Term Expires.ALABAMA.Jeremiah Clemens,1853William R. King, S. R.1855ARKANSAS.Wm. K. Sebastian, S. R.,1853Solon Borland.1855CALIFORNIA.Wm. M. Gwinn,1855Elean Heydenfeldt, L. R.[A]1857CONNECTICUT.Truman Smith,1855A vacancy.1857DELAWARE.Presley Spruance,1855James A. Bayard, L. R.1857FLORIDA.Jackson Morton,[B]1855Stephen R. Mallory.[A]1857GEORGIA.John McP. Berrien, S. R.,[C]1853Wm. C. Dawson.[B]1855INDIANA.James Whitcomb, L. R.,1855Jesse D. Bright.1857ILLINOIS.Stephen A. Douglas,1853James Shields, L. R.1855IOWA.George W. Jones, L. R.,1853Augustus C. Dodge, L. R.1855KENTUCKY.Joseph R. Underwood,1853Henry Clay.1855LOUISIANA.Sol. W. Downs,1853Pierre Soulé, S. R.1855MAINE.James W. Bradbury,1853Hannibal Hamlin, F. S.1857MARYLAND.James A. Pierce,1855Thomas G. Pratt.1857MASSACHUSETTS.John Davis,1853Charles Sumner, F. S.1857MISSISSIPPI.Henry S. Foote,1853Jefferson Davis, S. R.1857MICHIGAN.Alpheus Felch,1853Lewis Cass.1857MISSOURI.David R. Atchison, S. R.,1855Hen. S. Geyer.[B]1857NEW HAMPSHIRE.John P. Hale, F. S.,1853Moses Harris, jr.1855NEW-YORK.William H. Seward,1855Hamilton Fish.1857NEW JERSEY.Jacob W. Miller,1853Robert F. Stockton.1857NORTH CAROLINA.Willie P. Mangum,1853George E. Badger.1855OHIO.Salmon P. Chase, F. S.,1855B. Franklin Wade.1857PENNSYLVANIA.James Cooper,1853Richard Brodhead, jr.1857RHODE ISLAND.John H. Clarke,1853Charles T. Jarves, L. R.1857SOUTH CAROLINA.R. Barnwell Rhett (Sec.),1853A. P. Butler, S. R.1855TENNESSEE.John Bell,1853A vacancy.1857TEXAS.Sam Houston,1853Thomas J. Rusk.1857VERMONT.William Upham,1853Solomon Foote.1857VIRGINIA.Robert M. T. Hunter,1853James M. Mason.1857WISCONSIN.Isaac P. Walker,1855Henry Dodge.1857
ALABAMA.1. John Bragg, S. R.,2.James Abercrombie,[B]3. Sampson W. Harris, S. R.,4.Wm. R. Smith,5.Geo. S. Houston,6.W. R. W. Cobb,7.Alex White.[B]ARKANSAS.——CALIFORNIA.————CONNECTICUT.1.Charles Chapman,2. C. M.Ingersoll,[B]3. Chauncey F. Cleveland, F. S.,4. O. S.Seymour.[B]DELAWARE.1. George Read Riddle, L. R.FLORIDA.Edward C. Cabell, L. R.GEORGIA.1. ——,2. ——,3. ——,4. ——,5. ——,6. ——,7. ——,8. ——.ILLINOIS.1. Wm. H. Bissell, L. R.,2. Willis Allen, L. R.,3. O. R. Ficklin, L. R.,4. R. S. Maloney, F. S.,5. Wm. A. Richardson, L. R.,6. T. Campbell, F. S.,7.Richard Yates.INDIANA.1. James Lockhart,2. Cyrus L. Dunham, L. R.,3. John L. Robinson,4.Samuel W. Parker,5. Thomas H. Hendricks, L. R.,6. Willis A. Gorman,7. John G. Davis, F. S.,8. Daniel Mace, F. S.,9. Graham N. Fitch,10.Samuel Brenton.IOWA.1. Lincoln Clark, L. R.,2. Bernhardt Henn, L. R.KENTUCKY.1.Linn Boyd,2.Ben. Edward Grey, L. R.,3.Presley Ewing,4.William T. Ward,5. James N. Stone (rep.),6.Addison White,7.Humphrey Marshall,8. John C. Breckenridge, L. R.,9. John C. Mason,10. Richard H. Stanton.LOUISIANA.1. ——,2. ——,3. ——,4. ——.MAINE.1. Moses McDonald, L. R.,2. John Appleton,[A]3.Robert Goodenow,4. Charles Andrews, F. S.,5. Ephraim K. Smart, F. S.,6.Israel Washburn, jr.,7.Thomas J. D. Fuller.MARYLAND.1. ——,2. ——,3. ——,4. ——,5. ——,6. ——.MASSACHUSETTS.1.William Appleton,2. Robert Rantoul, jr., F. S.,3.James H. Duncan,4.B. Thompson,5.Charles Allen, F. S.,6. George T. Davis,7. John Z. Goodrich,8. Horace Mann, F. S.,9.Oron Fowler,10.Zeno Scudder.MICHIGAN.1.Ebenezer J. Penniman, F. S.,2. Charles E. Stuart, L. R.,3.James