RECOMMENDATION 77: The Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense should devote significantly greater analytic resources to the task of understanding the threats and sources of violence in Iraq.
RECOMMENDATION 78: The Director of National Intelligence and the Secretary of Defense should also institute immediate changes in the collection of data about violence and the sources of violence in Iraq to provide a more accurate picture of events on the ground.
The Iraqi government must improve its intelligence capability, initially to work with the United States, and ultimately to take full responsibility for this intelligence function.
To facilitate enhanced Iraqi intelligence capabilities, the CIA should increase its personnel in Iraq to train Iraqi intelligence personnel. The CIA should also develop, with Iraqi officials, a counterterrorism intelligence center for the all-source fusion of information on the various sources of terrorism within Iraq. This center would analyze data concerning the individuals, organizations, networks, and support groups involved in terrorism within Iraq. It would also facilitate intelligence-led police and military actions against them.
RECOMMENDATION 79: The CIA should provide additional personnel in Iraq to develop and train an effective intelligence service and to build a counterterrorism intelligence center that will facilitate intelligence-led counterterrorism efforts.
The initiative for a bipartisan, independent, forward-looking "fresh-eyes" assessment of Iraq emerged from conversations U.S. House Appropriations Committee Member Frank Wolf had with us. In late 2005, Congressman Wolf asked the United States Institute of Peace, a bipartisan federal entity, to facilitate the assessment, in collaboration with the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University, the Center for the Study of the Presidency, and the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
Interested members of Congress, in consultation with the sponsoring organizations and the administration, agreed that former Republican U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker, III and former Democratic Congressman Lee H. Hamilton had the breadth of knowledge of foreign affairs required to co-chair this bipartisan effort. The co-chairs subsequently selected the other members of the bipartisan Iraq Study Group, all senior individuals with distinguished records of public service. Democrats included former Secretary of Defense William J. Perry, former Governor and U.S. Senator Charles S. Robb, former Congressman and White House chief of staff Leon E. Panetta, and Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., advisor to President Bill Clinton. Republicans included former Associate Justice to the U.S. Supreme Court Sandra Day O'Connor, former U.S. Senator Alan K. Simpson, former Attorney General Edwin Meese III, and former Secretary of State Lawrence S. Eagleburger. Former CIA Director Robert Gates was an active member for a period of months until his nomination as Secretary of Defense.
The Iraq Study Group was launched on March 15, 2006, in a Capitol Hill meeting hosted by U.S. Senator John Warner and attended by congressional leaders from both sides of the aisle.
To support the Study Group, the sponsoring organizations created four expert working groups consisting of 44 leading foreign policy analysts and specialists on Iraq. The working groups, led by staff of the United States Institute of Peace, focused on the Strategic Environment, Military and Security Issues, Political Development, and the Economy and Reconstruction. Every effort was made to ensure the participation of experts across a wide span of the political spectrum. Additionally, a panel of retired military officers was consulted.
We are grateful to all those who have assisted the Study Group, especially the supporting experts and staff. Our thanks go to Daniel P. Serwer of the Institute of Peace, who served as executive director; Christopher Kojm, advisor to the Study Group; John Williams, Policy Assistant to Mr. Baker; and Ben Rhodes, Special Assistant to Mr. Hamilton.
