Very Small.—Can hardly remember or use words at all, or even remember their meaning: p. 229.
REFLECTIVE OR REASONING FACULTIES.
These give aPHILOSOPHIZING, PENETRATING, INVESTIGATING, ORIGINATINGcast of mind; ascertainCAUSESand abstractRELATIONS; CONTRIVE, INVENT, ORIGINATEideas, etc. Adapted to the first principles or laws of things.
Large.—Confer the higher capabilities of intellect; reason clearly and strongly on whatever data is furnished by the other faculties; give soundness of understanding, depth of intellect, and that weight which carries conviction, and contribute largely to success in every thing; with perceptives small, possess more power of mind than can be manifested, and fails to be appreciated and understood, because more theoretical than practical.
Very Large.—Possess extraordinary depth of reason and strength of understanding; and with large perceptives, extraordinary talents, and manifests them to good advantage; with perceptives small, gives great strength of understanding, yet a poor mode of manifesting it; are not appreciated, and lack balance of mind, and are more plausible than reliable, and too dark to be clear.
Full.—Possess fair reflective powers, and reason well from the data furnished by the other faculties; and with activity great, have a fair flow of ideas and good general thoughts.
Average.—Reason fairly on subjects fully understood, yet are not remarkable for depth or clearness of idea; with cultivation, will manifest considerable reasoning power, without it only ordinary.
Moderate.—Are rather deficient in power and soundness of mind; but with large perceptives, evince less deficiency of reason than is possessed.
Small.—Have inferior reasoning capabilities.
Very Small.—Are almost wholly deficient in thought, idea, and comprehensiveness of mind.
36. CAUSALITY.
Perceptionand application ofCAUSES; adaptation of ways and means to ends. Adapted to the institution in nature of causes and effects. Perverted by selfishness, it reasons in favor of untruth, and attains injurious ends.
Large.—Desires to know theWHYandWHEREFOREof things, and to investigate theirLAWS; reasons clearly and correctly from causes to effects, and from facts to their causes; gives uncommon capabilities of planning, contriving, inventing, creating resources, and making the head save the hands; kills two birds with one stone; predicts results, and arranges things so as to succeed; synthetizes, and puts things together well; with large Combativeness, loves to argue; with large perceptives, will be quick to perceive facts and conditions, and reason powerfully and correctly from them; with Comparison and Conscientiousness large, reasons forcibly on moral truths; with the selfish faculties strong, will so adapt ways and means as to serve personal purposes; with moderate perceptives, will excel more in principles and philosophy than facts, and remember laws better than details; with Comparison and Human Nature large, is particularly fond of mental philosophy, and excels therein; with Individuality and Eventuality only moderate, will be guided more by reason than experience, by laws than facts, and arrive at conclusions more from reflection than observation; with large perceptives, possesses a high order of practical sense and sound judgment; with large Comparison and moderate Eventuality, remembers thoughts, inferences, and subject matter, but forgets items; with the mental temperament and Language moderate, will make a much greater impression upon mankind, by action than expressions, by deeds than words, etc.: p. 233.
Very Large.—Possesses this cause-seeking and applying power in an extraordinary degree; perceives by intuition those deeper relations ofthings which escape common minds; is a profound philosopher and a deep and powerful reasoner, and has great originality of mind and strength of understanding: p. 236.
Full.—Has good cause-seeking and applying talents; reasons and adapts ways and means to ends well; with large perceptives, Comparison, activity, and thought, possesses excellent reasoning powers, and shows them to first-rate advantage; with moderate perceptives and large Secretiveness, can plan better than reason; with large Acquisitiveness and moderate Constructiveness, lays excellent money-making, but poor mechanical plans, etc.: p. 236.
Average.—Plans and reasons well in conjunction with the larger faculties, but poorly with the smaller ones; with moderate Acquisitiveness, lays poor money-making plans; but with large Conscientiousness, reasons well on moral subjects, especially if Comparison be large, etc.: p. 231.
Moderate.—Is rather deficient in discerning and applying causes; perceives them when presented by other minds, yet does not originate them; with activity and perceptives large, may do well in the ordinary routine of business, yet fails in difficult matters: p. 237.