L. Conger, F. S.MISSISSIPPI.1. ——,2. ——,3. ——,4. ——.MISSOURI.1.John F. Darby,2.Gilchrist Porter,3.John G. Miller,4. Willard P. Hall, Anti-Benton,5. John S. Phelps, Benton.NEW HAMPSHIRE.1.Amos Tuck,2.Charles H. Peaslee,3.Jared Perkins,4. Harry Hibbard, L. R.NEW JERSEY.1. Nathan T. Stratten,2. Charles D. Skelton, L. R.,3.Isaac Wildrick,4. George H. Brown,5. Rodman M. Price, L. R.NEW-YORK.1. John G. Floyd, F. S.,2.Obadiah Bowne,3. Emanuel B. Hart, L. R.,4.J. H. Hobart Haws,5.George Briggs,6.James Brooks,7. Abraham P. Stevens, L. R.,8. Gilbert Dean, F. S.,9. William Murray, F. S.,10.Marius Schoonmaker,11. Josiah Sutherland, F. S.,12. David L. Seymour, L. R.,13.John L. Schoolcraft,14.John H. Boyd,15. Joseph Russell, F. S.,16.John Wells,17. Alexander H. Buel, F. S.,18. Preston King, F. S.,19. Willard Ives, F. S.,20. Timothy Jenkins, F. S.,21. William W. Snow, F. S.,22.Henry Bennett,23. Leander Babcock, F. S.,24. Daniel T. Jones, F. S.,25. Thomas Y. How, Jr., F. S.,26.Henry S. Walbridge,27.William A. Sacket,28.Ab. M. Schermerhorn,29.Jerediah Horsford,30. Reuben Robie, F. S.,31.Frederick S. Martin,32.Solomon G. Haven,33.Aug. P. Hascall,34.Lorenzo Burrows.NORTH CAROLINA.1.Thomas L. Clingman,[C]2.Joseph P. Caldwell, L. R.,3.Alfred Dackery,4.James T. Morehead,5. Abraham W. Venable, S. R., L. R.,6. John R. J. Daniel, S. R.,7.William S. Ashe,8.Edward Stanley,9.David Outlaw.OHIO.1. David T. Disney, L. R.,2.Lewis D. Campbell, L. R.,3.Hiram Bell,4.Benjamin Stanton,5. Alfred P. Edgerton,6. Frederick Green,7.Nelson Barrere,8.John L. Taylor, L. R.,9. Edson B. Olds, L. R.,10. Charles Sweetser,11. George H. Busby,12.John Welsh,13. James M. Gaylord,14.Alexander Harper,15.William F. Hunter,16.John Johnson, Md. L. R.,17. Joseph Cable, L. R.,18. David K. Cartter,19.Eben Newton, F. S.,20. Josh R. Giddings, F. S.,21. N. S. Townshend, F. S., L. R.PENNSYLVANIA.1. Thomas B. Florence, L. R.,[A]2.Joseph R. Chandler,3.Henry D. Moore, L. R.,4. John Robbins, jr., L. R.,5. John McNair,6. Thomas Ross,7. John A. Morrison, L. R.,8.Thaddeus Stevens,9. J. Glancy Jones,10. Milo M. Dimmick,11.Henry M. Fuller,[A]12. Galusha A. Grow, F. S.,13. James Gamble,14.T. M. Bibighaus,15. William H. Kurtz,16. J. X. McLanahan,17. Andrew Parker,18. John L. Dawson,19.Joseph H. Kuhns,20.John Allison,21.Thomas M. Howe,22.John W. Howe,23. Carlton B. Curtis, L. R.,24. Alfred Gilmore, L. R.RHODE ISLAND.1.George G. King,2. Benj. B. Thurston, F. S.SOUTH CAROLINA.1. Daniel Wallace,2. James L. Orr,3. Jos. A. Woodard,4. John McQueen,5. Armistead Burt,6. William Aiken,7. William F. Colcock.TENNESSEE.1. Andrew Johnson, L. R.,2.Albert G. Watkins, L. R.,3.Josiah M. Anderson, L. R.,4. John H. Savage, S. R., L. R.,5.George W. Jones, L. R.,6. William H. Polk, L. R.,7.Meredith P. Gentry, L. R.,8.William Cullom,9. Isham G. Harris, S. R., L. R.,10. Frederick P. Stanton, L. R.,11.Christopher H. Williams, L. R.TEXAS.1. ——,2. ——.VERMONT.1.Ahiman L. Miner,2.William Hebard,3.James Meacham,4. Thos. Bartlett, jr., F. S.VIRGINIA.1. ——,2. ——,3. ——,4. ——,5. ——,6. ——,7. ——,8. ——,9. ——,10. ——,11. ——,12. ——,13. ——,14. ——,15. ——.NEBRASKA.——.OREGON.1. Joseph Lane, Ind. L. R.WISCONSIN.1. Charles Durkee, F. S.,2. Ben. C. Eastman, L. R.,3. James D. Doty, Md., F. S., L. R.MINNESOTA.1. H. H. Sibley, Ind.NEW MEXICO.——.UTAH.——.
