to 7in. long, cordate, and pedately five-nerved at the base, three-lobed below the middle, with broad sinuses, the two lateral lobes arcuate, and blunt at the apex. Labuan, 1880. Stove species.
ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ.An order of very curious plants, with singularly inflated flowers, consisting of a calyx only, of a dull, dingy colour. It is popularly known as the Birthwort family, and has an English representative inAristolochia clematitis.
ARISTOTELIA(said to be named in honour of Aristotle, the Greek philosopher). ORD.Tiliaceæ. A hardy evergreen shrub. Calyx campanulate; petals five, inserted in the base of the calyx, and alternating with its lobes. Easily grown, in ordinary garden soil, in the shrubbery. Propagated by ripened cuttings, which root freely if placed under a hand glass; or by layers.
A. Macqui(Macqui's).*fl.small, greenish, axillary. May.l.nearly opposite, stalked, oblong, acute, smooth, shining, dentate, permanent.h.6ft. Chili, 1733. A shrub esteemed for its handsome foliage. The berries are about the size of a pea, very dark purple, at length becoming black. The variegated form is not so hardy as the type, but much more ornamental.
A. Macqui(Macqui's).*fl.small, greenish, axillary. May.l.nearly opposite, stalked, oblong, acute, smooth, shining, dentate, permanent.h.6ft. Chili, 1733. A shrub esteemed for its handsome foliage. The berries are about the size of a pea, very dark purple, at length becoming black. The variegated form is not so hardy as the type, but much more ornamental.
ARMENIACA(from Armenia, the native country of the Apricot). Apricot. ORD.Rosaceæ. TRIBEDrupaceæ. Small, hardy, deciduous trees. Flowers appearing before the leaves from scaly buds, solitary, or few together, almost sessile. Leaves, when young, convolute. Drupe ovate-globose, fleshy, covered with velvety skin, containing a nut, or stone, which is acute at one end and blunt at the other, with a furrow on both sides; the rest smooth, not wrinkled. For culture, &c.,seeApricotandPrunus.
A. brigantiaca(Brigancon).*fl.white or pink, glomerate, almost sessile. March.l.somewhat cordate, acuminated, sharply toothed; the teeth numerous, and lapping over each other.h.6ft. to 8ft. South Europe, 1819.A. dasycarpa(thick-fruited).*fl.white, pedicellate; pedicels filiform. March.l.ovate, acuminate, serrated; petioles glandular.h.10ft. to 15ft. China, 1800.A. sibirica(Siberian).fl.rose-coloured. April.l.ovate, acuminate; petioles glandless.h.8ft. to 20ft. Dahuria, 1788.A. vulgaris(common).* Common Apricot.fl.pinkish-white, sessile. February.l.ovate, or cordate, glabrous, glandularly serrated.h.15ft. Levant, 1548. Of this species numerous varieties, differing in the foliar outline, &c., are sometimes met with.SeeApricot.
A. brigantiaca(Brigancon).*fl.white or pink, glomerate, almost sessile. March.l.somewhat cordate, acuminated, sharply toothed; the teeth numerous, and lapping over each other.h.6ft. to 8ft. South Europe, 1819.
A. dasycarpa(thick-fruited).*fl.white, pedicellate; pedicels filiform. March.l.ovate, acuminate, serrated; petioles glandular.h.10ft. to 15ft. China, 1800.
A. sibirica(Siberian).fl.rose-coloured. April.l.ovate, acuminate; petioles glandless.h.8ft. to 20ft. Dahuria, 1788.
A. vulgaris(common).* Common Apricot.fl.pinkish-white, sessile. February.l.ovate, or cordate, glabrous, glandularly serrated.h.15ft. Levant, 1548. Of this species numerous varieties, differing in the foliar outline, &c., are sometimes met with.SeeApricot.
ARMERIA.(fromFlos Armeriæ, Latin name for the flowers of a species of Pink). Thrift; Sea Pink. ORD.Plumbagineæ. A very interesting and pretty group of hardy alpine tufted perennials. Flowers pedicellate, collected in dense solitary heads; involucre scarious, sheathing the scape and turned downwards; petals cohering at the base, persistent; flower scapes leafless. Leaves linear, radical. As the majority of the species differ in mere technical details, we have given a representative group only. They are easily cultivated in a sandy loam and leaf soil, and are increased by seeds and division, separate pieces being planted as cuttings under hand glasses; or the rarer kinds should be potted and placed in a frame. The seed should be sown in spring, in pots of sandy soil, and placed in a cold frame. Although best grown as rock plants, most of them do well in pots and borders.A. vulgarismakes one of the best of edging plants.
