Chapter 39

FIG. 336. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFCAMELLIAJAPONICA.

C. japonica(Japanese).* Common Camellia.fl.variously coloured, axillary, sessile.l.ovate, acuminate, acutely serrated.h.20ft. Japan and China, 1739. The innumerable hybrids are chiefly the offspring of this species. See Fig. 336.

FIG. 337. FLOWEROFCAMELLIAJAPONICAANEMONÆFLORA.

C. j. anemonæflora(Anemone-flowered). All, or nearly all, the stamens, &c., in this variety are transformed into small petaloid bodies, and the flower has the general aspect of a double Anemone. See Fig. 337. (B. M. 1654.)

FIG. 338. FLOWEROFCAMELLIAOLEIFERA.

C. oleifera(oil-yielding).*fl.white, very numerous, fragrant, solitary. November.l.elliptic-oblong, acute, serrated, coriaceous, shining.h.6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.)C. reticulata(netted-leaved).fl.bright rose, large, semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated.h.10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full double flowers.C. theifera(Tea-bearing).fl.white, spreading, of five sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring.l.elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as broad, dark green.h.2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780. This species varies very considerably. In different countries, it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas, formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes.

C. oleifera(oil-yielding).*fl.white, very numerous, fragrant, solitary. November.l.elliptic-oblong, acute, serrated, coriaceous, shining.h.6ft. to 8ft. China, 1820. See Fig. 338. (B. R. 942.)

C. reticulata(netted-leaved).fl.bright rose, large, semi-double. l. oblong, acuminated, serrated, flat, reticulated.h.10ft. China, 1824. There is a form of this species with full double flowers.

C. theifera(Tea-bearing).fl.white, spreading, of five sepals and five petals, axillary. November to spring.l.elliptical-oblong, obtuse, serrated, more than twice as long as broad, dark green.h.2ft. to 6ft. China, Japan, and India, 1780. This species varies very considerably. In different countries, it has become modified by cultivation. The Green and Black Teas, formerly supposed to be produced by different species, are obtained from the same bushes, but subjected to different processes.

Less-known species are:drupifera,lanceolata,rosæflora, andSasanqua.

The true species are rarely seen in cultivation. The following is a selection of the best forms ofC. japonica; the list is a limited one, and is capable of great extension:

ALBAPLENA,* double white; ARCHIDUCHESSEAUGUSTA, petals deep red, veined with blue, a white band; ARCHIDUCHESSEMARIE,* flowers bright red, banded with white, imbricated; AUGUSTEDELFOSSE, bright reddish-orange, stripes down the centre of petals; AUGUSTINASUPERBA,* flowers clear rose, free bloomer; BEALIIROSEA, one of the best and latest deep crimson varieties known; BICOLORDELAREINE, white and rose; BONOMIANA,* ground colour white, banded with intense deep red; CARYOPHYLLOIDES,* white, marbled with rosy-carmine, flowers very large; CHANDLERIIELEGANS,* flowers large, light rose; COMTEDEGOMER,* petals soft rose, striped with crimson, beautifully imbricated; COMTEDEPARIS, rich pink, large and full; CONTESSALAVINIAMAGGI, pure white, broadly flamed with rosy-cerise; CONTESSALAVINIAMAGGIROSEA, flowers rich rosy-red, fine form, a superb variety; CORRADINO, rose, veined with salmon, centre delicate blush pink; COUNTESSOFDERBY,* beautifully imbricated, white, striped with rose; COUNTESS OFELLESMERE,* colour varying from pure white to flesh, streaked with carnation; COUNTESSOFORKNEY, pure white, striped with carmine, sometimes pink, shaded with deep rose; CUP OFBEAUTY,* pure white and rose, a beautifully imbricated flower; DAVIDBOSCHI, clear pink, shaded with deep rose; DE LAREINE, petals white, striped with carmine; DONCKELAARII,* large flowers, semi-double, rich crimson, marbled white; DUCHESSE DENASSAU,* flowers light pink, very large, and of superb form; DUCHESSOFBERRY, pure white, and cupped, beautifully imbricated, one of the most beautiful of all the double whites; EMPEROROFRUSSIA, large crimson; FANNYBOLIS, white, striped and splashed with deep crimson; FIMBRIATAALBA,* similar toAlba plena, outer petals notched at the edges; GENERALCIALDINI, beautifully imbricated, bright carmine, flaked with red; HENRIFAVRE, flowers rosy-salmon, finely imbricated; HOVEY, C. H.,* bright crimson, well imbricated; HOVEY, C. M.,* deep velvety crimson, darkly shaded, very distinct; HOVEY, MRS.,* delicate pink, very smooth in outline, medium size; ILCYGNO, flowers pure white, petals Ranunculi-formed and imbricated; IL22 MARZO, clear rose, the petals sometimes banded with white; IMBRICATA, deep carmine, occasionally variegated; JARDIN D'HIVER, a fine variety, flowers beautifully imbricated, colourbright rose; JEFFERSONII, fine crimson; JENNYLIND,* flowers imbricated to the extreme centre, broad, and of good substance, white, striped and marbled with rose; JUBILEE,* flowers very large, with broad, round, imbricated petals, white, marbled with rose, centre pure white; LADYHUME'SBLUSH,* flowers flesh-colour, and of excellent form; LAMAESTOSA, rose, mottled with white; LEEANASUPERBA, flowers salmon-red, very fine; LEONLEGUAY, rich crimson; MADAMEAMBROISEVERSCHAFFELT,* white, shaded with blush, and dotted with red; MADAMELEBOIS, bright rose, finely imbricated, and of good form; MATHOTIANA,* flowers brilliant red, and beautifully imbricated, extra fine; MATHOTIANAALBA, flowers large, finely imbricated to the centre, pure white; MONTIRONI,* a fine pure white flower; MRS.ABBEYWILDER, ivory-white, striped with rose, well imbricated;MRS. COPE,* white, delicately shaded with pink, and striped with rose; MRS. DOMBRAIN,* shape and substance excellent, colour beautiful soft pink; NAPOLEONIII., flowers rose, beautifully veined with deep rose, and edged with pure white; PRINCEALBERT, white, beautifully flaked with carmine; PRINCESSBACCIOCCHI,* rich velvety carmine; PRINCESSFREDERICKWILLIAM,* flowers white, tipped with bright carmine; QUEEN OFROSES, flowers delicate rose; REINEDESBEAUTéS,* very delicate clear rose, fine form, extra fine variety; REINEDESFLEURS,* finely imbricated, petals of good substance and perfect symmetry, colour vermilion-red, flaked occasionally with white; RUBENS, deep rose-white stripes; SACCOIANA,* a finely imbricated flower, colour very variable, occasionally clear rose, at other times spotted with pure white; SARAHFROST, flowers bright red; STORYI, outer petals bright rose, centre almost white; TARGIONI, flowers beautifully imbricated, pure white, striped with cerise; TEUTONIA, flowers sometimes red, at other times white, but occasionally half red and half white; THOMASMOORE,* flowers 4½in. across, perfectly round, and well imbricated, petals also round, and well filled up in the centre, colour rich carmine, shaded with crimson; TRICOLORDEMATHOT, flowers red, marbled with white, semidouble; TRICOLORIMBRICATAPLENA, blush white, flaked with carmine and rose; VALTEVAREDA, colour bright rose, often spotted with snowy white; WILDERII,* soft rose, of excellent form.