Democrats, in Roman; Whigs, initalics; "Union"-men insmall-capitals.[A] Seats contested. Whig Unionists marked with a [B]; Whig Southern Rights with a [C]; F. S., Free Soil; L. R., Land Reform.So far as heard from, the Delegations from thirteen States are Democratic; six are Whig; four tied. Arkansas and Texas to hear from, and elections are to be held in the six remaining States.
Democrats, in Roman; Whigs, initalics; "Union"-men insmall-capitals.
[A] Seats contested. Whig Unionists marked with a [B]; Whig Southern Rights with a [C]; F. S., Free Soil; L. R., Land Reform.
So far as heard from, the Delegations from thirteen States are Democratic; six are Whig; four tied. Arkansas and Texas to hear from, and elections are to be held in the six remaining States.
Alabama.—Hon.Henry W. Collier, a Southern Rights Democrat, is re-elected Governor of this State.Tennessee.—Gen.William B. Campbell, Union Whig, is elected Governor of this State over the late Democratic incumbent, Gen. William Trowsdale.Kentucky.—Lazarus W. Powell (Democrat), it is reported is electedGovernor; a John B. Thompson, (Whig) Lieut. Governor; and Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, (Whig) Superintendent of Public Instruction. Not much of a party contest for the remaining State Officers. One Congressional District (the 5th) in doubt as we go to press, the friends of Clement S. Hill (Whig) hoping that he is elected, but Stone has made gains enough to secure his election.
Alabama.—Hon.Henry W. Collier, a Southern Rights Democrat, is re-elected Governor of this State.
Tennessee.—Gen.William B. Campbell, Union Whig, is elected Governor of this State over the late Democratic incumbent, Gen. William Trowsdale.
Kentucky.—Lazarus W. Powell (Democrat), it is reported is electedGovernor; a John B. Thompson, (Whig) Lieut. Governor; and Rev. Robert J. Breckenridge, (Whig) Superintendent of Public Instruction. Not much of a party contest for the remaining State Officers. One Congressional District (the 5th) in doubt as we go to press, the friends of Clement S. Hill (Whig) hoping that he is elected, but Stone has made gains enough to secure his election.
Senate.House.States.Dem.Whig.Vac.Dem.Whig.Vac.Alabama200520Arkansas200001California200002Connecticut101310Delaware110100Florida110010Georgia020008Illinois200610Indiana200820Iowa200200Kentucky020550Louisiana200004Maine200520Maryland020006Massachusetts110370Michigan200120Mississippi200004Missouri110230New Hampshire200220New Jersey110410New York02017170North Carolina020360Ohio11011100Pennsylvania1101590Rhode Island110110South Carolina200700Tennessee011650Texas200002Vermont020130Virginia2000015Wisconsin200300——————Total,392121118042
In New-York, the Democratic party will meet in convention on the 10th of this present month of September, to prepare for approaching elections, and, on the following day, the United Whig party will hold its annual convention in the same city—the State Central Committee of both sections of it having united in a call for that purpose.
The Convention of Virginia, which has been sitting at Richmond during the last eight months, have at length agreed upon the form of a new Constitution for that State, and brought its session to a close. The Constitution has yet to be submitted to a vote of the people, but of its acceptance no doubt appears to be entertained. It is to be voted for on the 23d of October.
The President of the United States, accompanied by the Secretaries of War and Interior, has been received with much enthusiasm in various places in eastern Virginia, through which he passed on his way to the White Sulphur Springs. The Secretary of State has been passing a few weeks among the lakes and mountains of New Hampshire, where he will remain probably till October; and the Secretary of the Treasury has been detained by ill health at his residence in Ohio.
Reports from the various agricultural districts of the Union indicate that the wheat harvest of 1851 will be the heaviest ever raised. In New-York, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin, the yield is very large, and the wheat excellent. In the Northern and Central Illinois, heavy rains have destroyed a portion of the crop, but in the Southern portion of the State it will be abundant. In Ohio, advices from all quarters of the State show that the wheat crop of the present season will be the largest ever grown in the State. In Iowa, the yield is indifferent. Of corn there will probably be an average crop. Potatoes in several parts of the country have suffered from the rot.
