Footnotes[1]Ganglion—a mass, literally a knot, of nervous matter.[2]The horny upper wings with which some insects are provided are called elytra.—Ed.[3]May-fly family.—Ed.[4]"Introduction à l'Entomologie," tome ii. p. 192. 8vo. Paris. 1838.[5]A kind of water-beetle.—Ed.[6]A neuropterous insect, not a true ant.—Ed.[7]A beetle.—Ed.[8]The meat-fly.—Ed.[9]It is probable that one day the order Aptera will be superseded. The absence of wings is not really a character of great value. De Blainville, Mollard, Pouchet, Van Beneden, and Gervais, have made several attempts in that direction. The fleas have been placed among the Diptera, and the lice among Hemiptera in the "Traité de Zoologie Médicale" of these two last authors.[10]Sometimes calledhalteres.—Ed.[11]"Suites à Buffon." 2 vols. 8vo.[12]The genusCecidomyia, which belongs to this family, presents the most extraordinary instance of agamo-genesis—or reproduction without fertilisation by another individual—at present known among insects. Until lately it was almost an axiom with naturalists that no insect was capable of reproduction until it had attained its adult or perfect state. Several Continental observers, some of them without any knowledge of the others' discoveries, have found that thelarvæof some of the species of this genus reproduce larvæ resembling themselves in every respect; and what is still more strange, these larvæ live in a free state within the parent larvæ, feeding upon its tissues, and causing its ultimate destruction.A very interesting article on this subject will be found in thePopular Science Reviewfor the 1st April, 1868. The larvæ of a species (Cecidomyia tritici) frequently causes much injury to the wheat.—Ed.[13]The insects produced from the caddis or case- worm.—Ed.[14]May-fly family.—Ed.[15]Mr. Bates, in his interesting "Naturalist on the Amazons," mentions anŒstrusas occurring in those regions, which deposits its eggs in the human flesh, the larva causing a swelling which resembles a boil.—Ed.[16]"Recherches sur les Œstrides en général, et particulièrement sur les Œstres qui attaquent l'homme, le cheval, le bœuf, et le mouton." Par N. Joly, Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. P. 63. Lyons, 1846.[17]"The majority of convicts attacked by theLucilia hominivorax," says M. F. Bouyer, captain of the frigate, in "Un Voyage à la Guyane Française," "have succumbed, despite the assistance of science. Cures have been the exception: in a dozen cases three or four are reported."—Tour du Monde, 1866, 1er Semestre, p. 318.[18]"Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," by David Livingstone, LL.D., D.C.L. P. 81,et seq.London, John Murray, 1857. (The extract in the original of this work is from a French translation: "Explorations dans l'Intérieur de l'Afrique australe, et voyages à travers le continent Sainte-Paul de Loanda à l'Embouchure du Zambèze, de 1840 à 1846, traduit de l'Anglais." Pages 93-95. 8vo. Paris, 1859.—Ed.)[19]From [Greek: gê], the earth, and [Greek: koris], a bug.[20]From [Greek: hydôr], water, and [Greek: koris], a bug.[21]This species isLygænus militaris.—Ed.[22]A genus of beetles.[23]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes." Tome iii., p. 283. 4to. Stockholm, 1773.[24]"Mémoires," tome v. 4to.[25]"Théologie des Insectes, ou Démonstration des Perfections de Dieu dans tout ce qui concerne les Insectes, par Lesser, traduit en Français." La Haye, 1742.[26]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome iii.[27]"Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés dans un ordre méthodique." In 4to. Tome i., p. 416. An VII. de la République.[28]"Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés dans un ordre méthodique." In 4to. Tome i., p. 423. An VII. de la République.[29]"The Ocean World."[30]"Traité d'Insectologie, ou Observations sur les Pucerons," pp. 28-38. 1re partie, 18mo. Paris, 1745.[31]"Traité d'Insectologie," &c., pp. 67-69.[32]"Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis Indigènes," pp. 181-186. 8vo. Paris, 1810.[33]"Recherches," &c., pp. 192-194.[34]"Traité d'Insectologie," &c., pp. 198-201.[35]"Recherches," &c., pp. 205, 206.[36]Tome i., p. 164; Plate III., Figs. 1, 2.[37]Tome i., p. 49, Plate I., Fig. 6.[38]It has been remarked that only those whose continuance in the pupal state is short, undergo their metamorphosis in this apparently inconvenient position.—Ed.[39]Mem. 12, vol. i., p. 487.[40]The word is derived from [Greek: chrysos], golden; for that reason pupa is a better word than chrysalis, as this only strictly applies to a very small number; for the same reason aurelia is a bad word.—Ed.[41]Tome i., p. 382, planche 26, Fig. 6.[42]Tome i., p. 382, planche 26, Fig. 7.[43]They hardly seem from later experiments to be so fully explained. It is a well-known fact that many insects remain in this state a variable time—the Small Eggar (Bombyx lanestris) sometimes as many as seven years.—Ed.[44]Tome i., p. 654, planche 46, Fig. 1.[45]Tome i., planche 7, Figs. 1 à 23.[46]"Sur les parties extérieures des papillons," tome i., p. 197.[47]Planche 9, Fig. 10, 5e Mémoire, "Sur les parties extérieures des papillons."[48]There are exceptions to this.—Ed.[49]It may not be out of place to remark that although both these generic names are applied, sometimes to the one, sometimes to the other of these genera, the genus named in the textPolyommatusand that calledLycænaare never considered identical. When either name is applied to the one, it is not at the same time applied to the other.—Ed.