1. C. lactiflora. 2. C. rotundifolia Hostii. 3. C. carpathica turbinata. 4. C. carpathica alba.FIG. 339. GROUPOFCAMPANULAS.

1. C. lactiflora. 2. C. rotundifolia Hostii. 3. C. carpathica turbinata. 4. C. carpathica alba.

FIG. 339. GROUPOFCAMPANULAS.

CAMOENSIA(named in honour of Luis Camoens, a celebrated Portuguese poet). ORD.Leguminosæ. A genus containing a couple of handsome species.C. maximais the largest-flowered leguminous plant known. It thrives well in rich loam and leaf mould. Cuttings root in sandy loam, in bottom heat, if placed under a bell glass. It has not yet flowered in this country. The other species has not been introduced.

C. maxima(greatest).*fl.cream-colour, yellow, 1ft. long, in short axillary racemes. Angola, 1878. (T. L. S. 25, 36.)

CAMOMILE.SeeChamomile.

CAMPANEA(fromcampana, a bell; alluding to the shape of the flowers). ORD.Gesneraceæ. Stove herbaceous climbing perennials, the only one at present introduced beingC. grandiflora. For cultivation,seeGesnera.

C. grandiflora(large-flowered).*fl.in axillary tufts, at ends of long, axillary, and terminal peduncles; corolla white, lined and dotted with crimson. June.l.opposite, oval, acuminated, oblique, soft, crenated, stalked. Plant hairy.h.2ft. Santa Fé, 1848. (R. H. 1849, 241.)

CAMPANULA(diminutive ofcampana, a bell; in reference to the shape of the flowers). Bell-flower; Slipperwort. ORD.Campanulaceæ. A genus of mostly perennial—rarely annual or biennial—herbs. Flowers blue or white, for the most part pedunculate, usually racemose, rarely spicate or glomerate. Radical leaves usually different in form from the cauline ones, especially in size. All the species of this genus are elegant when in flower (see Fig. 339), and are very largely grown. The dwarf varieties make excellent subjects for pot culture, rockeries, or the fronts of borders. A rather rich sandy loam, with plenty of drainage, suits these plants. The forms ofC. pyramidalismay be kept in cold frames during the winter, and firmly repotted in summer, the crown of the plant being kept just a trifle raised above the soil, or they are at times liable to damp off, through the water lodging around the necks. During hot weather, the pots should be plunged in a bed of ashes. Campanulas are easily raised from seeds, which should be sown in spring.

General Culture.As a rule, few plants are so easily cultivated as these. The strong-growing kinds may be grown with the greatest success in ordinary garden soil, well enriched with manure, while the alpine kinds are easily managed on the rockery. Sow seeds of the annuals in April, and of the biennials in June, in the open, or in a cold frame. The perennials are chiefly propagated by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings, in spring—the latter is by far the best method of propagation with many of the species—or by seeds. Those kinds requiring special treatment are particularised, and those suitable to the rockery are so designated. Perennials, except where otherwise mentioned.

C. Adami(Adam's).fl.bluish, nearly erect, one on the top of each stem; corolla funnel-shaped. July.l.slightly ciliated; radical ones on long petioles, cuneate-spathulate, coarsely toothed at the apex; cauline ones sessile, obovate or linear.h.6in. Caucasus, 1821. Alpine.C. Allionii(Allioni's).*fl.usually blue, rarely white, subnutant, large, solitary. July to September.l., radical ones linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ciliated; lower ones rosulate, bluntish. Stem rather pilose. Root creeping.h.3in. to 4in. Piedmontese Alps, &c., 1820. A little gem, requiring a well-drained position, in rich sandy loam, with plenty of grit in it, and an abundance of moisture when growing. SYNS.C. alpestrisandC. nana. (B. M. 6588.)C. alpestris(rocky). A synonym ofC. Allionii.C. alpina(alpine).*fl.deep blue, few or numerous, scattered in a pyramidal manner along the whole stem. July.l.linear-lanceolate, repandly-crenate, woolly; radical ones crowded, narrowed at the base. Stem glabrous or woolly.h.3in. to 9in. Europe, 1779. Rockery. (B. M. 957.)C. americana(American).fl.erect, one to three from the axil of each bract; corollas blue, a little longer than the calycine lobes. July.l., radical ones rosulate, ovate, acute, a little cordate, petiolate, serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, serrulated.h.3ft. to 6ft. North America, 1763. Borders.C. barbata(bearded).*fl.nutant, disposed in a loose, often secund raceme; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the axils of the superior leaves; corolla pale blue or white (in the varietyalba), glabrous outside, but woolly in the mouth. June.l.villous, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, lanceolate; cauline ones few, ligulate.h.6in. to 18in. European Alps, 1752. This is best grown on the rockery. The white variety is very handsome. (B. M. 1258.)C. Barrelierii(Barrelier's). A synonym ofC. fragilis.C. betonicæfolia(Betony-leaved).*fl.terminal and axillary, the branchlets usually bearing three; corollas purplish-blue, with a pale yellow base, tubular. May.l.elliptic-oblong or ovate, acute, crenate-toothed; radical ones shortly petiolate. Stems much branched. Plant pilose.h.1½ft. Mount Olympus in Bithynia, 1820. Borders. (S. F. G. 210.)C. bononiensis(Bononian).*fl.bluish-violet, rather small, numerous, disposed in long racemes. July.l.serrulated, ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; radical ones cordate, petiolate; upper ones stem-clasping.h.2ft. to 3ft. Europe, 1773. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety.C. cæspitosa(tufted).*fl.drooping, terminal, solitary, and sometimes three to four at the top of each stem; corollas deep blue or pure white (in the varietyalba). May to August.l., radical ones crowded, on short petioles, ovate, glandularly toothed, shining. Stems numerous, tufted. Root fibrous, creeping.h.4in. to 6in. Temperate parts of Europe, 1813. Rockery, delighting in rich fibrous loam and leaf mould.

C. Allionii(Allioni's).*fl.usually blue, rarely white, subnutant, large, solitary. July to September.l., radical ones linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, ciliated; lower ones rosulate, bluntish. Stem rather pilose. Root creeping.h.3in. to 4in. Piedmontese Alps, &c., 1820. A little gem, requiring a well-drained position, in rich sandy loam, with plenty of grit in it, and an abundance of moisture when growing. SYNS.C. alpestrisandC. nana. (B. M. 6588.)

C. alpestris(rocky). A synonym ofC. Allionii.

C. alpina(alpine).*fl.deep blue, few or numerous, scattered in a pyramidal manner along the whole stem. July.l.linear-lanceolate, repandly-crenate, woolly; radical ones crowded, narrowed at the base. Stem glabrous or woolly.h.3in. to 9in. Europe, 1779. Rockery. (B. M. 957.)

C. americana(American).fl.erect, one to three from the axil of each bract; corollas blue, a little longer than the calycine lobes. July.l., radical ones rosulate, ovate, acute, a little cordate, petiolate, serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate, acuminated at both ends, serrulated.h.3ft. to 6ft. North America, 1763. Borders.