Small.—Is deficient in reasoning and planning power; needs perpetual telling and showing; seldom arranges things beforehand, and then poorly; should work under others; lacks force of idea and strength of understanding: p. 238.
Very Small.—Is idiotic in reasoning and planning: p. 238.
37. COMPARISON.
Inductivereasoning; ability and disposition toCLASSIFY, COMPARE, DRAW INFERENCESfrom analogy, etc. Adapted to those classifications which pervade universal nature. Perverted, is too redundant in proverbs, fables, and figures of speech.
Large.—Reasons clearly and correctly from conclusions and scientific facts up to the laws which govern them; discerns the known from the unknown; detects error by its incongruity with facts; has an excellent talent for comparing, explaining, expounding, criticising, exposing, etc.; employs similes and metaphors well; puts this and that together, and draws inferences from them; with large Continuity uses well-sustained figures of speech, but with small Continuity, drops the figure before it isfinished; with large Individuality, Eventuality, activity, and power, gives scientific cast of mind; with large Veneration, reasons about God and his works; with large Language uses words in their exact signification; with large Mirthfulness, hits the nail upon the head in all its criticisms, and hits off the oddities of people to admiration; with large Ideality gives beauty, taste, propriety of expression, etc.: p. 241.
Very Large.—Possesses this analyzing, criticising, and inductive faculty in a truly wonderful degree; illustrates with great clearness and facility from the known to the unknown; discovers the deeper analogies which pervade nature, and has an extraordinary power of discerning new truths; with large Individuality, Eventuality, and activity, has a great faculty of making discoveries; with large Language, uses words in their exact meaning, and is a natural philologist; with full Language, explains things plausibly and correctly: p. 243.
Full.—Possesses a full share of clearness and demonstrative power, yet with large Causality and only moderate Language, cannot explain to advantage; with large Eventuality, reasons wholly from facts; with moderate Language, fails in giving the precise meaning to words; and makes good analytical discriminations: p. 243.
Average.—Shows this talent in a good degree in conjunction with the larger faculties; but is rather wanting in reference to the smaller ones: p. 239.
Moderate.—Rather fails in explaining, clearing up points, putting things together, drawing inferences, and even uses words incorrectly; with Individuality and Eventuality moderate, shows much mental weakness; with large Causality, has good ideas, but makes wretched work in expressing them, and cannot be understood; with Mirthfulness full orlarge, tries to make jokes, but they are always ill-timed and inappropriate: p. 244.
Small.—Has a poor talent for drawing inferences; lacks appropriateness in every thing, and should cultivate this faculty: p. 244.
Very Small.—Has little, and shows almost none of this element: p. 244.
C. HUMAN NATURE.
DiscernmentofCHARACTER; perception ofMOTIVES; INTUITIVEphysiognomy. Adapted to man’s need of knowing his fellow-men. Perverted, it produces suspiciousness.
Large.—Reads men intuitively from their looks, conversation, manners, and walk, and other kindred signs of character; with Individuality and Comparison large, notices all the little things they do, and founds a correct estimate upon them, and should follow first impressions touching persons; with full Secretiveness and large Benevolence added, knows just how to take men, and possesses much power over mind; with Mirthfulness and Ideality large, sees all the faults of people, and makes much fun over them; with Comparison large, has a turn for metaphysics, etc.
Very Large.—Possesses this faculty in an extraordinary degree; reads every body right through at first sight. For combinations see large.
Full.—Reads character quite well from the face or external signs, yet is sometimes mistaken; may generally follow first impressions safely; loves to study character; with Ideality and Adhesiveness large, the excellences of friends; with Philoprogenitiveness large, of children; with Combativeness large, all the faults of people; and with only average Adhesiveness, forms few friendships, because it detects so many blemishes in character, etc.
Average.—Has fair talents for reading character, yet is not extra in thisrespect, and may safely cultivate it.
Moderate.—Fails somewhat in discerning character; occasionally forms wrong conclusions concerning people; should be more suspicious, watch people closely, especially those minor signs of character dropped when off their guard; has ill-timed remarks and modes of addressing people, and often says and does things which have a different effect from that intended.