The cholera prevails to some extent in the valley of the Mississippi, and other parts of the Southern and Western States. Among the Sioux Indians it has been very fatal. The treaty just formed with the Sioux Indians, secures to the United States all the land in the entire valley of the Minnesota, and the eastern tributaries of the Sioux, estimated at 21,000,000 of acres.
From Texas, we learn that there has been great excitement at Rio Grande, in consequence of the Mexicans refusing to surrender a fugitive slave. It is said that 2,000 slaves have made their escape into Mexico.
There have been several arrivals from California, and by every one evidence has been furnished of a very unfortunate condition of affairs. Dissatisfied with the manner in which justice is executed, or perhaps with a view to the complete overthrow of the government, large numbers of men have associated themselves at San Francisco and elsewhere, and assumed all the functions of a magistracy, treating the constituted authorities with contempt, and, in secret assemblies, deciding questions of life and of all the highest interests of society. By their directions, several persons accused of crimes have been murdered, and all the officers of the law have been set at defiance. In other respects, the news from California and other parts of the Pacific coast is without remarkable features; the general prosperity continues in mining, agriculture, and trade; and such is the energy of the inhabitants of that city, that San Francisco has nearly recovered from the effects of the disastrous fires with which it has been visited. The arrival at New-York, on the 13th of August, of the steamer Prometheus, in 29 days from San Francisco, by the new route of Lake Nicaragua and the river San Juan, establishes the practicability and advantages of this route. The shortest trip ever made by the Panama route, it is said, was in 31 days.
The people of the United States have been kept in a state of excitement during a portion of the last month by reports of a revolution in the Island of Cuba. It is not yet possible to discover very clearly, what are the facts, but it is certain, that there were insurrectionary movements commencing about the 4th of July, in several parts of the Island; that they were badly planned, and inefficiently executed, and that the whole attempt, having caused the ruin of a vast number of persons, is at an end, and has resulted in the firmer establishment of the Spanish authority.
The Provincial Government persists in its refusal to concede the navigation of the St. Lawrence to foreign vessels till it obtains an equivalent from the United States. A motion against removing the Executive Government to Quebec, until after the expiration of four years from the time of its removal to Toronto, has been negatived the House of Commons by a vote of 48 to 12. It is believed that the removal will be decided on during the present season.
The financial embarrassments of the government and people engross the general attention, and though it has been believed that a scheme of administration for augmenting the revenue would be successful, yet the country is so unsettled, and the dissatisfaction with the government so common, and the spirit of revolution so diffused, that only confusion and accelerated ruin can very reasonably be predicted of the country. Insurrectionary movements by parties having in view the recall and dictatorship of Santa Anna, have been put down in Chiapos and Tobasco.
In Buenos Ayres Rosas had been disturbed by the disaffection of General Urquiza. Rosas was making active preparations to oppose hostile attacks. The fortieth Anniversary of the Independence of Venezuela was celebrated at Caraccas with great enthusiasm. Venezuela remains perfectly tranquil. The insurrection in the Southern Provinces of New-Grenada has not yet been quelled, and the troops of the Government have suffered a defeat.
We are compelled to abridge our notices of foreign events to a mere statement of dates. In ENGLAND the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill finally passed the House of Lords on the 28th of July, and receiving the royal signature became a law. Little other business of importance was accomplished before the prorogation of Parliament, which took place on the 8th of August. InFrancethe motion for a revision of the constitution was rejected in the Assembly at Paris on Saturday, July 19. Out of 736 members, in the Assembly, 724 were present and voted—446 in favor of the revision and 278 against it; but as a majority of three quarters was required to carry the motion, it failed. On the 31st of July the Assembly elected a Committee of Permanence, consisting of twenty-five of the most dignified of its members, to sit during the vacation, which it was decided should last from the 10th of August to the 4th of November. FromRussiawe have news of an important victory of the Turkomans over the Russian troops in the harbor of Astrabad, and the Russians have also suffered an extraordinary and most important defeat in the Caucasus. InItalyevery thing is calm, but the oppressions of the ecclesiastical government are more and more intolerable and outrageous. The Pope has returned from his residence at Castel Gandolfo to Rome. The rebellion in the southern provinces ofChinaappears to be still unchecked.
The Rev.Stephen Olin, D.D. president of the Wesleyan University, died at Middletown on the 16th of August. He was a native of Vermont, and was educated at Middlebury College. He entered the itinerant ministry in the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1824, uniting himself with the South Carolina conference. His next two years were spent in Charleston. His labors proved too severe, and in 1826 he became what is called in the Methodist Church a supernumerary, with permission to travel for the benefit of his health. He was a local preacher for the same reason until 1828, but in 1829 resumed his itinerant labors. In 1832 he was again compelled to relinquish the labors the itinerancy imposed, and was appointed by the Georgia conference a professor in Franklin College. In 1833 he was elected president of Randolph College, Macon, Geo., which position he held until elected President of the Wesleyan University. In 1837 he travelled in Europe and the East, and on his return published an account of his Travels, in two volumes, which were very popular.