C. barbata(bearded).*fl.nutant, disposed in a loose, often secund raceme; pedicels one-flowered, rising from the axils of the superior leaves; corolla pale blue or white (in the varietyalba), glabrous outside, but woolly in the mouth. June.l.villous, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, lanceolate; cauline ones few, ligulate.h.6in. to 18in. European Alps, 1752. This is best grown on the rockery. The white variety is very handsome. (B. M. 1258.)

C. Barrelierii(Barrelier's). A synonym ofC. fragilis.

C. betonicæfolia(Betony-leaved).*fl.terminal and axillary, the branchlets usually bearing three; corollas purplish-blue, with a pale yellow base, tubular. May.l.elliptic-oblong or ovate, acute, crenate-toothed; radical ones shortly petiolate. Stems much branched. Plant pilose.h.1½ft. Mount Olympus in Bithynia, 1820. Borders. (S. F. G. 210.)

C. bononiensis(Bononian).*fl.bluish-violet, rather small, numerous, disposed in long racemes. July.l.serrulated, ovate, acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; radical ones cordate, petiolate; upper ones stem-clasping.h.2ft. to 3ft. Europe, 1773. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety.

C. cæspitosa(tufted).*fl.drooping, terminal, solitary, and sometimes three to four at the top of each stem; corollas deep blue or pure white (in the varietyalba). May to August.l., radical ones crowded, on short petioles, ovate, glandularly toothed, shining. Stems numerous, tufted. Root fibrous, creeping.h.4in. to 6in. Temperate parts of Europe, 1813. Rockery, delighting in rich fibrous loam and leaf mould.

FIG. 340. FLOWERINGSTEMOFCAMPANULACARPATHICA.

C. carpathica(Carpathian).*fl.blue, broadly campanulate, disposed in loose panicles, on long peduncles, which are elongated, naked, and terminated by an erect flower. June to August.l., lower ones on long petioles, ovate-roundish, cordate, toothed; upper ones on short petioles, ovate, acute. Stems leafy, branched.h.9in. Transylvania, 1774. Borders or rockery. See Fig. 340. (B. M. 117.)C. c. alba(white).*fl.quite white, otherwise like the type. See Fig. 339.

C. c. alba(white).*fl.quite white, otherwise like the type. See Fig. 339.

FIG. 341. CAMPANULACARPATHICAPELVIFORMIS.

C. c. pelviformis(pelvis-formed).*fl.lilac, nearly 2in. across, numerously produced in lax panicles on much-branched stems, 9in. to 18in. high; fragrant. August.l.ovate, cordate, toothed. A distinct seedling fromC. c. turbinata. See Fig. 341.

FIG. 342. CAMPANULACARPATHICATURBINATA.

C. C. turbinata(top-shaped).*fl.nearly 2in. across, erect; corolla deep purple, campanulate. Summer.l.ovate, rigid, greyish-green, toothed, and pointed, with cordate bases, in stiff tufts. Stems short, erect.h.6in. to 12in. Transylvania, 1868. Borders or rockery. See Figs. 339 and 342. There is also a desirable variety namedpallida, with very pale purple flowers.C. c. t. Hendersoni(Henderson's).fl.rich mauve, in large pyramidal racemes, rather open. July to September.l., lower ones cordate, or ovate cordate, slightly crenulated, on long stalks; upper ones oblong, sessile.h.1ft. Very handsome hybrid for borders.C. caucasica(Caucasian).fl.few, terminal and axillary, drooping; corollas glabrous outside, but bearded inside, of a violaceous-blue colour. July.l.crenulated; lower ones obovate, obtuse, petiolate; upper ones lanceolate, sessile. Stems erect, branched, terete, scabrous, pilose.h.6in. to 9in. Caucasus, 1804. Rockery; very pretty.C. celtidifolia(Nettle-tree-leaved).* A synonym ofC. lactiflora.C. cenisia(Mont Cenis).*fl.deep blue, solitary, terminal, erect. June.l.entire; radical ones rosulate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones ovate-oblong. Stems numerous, glabrous, or slightly pilose.h.3in. Italy, &c., 1775. A rare little rockery gem, requiring a deep gritty loam and leaf soil, between stones. (A. F. P. 3, 6.)C. Cervicaria.Throatwort.fl.blue, pilose outside; heads terminal, round, bracteate. July.l.crenately serrated; radical ones linear-lanceolate, bluntish, on short petioles; cauline ones linear-acuminated. Stem simple.h.1ft. to 2ft. Mountains of Europe, 1768. Biennial. Borders. (L. B. C. 452.)C. collina(hill).*fl.deep blue, funnel-shaped, few, secund, disposed in a long raceme. July.l., lower ones on long petioles, ovate-oblong, crenulated; middle ones lanceolate; upper ones linear-acuminated. Stems simple, rather pilose.h.1ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. M. 927.)C. colorata(coloured).fl.purple; corolla tubular, velvety; peduncles elongated, terminal and axillary. September.l.scattered, lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulated. Stem branched, downy. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. This requires frame protection during winter. (B. M. 4555.)C. dichotoma(forked).fl.bluish-purple, with a paler tube, drooping, terminal, solitary in the forks of the branches and stem. July.l., cauline ones ovate, acute, a little crenated. Stem erect, with dichotomous branches. Plant clothed with stiff hairs.h.6in. South-western Europe, 1820. Annual. Borders. (S. F. G. 211.)C. drabifolia(Draba-leaved).fl.pedicellate, opposite the leaves; corolla inflated, with a white tube and a violaceous-blue limb. July.l.elliptic-oblong, toothed. Stem many times forked, slightly erect. Plant hispid.h.3in. Island of Samos, 1823. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 215.)C. Elatines(Elatine).*fl.scattered over the upper part of the plant, sometimes racemose, and sometimes panicled; corollas bluish-purple. June to August.l.cordate, coarsely and acutely toothed, ovate-acute; lower ones roundish. Stem branched. Plant downy.h.3in. to 6in. Piedmont, 1823. Rockery. (A. F. P. 3, 7.)C. Erinus(Erinus).*fl.terminal and axillary, situated in the angles of the forks of the branches; corollas of a pale bluish-rose-colour, or white, pilose at the base, tubular. May to August.l.obovate or ovate, toothed. Stem much branched. Plant hispid.h.3in. to 9in. Europe, 1768. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 214.)C. excisa(excised).fl.drooping; stem one-flowered; corollas blue, funnel-shaped. June.l.entire, or remotely-denticulated, linear-acuminated. Stems numerous, erect, slender, simple, naked at top.h.3in. to 6in. Switzerland and Transylvania, 1820. Rockery. A rare species, requiring to be treated likecenisia. (L. B. C. 561.)C. floribunda(many-flowered). A synonym ofC. isophylla.C. fragilis(fragile).*fl.clear lilac-purple, white in the centre, solitary or in pairs, axillary, erect, or nearly so, on spreading branches. July and August.l., radical ones reniform, or roundish-cordate, rather deeply lobed; cauline ones broadly-ovate, slightly cordate, all stalked.h.4in. to 6in. South Italy. SYN.C. Barrelierii. (B. M. 6504.)C. garganica(Gargano).*fl.axillary, in fascicles; corollas blue, rotate, deeply five-lobed. May to September.l., radical ones reniform, on long petioles; cauline ones cordate, all crenately toothed, downy.h.3in. to 6in. Italy, 1832. An extremely variable species. Rockery, in rich sandy loam. (B. R. 1768.)