Small.—Is easily imposed upon by others; with large Conscientiousness and small Secretiveness, thinks every body tells the truth; is too confiding, and fails sadly in knowing where and how to take things.
Very Small.—Knows almost nothing about human nature.
D. AGREEABLENESS.
Persuasiveness, pleasantness, blandness. Adapted to please and win others.
Large.—Has a pleasing, persuasive, conciliatory mode of addressing people, and of saying things; with Adhesiveness and Benevolence large, is generally liked; with Comparison and Human Nature large, says unacceptable things in an acceptable manner, and sugars over expressions and actions.
Very Large.—Is peculiarly winning and fascinating in manners and conversation, and wins over even opponents.
Full.—Is pleasing and persuasive in manner, and with Ideality large, polite and agreeable, except when the repelling faculties are strongly excited; with small Secretiveness and strong Combativeness and activity, is generally pleasant, but when angry is sharp and blunt; with large Benevolence, Adhesiveness, and Mirthfulness, is excellent company.
Average.—Has a good share of pleasantness in conversation and appearance, except when the selfish faculties are excited, but is then repulsive.
Moderate.—Is rather deficient in the pleasant and persuasive, and should by all means cultivate this faculty by sugaring over all it says and does.
Small.—Says even pleasant things very unpleasantly, and fails sadly in winning the good graces of people.
Very Small.—It almost totally deficient in this faculty.
Pre-eminentlyis Phrenology a science ofFACTS. Observation discovered it—observation must perfect it; observation is the grand instrumentality of its propagation. To be convinced of its truth, nine hundred and ninety-nine men out of every thousand require toSEEit—to be convinced byINDUCTION, founded upon experiment. Hence the importance of giving definiteRULESfor finding the organs, by which even disbelievers may test the science, and believers be confirmed in its truth, and advanced in its study.
The best mode of investigating its truth, is somewhat as follows: You know a neighbor who has extreme Firmness in character; who is as inflexible as the oak, and as obstinate as the mule. Now, learn the location of the phrenological organ of Firmness, and apply that location to his head—that is, see whether he has this organ as conspicuous as you know him to have this faculty in character; and if you find a coincidence between the two, you have arrived at a strong phrenological fact.
You know another neighbor who is exceedingly cautious, timid, safe wise, and hesitating; who always looks at the objections and difficulties in the way of a particular measure, instead of at its advantages; who always takes abundant time to consider, and is given to procrastination. Learn the location of Cautiousness, and see whether he has this phrenological organ as conspicuous as you know this faculty to exist in his character. By pursuing such a course as this, you can soon arrive at a sure knowledge of the truth or falsity of phrenological science; and this is altogether the best mode of convincing unbelievers of its truth, by means of the marked coincidence between the Phrenology and character of those they know; and it is not possible for the human mind to resist proof like this.
To promote this practical knowledge—the application of this science—we give the followingRULES FOR FINDINGthe organs, fully assured that we can fill our pages with nothing more interesting or useful. Follow these rules exactly, and you will have little difficulty in finding at least all the prominent organs.
Your first observation should be made uponTEMPERAMENT, or organizationand physiology, with this principle for your basis: that when bodily texture or form is coarse, or strong, or fine, or soft, or weak, or sprightly, the texture of the brain will correspond with that of body, and the mental characteristics with that of brain. Still, it is not now our purpose to discuss the influence of various temperaments upon the direction of the faculties.
The second observation should be to ascertain what facultiesCONTROLthe character, or what is the dominant motive, desire, object, or passion of the person examined; in phrenological language, what faculties predominate in action; and it should here be observed, that the relative size of organs does not always determine this point. Some faculties, though very dominant in power, cannot, in their very nature, constitute a motive for action, but are simply executive functions, simply carrying into effect the dominant motives. For example, Combativeness rarely ever becomes a distinct motive for action. Few men love simply to wrangle, quarrel, and fight for fun, but they exercise Combativeness merely as a means of obtaining the things desired by the other dominant faculties. Few men have for their motive the mere exercise of will—that is, Firmness is generally exercised to carry into effect the design of the other faculties; and instead of subjecting the other faculties to itself, simply keeps them at their work, whatever that work may be. And thus of some other faculties. But Amativeness, Friendship, Appetite, Acquisitiveness, Benevolence, Veneration, Conscientiousness, or Intellect, Constructiveness, Ideality, or the observing faculties, may all become dominant motives. And it requires much phrenological shrewdness to ascertain what single faculty, cluster, or combination of faculties, leads off the character.