[50]"Description de la Chine," tome ii., p. 205.[51]"Résumé des principaux Traités Chinois sur la Culture des Mûriers et l'Education des Vers à Soie, traduit par Stanislas Julien." Paris, imprimerie royale, 1837.[52]"Annales de la Dynastie des Liang."[53]"Annales de la Dynastie des Wei."[54]"Annales de la Dynastie des Thang."[55]"Histoire de la Dynastie des Song."[56]According to M. de Gasparin, author of an excellent "Essai sur l'Histoire de l'Introduction des Vers à Soie en Europe" (Paris, in 8vo, 1841), it was not into China, but only into Tartary, to Serinda, that the two monks went in search of the silkworms' eggs (pp. 37-39). It must be supposed that the eggs did not hatch for two years, being in such interesting company.[57]Others derive the name frommore, the Slavonic word for the sea. See "On the Study of Words," by Abp. Trench.—Ed.[58]De Gasparin, "Essai sur l'Introduction des Vers à Soie en Europe," p. 70.[59]"Théâtre d'Agriculture d'Olivier de Serres," tome ii., p. 158. In 8vo.[60]"L'Art d'élever les Vers à Soie," par le Comte Dandolo. In 8vo. 2e édition. Lyon, 1825.[61]One gramme = 15·4325 gr. troy.[62]"Manuel de l'Educateur du Ver à Soie," p. 37.[63]"L'Art d'élever des Vers à Soie, par le Comte de Dandolo, traduit par Philibert Fontaneilles." In 8vo. Lyons, 1825. Robinet, "Manuel de l'Education des Vers à Soie." In 8vo. Paris. Guérin-Méneville et Eugène Robert, "Manuel de l'Education des Vers à Soie." In 18mo. Paris. Louis Leclerc, "Petite Magnanerie." In 18mo. Paris.[64]See the "Année scientifique," 7e année, p. 432.[65]Sur le Ver à Soie du Chêne, et son Introduction en Europe. Extrait du Magasin de Zoologie, 1855, No. VI.[For an account of experiments conducted in England by Dr. Wallace, whichunfortunately were complete failures as far as rearing the moth went, see an essay by that gentleman inThe Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. v., pt. 5; Longmans and Co. The results of an experiment which give the greatest hopes of success, will be found in "The Entomologist" for October, 1867.—Ed.][66]Le Ver à Soie du Chêne (Bombyx Yama Maï), son histoire, sa description, ses mœurs. 8vo., avec planches coloriées. A Laval, à l'école de sériculture.[67]In 8vo, avec plans et planches coloriées. Paris, 1866.[68]A work by M. Guérin-Méneville on the same subject, entitled, "Education des Vers à Soie de l'Ailante et du Ricin," in 12mo., Paris, 1860, may also be consulted.[For a full account of successful experiments carried on in England, see Dr. Wallace's essay inThe Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. v., pt. 2; Longmans and Co.—Ed.][69]In England it numbers about three hundred species. The larvæ are of diverse habits, but the majority feed on low plants; the moths are provided with a trunk, and are very partial to sweets.—Ed.[70]A few species fly in bright sunshine.—Ed.[71]Dragon-flies.—Ed.[72]With us this insect has a very limited range, being only found at New Brighton, near Birkenhead, where it is most abundant.—Ed.[73]The exception is with those in which the wings arenotdeveloped in both cases, and in England this peculiarity is confined to species appearing during the winter and early spring.—Ed.[74]Many of these are placed by some authors among the Pyralina, and by others among the Tortricina.—Ed.[75]Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes, tome ii., page 210 (5e Mémoire).[76]From [Greek: orthos], straight, and [Greek: pteron], wing, on account of the manner in which the under-wings are folded under the upper.—Ed.[77]Made a separate Order,Dermaptera, by Kirby.—Ed.[78]The species of genusSagasometimes reach extraordinary dimensions. Thus, in 1863, there was found in Syria, after a shower of ordinary locusts, a specimen of theSagawhich was three inches and a quarter long. It was presented to the Museum of Natural History of Paris, by M. L. Delair.[79]"And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the Lord brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left; and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt."—Exod.x. 13-15.[80]"Le Grand Désert," par le Général E. Daumas et E. de Chaucel. In 18mo. Paris, 1860.[81]"Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles," par François Huber. Paris et Genève, in 8vo. 2e edition. 1814.[82]"L'Intelligence des Bêtes." In 18mo. Paris, 1864.[83]"Sur les Abeilles et l'Apiculture." In 18mo. 2e edition. Paris.[84]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 379.[85]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 449.[86]Not invariably, the period is often longer.—Ed.[87]"Cours d'Apiculture." In 8vo. Paris, 1864.[88]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 611.[89]Ibid, tome v., pp. 616, 617.[90]In general, bees very much dislike bad weather; when they are foraging in the country, the appearance of a single cloud before the sun causes them to return home precipitately. However, if the sky is uniformly dark and cloudy, and if there are not any sudden alternations of darkness and light, they are not easily alarmed, and the first drops of a gentle rain hardly drive them away from their hunting-ground.[91]"Observations sur les Abeilles," tome i., p. 265.[92]"Observations sur les Abeilles," tome i., pp. 174-178.[93]"Many ruling together is not good: let there be one ruler, one king."—Homer's "Iliad,"ii. 110.[94]The bee's sting may lead to very serious consequences. It often happens that large animals, such as horses or oxen, tied up in the neighbourhood of a beehive, and which have disturbed the bees, die in consequence of stings received from them.