Baron de Ledeirir, the celebrated Russian botanist, died at Munich on the 23d of July, aged sixty-five. At the early age of nineteen he was appointed Professor of Botany in the University of Dorpat, and in 1820 he obtained the botanical chair in the University of St. Petersburg. In 1821 he was elected member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, and by order of the Emperor Alexander undertook to compile theRussian Flora. To collect materials for this great work he spent sixteen years in visiting different parts of the vast Empire of Russia, and went as far as the frontiers of China and into Siberia. In 1848 the state of his health obliged him to take up his residence at Munich. There he labored at hisFlora, and had the satisfaction of completing it two months before his death.
Edward Quillinan, son-in-law to Wordsworth, and known in the select rather than in the wide world of letters, as a poet, a scholar, a contributor to more than one literary publication, and the author of one or two separate works, died in July.
Harriet Lee, the celebrated writer of the "Canterbury Tales," was the youngest sister of Sophia Lee, the author ofThe Recess, and of many popular dramas and novels. These ladies were daughters of John Lee, who had been bred to the law, but became an actor of much repute at Covent Garden Theatre, and ended his life as manager of the Bath Theatre. Sophia Lee, the elder daughter, who was born more than one hundred years ago (her sister Harriet, the subject of this notice, being a few years her junior), produced, in 1780, a comedy, entitled, "The Chapter of Accidents," which was performed with considerable success. The profits enabled the two sisters to open a school at Bath, which they carried on for many years with high credit and prosperity. In 1782 Sophia Lee brought out her most popular novel,The Recess, which was followed by other tales, and byAlmayda, Queen of Grenada, a tragedy, in which Mrs. Siddons acted. Soon after, Harriet Lee published the first five volumes of herCanterbury Tales. Two of the stories,The Young Lady's Tale, and theThe Clergyman's Tale, were written by her sister Sophia; the rest by herself. One of these Canterbury Tales, by Harriet Lee, namedKruitzner, became afterwards famous for having formed the subject and the plot of Byron's gloomy tragedy ofWerner. Harriet Lee's other principal works were theError of Innocence, a novel; theMysterious Marriage, a play;Clara Lennox, a novel; and aNew Peerage, begun in 1787. The last days of the sisters were passed near Bristol, where Sophia died in 1824, and Harriet on the first of August, 1851.
Dr. Julius, the author of an able work on the Prisons and Criminal Law in the United States, died about the end of July, in London. Dr. Julius was editor of the BerlinZeitungshalleduring the revolution of 1848, and was greatly respected for his talents and courage. Kinkel pronounced a touchingoraison funebreover his grave.
Rev Azariah Smith, M.D., missionary of A.B.C.F.M. to the Armenians, died at Aintab, Syria, in the early part of June, in the 35th year of his age.
General Henry A. S. Dearborn, of Roxbury, died suddenly at Portland, Me., on the twenty-ninth of July. He was a native of New-Hampshire, and was born March 3d, 1783, and removed with his father to the county of Kennebec in Maine in 1784. His father having been twice elected to Congress from the Kennebec district, prior to 1801, and on the accession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidency, appointed Secretary of War, his son Henry was taken to Washington, and educated at the College of William and Mary in Virginia. In 1806 he established himself in the profession of law, in which he continued but few years, the excitements of public life having more attractions for him than the quiet pursuit of that profession. He took a prominent part in the politics, of the country, filled many important public stations, among which was the collectorship of Boston, in which he succeeded his father in 1812, and remained many years. He also distinguished himself in literature, and by efforts for the promotion of public improvements. He was a member of the Convention of Massachusetts for revising the constitution of that state, in 1821, a member of the Governor's Council in 1831, member of Congress in 1832, Adjutant-General of Massachusetts in 1835, and at the time of his death Mayor of Roxbury. He was a man of fine manners, cultivated mind, and liberal views. While he held the office of Collector of Boston, he improved the favorable opportunity to collect statistics relative to the commerce of the country, and particularly that to countries connected with the Mediterranean, which he embodied in a valuable work, entitledThe Commerce and Navigation of the Black Sea, in three volumes octavo. In 1839 he published a series of lettersTo the Secretary of the State of Massachusetts, on the Internal Improvements and the Commerce of the West, containing extremely valuable information on those subjects. He recently published a life of theApostle Elliot, to aid in the construction of a monument in Roxbury to the memory of that celebrated missionary, and among his other published writings is aLife of Commodore Bainbridge. He left in MS. a work on Architecture, another on Flowers, and an extended Memoir of his Father, embodying all his journal in his expedition through Maine to Canada, his imprisonment in Quebec, and a vast deal of other Revolutionary matter. He was constantly throwing off essays in various periodicals, to promote the interests of society. Among other claims upon public gratitude, was his untiring zeal in the cause of horticultural and agricultural improvements. Few did more than he to elevate this important branch of industry. As a politician he was most prominent for his connection with the Native American party, by which he was nominated for the Vice Presidency of the United States.