A. cephalotes(round-headed).*fl.deep rose or crimson, in a large roundish head on erect stalk. Autumn.l.broadly lanceolate, glabrous, acute; petioles channelled, sheathing at the base.h.12in. to 18in. South Europe, 1800. This is perhaps the finest species, and is best raised from an annual sowing of seed, as it is somewhat difficult to increase by divisions. SYNS.A. formosa,A. latifolia,A. mauritanica, andA. pseudo-armeria.A. dianthoides(Pink-like).*fl.light pink, in close heads about 6in. high. May and June.l.spreading, flattened, nerved, slightly downy. South Europe, 1810.A. formosa(handsome). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.A. juncea(rush-like).*fl.rose pink, in small heads about 3in. high. June.l.small, erect, roundish, pointed, deep green. South Europe. A very pretty little alpine species.A. juniperifolia(Juniper-leaved).*fl.deep rose, in small densely packed heads. May and June.l.short, stiff, erect, Juniper-like.h.6in., with a dense tufted habit. Spain, 1818. Plant in a warm well-drained portion of the rockery in very sandy soil, with some nodules of sandstone intermixed.A. latifolia(broad-leaved). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.A. leucantha(white-flowered). A white-flowered variety ofA. plantaginea.A. maritima(sea). Synonymous withA. vulgaris.A. mauritanica(Mediterranean). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.A. plantaginea(Plantain-leaved).*fl.bright rose; scapes taller than inA. vulgaris.l.broader, three to five-nerved, and with a stouter growing habit than the common species.h.1ft. South Europe, 1818. A very pretty species. SYNS.A. leucantha, which is frequently calledA. p. alba, andA. scorzoneræfolia.A. pseudo-armeria(false-Armeria). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.A. scorzoneræfolia(Scorzonera-leaved). Synonymous withA. plantaginea.A. setacea(bristly).*fl.light rose, in small heads about 2in. high, very freely produced from the axils of the leaves. April to June.l.in dense rosettes, erect, or nearly so, narrow, acute, the tufts having a bristly appearance.h.3in. South Europe. Plant in a semi-perpendicular cranny of the rockery, with a sunny position.A. vulgaris(common).* Common Thrift; Sea Pink.fl.pink, rosy red, lilac, or white (the latter known asA. v. alba), collected into a rounded head on the top of the simple scape. June to August.l.all radical, numerous, linear, usually one-nerved, more or less pubescent.h.6in. to 12in. Britain, on the sea coasts.A. v. alpinais a dwarf alpine form of this species. The white-flowered variety is very handsome.A. v. Laucheanais also a pretty form, with deep pink flowers in dense heads about 6in. high, and a very tufted habit.Crimson Gem, of garden origin, is stronger growing, with stems about 9in. high, carrying heads of bright crimson pink flowers, also of tufted habit. SYNS.A. maritima,Statice Armeria.
A. cephalotes(round-headed).*fl.deep rose or crimson, in a large roundish head on erect stalk. Autumn.l.broadly lanceolate, glabrous, acute; petioles channelled, sheathing at the base.h.12in. to 18in. South Europe, 1800. This is perhaps the finest species, and is best raised from an annual sowing of seed, as it is somewhat difficult to increase by divisions. SYNS.A. formosa,A. latifolia,A. mauritanica, andA. pseudo-armeria.
A. dianthoides(Pink-like).*fl.light pink, in close heads about 6in. high. May and June.l.spreading, flattened, nerved, slightly downy. South Europe, 1810.
A. formosa(handsome). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.
A. juncea(rush-like).*fl.rose pink, in small heads about 3in. high. June.l.small, erect, roundish, pointed, deep green. South Europe. A very pretty little alpine species.
A. juniperifolia(Juniper-leaved).*fl.deep rose, in small densely packed heads. May and June.l.short, stiff, erect, Juniper-like.h.6in., with a dense tufted habit. Spain, 1818. Plant in a warm well-drained portion of the rockery in very sandy soil, with some nodules of sandstone intermixed.
A. latifolia(broad-leaved). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.
A. leucantha(white-flowered). A white-flowered variety ofA. plantaginea.
A. maritima(sea). Synonymous withA. vulgaris.
A. mauritanica(Mediterranean). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.
A. plantaginea(Plantain-leaved).*fl.bright rose; scapes taller than inA. vulgaris.l.broader, three to five-nerved, and with a stouter growing habit than the common species.h.1ft. South Europe, 1818. A very pretty species. SYNS.A. leucantha, which is frequently calledA. p. alba, andA. scorzoneræfolia.