[95]Tome v., planche 36.[96]"Cours d'Apiculture," pp. 73, 74.[97]"Physiologie de l'Abeille, suivie de l'art de soigner et d'exploiter les Abeilles d'après une methode simple et facile," p. 94. Paris, 1866.[98]At a meeting of the Entomological Society of London, Feb. 18th, 1867, Mr. Newman exhibited the lock of a door, one of several which in 1866 were found at the Kent Waterworks, Deptford, to be completely filled and choked up with nests ofOsmia Bicornis: a portion of the nest had been forced out by the insertion of the key. The locks were in pretty constant use, so that the nests must have been built in the course of a few days.—Journal of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1867, lxxvi.—Ed.[99]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome ii., p. 765. In 4to. Stockholm, 1771.[100]"L'Intelligence des Bêtes." In 18mo. Paris, 1864.[101]"Mémoires," tome vi., planche 14, p. 167.[102]Ibid, tome vi., p. 177.[103]Hence the scientific name,Chartergus lecheguana.—Ed.[104]See the Order Hemiptera,supra.—Ed.[105]"Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes," p. 210. Paris, 1810.[106]Made byCynips insana.—Ed.[107]A coleopterous insect.—Ed.[108]Also a beetle.—Ed.[109]These were separated from the Neuroptera and made a separate order, under the name of Trichoptera, by Kirby.—Ed.[110]De Quatrefages, "Souvenirs d'un Naturaliste," tome ii., p. 377. In 18mo. Paris, 1854.[111]"Some Account of the Termites," &c., in thePhilosophical Transactions, vol. lxxi. 1781.[112]J. Michelet, "L'Insecte," p. 328.[113]"History of Gambia."[114]"Note sur les Termites de la Rochelle."Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3e série, tome xx., p. 18. 1853.[115]"Mémoire sur les Termites observés à Rochefort." Saintes, 1843.[116]"Mémoires sur la destruction des Termites."Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3e série, tome xx., p. 15.[117]From [Greek: nêma], a thread; and [Greek: oura], a tail.—Ed.[118]Charles de Geer, "Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome ii., 2e partie, p. 674.[119]From [Greek: nêma], a thread, and [Greek: pteron], a wing.[120]From [Greek: phryganion], a stick.[121]The figure may possibly mislead, as it shows the larva and pupa in the ground, for although recent observations show that this species does occasionally undergo its metamorphoses therein, it is not probable that the larva lives anywhere but in wood.—Ed.[122]"On a new Order of Insects,"Linn. Trans., vol. xi.[123]In Cuvier, "Le Règne Animal," ed. i., tome iii., p. 584.[124]See p. 69.[125]HalictusandAndrenaare two genera of Bees.[126]"Annales des Sciences Naturelles," 1857, 4e série, tome vii., p. 300.[127]"L'Insecte."[128]"Metamorphoses des Insectes," p. 116.
Footnotes
[1]Ganglion—a mass, literally a knot, of nervous matter.[2]The horny upper wings with which some insects are provided are called elytra.—Ed.[3]May-fly family.—Ed.[4]"Introduction à l'Entomologie," tome ii. p. 192. 8vo. Paris. 1838.[5]A kind of water-beetle.—Ed.[6]A neuropterous insect, not a true ant.—Ed.[7]A beetle.—Ed.[8]The meat-fly.—Ed.[9]It is probable that one day the order Aptera will be superseded. The absence of wings is not really a character of great value. De Blainville, Mollard, Pouchet, Van Beneden, and Gervais, have made several attempts in that direction. The fleas have been placed among the Diptera, and the lice among Hemiptera in the "Traité de Zoologie Médicale" of these two last authors.[10]Sometimes calledhalteres.—Ed.[11]"Suites à Buffon." 2 vols. 8vo.[12]The genusCecidomyia, which belongs to this family, presents the most extraordinary instance of agamo-genesis—or reproduction without fertilisation by another individual—at present known among insects. Until lately it was almost an axiom with naturalists that no insect was capable of reproduction until it had attained its adult or perfect state. Several Continental observers, some of them without any knowledge of the others' discoveries, have found that thelarvæof some of the species of this genus reproduce larvæ resembling themselves in every respect; and what is still more strange, these larvæ live in a free state within the parent larvæ, feeding upon its tissues, and causing its ultimate destruction.A very interesting article on this subject will be found in thePopular Science Reviewfor the 1st April, 1868. The larvæ of a species (Cecidomyia tritici) frequently causes much injury to the wheat.—Ed.[13]The insects produced from the caddis or case- worm.—Ed.[14]May-fly family.—Ed.[15]Mr. Bates, in his interesting "Naturalist on the Amazons," mentions anŒstrusas occurring in those regions, which deposits its eggs in the human flesh, the larva causing a swelling which resembles a boil.—Ed.[16]"Recherches sur les Œstrides en général, et particulièrement sur les Œstres qui attaquent l'homme, le cheval, le bœuf, et le mouton." Par N. Joly, Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. P. 63. Lyons, 1846.[17]"The majority of convicts attacked by theLucilia hominivorax," says M. F. Bouyer, captain of the frigate, in "Un Voyage à la Guyane Française," "have succumbed, despite the assistance of science. Cures have been the exception: in a dozen cases three or four are reported."—Tour du Monde, 1866, 1er Semestre, p. 318.[18]"Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," by David Livingstone, LL.D., D.C.L. P. 81,et seq.London, John Murray, 1857. (The extract in the original of this work is from a French translation: "Explorations dans l'Intérieur de l'Afrique australe, et voyages à travers le continent Sainte-Paul de Loanda à l'Embouchure du Zambèze, de 1840 à 1846, traduit de l'Anglais." Pages 93-95. 