In another part of this magazine we have given a sketch of the late Dr.Moir, from the pen of Mr. Gilfillan. The deceased physician and litterateur died at Dumfries, on the 6th of July, in the fifty-third year of his age, having left his home in Musselburg, near Edinburgh, to visit in Dumfries his friend, Mr. Aird. Of the poems of "Delta," Professor Wilson says: "Delicacy and grace characterize his happiest composition; some of them are beautiful, in a cheerful spirit that has only to look on nature to be happy, and others breathe to simplest and purest pathos." Similar praise was given him by Lord Jeffrey. We do not think so highly of his abilities. In verse, Dr. Moir had the fatal gift of facility, and he cultivated it at the ordinary penalty. His poetry is not made to survive him. He was a man, however, of varied accomplishments; and is the author, besides his considerable body of verse, of a prose narrative,Mansie Wauch, Tailor of Dalkieth, a very excellent book ofOutlines of the Ancient History of Medicine, being a View of the Progress of theHealing Art among the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Arabians, and ofSketches of the Poetical Literature of the past Half Century, in Six Lectures, a work which has the sketchy character and incompleteness common to its class. TheLegend of Généviève, with other Tales and Poems, andDomestic Verses, are the two poetical volumes of his which have been published in a collected form.
General Sir Roger H. Sheaffe, Bart., died on the 17th July, at Edinburgh, at the advanced age of 88 years. He entered the army in 1778. In 1798 he became a lieut. colonel, and the next year served in Holland. He served in the expedition to the Baltic in 1801 under Sir Hyde Parker and Lord Nelson. He also served in North America, and, in 1812, the Americans having invaded Upper Canada, at Queenston, when General Brock, commanding in the province, fell in an effort to oppose the enemy, they posted themselves on a woody height above Queenston. Major-General Sheaffe, upon whom the command devolved, assembled some regular troops and militia, with a few Indians, and on the same day attacked and completely defeated the Americans, their general delivering his sword to Major-General Sheaffe, and surrendering the surviving troops on the field of battle, their number far exceeding the assailants. For these brilliant services Sir Roger Sheaffe was created a baronet of the United Kingdom.
Louis Jacques Maude Daguerre, whose name is for ever associated with the photographic process, of which he was the discoverer, died on the tenth of July, in Paris, in the sixty-second year of his age. He was a man of extreme modesty and great personal worth, and was devoted to art. He was favorably known to the world before the announcement of his discovery of the Daguerreotype. His attempts to improve panoramic painting, and the production of dioramic effects, were crowned with the most eminent success. Among his pictures, which attracted much attention at the time of their exhibition were, The Midnight Mass, Land-slip in the Valley of Goldau, The Temple of Solomon, and The Cathedral of Sainte Marie de Montreal. In these the alternate effects of night and day, and storm and sunshine, were beautifully produced. To these effects of light were added others, from the decomposition of form, by means of which, for example, in The Midnight Mass, figures appeared where the spectators had just beheld seats, altars, &c., and again, as in The Valley of Goldau, in which rocks tumbling from the mountains replaced the prospect of a smiling valley. The methods adopted in these pictures were published at the same time with the process of the Daguerreotype, by order of the French Government, who awarded an annual pensionof ten thousand francs to Daguerre and M. Niepce, jr., whose father had contributed towards the discovery of the Daguerreotype. Daguerre was led to experiments on chemical changes by solar radiations, with the hope of being able to apply the phenomena to the production of effects in his dioramic paintings. As the question of the part taken by him in the process to which he has given his name, has been discussed sometimes to his disadvantage, it appears important that his position should be correctly determined. In 1802, Wedgwood, of Etruria, the celebrated potter, made the first recorded experiments in photography; and these, with some additional ones by Sir Humphrey Davy, were published in the journals of the royal institution. In 1814, Mr. Joseph Nicephore Niepce was engaged in experiments to determine the possibility of fixing the images obtained in the camera obscura; but there does not appear any evidence of publication of any kind previously to 1827, when Niepce was in England. He there wrote several letters to Mr. Bauer, the microscopic observer, which are preserved and printed in Hunt'sResearches on Light. He also sent specimens of results obtained to the Royal Society, and furnished some to the cabinets of the curious, a few of which are yet in existence. These were pictures on metallic plates covered with a fine film of resin. In 1824 Daguerre commenced his researches, starting at that point at which Wedgwood left the process. He soon abandoned the employment of the nitrate and chloride of silver, and proceeded with his inquiry, using plates of metal and glass to receive his sensitive coatings. In 1829 M. Vincent Chevalier brought Niepce and Daguerre together, when they entered into partnership to prosecute the subject in common. For a long time they appear to have used the resinous surfaces only, when the contrast between the resin and the metal plates not being sufficiently great to give a good picture, endeavors were made to blacken that part of the plate from which the resin was removed in the process ofheliography(sun-drawing), as it was most happily called. Amongst other materials, iodine was employed; and Daguerre certainly was the first to notice the property possessed by the iodine coating of changing under the influence of the sun's rays. The following letter from Niepce to Daguerre is on this subject:
"81,Loup de Varennes, June 23, 1831.