Let us take, then, for our starting point, the outer angle of the eye, and draw a line to the middle of the top of the ears, andDestructivenessis exactly under this point, and it extends upward about half an inch above the top of the ears, and in proportion to its size will the head be wide between the ears. And if Secretiveness be small and Destructiveness large, there will be a horizontal ridge extending forward and backward, more or less prominent, according to the size of this organ.
Three quarters of an inch above the middle of the top of the ears,Secretivenessis located. When this organ is large, it rarely gives a distinct projection, but simply fills and rounds out the head at this point. When the head widens rapidly from the junction of the ears as you rise upward, Secretiveness is larger than Destructiveness; but when the head becomes narrower as you rise, it is smaller than Destructiveness.
To find these two organs, and their relative size, place the third fingers of each hand upon the head just at the top of the ears; let the lower side of the third finger be even with the upper part of the ear; that finger then rests upon Destructiveness. Then spread the second finger about one eighth of an inch from the other, and it will rest upon Secretiveness.Let the end of your longest finger come as far forward as the fore part of the ears, and they will then rest upon these two organs.
Take, next, this same line, starting from the outer angle of the eye, to the top of the ears, and extend it straight backward an inch and a half to an inch and three quarters, and you are on Combativeness. This organ starts about midway to the back part of the ears, and runs upward and backward toward the crown of the head. To ascertain its relative size, steady the head with one hand, say the left, and place the balls of your right fingers upon the point just specified letting your elbow be somewhat below the subject’s head, which will bring your fingers directlyACROSSthe organ. Its size may be ascertained partly from the general fullness of the head, and partly from its sharpness, according as the organ is more or less active; yet observers sometimes mistake this organ for the mastoid process directly behind the lower part of the ears. Remember our rule, namely: a line drawn from the outer angle of the eye to the top of the ear, and continued an inch and a half or three quarters straight back. Follow that rule, and you cannot mistake the position of this organ; and will soon, by comparing different heads, be able to arrive at those appearances when large or small.
To findPhiloprogenitiveness, extend this line straight back to the middle of the back head, and you are on the organ; and in proportion as the head projects backward behind the ears at this point, will Philoprogenitiveness be larger or smaller.
About an inch, or a little less, directlyBELOWthis point, is the organ which controlsMUSCULAR MOTION; and in proportion as this is more or less prominent, will the muscular system be more or less active. Those who have this prominence large, will be restless, always moving a hand or foot when sitting, and even when sleeping; will be light-footed, easy-motioned, fond of action, and willing to work, and possessed of a first-rate constitution. But when that prominence is weak, they will be found less fond of physical action and labor.
To return to Philoprogenitiveness. Three fourths of an inch ABOVE this point,Inhabitivenessis located. When this organ is large, and Continuity is moderate, there will be found a prominence somewhat resembling an angle of a triangle, with the angle at the middle of the head, together with a sharp prominence at this point. But when Inhabitiveness is small, there will be a depression just about large enough to receive the end of a finger, with the bow downward. An inch on each side of this point isAdhesiveness. Or thus: taking the backward termination of that line already drawn, erect upon it a right-angle triangle; let the right angle be on Philoprogenitiveness, and the two sides which inclose this angle be about an inch and a half or three quarters each, and the other two angles will be on the two lobes of Adhesiveness—the hypothenuse, or long side, being about two inches, or two and a half inches, inlength. When Adhesiveness is large—especially if Inhabitiveness and Continuity be small—there will be found two swells, somewhat resembling the larger end of an egg; but if small, the head will retire at this point.