C. c. t. Hendersoni(Henderson's).fl.rich mauve, in large pyramidal racemes, rather open. July to September.l., lower ones cordate, or ovate cordate, slightly crenulated, on long stalks; upper ones oblong, sessile.h.1ft. Very handsome hybrid for borders.

C. caucasica(Caucasian).fl.few, terminal and axillary, drooping; corollas glabrous outside, but bearded inside, of a violaceous-blue colour. July.l.crenulated; lower ones obovate, obtuse, petiolate; upper ones lanceolate, sessile. Stems erect, branched, terete, scabrous, pilose.h.6in. to 9in. Caucasus, 1804. Rockery; very pretty.

C. celtidifolia(Nettle-tree-leaved).* A synonym ofC. lactiflora.

C. cenisia(Mont Cenis).*fl.deep blue, solitary, terminal, erect. June.l.entire; radical ones rosulate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones ovate-oblong. Stems numerous, glabrous, or slightly pilose.h.3in. Italy, &c., 1775. A rare little rockery gem, requiring a deep gritty loam and leaf soil, between stones. (A. F. P. 3, 6.)

C. Cervicaria.Throatwort.fl.blue, pilose outside; heads terminal, round, bracteate. July.l.crenately serrated; radical ones linear-lanceolate, bluntish, on short petioles; cauline ones linear-acuminated. Stem simple.h.1ft. to 2ft. Mountains of Europe, 1768. Biennial. Borders. (L. B. C. 452.)

C. collina(hill).*fl.deep blue, funnel-shaped, few, secund, disposed in a long raceme. July.l., lower ones on long petioles, ovate-oblong, crenulated; middle ones lanceolate; upper ones linear-acuminated. Stems simple, rather pilose.h.1ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. M. 927.)

C. colorata(coloured).fl.purple; corolla tubular, velvety; peduncles elongated, terminal and axillary. September.l.scattered, lanceolate, acute, repandly denticulated. Stem branched, downy. Sikkim Himalayas, 1849. This requires frame protection during winter. (B. M. 4555.)

C. dichotoma(forked).fl.bluish-purple, with a paler tube, drooping, terminal, solitary in the forks of the branches and stem. July.l., cauline ones ovate, acute, a little crenated. Stem erect, with dichotomous branches. Plant clothed with stiff hairs.h.6in. South-western Europe, 1820. Annual. Borders. (S. F. G. 211.)

C. drabifolia(Draba-leaved).fl.pedicellate, opposite the leaves; corolla inflated, with a white tube and a violaceous-blue limb. July.l.elliptic-oblong, toothed. Stem many times forked, slightly erect. Plant hispid.h.3in. Island of Samos, 1823. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 215.)

C. Elatines(Elatine).*fl.scattered over the upper part of the plant, sometimes racemose, and sometimes panicled; corollas bluish-purple. June to August.l.cordate, coarsely and acutely toothed, ovate-acute; lower ones roundish. Stem branched. Plant downy.h.3in. to 6in. Piedmont, 1823. Rockery. (A. F. P. 3, 7.)

C. Erinus(Erinus).*fl.terminal and axillary, situated in the angles of the forks of the branches; corollas of a pale bluish-rose-colour, or white, pilose at the base, tubular. May to August.l.obovate or ovate, toothed. Stem much branched. Plant hispid.h.3in. to 9in. Europe, 1768. Annual. Rockery. (S. F. G. 214.)

C. excisa(excised).fl.drooping; stem one-flowered; corollas blue, funnel-shaped. June.l.entire, or remotely-denticulated, linear-acuminated. Stems numerous, erect, slender, simple, naked at top.h.3in. to 6in. Switzerland and Transylvania, 1820. Rockery. A rare species, requiring to be treated likecenisia. (L. B. C. 561.)

C. floribunda(many-flowered). A synonym ofC. isophylla.

C. fragilis(fragile).*fl.clear lilac-purple, white in the centre, solitary or in pairs, axillary, erect, or nearly so, on spreading branches. July and August.l., radical ones reniform, or roundish-cordate, rather deeply lobed; cauline ones broadly-ovate, slightly cordate, all stalked.h.4in. to 6in. South Italy. SYN.C. Barrelierii. (B. M. 6504.)

C. garganica(Gargano).*fl.axillary, in fascicles; corollas blue, rotate, deeply five-lobed. May to September.l., radical ones reniform, on long petioles; cauline ones cordate, all crenately toothed, downy.h.3in. to 6in. Italy, 1832. An extremely variable species. Rockery, in rich sandy loam. (B. R. 1768.)

FIG.343. FLOWER-SPIKE OFCAMPANULA GLOMERATA.

C. glomerata(clustered).*fl.sessile, disposed in terminal heads on the branches and stems; corollas bluish-violet or white, glabrous, except the nerves outside, funnel-shaped. May to September.l.serrulated; radical ones ovate, acute; bracts ovate, acuminated. Stems simple, or branched.h.1ft. to 2ft. Britain, &c. Borders. See Fig. 343. (Sy. En. B. 866.) A double-flowered variety, and also a white-flowered form, are very desirable. There are numerous varieties of this species which are frequently described as distinct species. The following are among the number:C. g. cervicaroides(Cervicaria-like).fl.bluish-violet, terminal and axillary. Lower leaves on long petioles. Stem flexuous, hairy.C. g. elliptica(elliptical).fl.blue, large, capitate.l.on long petioles, elliptic; bracts large, often longer than the flowers.C. g. nicæensis(Nice).fl.bluish-violet, disposed in short, dense spikes.l.approximate, ovate, acute, sessile.C. g. pusilla(diminutive).*fl.few, capitate.l.round, cordate.h.1in. to 2in. In addition to these, there areaggregataandspeciosa(=dahurica). The latter is an excellent variety, with large heads of deep-coloured flowers.C. grandiflora(large-flowered).SeePlatycodon grandiflorum.C. grandis(large).*fl.pale violet-blue, broadly bell-shaped, with large pointed divisions, axillary and alternate, on the upper part of the stem. June.l.sessile, lanceolate, serrated. Stem simple, furrowed.h.1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, 1842. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety namedalba.C. haylodgensis(Hay Lodge).fl.light blue, rather open, bell-shaped, few, at the ends of the stems. August.l., radical ones tufted, roundish-cordate, with the margins slightly indented; cauline ones ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed, light green.h.6in. to 9in. Rockery. This is a hybrid, raised by Mr. Anderson-Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh, probably betweenC. carpathicaandC. pusilla.C. hederacea(Ivy-like).SeeWahlenbergia hederacea.C. Hostii(Host's).* A synonym ofC. rotundifolia Hostii.C. isophylla(equal-leaved).*fl.numerous, erect, disposed in a corymb; corolla lilac-blue, with a grey centre, large, salver-shaped, deeply five-lobed. August.l.broadly ovate, cordate, and toothed. Stems firm. North Italy, 1868. Borders and rockery. SYN.C. floribunda. (B. M. 5745.)C. i. alba (white).*fl.pure white; in other respects like the species. It is a charming rockery plant, flowering very freely.

C. g. cervicaroides(Cervicaria-like).fl.bluish-violet, terminal and axillary. Lower leaves on long petioles. Stem flexuous, hairy.