8vo. Paris, 1859.—Ed.)[19]From [Greek: gê], the earth, and [Greek: koris], a bug.[20]From [Greek: hydôr], water, and [Greek: koris], a bug.[21]This species isLygænus militaris.—Ed.[22]A genus of beetles.[23]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes." Tome iii., p. 283. 4to. Stockholm, 1773.[24]"Mémoires," tome v. 4to.[25]"Théologie des Insectes, ou Démonstration des Perfections de Dieu dans tout ce qui concerne les Insectes, par Lesser, traduit en Français." La Haye, 1742.[26]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome iii.[27]"Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés dans un ordre méthodique." In 4to. Tome i., p. 416. An VII. de la République.[28]"Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés dans un ordre méthodique." In 4to. Tome i., p. 423. An VII. de la République.[29]"The Ocean World."[30]"Traité d'Insectologie, ou Observations sur les Pucerons," pp. 28-38. 1re partie, 18mo. Paris, 1745.[31]"Traité d'Insectologie," &c., pp. 67-69.[32]"Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis Indigènes," pp. 181-186. 8vo. Paris, 1810.[33]"Recherches," &c., pp. 192-194.[34]"Traité d'Insectologie," &c., pp. 198-201.[35]"Recherches," &c., pp. 205, 206.[36]Tome i., p. 164; Plate III., Figs. 1, 2.[37]Tome i., p. 49, Plate I., Fig. 6.[38]It has been remarked that only those whose continuance in the pupal state is short, undergo their metamorphosis in this apparently inconvenient position.—Ed.[39]Mem. 12, vol. i., p. 487.[40]The word is derived from [Greek: chrysos], golden; for that reason pupa is a better word than chrysalis, as this only strictly applies to a very small number; for the same reason aurelia is a bad word.—Ed.[41]Tome i., p. 382, planche 26, Fig. 6.[42]Tome i., p. 382, planche 26, Fig. 7.[43]They hardly seem from later experiments to be so fully explained. It is a well-known fact that many insects remain in this state a variable time—the Small Eggar (Bombyx lanestris) sometimes as many as seven years.—Ed.[44]Tome i., p. 654, planche 46, Fig. 1.[45]Tome i., planche 7, Figs. 1 à 23.[46]"Sur les parties extérieures des papillons," tome i., p. 197.[47]Planche 9, Fig. 10, 5e Mémoire, "Sur les parties extérieures des papillons."[48]There are exceptions to this.—Ed.[49]It may not be out of place to remark that although both these generic names are applied, sometimes to the one, sometimes to the other of these genera, the genus named in the textPolyommatusand that calledLycænaare never considered identical. When either name is applied to the one, it is not at the same time applied to the other.—Ed.[50]"Description de la Chine," tome ii., p. 205.[51]"Résumé des principaux Traités Chinois sur la Culture des Mûriers et l'Education des Vers à Soie, traduit par Stanislas Julien." Paris, imprimerie royale, 1837.[52]"Annales de la Dynastie des Liang."[53]"Annales de la Dynastie des Wei."[54]"Annales de la Dynastie des Thang."[55]"Histoire de la Dynastie des Song."[56]According to M. de Gasparin, author of an excellent "Essai sur l'Histoire de l'Introduction des Vers à Soie en Europe" (Paris, in 8vo, 1841), it was not into China, but only into Tartary, to Serinda, that the two monks went in search of the silkworms' eggs (pp. 37-39). It must be supposed that the eggs did not hatch for two years, being in such interesting company.[57]Others derive the name frommore, the Slavonic word for the sea. See "On the Study of Words," by Abp. Trench.—Ed.[58]De Gasparin, "Essai sur l'Introduction des Vers à Soie en Europe," p. 70.[59]"Théâtre d'Agriculture d'Olivier de Serres," tome ii., p. 158. In 8vo.[60]"L'Art d'élever les Vers à Soie," par le Comte Dandolo. In 8vo. 2e édition. Lyon, 1825.[61]One gramme = 15·4325 gr. troy.[62]"Manuel de l'Educateur du Ver à Soie," p. 37.[63]"L'Art d'élever des Vers à Soie, par le Comte de Dandolo, traduit par Philibert Fontaneilles." In 8vo. Lyons, 1825. Robinet, "Manuel de l'Education des Vers à Soie." In 8vo. Paris. Guérin-Méneville et Eugène Robert, "Manuel de l'Education des Vers à Soie." In 18mo. Paris. Louis Leclerc, "Petite Magnanerie." In 18mo. Paris.[64]See the "Année scientifique," 7e année, p. 432.[65]Sur le Ver à Soie du Chêne, et son Introduction en Europe. Extrait du Magasin de Zoologie, 1855, No. VI.[For an account of experiments conducted in England by Dr. Wallace, whichunfortunately were complete failures as far as rearing the moth went, see an essay by that gentleman inThe Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. v., pt. 5; Longmans and Co. The results of an experiment which give the greatest hopes of success, will be found in "The Entomologist" for October, 1867.—Ed.][66]Le Ver à Soie du Chêne (Bombyx Yama Maï), son histoire, sa description, ses mœurs. 8vo., avec planches coloriées. A Laval, à l'école de sériculture.[67]In 8vo, avec plans et planches coloriées. Paris, 1866.[68]A work by M. Guérin-Méneville on the same subject, entitled, "Education des Vers à Soie de l'Ailante et du Ricin," in 12mo., Paris, 1860, may also be consulted.[For a full account of successful experiments carried on in England, see Dr. Wallace's essay inThe Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. v., pt. 2; Longmans and Co.—Ed.][69]In England it numbers about three hundred species. The larvæ are of diverse habits, but the majority feed on low plants; the moths are provided with a trunk, and are very partial to sweets.