A. pseudo-armeria(false-Armeria). Synonymous withA. cephalotes.
A. scorzoneræfolia(Scorzonera-leaved). Synonymous withA. plantaginea.
A. setacea(bristly).*fl.light rose, in small heads about 2in. high, very freely produced from the axils of the leaves. April to June.l.in dense rosettes, erect, or nearly so, narrow, acute, the tufts having a bristly appearance.h.3in. South Europe. Plant in a semi-perpendicular cranny of the rockery, with a sunny position.
A. vulgaris(common).* Common Thrift; Sea Pink.fl.pink, rosy red, lilac, or white (the latter known asA. v. alba), collected into a rounded head on the top of the simple scape. June to August.l.all radical, numerous, linear, usually one-nerved, more or less pubescent.h.6in. to 12in. Britain, on the sea coasts.A. v. alpinais a dwarf alpine form of this species. The white-flowered variety is very handsome.A. v. Laucheanais also a pretty form, with deep pink flowers in dense heads about 6in. high, and a very tufted habit.Crimson Gem, of garden origin, is stronger growing, with stems about 9in. high, carrying heads of bright crimson pink flowers, also of tufted habit. SYNS.A. maritima,Statice Armeria.
ARNEBIA(its Arabian name). ORD.Boraginaceæ. Handsome hardy herbaceous perennials or annuals, allied toLithospermum. Cuttings should be removed with a heel in autumn, dibbled in sandy soil in small pots, and placed in a cool house, where they will ultimately, though slowly, root; they should then be gradually hardened off, and finally planted out.A. echioidesis also easily increased by making cuttings of the strong roots, which should be dibbled in pots of sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat; it is also raised from seed.
A. echioides(Echium-like).*fl.bright primrose yellow, with a purplish spot in the sinuses between the lobes of the corolla, which gradually disappears in a few days; spikes terminal, large, solitary, secund. May.l.sessile, alternate; margins—as well as the stems—ciliated.h.9in. to 12in. Armenia. One of the showiest of hardy perennials for the border or rockery.A. Griffithii(Griffith's). This differs from above in having narrower leaves, rather smaller flowers, which are of a more decided yellow, a differently shaped calyx, and a longer corolla.h.9in. North-west India. Equally desirable, were it a perennial; but, being an annual, it must be constantly raised from seed.
A. echioides(Echium-like).*fl.bright primrose yellow, with a purplish spot in the sinuses between the lobes of the corolla, which gradually disappears in a few days; spikes terminal, large, solitary, secund. May.l.sessile, alternate; margins—as well as the stems—ciliated.h.9in. to 12in. Armenia. One of the showiest of hardy perennials for the border or rockery.
A. Griffithii(Griffith's). This differs from above in having narrower leaves, rather smaller flowers, which are of a more decided yellow, a differently shaped calyx, and a longer corolla.h.9in. North-west India. Equally desirable, were it a perennial; but, being an annual, it must be constantly raised from seed.
ARNICA(fromarnakis, lambskin; in reference to the texture of the leaves). ORD.Compositæ. Hardy, dwarf, herbaceous perennials, allied toSenecio. They thrive best in loam, peat, and sand; the plants are best divided in spring. Seeds should be procured when possible, and sown in a cold frame, in spring. The only species worth growing are described below.
A. Aronicum.Synonymous ofA. scorpioides.A. Chamissonis(Chamisso's).*fl.-headsyellow, 1½in. to 2in. across, arranged in a corymb. July to September.l.oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, tomentose, tapering to the base.h.1ft. to 2ft. North America. A rather scarce, showy species.A. Clusii(Clusius's).fl.-headsyellow, solitary, terminal; stalks long, thickened towards the top, and covered with long hairs. Summer.l.soft, radical ones entire, or nearly so, oblong, obtuse, attenuated into the petiole; cauline ones sessile, half stem-clasping, lanceolate, toothed in the lower part.h.1ft. Switzerland, 1819. SYN.Doronicum Clusii.A. foliosa(leafy).*fl.-headspale yellow, about 1in. across, from three to seven in a corymb. August.l.lanceolate, stalked, acute, denticulate, smooth.h.1ft. to 2ft. Stems springing from slender rhizome-like shoots. United States. Closely allied toA. montana. It requires a damp situation.A. montana(mountain).* Mountain Tobacco.fl.-headsyellow, three or four together, about 2in. in diameter; ray florets numerous. July.l.radical, except a few on the scape, oblong-lanceo-late, entire, smooth. Habit tufted.h.1ft. Europe. 1731. A very handsome but rare plant; excellent for a rockery. It is slowly increased. See Fig. 150.