Directly above Inhabitiveness and Adhesiveness,Continuityis located. When small, a depression resembling a new moon, with the horns turningDOWNWARD, surrounding the organs of Inhabitiveness and Adhesiveness, will be found. When Continuity is large, however, there will be no depression, nor any swell, but simply aFILLING OUTof the head at this point.
Amativenessmay be found thus: Take the middle of the back part of the ears as your starting point; draw a line backward an inch and a half, and you are upon this organ. Yet the outer portion next to the ear probably exercises the more gross and animal function of this faculty, while the inner portion takes on a more spiritual tone.
To findCautiousness, take the back or posterior part of the ears as your starting point; draw a perpendicular line, when the head is erect, from the extreme back part of the ear, straight up the side of the head, and just where the head begins to round off to form the top, Cautiousness is located. This organ is generally well developed in the American head, and those swells, generally seen at this point, are caused by a full development of this faculty.
To findAlimentiveness, take the upper and forward junction of the ear with the head as your starting point; draw a line half an inch forward, inclining a little downward, and you are upon this organ. Then rise three quarters of an inch straight upward, and you are on that part ofAcquisitivenesswhich gets property. Yet a better rule for finding it is this: Find Secretiveness in accordance with the rule already given, and Acquisitiveness is three quarters of an inchFORWARDof the point, and about an inch above the middle of the tip of the ear. Or thus: Take the middle of the top of the ear as your starting point; draw a perpendicular line three quarters of an inch upward, and you are on Secretiveness; and then about an inch forward, and you are on Acquisitiveness. The back part of Acquisitiveness seeks partnership andACQUIRES, while the fore partHOARDSmoney. When the head widens rapidly as you pass from the outer angles of the eyes to the top of the ears, Acquisitiveness is large; but when the head is thin in this region, Acquisitiveness is small.
Sublimity, Ideality, andConstructiveness, can be found by the following rule: First find Cautiousness by applying the rule already laid down for that purpose, then pass directly forward an inch, and you are on Sublimity; extend this line on another inch, and you are on Ideality; then an inch downward brings you upon Constructiveness.
It should be remembered that Cautiousness, Sublimity, and Ideality are just upon the turning of the head, or between the top and the sides of the head. Usually the head is much wider at Cautiousness than atSublimity, and at Sublimity than Ideality. When, however, the head is as wide at Ideality as at Cautiousness, the subject will be found possessed of unusual good taste, purity, refinement, elevation, and personal perfection. Half an inch forward of Ideality is the organ which appertains to dress, and secures personal neatness. In those who care but little what they wear, or how they appear, this organ will be found small.
Firmnesscan best be found by the following rule: Let the subject sit or stand erect, and hold the head in a line with the spinal column; then take the opening of the ear as your starting point, draw a line straight upward till you reach the middle line on the top of the head, and you are on the fore part of Firmness. When this organ is large, and Veneration is small, you will find its forward termination to resemble, in shape, the fore part of a smoothing-iron, rapidly widening as it runs backward; the organ is usually about an inch and a half long.
To findSelf-esteem, take the junction of this perpendicular line with the middle line of the head, and an inch and a half backward will be found the upper part of Self-Esteem, which gives a lofty, aspiring air, magnanimity, and a determination to do something worthy of itself; while half an inch farther back will be found another part of Self-Esteem, which givesWILL, love of liberty, and a determination not to be ruled.
On the two sides of Self-Esteem, about an inch outwardly,Approbativenessis located. These two lobes run backward toward Adhesiveness, and upward toward Conscientiousness.
The relative size of Approbativeness and Self-Esteem may be found thus: Place one hand, say the left, upon the forehead, and steady the head; point the finger from above directly down upon Firmness; then move it two inches directly backward, and place the balls of the second and third fingers upon the points just found. If Self-Esteem be small, these balls will fall into the hole which indicates its deficiency, while the ends of the fingers will strike upon the swells caused by Approbativeness, if this organ be large; and the middle of the second joint of these fingers will apprehend the size of that lobe of Approbativeness which is next to it. Or thus: Stand behind the patient, and so place your fingers upon his head that the second finger shall reach upward to the back part of Firmness, then lay the first and second joints of that finger evenly with the head, and place the first and third fingers upon the head alongside of it. If Self-Esteem be larger than Approbativeness, the second finger will be pushed up farther than the others; but if the two lobes of Approbativeness be larger than Self-Esteem, the second finger will fall into a hollow running up and down, while the first and third fingers will rest upon the two lobes of Approbativeness. Or thus: In nineteen females out of every twenty, Self-Esteem will be found small and Approbativeness large, and by applying this rule to their heads, a hollow will generally be found at Self-Esteem and a swell at Approbativeness, by which you can localizethese organs; and a few applications will soon enable you to form correct ideas of their appearance when large or small.