C. g. elliptica(elliptical).fl.blue, large, capitate.l.on long petioles, elliptic; bracts large, often longer than the flowers.

C. g. nicæensis(Nice).fl.bluish-violet, disposed in short, dense spikes.l.approximate, ovate, acute, sessile.

C. g. pusilla(diminutive).*fl.few, capitate.l.round, cordate.h.1in. to 2in. In addition to these, there areaggregataandspeciosa(=dahurica). The latter is an excellent variety, with large heads of deep-coloured flowers.

C. grandiflora(large-flowered).SeePlatycodon grandiflorum.

C. grandis(large).*fl.pale violet-blue, broadly bell-shaped, with large pointed divisions, axillary and alternate, on the upper part of the stem. June.l.sessile, lanceolate, serrated. Stem simple, furrowed.h.1ft. to 2ft. Siberia, 1842. Borders. There is also a very showy white-flowered variety namedalba.

C. haylodgensis(Hay Lodge).fl.light blue, rather open, bell-shaped, few, at the ends of the stems. August.l., radical ones tufted, roundish-cordate, with the margins slightly indented; cauline ones ovate-cordate, conspicuously toothed, light green.h.6in. to 9in. Rockery. This is a hybrid, raised by Mr. Anderson-Henry, Hay Lodge, Edinburgh, probably betweenC. carpathicaandC. pusilla.

C. hederacea(Ivy-like).SeeWahlenbergia hederacea.

C. Hostii(Host's).* A synonym ofC. rotundifolia Hostii.

C. isophylla(equal-leaved).*fl.numerous, erect, disposed in a corymb; corolla lilac-blue, with a grey centre, large, salver-shaped, deeply five-lobed. August.l.broadly ovate, cordate, and toothed. Stems firm. North Italy, 1868. Borders and rockery. SYN.C. floribunda. (B. M. 5745.)

C. i. alba (white).*fl.pure white; in other respects like the species. It is a charming rockery plant, flowering very freely.

FIG. 344. FLOWERSOFCAMPANULALACINIATA.

C. laciniata(cut-leaved).fl.long-stalked, in lax panicles. Stem erect, branchy, somewhat hairy.h.1ft. Islands in Grecian Archipelago, 1790. This biennial species is impatient of much moisture during winter, and is therefore best kept in a cold frame. See Fig. 344.C. lactiflora(milk-coloured-flowered).*fl.in loose panicles; peduncles erect, short, usually three-flowered; corollas erect, milk-coloured, tinged with blue, or quite blue, as in the variety namedcœrulea. July to September.l.sessile. ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated. Stems branched.h.2ft. to 6ft. Caucasus, 1814. Borders. SYN.C. celtidifolia. See Fig. 339. (B. R. 241.)

C. lactiflora(milk-coloured-flowered).*fl.in loose panicles; peduncles erect, short, usually three-flowered; corollas erect, milk-coloured, tinged with blue, or quite blue, as in the variety namedcœrulea. July to September.l.sessile. ovate-lanceolate, acutely serrated. Stems branched.h.2ft. to 6ft. Caucasus, 1814. Borders. SYN.C. celtidifolia. See Fig. 339. (B. R. 241.)

FIG. 345. CAMPANULALANGSDORFFIANA.

C. Langsdorffiana(Langsdorff's).fl.blue, either solitary or in few-flowered panicles, not unlike those ofC. rotundifolia.l.either entire or toothed.h.3in. to 9in. Mountains of Northern Asia and America. Perennial. See Fig. 345.C. latifolia(broad-leaved).fl.disposed in spicate racemes; peduncles erect, one-flowered; corolla blue, but sometimes white (in the varietyalba) campanulately funnel-shaped, large. July.l.large, doubly serrated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, ovate-oblong; cauline ones sessile, ovate-acuminated. Stems simple, smooth.h.1ft. to 2ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 868.)C. l. eriocarpa(woolly-fruited).fl., tube of calyx very hispid.l.less acuminated. Stem and leaves pilose and pale. Caucasus, 1823. Borders.C. l. macrantha(large-flowered).*fl., corollas purplish-blue, larger than those of the type. Stem and leaves rather pilose; teeth of leaves more distinct. A hybrid. Borders.C. Loefflingii(Lœffling's).fl.solitary, terminating the naked branchlets, loosely panicled, drooping; corolla blue or violaceous, with a deeper-coloured zone beneath the middle, white at the base, both inside and out, funnel-shaped. July.l.crenulated; lower ones ovate-reniform; superior ones ovate, stem-clasping. Stem much branched. Annual.h.6in. to 18in. South-west Europe, 1818. (B. R. 29, 19.)C. Loreyi(Lorey's). A synonym ofC. ramosissima.C. lyrata(lyrate).fl.disposed in a long, many-flowered, loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, with rather pilose nerves. June.l., lower ones petiolate, cordate, ovate, acute, crenated; superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stem branched. Eastern Europe, Levant, &c., 1823. Borders.

C. latifolia(broad-leaved).fl.disposed in spicate racemes; peduncles erect, one-flowered; corolla blue, but sometimes white (in the varietyalba) campanulately funnel-shaped, large. July.l.large, doubly serrated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, ovate-oblong; cauline ones sessile, ovate-acuminated. Stems simple, smooth.h.1ft. to 2ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 868.)

C. l. eriocarpa(woolly-fruited).fl., tube of calyx very hispid.l.less acuminated. Stem and leaves pilose and pale. Caucasus, 1823. Borders.

C. l. macrantha(large-flowered).*fl., corollas purplish-blue, larger than those of the type. Stem and leaves rather pilose; teeth of leaves more distinct. A hybrid. Borders.

C. Loefflingii(Lœffling's).fl.solitary, terminating the naked branchlets, loosely panicled, drooping; corolla blue or violaceous, with a deeper-coloured zone beneath the middle, white at the base, both inside and out, funnel-shaped. July.l.crenulated; lower ones ovate-reniform; superior ones ovate, stem-clasping. Stem much branched. Annual.h.6in. to 18in. South-west Europe, 1818. (B. R. 29, 19.)

C. Loreyi(Lorey's). A synonym ofC. ramosissima.

C. lyrata(lyrate).fl.disposed in a long, many-flowered, loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, with rather pilose nerves. June.l., lower ones petiolate, cordate, ovate, acute, crenated; superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stem branched. Eastern Europe, Levant, &c., 1823. Borders.

FIG. 346. CAMPANULAMACROSTYLA.