"Sir, and dear Partner: I had long expected to hear from you with too much impatience not to receive and read with the greatest pleasure your letters of the tenth and twenty-first of last May. I shall confine myself in this reply to yours of the twenty-first, because, having been engaged ever since it reached me in your experiments on iodine, I hasten to communicate to you the results which I have obtained. I had given my attention to similar researches previous to our connection, but without hope of success, from the impossibility, or nearly so, in my opinion, of fixing in any durable manner the images received on iodine, even supposing the difficulty surmounted of replacing the lights and shadows in their natural order. My results in this respect have been entirely similar to those which the oxide of silver gave me; and promptitude of operation was the sole advantage which these substances appeared to offer. Nevertheless, last year, after you left this, I subjected iodine to new trials, but by a different mode of application. I informed you of the results, and your answer, not at all encouraging, decided me to carry these experiments no farther. It appears that you have since viewed the question under a less desperate aspect, and I do not hesitate to reply to the appeal which you have made.
"J. N. Niepce."
From this and other letters it is evident that Niepce had used iodine, and abandoned it on account of the difficulty of reversing the lights and shadows. Daguerre employed it also, and, as it appears, with far more promise of success than any obtained by M. Niepce. On the fifth of July, 1833, Niepce died; in 1837 Daguerre and Isodore Niepce, the son and heir of Nicephore Niepce, entered into a definite agreement; and in a letter written on the first November, 1837, to Daguerre, Isodore Niepce says, "What a difference, also, between the method which you employ and the one by which I toil on! While I require almost a whole day to make one design, you ask only four minutes! What an enormous advantage! It is so great, indeed, that no person, knowing both methods, would employ the old one." From this time it is established, that although both Niepce and Daguerre used iodine, the latter alone employed it with any degree of success, and the discovery of the use of mercurial vapor to produce the positive image clearly belongs to Daguerre. In January, 1839, the Daguerreotype pictures were first shown to the scientific and artistic public of Paris. The sensation they created was great, and the highest hopes of its utility were entertained. On the 15th June, M. Duchatel, Minister of the Interior, presented a bill to the Chamber of Deputies relative to the purchase of the process of M. Daguerre for fixing the images of the camera. A commission appointed by the Chamber, consisting of Arago, Etienne, Carl, Vatout, de Beaumont, Toursorer, Delessert (François), Combarel de Leyval, and Vitet, made their report on the third of July, and a special commission was appointed by the Chamber of Peers, composed of the following peers: Barons Athalin, Besson, Gay Lussac, the Marquis de Laplace, Vicomte Simeon, Baron Thenard, and the Comte de Noe, who reported favorably on the thirtieth July, 1839, and recommended unanimously that the "bill be adopted simply and without alteration." On the nineteenth of August the secret was for the first time publicly announced in the Institute by M. Arago, the English patent having been completed a few days before, in open defiance and contradiction of the statement of M. Duchatel to the Chamber of Deputies, who used these words, "Unfortunately for the authors of this beautiful discovery, it is impossible for them to bring their labor into the market, and thus indemnify themselves for the sacrifices incurred by so many attempts so long fruitless. This invention does not admit of being secured by patent." In conclusion, the Minister of the Interior said, "You will concur in a sentiment which has already awakened universal sympathy; you will never suffer us to leave to foreign nations the glory of endowing the world of science and of art with one of the most wonderful discoveries that honor our native land." Daguerre never did much towards the improvement of his process. The high degreeof sensibility which has been attained has been due to the experiments of others.
M. DAGUERRE.M. DAGUERRE.
Daguerre is said to have been always averse to sitting for his own picture, and there are but few photographs of him in existence. The one from which our engraving is copied was taken by Mr. Meade, of this city, and first appeared in theDaguerrean Journal, a monthly periodical conducted with marked ability by S. D. Humphrey and L. L. Hill, who are distinguished for their improvements upon Daguerre's process. We can refer to no more striking illustration of the advance of the beautiful art which the deceased discovered, than the existence of such a work, with more than two thousand subscribers among those who are occupied in the production of Daguerreotypes in this country.