Richard H. Solomon, PresidentUnited States Institute of Peace
Edward P. Djerejian, Founding DirectorJames A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy,Rice University
David M. Abshire, PresidentCenter for the Study of the Presidency
John J. Hamre, PresidentCenter for Strategic and International Studies
March 15, 2006April 11-12, 2006May 18-19, 2005June 13-14, 2006 August 2-3, 2006August 30-September 4, 2006 (Trip to Baghdad)September 18-19, 2006November 13-14, 2006November 27-29, 2006
*Jalal Talabani—President*Tariq al-Hashimi—Vice President*Adil Abd al-Mahdi—Vice President*Nouri Kamal al-Maliki—Prime Minister*Salaam al-Zawbai—Deputy Prime Minister*Barham Salih—Deputy Prime Minister*Mahmoud al-Mashhadani—Speaker of the Parliament*Mowaffak al-Rubaie—National Security Advisor*Jawad Kadem al-Bolani—Minister of Interior*Abdul Qader Al-Obeidi—Minister of Defense*Hoshyar Zebari—Minister of Foreign Affairs*Bayan Jabr—Minister of Finance*Hussein al-Shahristani—Minister of Oil*Karim Waheed—Minister of Electricity*Akram al-Hakim—Minister of State for National Reconciliation Affairs*Mithal al-Alusi—Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation*Ayad Jamal al-Din—Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation*Ali Khalifa al-Duleimi—Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation*Sami al-Ma'ajoon—Member, High Commission on National Reconciliation*Muhammad Ahmed Mahmoud—Member, Commission on National Reconciliation*Wijdan Mikhael—Member, High Commission on National ReconciliationLt. General Nasir Abadi—Deputy Chief of Staff of the Iraqi Joint Forces*Adnan al-Dulaimi—Head of the Tawafuq listAli Allawi—Former Minister of Finance*Sheik Najeh al-Fetlawi—representative of Moqtada al-Sadr*Abd al-Aziz al-Hakim—Shia Coalition Leader*Sheik Maher al-Hamraa—Ayat Allah Said Sussein Al Sadar*Hajim al-Hassani—Member of the Parliament on the Iraqiya list*Hunain Mahmood Ahmed Al-Kaddo—President of the Iraqi Minorities Council*Abid al-Gufhoor Abid al-Razaq al-Kaisi—Dean of the Islamic University of the Imam Al-Atham*Ali Neema Mohammed Aifan al-Mahawili—Rafiday Al-Iraq Al-Jaded Foundation*Saleh al-Mutlaq—Leader of the Iraqi Front for National Dialogue*Ayyad al-Sammara'l—Member of the Parliament*Yonadim Kenna—Member of the Parliament and Secretary General of Assyrian Movement*Shahla Wali Mohammed—Iraqi Counterpart International*Hamid Majid Musa—Secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party*Raid Khyutab Muhemeed—Humanitarian, Cultural, and Social FoundationSinan Shabibi—Governor of the Central Bank of IraqSamir Shakir M. Sumaidaie—Ambassador of Iraq to the United States
George W. Bush—PresidentRichard B. Cheney—Vice PresidentCondoleezza Rice—Secretary of StateDonald H. Rumsfeld—Secretary of DefenseStephen J. Hadley—National Security AdvisorJoshua B. Bolten—White House Chief of Staff
CIVILIAN:Gordon England—Deputy Secretary of DefenseStephen Cambone—Under Secretary of Defense for IntelligenceEric Edelman—Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
MILITARY:General Peter Pace—Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffAdmiral Edmund Giambastiani—Vice-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of StaffGeneral John Abizaid—Commander, United States Central Command*General George W. Casey, Jr.—Commanding General, Multi-National Forces-IraqLt. General James T. Conway—Director of Operations, J-3, on the Joint Staff*Lt. General Peter Chiarelli—Commander, Multi-National Forces-IraqLt. General David H. Petraeus—Commanding General,U.S. Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth*Lt. General Martin Dempsey—Commander Multi-National Security Transition Command-Iraq*Maj. General Joseph Peterson—Coalition Police Assistance Training Team*Maj. General Richard Zilmer—Commander, 1st Marine Expeditionary ForceColonel Derek Harvey—Senior Intelligence Officer for Iraq, Defense Intelligence AgencyLt. Colonel Richard Bowyer—National War College (recently served in Iraq)Lt. Colonel Justin Gubler—National War College (recently served in Iraq)Lt. Colonel David Haight—National War College (recently served in Iraq)Lt. Colonel Russell Smith—National War College (recently served in Iraq)