C. macrostyla(large-styled).fl.dull purple, reticulated with violet, solitary, on stout stalks; hairy towards the base. July.l., lower ones ovate-oblong, acute; upper ones ovate-lanceolate, recurved, small for the size of the plant, hispid on both surfaces, and ciliated with bristles.h.1ft. to 2ft. Taurus Mountains. Annual. Borders. The rigid habit, bristly, almost prickly, stem and leaves, curious calyx appendages, short gaping corolla, and wonderful stigma, mark this as the most singular Campanula hitherto introduced. See Fig. 346.C. Medium(middle-sized).* Canterbury Bells.fl.numerous, large, disposed in racemes; corolla blue, purple, and white, campanulate, inflated, single and double. July.l.sessile, ovate-lanceolate, crenately toothed. Stem erect, branched.h.1ft. to 4ft. South Europe, 1597. See Fig. 347. A well-known and very handsome biennial, of which there are numerous varieties. Borders.C. muralis(wall).* A synonym ofC. Portenschlagiana.C. nana(dwarf). A synonym ofC. Allionii.C. nitida(shining).*fl.blue or white, disposed in spicate racemes; corolla campanulately rotate. Summer.l.in rosettes, leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, crenated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Stem simple.h.3in. to 9in. North America, 1731. Borders. There are also double blue and white flowered forms of this species. SYN.C. planiflora.C. nobilis(noble).*fl.drooping, crowded towards the ends of the branchlets; corollas reddish-violet, or white, or cream-coloured, spotted, 3in. or more long. July.l.hairy; lower ones petiolate, ovate, toothed; upper ones lanceolate, nearly or quite sessile.h.2ft. China, 1844. Borders. (B. R. 32, 65.) There is also a white-flowered variety.C. patula(spreading).fl.panicled, terminal, and axillary, on long pedicels, large, erect; corollas blue or white, funnel-shaped. July.l., radical ones crowded, obovate, crenated; cauline oneslinear-lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire. Stems branched. Branches diverging. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 873.)

C. Medium(middle-sized).* Canterbury Bells.fl.numerous, large, disposed in racemes; corolla blue, purple, and white, campanulate, inflated, single and double. July.l.sessile, ovate-lanceolate, crenately toothed. Stem erect, branched.h.1ft. to 4ft. South Europe, 1597. See Fig. 347. A well-known and very handsome biennial, of which there are numerous varieties. Borders.

C. muralis(wall).* A synonym ofC. Portenschlagiana.

C. nana(dwarf). A synonym ofC. Allionii.

C. nitida(shining).*fl.blue or white, disposed in spicate racemes; corolla campanulately rotate. Summer.l.in rosettes, leathery, very dark and shining green, oblong, crenated; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, almost entire. Stem simple.h.3in. to 9in. North America, 1731. Borders. There are also double blue and white flowered forms of this species. SYN.C. planiflora.

C. nobilis(noble).*fl.drooping, crowded towards the ends of the branchlets; corollas reddish-violet, or white, or cream-coloured, spotted, 3in. or more long. July.l.hairy; lower ones petiolate, ovate, toothed; upper ones lanceolate, nearly or quite sessile.h.2ft. China, 1844. Borders. (B. R. 32, 65.) There is also a white-flowered variety.

C. patula(spreading).fl.panicled, terminal, and axillary, on long pedicels, large, erect; corollas blue or white, funnel-shaped. July.l., radical ones crowded, obovate, crenated; cauline oneslinear-lanceolate, sessile, nearly entire. Stems branched. Branches diverging. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 873.)

FIG. 347. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFCAMPANULAMEDIUM.

C. peregrina(foreign).*fl.disposed in a dense spicate raceme, sessile; corollas of a dark violet colour at the base, not so deep in the middle, and paler towards the margins, funnel-shaped. July.l.crenated; lower ones obovate; superior ones ovate, acute. Stem simple, angular.h.2ft. Mount Lebanon, 1794. Borders. (B. M. 1257.)C. persicæfolia(Peach-leaved).*fl.terminal and axillary, pedunculate, solitary, inclined, racemose; corollas blue and all the intermediate shades to white, large, broadly campanulate. July.l.glabrous, stiff, crenulated; radical ones lanceolate-obovate; cauline ones linear-lanceolate. Stems nearly simple.h.1ft. to 3ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 871.) The forms ofC. persicæfoliaare very numerous in gardens. The following are well worth growing:alba, pure white, single-flowered;alba coronata, pure white, semi-double;alba fl.-pl., flowers very double and Camellia-like, constituting one of the best hardy flowers for cutting;cærulea coronata, blue, in form like the white;cærulea fl.-pl., flowers semi-double.C. phrygia(Phrygian).fl., corolla bluish-violet, spreading, having the nerves more intensely coloured. July.l.ovate-lanceolate, crenated; lower ones obtuse, upper acute. Stem branched. Branches very naked, divaricate, each terminating in a single flower.h.3in. to 6in. Mount Olympus, 1820. Rockery annual.C. planiflora(flat-flowered). A synonym ofC. nitida.C. Portenschlagiana(Portenschlag's).*fl.light blue-purple, erect, or nearly so, bell-shaped, with spreading segments, several at the ends of the shoots, and one or two in the upper axils. June, July.l., radical ones broadly reniform, conspicuously but irregularly toothed, on long slender petioles; cauline ones passing from reniform to ovate.h.6in. to 9in. South Europe. Rockery. SYN.C. muralis. (B. R. 1995.)C. primulæfolia(Primula-leaved).fl.disposed in a spicate raceme; corolla blue or purple, with a whitish downy bottom, campanulately rotate, nearly glabrous. July.l.unequally and doubly crenated; radical ones lanceolate, bluntish; cauline ones ovate-oblong, acute. Stem hispid, simple.h.1ft. to 3ft. Portugal. Borders. (B. M. 4879.)C. pulla(russet).*fl.terminal, large for the size of the plant; corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June.l.glabrous, crenulately toothed; lower ones on short petioles, ovate-roundish; superior ones sessile, ovate, acute. Stems rarely pilose at the base.h.3in. to 6in. Eastern Europe, 1779. Rockery, in rich sandy peat and leaf soil. (L. B. C. 554.)C. pumila(dwarf). A synonym ofC. pusilla.

C. persicæfolia(Peach-leaved).*fl.terminal and axillary, pedunculate, solitary, inclined, racemose; corollas blue and all the intermediate shades to white, large, broadly campanulate. July.l.glabrous, stiff, crenulated; radical ones lanceolate-obovate; cauline ones linear-lanceolate. Stems nearly simple.h.1ft. to 3ft. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 871.) The forms ofC. persicæfoliaare very numerous in gardens. The following are well worth growing:alba, pure white, single-flowered;alba coronata, pure white, semi-double;alba fl.-pl., flowers very double and Camellia-like, constituting one of the best hardy flowers for cutting;cærulea coronata, blue, in form like the white;cærulea fl.-pl., flowers semi-double.

C. phrygia(Phrygian).fl., corolla bluish-violet, spreading, having the nerves more intensely coloured. July.l.ovate-lanceolate, crenated; lower ones obtuse, upper acute. Stem branched. Branches very naked, divaricate, each terminating in a single flower.h.3in. to 6in. Mount Olympus, 1820. Rockery annual.

C. planiflora(flat-flowered). A synonym ofC. nitida.

C. Portenschlagiana(Portenschlag's).*fl.light blue-purple, erect, or nearly so, bell-shaped, with spreading segments, several at the ends of the shoots, and one or two in the upper axils. June, July.l., radical ones broadly reniform, conspicuously but irregularly toothed, on long slender petioles; cauline ones passing from reniform to ovate.h.6in. to 9in. South Europe. Rockery. SYN.C. muralis. (B. R. 1995.)

C. primulæfolia(Primula-leaved).fl.disposed in a spicate raceme; corolla blue or purple, with a whitish downy bottom, campanulately rotate, nearly glabrous. July.l.unequally and doubly crenated; radical ones lanceolate, bluntish; cauline ones ovate-oblong, acute. Stem hispid, simple.h.1ft. to 3ft. Portugal. Borders. (B. M. 4879.)