A. Aronicum.Synonymous ofA. scorpioides.
A. Chamissonis(Chamisso's).*fl.-headsyellow, 1½in. to 2in. across, arranged in a corymb. July to September.l.oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute, tomentose, tapering to the base.h.1ft. to 2ft. North America. A rather scarce, showy species.
A. Clusii(Clusius's).fl.-headsyellow, solitary, terminal; stalks long, thickened towards the top, and covered with long hairs. Summer.l.soft, radical ones entire, or nearly so, oblong, obtuse, attenuated into the petiole; cauline ones sessile, half stem-clasping, lanceolate, toothed in the lower part.h.1ft. Switzerland, 1819. SYN.Doronicum Clusii.
A. foliosa(leafy).*fl.-headspale yellow, about 1in. across, from three to seven in a corymb. August.l.lanceolate, stalked, acute, denticulate, smooth.h.1ft. to 2ft. Stems springing from slender rhizome-like shoots. United States. Closely allied toA. montana. It requires a damp situation.
A. montana(mountain).* Mountain Tobacco.fl.-headsyellow, three or four together, about 2in. in diameter; ray florets numerous. July.l.radical, except a few on the scape, oblong-lanceo-late, entire, smooth. Habit tufted.h.1ft. Europe. 1731. A very handsome but rare plant; excellent for a rockery. It is slowly increased. See Fig. 150.
FIG. 150. ARNICAMONTANA, showing Habit and Flower-head.
FIG. 150. ARNICAMONTANA, showing Habit and Flower-head.
FIG. 150. ARNICAMONTANA, showing Habit and Flower-head.
A. scorpioides(scorpion-like).*fl.-headsyellow, large, solitary; scape one to three-flowered. Summer.l.pale green, denticulated; radical ones on long petioles, broadly ovate; the lower stem leaves shortly stalked, amplexicaul; the upper ones sessile.h.6in. to 12in. South Europe, 1710. Border. SYNS.A. Aronicum,Aronicum scorpioides.
A. scorpioides(scorpion-like).*fl.-headsyellow, large, solitary; scape one to three-flowered. Summer.l.pale green, denticulated; radical ones on long petioles, broadly ovate; the lower stem leaves shortly stalked, amplexicaul; the upper ones sessile.h.6in. to 12in. South Europe, 1710. Border. SYNS.A. Aronicum,Aronicum scorpioides.
ARNOPOGON.SeeUrospermum.
AROIDEÆ.SeeAraceæ.
ARONIA.SeeCratægus AroniaandPyrus.
ARONICUM.SeeArnica scorpioidesandDoronicum.
ARPOPHYLLUM(fromarpe, a scimitar, andphyllon, a leaf; the leaf is sword-shaped). ORD.Orchideæ. Distinct evergreen epiphytes. There are about six species known, and the genus belongs to theEpidendreædivision of orchidaceous plants; their general characters are: Flowers small, numerous, in closely packed cylindrical spikes; anther-bed broad, shorter than the broad extension of the upper edge of the stigma; pollinia eight. Stems rather long, with white sheaths. They thrive well in fibrous peat, one-third turfy loam, freely interspersed with lumps of fresh charcoal and an abundance of crocks. When growing, a liberal supply of water at the roots is essential, as is also a situation near the light, where they will blossom much more profusely than if in any way shaded. The flowers last in perfection about four weeks.
A. cardinale(cardinal).fl., sepals and petals light rose; lip deep red, on upright spikes about 1ft. high. Summer. New Grenada.A. giganteum(gigantic).*fl.dark purple and rose, densely and symmetrically arranged on the cylindrical spikes, which are from 12in. to 14in. long. April and May.l.dark green, about 2ft. long, borne on slender pseudo-bulbs. Mexico.A. spicatum(spike-flowered).*fl.dark red, on an upright spike about 1ft. long. During winter. Guatemala, 1839.
A. cardinale(cardinal).fl., sepals and petals light rose; lip deep red, on upright spikes about 1ft. high. Summer. New Grenada.
A. giganteum(gigantic).*fl.dark purple and rose, densely and symmetrically arranged on the cylindrical spikes, which are from 12in. to 14in. long. April and May.l.dark green, about 2ft. long, borne on slender pseudo-bulbs. Mexico.
A. spicatum(spike-flowered).*fl.dark red, on an upright spike about 1ft. long. During winter. Guatemala, 1839.
ARRACACHA(its Spanish name in South America). ORD.Umbelliferæ. A half-hardy tuberous perennial, highly esteemed as an esculent in South America, where it yields a food, which is prepared in the same manner as potatoes, and is said to be grateful to the palate and extremely easy of digestion. It thrives best in rich loam, and is increased by divisions of the roots.