The Rev. John Lingard, D. D., one of the most deservedly eminent scholars and writers of the Roman Catholic church in England, and one of the most distinguished historians of the time, died at Hornby, in Lancashire, on the 17th of July, at the advanced age of 81 years, and his remains were buried at Ushaw College, Durham, with which he was once officially connected. The deceased priest has left a reputation that will probably survive that of any of the persons of his sect who have been brought into notice by the recent agitations in England. His career as a controversial writer commenced while he was a young man, and was continued through a large portion of his laborious life. He was an unknown priest at Newcastle-on-Tyne, when, in 1804, he issued from the local press in that town hisHistory of the Anglo-Saxon Church, a work which constituted the first and most efficient effort to attract popular attention to those ecclesiastical institutions of the Saxons, which are now familiar objects of study and speculation. In 1805 he published Catholic Loyalty Vindicated. The next year, the bishop of Durham, in a charge to his clergy, having attacked the Roman Catholics, Mr. Lingard answered him, in Remarks on a Charge. This brought on a sharp controversy, in which several persons of ability took part, and Mr. Lingard published a General Vindication of the Remarks, with Replies to the Reverend T. Le Mesurier, G. S. Faber, and others (1808). These two pamphlets were followed, on the same subject, by Documents to ascertain the Sentiments of British Catholics in former Ages (1812); a Review of certain Anti-Catholic Publications (1813); and Strictures on Doctor Marsh's Comparative View of the Churches of England and Rome (1815). In the last of these publications, Mr. Lingard asserted that the church of England was modern, compared with that of Rome; an assertion which so much irritated the late Doctor Kipling, that he was absurd enough to threaten the author with a process in Westminster-hall, if he did not prove the truth of what he had stated. In 1809 Mr. Lingard published the Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church in an enlarged edition. Doctor Lingard is principally known in foreign countries as the author of a History of England till the Revolutionof 1688, of which ten editions have appeared and which has been translated into several languages. Although the object of this work is the vindication of the Roman Catholic church and clergy in England from the alleged misrepresentations of Protestant writers, yet it is allowed to be written in a candid and dispassionate tone. As a historian, the author is acute and perspicuous, judicious in the selection and arrangement of his materials, and clear and interesting in his narrative. He wrote from original sources, which he examined with care and diligence, and on many points gave new and more correct views of manners, events and characters. In 1826, he published a Vindication, &c., in reply to two articles in the Edinburgh Review (Nos. 83 and 87, written by Dr. Allen), charging him with inaccuracy and misrepresentation. A more favorable notice of the History appeared in No. 105 of the same Review.
The editions of his History, an English version of the Gospels, and other learned publications, in pamphlet form, consumed the time unoccupied by religious duty, or by converse with the neighbors and friends, who continually courted his society.
For the last forty years Dr. Lingard held the small and retired preferment belonging to the Roman Catholic Church in the village of Hornby, and there the historian resided, near to Hornby Castle, the seat of his attached and constant friend, Mr. Pudsey Dawson. After a lingering illness, he closed in this retirement his mortal career.
Dr. Lingard's residence was a small unpretending building, with three windows, connected with a little chapel built by himself, where, till last autumn, he regularly officiated. A door of communication opened into it from his house, the lower window of which lighted the room where he usually sat, and where he wrote the History of England. His garden consisted of a long strip, taken off a small grass field of about half an acre in extent. Here he passed much of his time, in the indulgence of his taste for rural occupations.
The private virtues of Dr. Lingard were as remarkable as his public talents. His whole habits of life were charmingly simple; his nature was kind, his disposition most affectionate. Always they were agreeable and profitable hours passed in his society, his mind was so richly stored, his knowledge so varied, his fund of anecdote so inexhaustible: a pleasantry and good humor pervaded his conversation at all times. He never sought controversy in visits among his friends. When questioned on the matters of his own faith, he would speak freely; those warmly attached to the Established Church or other creeds, widely differing from him in religious principles, never felt restraint in his society, or anticipated any sharpness or acrimony. In personal appearance he was rather above the middle height, and of slender frame; and though he had reached to full four-score years, his dark brown hair was but slightly tinged with gray: his small dark twinkling eye was singularly expressive, and his countenance bright and animated. The annexed portrait is from the miniature taken in 1849, by Mr. Scaife, and engraved for the last edition of the History of England.
It has been reported, though on doubtful authority, that very high positions in the Roman Catholic Church were more than once offered to Dr. Lingard. There is, it is believed, little or no truth in this; but those who knew his simple habits, and his love of retirement, would not be surprised at his preferring, even to the purple, his peaceful residence in the loveliest locality of the loveliest of England's northern valleys.