R. Nicholas Burns—Under Secretary of State for Political AffairsPhilip Zelikow—Counselor to the Department of StateC. David Welch—Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern AffairsJames Jeffrey—Senior Advisor to Secretary Rice and Coordinator for Iraq PolicyDavid Satterfield—Senior Advisor to Secretary Rice and Coordinator for Iraq PolicyZalmay Khalilzad—U.S. Ambassador to Iraq*Dan Speckhard—Charge D'Affaires, U.S. Embassy in Iraq*Joseph Saloom—Director, Iraq Reconstruction and Management Office*Hilda Arellano—U.S. Agency for International Development Director in Iraq*Terrance Kelly—Director, Office of Strategic Plans and Assessments*Randall Bennett—Regional Security Officer of the U.S. Embassy, Baghdad, Iraq
John D. Negroponte—Director of National IntelligenceGeneral Michael V. Hayden—Director, Central Intelligence AgencyThomas Fingar—Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Analysis andChairman of the National Intelligence CouncilJohn Sherman—Deputy National Intelligence Officer for Military IssuesSteve Ward—Deputy National Intelligence Officer for the Middle EastJeff Wickham—Iraq Analyst, Central Intelligence Agency
David Walker—Comptroller General of the United States*Stuart Bowen—Special Inspector General for Iraqi Reconstruction
Senator William Frist (R-TN)—Majority LeaderSenator Harry Reid (D-NV)—Minority LeaderSenator Mitch McConnell (R-KY)—Majority WhipSenator Richard Durbin (D-IL)—Minority WhipSenator Richard Lugar (R-IN)—Chair, Foreign Relations CommitteeSenator John Warner (R-VA)—Chair, Armed Services CommitteeSenator Joseph Biden (D-DE)—Ranking Member, Foreign Relations CommitteeSenator Carl Levin (D-MI)—Ranking Member, Armed Services CommitteeSenator Jeff Bingaman (D-NM)—Ranking Member, Energy and Resources CommitteeSenator Kit Bond (R-MO)—Member, Intelligence CommitteeSenator James Inhofe (R-OK)—Member, Armed Services CommitteeSenator John Kerry (D-MA)—Member, Foreign Relations CommitteeSenator Joseph Lieberman (D-CT)—Member, Armed Services CommitteeSenator John McCain (R-AZ)—Member, Armed Services CommitteeSenator Jack Reed (D-RI)—Member, Armed Services Committee
Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-CA)—Minority Leader RepresentativeTom Davis (R-VA)—Chair, Government Reform CommitteeRepresentative Jane Harman (D-CA)—Ranking Member, Intelligence CommitteeRepresentative Ike Skelton (D-MO)—Ranking Member, Armed Services CommitteeRepresentative John Murtha (D-PA)—Ranking Member, Appropriations Subcommittee on DefenseRepresentative Jim Cooper (D-TN)—Member, Armed Services CommitteeRepresentative Michael McCaul (R-TX)—Member, International Relations CommitteeRepresentative Alan Mollohan (D-WV)—Member, Appropriations CommitteeRepresentative Christopher Shays (R-CT)—Member, Government Reform CommitteeRepresentative Frank Wolf (R-VA)—Member, Appropriations Committee
Sheikh Salem al-Abdullah al-Sabah—Ambassador of Kuwait to the United StatesMichael Ambuhl—Secretary of State of SwitzerlandKofi Annan—Secretary-General of the United Nations*Dominic Asquith—British Ambassador to IraqTony Blair—Prime Minister of the United KingdomPrince Turki al-Faisal—Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United StatesNabil Fahmy—Ambassador of Egypt to the United StatesKarim Kawar—Ambassador of Jordan to the United StatesNasser bin Hamad al-Khalifa—Ambassador of Qatar to the United States*Mukhtar Lamani—Arab League envoy to IraqSir David Manning—British Ambassador to the United StatesImad Moustapha—Ambassador of Syria to the United StatesWalid Muallem—Foreign Minister of SyriaRomano Prodi—Prime Minister of Italy*Ashraf Qazi—Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for IraqAnders Fogh Rasmussen—Prime Minister of DenmarkNabi Sensoy—Ambassador of Turkey to the United StatesEphraim Sneh—Deputy Minister of Defense of the State of IsraelJavad Zarif—Iranian Ambassador to the United NationsSheikh Abdullah bin Zayad—Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Emirates