A. esculenta(edible).fl.white; umbels opposite the leaves or terminal; involucre wanting. July.l.pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate, acuminated, deeply pinnatifid, profoundly serrated; the two lower leaflets petiolate, sub-ternate.h.1ft. to 2ft. Mountainous districts of Northern South America, 1823. SYN.Conium Arracacha.
A. esculenta(edible).fl.white; umbels opposite the leaves or terminal; involucre wanting. July.l.pinnate; leaflets broadly ovate, acuminated, deeply pinnatifid, profoundly serrated; the two lower leaflets petiolate, sub-ternate.h.1ft. to 2ft. Mountainous districts of Northern South America, 1823. SYN.Conium Arracacha.
ARRHOSTOXYLUM.Included underRuellia(whichsee).
ARROW ARUM.SeePeltandra virginica.
ARROWGRASS.SeeTriglochin.
ARROW-HEAD.SeeSagittaria.
ARROWROOT.SeeMaranta.
ARTABOTRYS(fromartao, to suspend or support, andbotrys, grapes; in reference to the way the fruit is supported by the curious tendril). ORD.Anonaceæ. A handsome stove evergreen shrub, thriving in a good sandy loam and peat, to which a little rotten dung may be added. Propagated by cuttings made of ripened wood, insert in sand under a bell glass, with bottom heat, in early spring. Seed, when procurable, should be sown as soon after receipt as possible.
A. odoratissimus(sweetest-scented).*fl.reddish brown, extremely fragrant; peduncles opposite the leaves, hooked beneath the middle. June and July.l.oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, smooth, shining.h.6ft. Malayan Islands, 1758. In Java, the leaves are held to be invaluable as a preventive of cholera.
A. odoratissimus(sweetest-scented).*fl.reddish brown, extremely fragrant; peduncles opposite the leaves, hooked beneath the middle. June and July.l.oblong-lanceolate, acuminated, smooth, shining.h.6ft. Malayan Islands, 1758. In Java, the leaves are held to be invaluable as a preventive of cholera.
ARTANEMA(fromartao, to support, andnema, a filament; in reference to a tooth-like process growing on the longer filaments). ORD.Scrophularineæ. An interesting and handsome greenhouse evergreen shrub, allied toTorenia. Flowers disposed in terminal racemes, and on short pedicels. Leaves opposite, sub-serrated. It may be treated as hardy during summer, for which purpose seeds should be sown in spring; but it requires the protection of a greenhouse during winter. Artanema grows freely in light rich soil, and is readily increased by cuttings and seeds.
A. fimbriatum(fringed).fl., corolla blue, large, tubularly funnel-shaped, clothed with minute glandular pubescence outside; lobes unequally serrated; racemes terminal, four to sixteen-flowered. June, November.l.lanceolate, acute, serrated, rough to the touch from numerous elevated dots. Stem smooth, glossy.h.2ft. to 3ft. New Holland (on the banks of the Brisbane River at Moreton Bay), 1830.
A. fimbriatum(fringed).fl., corolla blue, large, tubularly funnel-shaped, clothed with minute glandular pubescence outside; lobes unequally serrated; racemes terminal, four to sixteen-flowered. June, November.l.lanceolate, acute, serrated, rough to the touch from numerous elevated dots. Stem smooth, glossy.h.2ft. to 3ft. New Holland (on the banks of the Brisbane River at Moreton Bay), 1830.
ARTANTHE.SeePiper.
ARTEMISIA(from Artemis, one of the names of Diana). Mugwort; Southernwood; Wormwood. ORD.Compositæ. A very large genus of mostly hardy herbaceous perennials, few of which, comparatively speaking, are worth growing. Flower-heads disposed in spikes, or racemes, and these are usually arranged in panicles; pappus none; involucre few-flowered, ovate or rounded, imbricated; florets of the disk all tubular; of the ray, if any, slender, awl-shaped. Leaves alternate, variously lobed. All the species are of the easiest possible culture in any dry soil. The shrubby kinds are best propagated by cuttings; the herbaceous ones, by dividing at the root; and the annuals, by seeds.