HopeandConscientiousnessare found thus: That line already drawn to find Firmness passes over the back part of Hope, which is on each side of the fore part of Firmness, while Conscientiousness is just back of that line, on the two sides of the back part of Firmness, joining Approbativeness behind.
As these two organs run lengthwise from Firmness down toward Cautiousness, and are near together, it is sometimes difficult to say which is large and which small. The upper part of Conscientiousness, next to Firmness, experiences feelings of obligation to God, or sense of duty to obey his laws; while the lower part creates a feeling of obligation to our fellow-men.
Near the middle of the top of the head isVeneration; or about an inch forward of the point already described for finding Firmness; whileBenevolenceis about an inch forward of Veneration. When, therefore, the middle of the top head rounds out and rises above Firmness and Benevolence, Veneration is larger than either of these organs; but when there is a swell at Benevolence, and a depression as you pass backward in the middle of the head, and another rise as you pass still farther back to Firmness, Veneration is smaller than Benevolence or Firmness. The back of Benevolence experiences a desire to do good and to remove evil, while the fore part bestows minor gifts in the family and neighborhood. The fore part of Veneration gives respect for our fellow-men, while the back part supplicates and depends upon a Deity. The fore part of Firmness, working with Conscientiousness, gives moral decision; while the latter, acting with Self-Esteem, gives physical decision, determination to accomplish material objects, and what we commonly call perseverance.
On each side of Veneration,Spiritualityis located. It may be found by the following rules: Standing behind the subject, who should be seated, so place your fingers that the first fingers of each hand shall be about an inch apart—that the ends of your second fingers shall be about three quarters of an inch forward of a line drawn across the middle of the head from side to side, and the balls of your fingers will be on Spirituality. Or reversing your position, so as to stand in FRONT of the subject, so place your hands that the first fingers of each hand shall be as before, about an inch apart, and the ends of your longest fingers shall just touch the fore part of Hope, and the balls of your second and third fingers will rest on Spirituality. This organ is generally small, so that it may usually be found by that depression which indicates its absence. When it is large, the head is filled out in this region, instead of sloping rapidly from Veneration. Its two lobes are about an inch on each side of Veneration, and directly above Ideality.
Imitationis upon the two sides of Benevolence, directly forward ofSpirituality. The best rule for finding it is this: Standing in front of the subject, place your hands so that the first fingers of each hand shall be separated about three quarters of an inch, and that the end of your longest finger shall reach a line drawn through Veneration and Spirituality—that is, through the middle of the head from side to side—and the balls of your fingers will be on Imitation. It will be found large, or very large, in almost all children; so that the ridge usually found in their heads at this point, may be taken as the location of this organ. It runs from Benevolence downward toward Constructiveness. The upper part, toward Benevolence, mimics; the lower part, toward Constructiveness, istheorgan for making after a pattern, copying, etc.
We are now brought to the intellectual lobe. Take the root of the nose as your starting point; the first organ we meet in passing upward isIndividuality. It is between the eyebrows, and when large, causes them to archDOWNWARDat their inner termination.
Three quarters of an inch upward, and slightly below the centre of the forehead isEventuality, which in children is usually large, and in adults generally small. From this centre of the forehead,Comparisonextends upward to where the head begins to slope backward to form the top of the head; at which point, or between Benevolence and Comparison,Human Natureis located, which is usually large in the American head, as is also Comparison.Agreeablenessis located about an inch on each side of the organ of Human Nature, and is usually small; so that we can ascertain its location by observing its deficiency. When both of these organs are large, the forehead will be wide and full as it rounds backward to form the top head, or where the hair makes its appearance.Causalityis located about an inch on each side of Comparison; andMirthfulnessabout three quarters of an inch still farther outwardly toward Ideality.Formis located internally from Individuality, just above and partly between the eyes, so as to set them wider apart, in proportion as it is larger or smaller.