C. pulla(russet).*fl.terminal, large for the size of the plant; corollas violaceous-blue, campanulate. June.l.glabrous, crenulately toothed; lower ones on short petioles, ovate-roundish; superior ones sessile, ovate, acute. Stems rarely pilose at the base.h.3in. to 6in. Eastern Europe, 1779. Rockery, in rich sandy peat and leaf soil. (L. B. C. 554.)

C. pumila(dwarf). A synonym ofC. pusilla.

FIG.348. UPPER PORTION OFFLOWERINGSTEM OFCAMPANULA PUNCTATA.

C. punctata(dotted).fl.whitish, spotted with red on the inner surface; large, pendulous.l.ovate-acute, somewhat crenate. Stem simple, erect, few-flowered.h.1½ft. Siberia, Japan, &c. Border perennial. See Fig. 348.C. pusilla(small).*fl.axillary and terminal at the upper part of the slender stems, pendulous, bell-shaped, passing from deep blue to white. July, August.l., radical ones tufted, broadly ovate or roundish, slightly cordate, obtusely serrated, on petioles longer than the laminæ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, distinctly toothed, sessile.h.4in. to 6in. Southern Europe. SYN.C. pumila. (B. M. 512.) There is a pale-coloured variety namedpallida, and a pure white variety namedalba, both of which, as well as the species, are most desirable for the embellishment of rockeries, or for planting in sandy soil as a front line for a border.

C. pusilla(small).*fl.axillary and terminal at the upper part of the slender stems, pendulous, bell-shaped, passing from deep blue to white. July, August.l., radical ones tufted, broadly ovate or roundish, slightly cordate, obtusely serrated, on petioles longer than the laminæ; cauline ones linear-lanceolate, distinctly toothed, sessile.h.4in. to 6in. Southern Europe. SYN.C. pumila. (B. M. 512.) There is a pale-coloured variety namedpallida, and a pure white variety namedalba, both of which, as well as the species, are most desirable for the embellishment of rockeries, or for planting in sandy soil as a front line for a border.

FIG. 349. CAMPANULAPYRAMIDALIS, showing Habit and Flower.

C. pyramidalis(pyramidal).* Chimney Bell-flower.fl.very numerous, pedicellate, usually three together from the same bract, the whole disposed in a large pyramidal raceme, which is loose at the base; corollas pale blue or white, with a dark base. July.l.glandularly toothed; lower ones petiolate, ovate-oblong, somewhat cordate; cauline ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate. Stem nearly simple, but furnished with floriferous branchlets.h.4ft. to 5ft. Europe, 1596. See Figs. 349 and 350. There are several excellent varieties, but the light and dark blue and white are the best. Borders, and for pot culture.C. Raineri(Rainer's).*fl.blue, erect; corolla turbinate. June.l.almost sessile, ovate, tomentose, remotely serrated; lower ones the smallest, obovate. Stems erect, firm, branched. Branches one-flowered, leafy.h.2in. to 3in. Switzerland, Italy, &c., 1826.A beautiful little alpine, requiring a warm position in rich gritty soil; it must be religiously protected against slugs. (F. d. S. 1908.)

C. Raineri(Rainer's).*fl.blue, erect; corolla turbinate. June.l.almost sessile, ovate, tomentose, remotely serrated; lower ones the smallest, obovate. Stems erect, firm, branched. Branches one-flowered, leafy.h.2in. to 3in. Switzerland, Italy, &c., 1826.A beautiful little alpine, requiring a warm position in rich gritty soil; it must be religiously protected against slugs. (F. d. S. 1908.)

FIG. 350. FLOWERINGBRANCHOFCAMPANULAPYRAMIDALIS.

C. ramosissima(much-branched).fl., corolla with a white base; middle part or base of the lobes pale blue, and the lobes bluish-violet; peduncles long, naked, glabrous, bearing each an erect flower at the apex. June.l.sessile, glaucous; lower ones obovate, crenated; middle ones ovate-lanceolate; superior ones linear, entire. Stem branched.h.6in. to 12in. South Europe, 1824. Annual. SYN.C. Loreyi. (B. M. 2581.)C. r. flore-albo(white-flowered) only differs from the type in having white flowers.

C. r. flore-albo(white-flowered) only differs from the type in having white flowers.

FIG. 351. CAMPANULARAPUNCULUS.

C. rapunculoides(Rapunculus-like).*fl.drooping, solitary, disposed in spike-formed racemes, secund, but usually hanging on all sides in strong garden specimens; corollas bluish-violet, funnel-shaped, and bearded a little inside. June.l.scabrous, ovate, acuminated; radical ones petiolate, cordate, crenulated; cauline ones serrulated. Stems glabrous or scabrous, usually branched in gardens, but simple in the wild state.h.2ft. to 4ft. Europe. Borders. (Sy. En. B. 869.)C. r. trachelioides(Trachelium-like). Stem and leaves, but particularly the calyx, beset with stiff white hairs.C. Rapunculus(little turnip).* Rampion.fl.nearly sessile, or pedicellate, erect, forming a long raceme, which is branched at the base; corolla blue or white, funnel-shaped. July.l., lower ones obovate, on short petioles, nearly entire; cauline ones sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire. Stem simple, but sometimes furnished with a few branches towards the top.h.2ft. to 3ft. Europe. Borders. See Fig. 351. (Sy. En. B. 872.)C. rhomboidalis(rhomboidal).fl.usually drooping, few, disposed in loose racemes, pedunculate; corolla blue, campanulate. July.l.sessile, ovate, acute, serrate. Stem glabrous, or a little pilose, furnished with flower-bearing branches at top.h.1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1775. Border. SYN.C. rhomboidea. (L. B. C. 603.)C. rhomboidea(diamond-leaved). A synonym ofC. rhomboidalis.C. rotundifolia(round-leaved).* Blue-bell; Hare-bell.fl.drooping, solitary, pedunculate, few on each stem; corolla deep blue, campanulate. June to August.l., radical ones petiolate, cordate roundish, crenately toothed; cauline ones linear or lanceolate. Stems numerous.h.6in. to 12in. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 870.)C. r. alba(white).*fl.white, the same size as those of the type. Stems much more leafy.C. r. Hostii(Host's).*fl.rich blue, much larger than those of the type, produced on stouter profusely branched stems. July, August.l., radical ones roundish only in a very early state; cauline ones linear, acuminate, sometimes 3in. to 4in. long. SYN.C. Hostii. See Fig. 339. There is a white-flowered form of this, not quite so vigorous as the blue-flowered form, but the flowers are equal in size.

C. r. trachelioides(Trachelium-like). Stem and leaves, but particularly the calyx, beset with stiff white hairs.

C. Rapunculus(little turnip).* Rampion.fl.nearly sessile, or pedicellate, erect, forming a long raceme, which is branched at the base; corolla blue or white, funnel-shaped. July.l., lower ones obovate, on short petioles, nearly entire; cauline ones sessile, linear-lanceolate, entire. Stem simple, but sometimes furnished with a few branches towards the top.h.2ft. to 3ft. Europe. Borders. See Fig. 351. (Sy. En. B. 872.)