A. Abrotanum(aromatic herb).* Southernwood.fl.-headsyellowish. August to October.l., lower ones bipinnate; upper ones pinnate, with the segments hair-like. Stem straight.h.2ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1548. A deciduous shrub; well known for its fragrance.A. A. humile(low). A low spreading variety.h.1½ft.A. A. tobolskianum(Tobolskian). A much more vigorous growing variety than the last, and larger in all its parts than the type.A. alpina(alpine).*fl.-headsyellow, solitary, on long slender stalks; scales of involucre lanceolate. Summer.l.pinnate, covered with whitish silky hairs; lobes linear, entire.h.6in. to 10in. Caucasus, 1804. Dwarf, with a very tufted habit.A. anethifolia(Anethum-leaved).fl.-headsyellowish-green, small; panicle very large, densely packed, nearly 2ft. long. Autumn.l.chiefly cauline, much divided into thread-like segments, greyish-green. Stem shrubby at the base, nearly glabrous, branching at the top.h.3ft. to 4ft. Siberia, 1816.A. argentea(silvery).*fl.-headspale yellow, roundish, closely packed. July.l.ovate-oblong, very freely divided, densely clothed with soft silvery hairs.h.1½ft. Madeira, 1777. A very pretty species, requiring a warm sunny position on the rockery.A. cana(hoary).*fl.-headsyellow, small, uninteresting, ovate, in a close spiky panicle. August.l.silky, hoary; lower ones wedge-shaped, sharply three-cleft; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, three-nerved. Stem ascending; branches erect.h.2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1800. This is a very distinct species, and its silvery leaves and stems render it well worthy of cultivation.A. cœrulescens(bluish).*fl.-headsbluish, erect, cylindrical. August.l.hoary, most of them lanceolate, entire, tapering at the base; lower ones variously divided.h.2ft. South Europe. An ornamental evergreen shrub.A. Dracunculus.* Tarragon.fl.-headswhitish green; racemes panicled; heads sub-globose. July.l., radical ones three-fid; cauline ones sessile, linear or linear-oblong, acute, entire, toothed.h.2ft. South Europe, 1548.SeeTarragon.A. frigida(frigid).fl.-headsyellow, uninteresting, small, roundish, racemosely panicled. August.l.pinnate; segments narrow, silvery.h.1ft. Siberia, 1826. A pretty creeping, herbaceous plant.A. maritima(maritime).fl.-headsbrown; racemes oblong, erect or drooping. August and September.l.downy, bipinnatifid, oblong; segments linear. Britain. A much branched, erect, or decumbent plant, excellent for rough rockwork or very dry banks, etc.A. Mutellina(Mutellina).*fl.-headsyellowish-green; lower ones stalked, upper ones sessile. July.l.all palmate, multifid, white. Stem quite simple.h.6in. European Alps, 1815.A. pontica(Pontine).fl.-headsyellow, roundish, stalked, nodding. September.l.downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate; leaflets linear.h.3ft. Austria, 1570.A. rupestris(rock).fl.-headsbrown, globose, stalked, nodding. August.l.sub-pubescent; cauline ones pinnatifid; leaflets linear, acute.h.6in. Norway, &c., 1748.A. scoparia(twiggy-branched).fl.-headssmall, whitish; panicle broad, densely packed, about 1½ft. long. Autumn.l.much divided; segments hair-like; lower branches very slender.h.3ft. to 5ft. East Europe.A. spicata(spicate).fl.-headsbrown, spicate. June and July.l.hoary; radical ones palmate multifid; cauline ones pinnatifid; upper linear, entire, blunt. Stem quite simple.h.1ft. Switzerland, 1790.A. Stelleriana(Steller's).*fl.-headsyellow, uninteresting, round, somewhat erect. Summer.l., lower ones spathulate-incised; upper ones obtusely lobed; end lobes often confluent, about 2in. long, silvery white.h.1ft. to 2ft. Siberia.A. tanacetifolia(Tanacetum-leaved).fl.-headsbrownish; racemes simple, terminal. Summer.l.bipinnate; lobes linear sub-lanceolate, entire, acuminated, rather downy. Stem sometimes branching at the base, herbaceous.h.1½ft. Siberia, 1768.A. vulgaris(common).* Mugwort.fl.-headsyellow, somewhat racemed, ovate. August.l.pinnatifid; segments white, and downy beneath. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, furrowed. Britain. The variegated form of this species exhibits a very pleasing contrast. There is also a pretty variety with golden leaves.
A. Abrotanum(aromatic herb).* Southernwood.fl.-headsyellowish. August to October.l., lower ones bipinnate; upper ones pinnate, with the segments hair-like. Stem straight.h.2ft. to 4ft. Europe, 1548. A deciduous shrub; well known for its fragrance.
A. A. humile(low). A low spreading variety.h.1½ft.
A. A. tobolskianum(Tobolskian). A much more vigorous growing variety than the last, and larger in all its parts than the type.
A. alpina(alpine).*fl.-headsyellow, solitary, on long slender stalks; scales of involucre lanceolate. Summer.l.pinnate, covered with whitish silky hairs; lobes linear, entire.h.6in. to 10in. Caucasus, 1804. Dwarf, with a very tufted habit.