—Ed.[70]A few species fly in bright sunshine.—Ed.[71]Dragon-flies.—Ed.[72]With us this insect has a very limited range, being only found at New Brighton, near Birkenhead, where it is most abundant.—Ed.[73]The exception is with those in which the wings arenotdeveloped in both cases, and in England this peculiarity is confined to species appearing during the winter and early spring.—Ed.[74]Many of these are placed by some authors among the Pyralina, and by others among the Tortricina.—Ed.[75]Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes, tome ii., page 210 (5e Mémoire).[76]From [Greek: orthos], straight, and [Greek: pteron], wing, on account of the manner in which the under-wings are folded under the upper.—Ed.[77]Made a separate Order,Dermaptera, by Kirby.—Ed.[78]The species of genusSagasometimes reach extraordinary dimensions. Thus, in 1863, there was found in Syria, after a shower of ordinary locusts, a specimen of theSagawhich was three inches and a quarter long. It was presented to the Museum of Natural History of Paris, by M. L. Delair.[79]"And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the Lord brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left; and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt."—Exod.x. 13-15.[80]"Le Grand Désert," par le Général E. Daumas et E. de Chaucel. In 18mo. Paris, 1860.[81]"Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles," par François Huber. Paris et Genève, in 8vo. 2e edition. 1814.[82]"L'Intelligence des Bêtes." In 18mo. Paris, 1864.[83]"Sur les Abeilles et l'Apiculture." In 18mo. 2e edition. Paris.[84]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 379.[85]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 449.[86]Not invariably, the period is often longer.—Ed.[87]"Cours d'Apiculture." In 8vo. Paris, 1864.[88]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 611.[89]Ibid, tome v., pp. 616, 617.[90]In general, bees very much dislike bad weather; when they are foraging in the country, the appearance of a single cloud before the sun causes them to return home precipitately. However, if the sky is uniformly dark and cloudy, and if there are not any sudden alternations of darkness and light, they are not easily alarmed, and the first drops of a gentle rain hardly drive them away from their hunting-ground.[91]"Observations sur les Abeilles," tome i., p. 265.[92]"Observations sur les Abeilles," tome i., pp. 174-178.[93]"Many ruling together is not good: let there be one ruler, one king."—Homer's "Iliad,"ii. 110.[94]The bee's sting may lead to very serious consequences. It often happens that large animals, such as horses or oxen, tied up in the neighbourhood of a beehive, and which have disturbed the bees, die in consequence of stings received from them.[95]Tome v., planche 36.[96]"Cours d'Apiculture," pp. 73, 74.[97]"Physiologie de l'Abeille, suivie de l'art de soigner et d'exploiter les Abeilles d'après une methode simple et facile," p. 94. Paris, 1866.[98]At a meeting of the Entomological Society of London, Feb. 18th, 1867, Mr. Newman exhibited the lock of a door, one of several which in 1866 were found at the Kent Waterworks, Deptford, to be completely filled and choked up with nests ofOsmia Bicornis: a portion of the nest had been forced out by the insertion of the key. The locks were in pretty constant use, so that the nests must have been built in the course of a few days.—Journal of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1867, lxxvi.—Ed.[99]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome ii., p. 765. In 4to. Stockholm, 1771.[100]"L'Intelligence des Bêtes." In 18mo. Paris, 1864.[101]"Mémoires," tome vi., planche 14, p. 167.[102]Ibid, tome vi., p. 177.[103]Hence the scientific name,Chartergus lecheguana.—Ed.[104]See the Order Hemiptera,supra.—Ed.[105]"Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes," p. 210. Paris, 1810.[106]Made byCynips insana.—Ed.[107]A coleopterous insect.—Ed.[108]Also a beetle.—Ed.[109]These were separated from the Neuroptera and made a separate order, under the name of Trichoptera, by Kirby.—Ed.[110]De Quatrefages, "Souvenirs d'un Naturaliste," tome ii., p. 377. In 18mo. Paris, 1854.[111]"Some Account of the Termites," &c., in thePhilosophical Transactions, vol. lxxi. 1781.[112]J. Michelet, "L'Insecte," p. 328.[113]"History of Gambia."[114]"Note sur les Termites de la Rochelle."Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3e série, tome xx., p. 18. 1853.[115]"Mémoire sur les Termites observés à Rochefort." Saintes, 1843.[116]"Mémoires sur la destruction des Termites."Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3e série, tome xx., p. 15.[117]From [Greek: nêma], a thread; and [Greek: oura], a tail.—Ed.[118]Charles de Geer, "Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome ii., 2e partie, p. 674.[119]From [Greek: nêma], a thread, and [Greek: pteron], a wing.[120]From [Greek: phryganion], a stick.[121]The figure may possibly mislead, as it shows the larva and pupa in the ground, for although recent observations show that this species does occasionally undergo its metamorphoses therein, it is not probable that the larva lives anywhere but in wood.—Ed.[122]"On a new Order of Insects,"Linn. Trans., vol. xi.[123]In Cuvier, "Le Règne Animal," ed. i., tome iii., p. 584.[124]See p. 69.[125]HalictusandAndrenaare two genera of Bees.[126]"Annales des Sciences Naturelles," 1857, 4e série, tome vii., p. 300.[127]"L'Insecte."[128]"Metamorphoses des Insectes," p. 116.