C. rhomboidalis(rhomboidal).fl.usually drooping, few, disposed in loose racemes, pedunculate; corolla blue, campanulate. July.l.sessile, ovate, acute, serrate. Stem glabrous, or a little pilose, furnished with flower-bearing branches at top.h.1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1775. Border. SYN.C. rhomboidea. (L. B. C. 603.)

C. rhomboidea(diamond-leaved). A synonym ofC. rhomboidalis.

C. rotundifolia(round-leaved).* Blue-bell; Hare-bell.fl.drooping, solitary, pedunculate, few on each stem; corolla deep blue, campanulate. June to August.l., radical ones petiolate, cordate roundish, crenately toothed; cauline ones linear or lanceolate. Stems numerous.h.6in. to 12in. Britain. (Sy. En. B. 870.)

C. r. alba(white).*fl.white, the same size as those of the type. Stems much more leafy.

C. r. Hostii(Host's).*fl.rich blue, much larger than those of the type, produced on stouter profusely branched stems. July, August.l., radical ones roundish only in a very early state; cauline ones linear, acuminate, sometimes 3in. to 4in. long. SYN.C. Hostii. See Fig. 339. There is a white-flowered form of this, not quite so vigorous as the blue-flowered form, but the flowers are equal in size.

FIG.352. FLOWERS OFCAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA SOLDANELLÆFLORA.

C. r. soldanellæflora(Soldanella-flowered).*fl., corolla blue, semi-double, turbinate, with shallow marginal divisions, very acutely pointed. June.l.long, linear, acute, sessile. Stem simple, slender.h.1ft. 1870. (R. G. 473.) All the forms ofrotundifoliaare pretty, and suitable for the front of borders, or the rockery; rising from the crevices of the latter, with their slender stems laden with flowers, they are especially beautiful. See Fig. 352.

FIG. 353. FLOWERSANDLEAVESOFCAMPANULASARMATICA.

C. sarmatica(Sarmatian).*fl.nutant, usually secund, terminal and axillary, forming a long, loose, scattered raceme; corolla pale blue, velvety outside. July.l.tomentose; lower ones petiolate, cordate, rather hastate, crenately toothed; superior ones sessile, ovate-lanceolate, serrate-toothed. Stems simple, straight, downy.h.1ft. to 2ft. Caucasus, 1803. Borders. (B. R. 237.) See Fig. 353.C. saxatilis(rock).fl.three to five, disposed in a loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, nutant. May.l.crenated; radical ones rosulate, somewhat spathulate; cauline ones ovate, acute. Stem erect.h.6in. Crete, 1768. Rockery. Very rare.C. Scheuchzeri(Scheuchzer's).*fl.dark blue, pendent, on slender stems, broadly bell-shaped. July, August.l., lower ones similar to those ofC. pusilla; upper ones linear.h.3in. to 6in. South European Alps, 1813. (L. B. C. 485.)C. Scouleri(Scouler's).fl.pale blue, paniculate, bell-shaped. July, August.l., lower ones ovate, on long petioles, coarsely serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate.h.1ft. North-west America, 1876. Rockery.C. sibirica(Siberian).fl.panicled, numerous, drooping; corollas bluish-violet, large. July.l.crenulated; radical ones crowded, petiolate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones sessile, oblong-lanceolate, undulated, acuminated. Plant beset with bristle-like hairs. Stem branched.h.1ft. to 1½ft. East Europe, 1783. Biennial. Borders. (B. M. 659.)C. s. divergens(divergent).*fl.violaceous, rather large, at first erect, but drooping in the expanded state; peduncles many-flowered, and, like the stem, usually trichotomous. June.l., radical ones sub-spathulate, crenulated, narrowed at the base; cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, acuminated. Plant pilose, panicled.h.1½ft. Siberia, 1814. Biennial. SYN.C. spathulata. (S. B. F. G. ii., 256.)C. spathulata(spathulate). A synonym ofC. sibirica divergens.C. speciosa(beautiful).*fl.pedicellate, disposed in a pyramidal raceme; corolla blue, purple or white, 1in. long, smooth outside, but often villous inside. June, July.l.sessile, repandly crenated; radical ones rosulate, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear. Stem simple.h.12in. to 18in. South-west Europe, 1820. Borders. (B. M. 2649.)C. spicata(spicate).fl.sessile, one to three from each bract; spike long, interrupted at the base; corolla blue, funnel-shaped. July.l.sessile, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear, acuminated. Stem simple.h.1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1786. Biennial. Borders. (A. F. P. 3, 46.)C. stricta(strict).fl.almost sessile, few, solitary, spicate; corolla blue, tubular. July.l.ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrated, pilose. Stem branched, pilose.h.1ft. to 2ft. Armenia, 1819. Biennial. Borders.

C. saxatilis(rock).fl.three to five, disposed in a loose raceme; corolla blue, tubular, nutant. May.l.crenated; radical ones rosulate, somewhat spathulate; cauline ones ovate, acute. Stem erect.h.6in. Crete, 1768. Rockery. Very rare.

C. Scheuchzeri(Scheuchzer's).*fl.dark blue, pendent, on slender stems, broadly bell-shaped. July, August.l., lower ones similar to those ofC. pusilla; upper ones linear.h.3in. to 6in. South European Alps, 1813. (L. B. C. 485.)

C. Scouleri(Scouler's).fl.pale blue, paniculate, bell-shaped. July, August.l., lower ones ovate, on long petioles, coarsely serrated; cauline ones ovate-lanceolate.h.1ft. North-west America, 1876. Rockery.

C. sibirica(Siberian).fl.panicled, numerous, drooping; corollas bluish-violet, large. July.l.crenulated; radical ones crowded, petiolate, obovate, obtuse; cauline ones sessile, oblong-lanceolate, undulated, acuminated. Plant beset with bristle-like hairs. Stem branched.h.1ft. to 1½ft. East Europe, 1783. Biennial. Borders. (B. M. 659.)

C. s. divergens(divergent).*fl.violaceous, rather large, at first erect, but drooping in the expanded state; peduncles many-flowered, and, like the stem, usually trichotomous. June.l., radical ones sub-spathulate, crenulated, narrowed at the base; cauline ones sessile, lanceolate, acuminated. Plant pilose, panicled.h.1½ft. Siberia, 1814. Biennial. SYN.C. spathulata. (S. B. F. G. ii., 256.)

C. spathulata(spathulate). A synonym ofC. sibirica divergens.

C. speciosa(beautiful).*fl.pedicellate, disposed in a pyramidal raceme; corolla blue, purple or white, 1in. long, smooth outside, but often villous inside. June, July.l.sessile, repandly crenated; radical ones rosulate, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear. Stem simple.h.12in. to 18in. South-west Europe, 1820. Borders. (B. M. 2649.)

C. spicata(spicate).fl.sessile, one to three from each bract; spike long, interrupted at the base; corolla blue, funnel-shaped. July.l.sessile, nearly entire; radical ones crowded, linear-lanceolate; cauline ones linear, acuminated. Stem simple.h.1ft. to 2ft. Europe, 1786. Biennial. Borders. (A. F. P. 3, 46.)

C. stricta(strict).fl.almost sessile, few, solitary, spicate; corolla blue, tubular. July.l.ovate-lanceolate, acute, serrated, pilose. Stem branched, pilose.h.1ft. to 2ft. Armenia, 1819. Biennial. Borders.

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