A. anethifolia(Anethum-leaved).fl.-headsyellowish-green, small; panicle very large, densely packed, nearly 2ft. long. Autumn.l.chiefly cauline, much divided into thread-like segments, greyish-green. Stem shrubby at the base, nearly glabrous, branching at the top.h.3ft. to 4ft. Siberia, 1816.
A. argentea(silvery).*fl.-headspale yellow, roundish, closely packed. July.l.ovate-oblong, very freely divided, densely clothed with soft silvery hairs.h.1½ft. Madeira, 1777. A very pretty species, requiring a warm sunny position on the rockery.
A. cana(hoary).*fl.-headsyellow, small, uninteresting, ovate, in a close spiky panicle. August.l.silky, hoary; lower ones wedge-shaped, sharply three-cleft; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, three-nerved. Stem ascending; branches erect.h.2ft. to 3ft. North America, 1800. This is a very distinct species, and its silvery leaves and stems render it well worthy of cultivation.
A. cœrulescens(bluish).*fl.-headsbluish, erect, cylindrical. August.l.hoary, most of them lanceolate, entire, tapering at the base; lower ones variously divided.h.2ft. South Europe. An ornamental evergreen shrub.
A. Dracunculus.* Tarragon.fl.-headswhitish green; racemes panicled; heads sub-globose. July.l., radical ones three-fid; cauline ones sessile, linear or linear-oblong, acute, entire, toothed.h.2ft. South Europe, 1548.SeeTarragon.
A. frigida(frigid).fl.-headsyellow, uninteresting, small, roundish, racemosely panicled. August.l.pinnate; segments narrow, silvery.h.1ft. Siberia, 1826. A pretty creeping, herbaceous plant.
A. maritima(maritime).fl.-headsbrown; racemes oblong, erect or drooping. August and September.l.downy, bipinnatifid, oblong; segments linear. Britain. A much branched, erect, or decumbent plant, excellent for rough rockwork or very dry banks, etc.
A. Mutellina(Mutellina).*fl.-headsyellowish-green; lower ones stalked, upper ones sessile. July.l.all palmate, multifid, white. Stem quite simple.h.6in. European Alps, 1815.
A. pontica(Pontine).fl.-headsyellow, roundish, stalked, nodding. September.l.downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnate; leaflets linear.h.3ft. Austria, 1570.
A. rupestris(rock).fl.-headsbrown, globose, stalked, nodding. August.l.sub-pubescent; cauline ones pinnatifid; leaflets linear, acute.h.6in. Norway, &c., 1748.
A. scoparia(twiggy-branched).fl.-headssmall, whitish; panicle broad, densely packed, about 1½ft. long. Autumn.l.much divided; segments hair-like; lower branches very slender.h.3ft. to 5ft. East Europe.
A. spicata(spicate).fl.-headsbrown, spicate. June and July.l.hoary; radical ones palmate multifid; cauline ones pinnatifid; upper linear, entire, blunt. Stem quite simple.h.1ft. Switzerland, 1790.
A. Stelleriana(Steller's).*fl.-headsyellow, uninteresting, round, somewhat erect. Summer.l., lower ones spathulate-incised; upper ones obtusely lobed; end lobes often confluent, about 2in. long, silvery white.h.1ft. to 2ft. Siberia.
A. tanacetifolia(Tanacetum-leaved).fl.-headsbrownish; racemes simple, terminal. Summer.l.bipinnate; lobes linear sub-lanceolate, entire, acuminated, rather downy. Stem sometimes branching at the base, herbaceous.h.1½ft. Siberia, 1768.
A. vulgaris(common).* Mugwort.fl.-headsyellow, somewhat racemed, ovate. August.l.pinnatifid; segments white, and downy beneath. Stems 3ft. to 4ft. high, furrowed. Britain. The variegated form of this species exhibits a very pleasing contrast. There is also a pretty variety with golden leaves.
ARTHROPHYLLUM MADAGASCARIENSE.SeePhyllarthron Bojeriana.
ARTHROPODIUM(fromarthron, a joint, andpous, a foot; the footstalks of the flowers being jointed). ORD.Liliaceæ. Very pretty greenhouse herbaceous perennials, allied toAnthericum. Flowers purplish or white, in loose racemes. Leaves grass-like, radical. They thrive well in a compost of sandy loam and peat, and may be increased freely by divisions or seeds.