[1]Ganglion—a mass, literally a knot, of nervous matter.
[2]The horny upper wings with which some insects are provided are called elytra.—Ed.
[3]May-fly family.—Ed.
[4]"Introduction à l'Entomologie," tome ii. p. 192. 8vo. Paris. 1838.
[5]A kind of water-beetle.—Ed.
[6]A neuropterous insect, not a true ant.—Ed.
[7]A beetle.—Ed.
[8]The meat-fly.—Ed.
[9]It is probable that one day the order Aptera will be superseded. The absence of wings is not really a character of great value. De Blainville, Mollard, Pouchet, Van Beneden, and Gervais, have made several attempts in that direction. The fleas have been placed among the Diptera, and the lice among Hemiptera in the "Traité de Zoologie Médicale" of these two last authors.
[10]Sometimes calledhalteres.—Ed.
[11]"Suites à Buffon." 2 vols. 8vo.
[12]The genusCecidomyia, which belongs to this family, presents the most extraordinary instance of agamo-genesis—or reproduction without fertilisation by another individual—at present known among insects. Until lately it was almost an axiom with naturalists that no insect was capable of reproduction until it had attained its adult or perfect state. Several Continental observers, some of them without any knowledge of the others' discoveries, have found that thelarvæof some of the species of this genus reproduce larvæ resembling themselves in every respect; and what is still more strange, these larvæ live in a free state within the parent larvæ, feeding upon its tissues, and causing its ultimate destruction.
A very interesting article on this subject will be found in thePopular Science Reviewfor the 1st April, 1868. The larvæ of a species (Cecidomyia tritici) frequently causes much injury to the wheat.—Ed.
[13]The insects produced from the caddis or case- worm.—Ed.
[14]May-fly family.—Ed.
[15]Mr. Bates, in his interesting "Naturalist on the Amazons," mentions anŒstrusas occurring in those regions, which deposits its eggs in the human flesh, the larva causing a swelling which resembles a boil.—Ed.
[16]"Recherches sur les Œstrides en général, et particulièrement sur les Œstres qui attaquent l'homme, le cheval, le bœuf, et le mouton." Par N. Joly, Professeur à la Faculté des Sciences de Toulouse. P. 63. Lyons, 1846.
[17]"The majority of convicts attacked by theLucilia hominivorax," says M. F. Bouyer, captain of the frigate, in "Un Voyage à la Guyane Française," "have succumbed, despite the assistance of science. Cures have been the exception: in a dozen cases three or four are reported."—Tour du Monde, 1866, 1er Semestre, p. 318.
[18]"Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa," by David Livingstone, LL.D., D.C.L. P. 81,et seq.London, John Murray, 1857. (The extract in the original of this work is from a French translation: "Explorations dans l'Intérieur de l'Afrique australe, et voyages à travers le continent Sainte-Paul de Loanda à l'Embouchure du Zambèze, de 1840 à 1846, traduit de l'Anglais." Pages 93-95. 8vo. Paris, 1859.—Ed.)
[19]From [Greek: gê], the earth, and [Greek: koris], a bug.
[20]From [Greek: hydôr], water, and [Greek: koris], a bug.
[21]This species isLygænus militaris.—Ed.
[22]A genus of beetles.
[23]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes." Tome iii., p. 283. 4to. Stockholm, 1773.
[24]"Mémoires," tome v. 4to.
[25]"Théologie des Insectes, ou Démonstration des Perfections de Dieu dans tout ce qui concerne les Insectes, par Lesser, traduit en Français." La Haye, 1742.
[26]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome iii.
[27]"Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés dans un ordre méthodique." In 4to. Tome i., p. 416. An VII. de la République.
[28]"Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés dans un ordre méthodique." In 4to. Tome i., p. 423. An VII. de la République.
[29]"The Ocean World."
[30]"Traité d'Insectologie, ou Observations sur les Pucerons," pp. 28-38. 1re partie, 18mo. Paris, 1745.
[31]"Traité d'Insectologie," &c., pp. 67-69.
[32]"Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis Indigènes," pp. 181-186. 8vo. Paris, 1810.
[33]"Recherches," &c., pp. 192-194.
[34]"Traité d'Insectologie," &c., pp. 198-201.
[35]"Recherches," &c., pp. 205, 206.
[36]Tome i., p. 164; Plate III., Figs. 1, 2.
[37]Tome i., p. 49, Plate I., Fig. 6.
[38]It has been remarked that only those whose continuance in the pupal state is short, undergo their metamorphosis in this apparently inconvenient position.—Ed.
[39]Mem. 12, vol. i., p. 487.
[40]The word is derived from [Greek: chrysos], golden; for that reason pupa is a better word than chrysalis, as this only strictly applies to a very small number; for the same reason aurelia is a bad word.—Ed.
[41]Tome i., p. 382, planche 26, Fig. 6.
[42]Tome i., p. 382, planche 26, Fig. 7.
[43]They hardly seem from later experiments to be so fully explained. It is a well-known fact that many insects remain in this state a variable time—the Small Eggar (Bombyx lanestris) sometimes as many as seven years.—Ed.
[44]Tome i., p. 654, planche 46, Fig. 1.
[45]Tome i., planche 7, Figs. 1 à 23.
[46]"Sur les parties extérieures des papillons," tome i., p. 197.
[47]Planche 9, Fig. 10, 5e Mémoire, "Sur les parties extérieures des papillons."
[48]There are exceptions to this.—Ed.
[49]It may not be out of place to remark that although both these generic names are applied, sometimes to the one, sometimes to the other of these genera, the genus named in the textPolyommatusand that calledLycænaare never considered identical. When either name is applied to the one, it is not at the same time applied to the other.—Ed.