Sizeis located just in the turn between the nose and eyebrows, or beneath the inner portion of the eyebrows; and when large, causes their inner portions to project outward over the inner portion of the eyes like the eaves of a house, giving to the eyes a sunken appearance. Size can generally be observed by sight, yet if you would test your sight by touch, proceed as follows: Place the end of your thumb against the bridge of your nose, with the lower part of your hand turned outward, and your thumb lying nearly parallel with the eyebrows, and the balls of your thumb will be upon Size. And if this organ be large, you will observe a fullness in this region, as if half a bean were beneath your thumb.
To findWeightandColor, proceed as follows: Let the eyes be directed straight forward, as if looking at some object; draw an imaginary line from the middle of the eye to the eyebrow; internally from this line beneaththe eyebrows Weight is located, while Color is located beneath the eyebrows just outwardly from this line.Orderis located just externally to Color; andTimeis located partly above and between Color and Order. This organ is small in most heads.
Calculationis located beneath the outer termination of the eyebrows, and in proportion as they are long and extend backward to the eye, will this organ be more or less developed. Three fourths of an inchABOVEthe outer angle of the eyebrow,Tuneis located. Spurzheim’s rule for finding it is this: Stand directly before the subject, and if the head widens over the outer eyebrow as you rise upward, Tune is large; but if you observe a hollow at this point, Tune is small. I have generally found this organ small in adults, so that it is difficult to find its relative size, but in children it is very easily found; its decline is consequent on its non-exercise. Time and Tune join each other, while Time, Tune, and Mirthfulness occupy the three angles of a triangle, nearly equilateral, the shortest side being between Time and Tune.
Languageis located partly above and partly behind the eyes. When it is large, it pushes the eyes downward and outward, and of course shoves them forward, which gives them a full and swollen appearance, as if they were standing partly out of their sockets, and causes both the upper and under eyelids to be wide and broad. When the eyes are sunken, and their lids narrow, Language will be found small.
By following these rules exactly and specifically, the precise location of the organs can be ascertained, and a few observations upon heads will soon teach you the appearance of the respective organs when they are large, small, or midway in size. Some slight allowances are to be made, however, in calculating the size of the head, or the relative size of the organs. Thus, the larger Combativeness is, the longer the line from Combativeness to the ear; yet large and small Combativeness do not vary this line over from a quarter to half an inch; so that there will be but little difficulty in finding the precise location of this organ.
Probably the most difficult point of discrimination is between Hope and Conscientiousness, and it should be distinctly borne in mind, that Hope is generally placed too far forward. Between Hope, Cautiousness, and Approbativeness, there probably exists an organ, the natural functions of which has not yet been fully established. There are doubtless other organs yet undiscovered, especially in the middle line of the head, between Benevolence and Philoprogenitiveness, and also between Imitation and Causality. Phrenology is yet in its infancy. Though it is perfect in itself, yet ourKNOWLEDGEof it is not yet perfected. As every successive generation make advances upon one another in Astronomy, Chemistry, and other departments of science, so Gall and Spurzheim have discovered only the landmarks of this science and have left much to be filled up by us and those who come after us.
Transcriber’s Notes:
Other than the corrections noted by hover information, printer’s inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
Punctuation has been corrected without note.
The scans of the original text were difficult to read in several places. Thus, the following points are noted:
The date on the title page reverse is illegible and has been noted as “18__.”
On page 34, in the phrase “are all on fire, ready to ignite,” “on” is a best guess as the intended wording. Based on the original scans, “on” might also be interpreted as “of.”
On page 40, in the image caption “Jaco the Orang-outang.,” “Jaco” is a best guess as the intentional wording. Based on the original scans, “Jaco” might also be interpreted as “Jaso.”