A. cirratum(curled).fl.white; racemes divided; bracteas leafy. May.l.lanceolate, ensiform, spreading, 1ft. long.h.3ft. New Zealand, 1821.A. fimbriatum(fringed).fl.white. July.h.1½ft. New Holland, 1822.A. neo-caledonicum(New Caledonian).*fl.small, white, on a much-branched, many-flowered panicle. May.l.tufted, linear-lanceolate, barred with black linear markings near the base.h.1½ft. New Caledonia, 1877.A. paniculatum(panicled).*fl.white; racemes divided; pedicels clustered; inner sepals crenulate. May.l.narrowly lanceolate.h.3ft. New South Wales, 1800.A. minusis a small form of this species.A. pendulum(pendulous).*fl.white, clustered in threes, pendulous. June to August.l.linear, keeled, shorter than the branched scape.h.1½ft. New Holland, 1822.
A. cirratum(curled).fl.white; racemes divided; bracteas leafy. May.l.lanceolate, ensiform, spreading, 1ft. long.h.3ft. New Zealand, 1821.
A. fimbriatum(fringed).fl.white. July.h.1½ft. New Holland, 1822.
A. neo-caledonicum(New Caledonian).*fl.small, white, on a much-branched, many-flowered panicle. May.l.tufted, linear-lanceolate, barred with black linear markings near the base.h.1½ft. New Caledonia, 1877.
A. paniculatum(panicled).*fl.white; racemes divided; pedicels clustered; inner sepals crenulate. May.l.narrowly lanceolate.h.3ft. New South Wales, 1800.A. minusis a small form of this species.
A. pendulum(pendulous).*fl.white, clustered in threes, pendulous. June to August.l.linear, keeled, shorter than the branched scape.h.1½ft. New Holland, 1822.
ARTHROPTERIS.SeeNephrodiumandNephrolepis.
ARTHROSTEMMA(fromarthron, a joint, andstemon, a stamen; in reference to the stamens or connectives being jointed). ORD.Melastomaceæ. Beautiful stove or greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Tube of calyx turbinate or campanulate, usually clothed with bristles, pili, or scales; lobes four, lanceolate, permanent, without any appendages between them; petals four. A mixture of loam, peat, and sand, suits them best; and cuttings of small firm side shoots will root, in April or August, under a hand glass in sandy soil. Only three or four out of the half-dozen species belonging to this genus have been as yet introduced.
A. fragile(brittle).fl.rosy; cymes loose, terminal, few-flowered; calyx glandular. July.l.ovate-cordate, acute, five-nerved, serrated; branches tetragonal, beset with glandular hairs.h.3ft. Mexico, 1846. Stove species.A. nitida(glossy-leaved).fl.lilac; peduncles axillary towards the top of the branches, three-flowered, longer than the petioles. June.l.ovate, acute, serrulated, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above, but glandularly hispid on the nerves beneath. Stems shrubby, erect, and are, as well as the branches, tetragonally winged, beset with coloured hairs.h.2ft. to 3ft. Buenos Ayres, 1829 greenhouse species.A. versicolor(changeable-flowered).fl., petals obovate, ciliated, at first white, but at length becoming reddish, terminal, solitary. September.l.petiolate, ovate, serrulated, five-nerved, discoloured beneath. Plant shrubby; hairy.h.1ft. Brazil (on the sea shore), 1825. Stove species.
A. fragile(brittle).fl.rosy; cymes loose, terminal, few-flowered; calyx glandular. July.l.ovate-cordate, acute, five-nerved, serrated; branches tetragonal, beset with glandular hairs.h.3ft. Mexico, 1846. Stove species.
A. nitida(glossy-leaved).fl.lilac; peduncles axillary towards the top of the branches, three-flowered, longer than the petioles. June.l.ovate, acute, serrulated, glabrous on both surfaces, shining above, but glandularly hispid on the nerves beneath. Stems shrubby, erect, and are, as well as the branches, tetragonally winged, beset with coloured hairs.h.2ft. to 3ft. Buenos Ayres, 1829 greenhouse species.
A. versicolor(changeable-flowered).fl., petals obovate, ciliated, at first white, but at length becoming reddish, terminal, solitary. September.l.petiolate, ovate, serrulated, five-nerved, discoloured beneath. Plant shrubby; hairy.h.1ft. Brazil (on the sea shore), 1825. Stove species.
ARTHROTAXIS.SeeAthrotaxis.
ARTICHOKE, GLOBE.(Cynara Scolymus, a cultivated form ofC. Cardunculus). As a vegetable, the Globe Artichoke is cultivated for the use of the immature flower-heads, and is highly esteemed. A good open position, free from overhanging trees, is best suited for its culture generally, but, by planting successional suckers in different aspects, the season may be considerably prolonged. The soil must be of good depth, rich, and not too heavy. It may be greatly improved for Artichoke culture by the addition of sea-weeds or salt applied as manure.