[50]"Description de la Chine," tome ii., p. 205.
[51]"Résumé des principaux Traités Chinois sur la Culture des Mûriers et l'Education des Vers à Soie, traduit par Stanislas Julien." Paris, imprimerie royale, 1837.
[52]"Annales de la Dynastie des Liang."
[53]"Annales de la Dynastie des Wei."
[54]"Annales de la Dynastie des Thang."
[55]"Histoire de la Dynastie des Song."
[56]According to M. de Gasparin, author of an excellent "Essai sur l'Histoire de l'Introduction des Vers à Soie en Europe" (Paris, in 8vo, 1841), it was not into China, but only into Tartary, to Serinda, that the two monks went in search of the silkworms' eggs (pp. 37-39). It must be supposed that the eggs did not hatch for two years, being in such interesting company.
[57]Others derive the name frommore, the Slavonic word for the sea. See "On the Study of Words," by Abp. Trench.—Ed.
[58]De Gasparin, "Essai sur l'Introduction des Vers à Soie en Europe," p. 70.
[59]"Théâtre d'Agriculture d'Olivier de Serres," tome ii., p. 158. In 8vo.
[60]"L'Art d'élever les Vers à Soie," par le Comte Dandolo. In 8vo. 2e édition. Lyon, 1825.
[61]One gramme = 15·4325 gr. troy.
[62]"Manuel de l'Educateur du Ver à Soie," p. 37.
[63]"L'Art d'élever des Vers à Soie, par le Comte de Dandolo, traduit par Philibert Fontaneilles." In 8vo. Lyons, 1825. Robinet, "Manuel de l'Education des Vers à Soie." In 8vo. Paris. Guérin-Méneville et Eugène Robert, "Manuel de l'Education des Vers à Soie." In 18mo. Paris. Louis Leclerc, "Petite Magnanerie." In 18mo. Paris.
[64]See the "Année scientifique," 7e année, p. 432.
[65]Sur le Ver à Soie du Chêne, et son Introduction en Europe. Extrait du Magasin de Zoologie, 1855, No. VI.
[For an account of experiments conducted in England by Dr. Wallace, whichunfortunately were complete failures as far as rearing the moth went, see an essay by that gentleman inThe Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. v., pt. 5; Longmans and Co. The results of an experiment which give the greatest hopes of success, will be found in "The Entomologist" for October, 1867.—Ed.]
[66]Le Ver à Soie du Chêne (Bombyx Yama Maï), son histoire, sa description, ses mœurs. 8vo., avec planches coloriées. A Laval, à l'école de sériculture.
[67]In 8vo, avec plans et planches coloriées. Paris, 1866.
[68]A work by M. Guérin-Méneville on the same subject, entitled, "Education des Vers à Soie de l'Ailante et du Ricin," in 12mo., Paris, 1860, may also be consulted.
[For a full account of successful experiments carried on in England, see Dr. Wallace's essay inThe Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 3rd series, vol. v., pt. 2; Longmans and Co.—Ed.]
[69]In England it numbers about three hundred species. The larvæ are of diverse habits, but the majority feed on low plants; the moths are provided with a trunk, and are very partial to sweets.—Ed.
[70]A few species fly in bright sunshine.—Ed.
[71]Dragon-flies.—Ed.
[72]With us this insect has a very limited range, being only found at New Brighton, near Birkenhead, where it is most abundant.—Ed.
[73]The exception is with those in which the wings arenotdeveloped in both cases, and in England this peculiarity is confined to species appearing during the winter and early spring.—Ed.
[74]Many of these are placed by some authors among the Pyralina, and by others among the Tortricina.—Ed.
[75]Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes, tome ii., page 210 (5e Mémoire).
[76]From [Greek: orthos], straight, and [Greek: pteron], wing, on account of the manner in which the under-wings are folded under the upper.—Ed.
[77]Made a separate Order,Dermaptera, by Kirby.—Ed.
[78]The species of genusSagasometimes reach extraordinary dimensions. Thus, in 1863, there was found in Syria, after a shower of ordinary locusts, a specimen of theSagawhich was three inches and a quarter long. It was presented to the Museum of Natural History of Paris, by M. L. Delair.
[79]"And Moses stretched forth his rod over the land of Egypt, and the Lord brought an east wind upon the land all that day, and all that night; and when it was morning, the east wind brought the locusts. And the locusts went up over all the land of Egypt, and rested in all the coasts of Egypt: very grievous were they; before them there were no such locusts as they, neither after them shall be such. For they covered the face of the whole earth, so that the land was darkened; and they did eat every herb of the land, and all the fruit of the trees which the hail had left; and there remained not any green thing in the trees, or in the herbs of the field, through all the land of Egypt."—Exod.x. 13-15.
[80]"Le Grand Désert," par le Général E. Daumas et E. de Chaucel. In 18mo. Paris, 1860.
[81]"Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles," par François Huber. Paris et Genève, in 8vo. 2e edition. 1814.
[82]"L'Intelligence des Bêtes." In 18mo. Paris, 1864.
[83]"Sur les Abeilles et l'Apiculture." In 18mo. 2e edition. Paris.
[84]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 379.
[85]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 449.
[86]Not invariably, the period is often longer.—Ed.
[87]"Cours d'Apiculture." In 8vo. Paris, 1864.
[88]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome v., p. 611.
[89]Ibid, tome v., pp. 616, 617.
[90]In general, bees very much dislike bad weather; when they are foraging in the country, the appearance of a single cloud before the sun causes them to return home precipitately. However, if the sky is uniformly dark and cloudy, and if there are not any sudden alternations of darkness and light, they are not easily alarmed, and the first drops of a gentle rain hardly drive them away from their hunting-ground.
[91]"Observations sur les Abeilles," tome i., p. 265.
[92]"Observations sur les Abeilles," tome i., pp. 174-178.
[93]"Many ruling together is not good: let there be one ruler, one king."—Homer's "Iliad,"ii. 110.
[94]The bee's sting may lead to very serious consequences. It often happens that large animals, such as horses or oxen, tied up in the neighbourhood of a beehive, and which have disturbed the bees, die in consequence of stings received from them.
[95]Tome v., planche 36.
[96]"Cours d'Apiculture," pp. 73, 74.
[97]"Physiologie de l'Abeille, suivie de l'art de soigner et d'exploiter les Abeilles d'après une methode simple et facile," p. 94. Paris, 1866.
[98]At a meeting of the Entomological Society of London, Feb. 18th, 1867, Mr. Newman exhibited the lock of a door, one of several which in 1866 were found at the Kent Waterworks, Deptford, to be completely filled and choked up with nests ofOsmia Bicornis: a portion of the nest had been forced out by the insertion of the key. The locks were in pretty constant use, so that the nests must have been built in the course of a few days.—Journal of Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London, 1867, lxxvi.—Ed.
[99]"Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome ii., p. 765. In 4to. Stockholm, 1771.
[100]"L'Intelligence des Bêtes." In 18mo. Paris, 1864.
[101]"Mémoires," tome vi., planche 14, p. 167.
[102]Ibid, tome vi., p. 177.
[103]Hence the scientific name,Chartergus lecheguana.—Ed.
[104]See the Order Hemiptera,supra.—Ed.
[105]"Recherches sur les Mœurs des Fourmis indigènes," p. 210. Paris, 1810.
[106]Made byCynips insana.—Ed.
[107]A coleopterous insect.—Ed.
[108]Also a beetle.—Ed.
[109]These were separated from the Neuroptera and made a separate order, under the name of Trichoptera, by Kirby.—Ed.
[110]De Quatrefages, "Souvenirs d'un Naturaliste," tome ii., p. 377. In 18mo. Paris, 1854.
[111]"Some Account of the Termites," &c., in thePhilosophical Transactions, vol. lxxi. 1781.
[112]J. Michelet, "L'Insecte," p. 328.
[113]"History of Gambia."
[114]"Note sur les Termites de la Rochelle."Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3e série, tome xx., p. 18. 1853.
[115]"Mémoire sur les Termites observés à Rochefort." Saintes, 1843.
[116]"Mémoires sur la destruction des Termites."Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 3e série, tome xx., p. 15.
[117]From [Greek: nêma], a thread; and [Greek: oura], a tail.—Ed.
[118]Charles de Geer, "Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes," tome ii., 2e partie, p. 674.
[119]From [Greek: nêma], a thread, and [Greek: pteron], a wing.
[120]From [Greek: phryganion], a stick.
[121]The figure may possibly mislead, as it shows the larva and pupa in the ground, for although recent observations show that this species does occasionally undergo its metamorphoses therein, it is not probable that the larva lives anywhere but in wood.—Ed.
[122]"On a new Order of Insects,"Linn. Trans., vol. xi.
[123]In Cuvier, "Le Règne Animal," ed. i., tome iii., p. 584.
[124]See p. 69.
[125]HalictusandAndrenaare two genera of Bees.
[126]"Annales des Sciences Naturelles," 1857, 4e série, tome vii., p. 300.
[127]"L'Insecte."
[128]"Metamorphoses des Insectes," p. 116.
Transcription Notes:The cover image for this version was created using a representative illustration and adding the title and author to the book's front cover. This modified image is released into the public domain.The original spelling and grammar have been retained. Footnotes have been moved to the end of the paragraphs in which they are referenced. Minor adjustments to hyphenation and other punctuation have been made without annotation.Typographical changes to this volume:69 bristling with small black turbercles[tubercles]121 its own species was forbiden[forbidden] to the179 Illustration: Fig. 149.--Thecla qercus[quercus]183 bordered by a black brand[band], with a stripe229 with large sheets of paper. (Plate IV[VI].)282 and sometimes in hair matresses[mattresses]339 but the guard[guards] repel her with vigour388 by the ants from an eighbouring[a neighbouring] nest408 you see them instanly[instantly] set to work416 we my[may] mention, first438 of an oval form (Fig. 423[424])498 genus of the same familly[family] is the510 influence of artifical[artificial] excitement
Transcription Notes:
The cover image for this version was created using a representative illustration and adding the title and author to the book's front cover. This modified image is released into the public domain.
The original spelling and grammar have been retained. Footnotes have been moved to the end of the paragraphs in which they are referenced. Minor adjustments to hyphenation and other punctuation have been made without annotation.
Typographical changes to this volume:
69 bristling with small black turbercles[tubercles]121 its own species was forbiden[forbidden] to the179 Illustration: Fig. 149.--Thecla qercus[quercus]183 bordered by a black brand[band], with a stripe229 with large sheets of paper. (Plate IV[VI].)282 and sometimes in hair matresses[mattresses]339 but the guard[guards] repel her with vigour388 by the ants from an eighbouring[a neighbouring] nest408 you see them instanly[instantly] set to work416 we my[may] mention, first438 of an oval form (Fig. 423[424])498 genus of the same familly[family] is the510 influence of artifical[artificial] excitement