William J. Clinton—former President of the United StatesWalter Mondale—former Vice President of the United StatesMadeleine K. Albright—former United States Secretary of StateWarren Christopher—former United States Secretary of StateHenry Kissinger—former United States Secretary of StateColin Powell—former United States Secretary of StateGeorge P. Schultz—former United States Secretary of StateSamuel R. Berger—former United States National Security AdvisorZbigniew Brzezinski—former United States National Security AdvisorAnthony Lake—former United States National Security AdvisorGeneral Brent Scowcroft—former United States National Security AdvisorGeneral Eric Shinseki—former Chief of Staff of the United States ArmyGeneral Anthony Zinni—former Commander, United States Central CommandGeneral John Keane—former Vice Chief of Staff of the United States ArmyAdmiral Jim Ellis—former Commander of United States Strategic CommandGeneral Joe Ralston—former Supreme Allied Commander of NATOLt. General Roger C. Schultz—former Director of the United States Army National GuardDouglas Feith—former United States Under Secretary of Defense for PolicyMark Danner—The New York Review of BooksLarry Diamond—Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford UniversityThomas Friedman—New York TimesLeslie Gelb—President Emeritus, Council on Foreign RelationsRichard Hill—Director, Office of Strategic Initiatives and Analysis, CHF InternationalRichard C. Holbrooke—former Ambassador of the United States to the United NationsMartin S. Indyk—Director, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, The Brookings InstitutionRonald Johnson—Executive Vice President for International Development, RTI InternationalFrederick Kagan—The American Enterprise InstituteArthur Keys, Jr.—President and CEO, International Relief and DevelopmentWilliam Kristol—The Weekly Standard*Guy Laboa—Kellogg, Brown & RootNancy Lindborg—President, Mercy CorpsMichael O'Hanlon—Senior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings InstitutionGeorge Packer—The New YorkerCarlos Pascual—Vice President and Director, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings InstitutionRobert Perito—Senior Program Officer, United States Institute of Peace*Col. Jack Petri, USA (Ret.)—advisor to the Iraqi Ministry of InteriorKenneth Pollack—Director of Research, Saban Center for Middle East Policy, The Brookings InstitutionThomas Ricks—The Washington PostZainab Salbi—Founder and CEO, Women for Women InternationalMatt Sherman—former Deputy Senior Advisor and Director of Policy, Iraqi Ministry of InteriorStrobe Talbott—President, The Brookings InstitutionRabih Torbay—Vice President for International Operations, International Medical CorpsGeorge Will—The Washington Post
Gary Matthews, USIP SecretariatDirector, Task Force on the United Nations and Special Projects,United States Institute of PeaceRaad AlkadiriDirector, Country Strategies Group, PFC EnergyFrederick D. BartonSenior Adviser and Co-Director, International Security Program,Center for Strategic & International StudiesJay CollinsChief Executive Officer, Public Sector Group, Citigroup, Inc.Jock P. CoveySenior Vice President, External Affairs, Corporate Securityand Sustainability Services, Bechtel CorporationKeith CraneSenior Economist, RAND CorporationAmy Myers JaffeAssociate Director for Energy Studies, James A. Baker III Institutefor Public Policy, Rice UniversityK. Riva LevinsonManaging Director, BKSH & AssociatesDavid A. LiptonManaging Director and Head of Global Country Risk Management,Citigroup, IncMichael E. O'HanlonSenior Fellow, Foreign Policy Studies, The Brookings InstitutionJames A. PlackeSenior Associate, Cambridge Energy Research AssociatesJames A. SchearDirector of Research, Institute for National Strategic Studies,National Defense University
Paul Hughes, USIP SecretariatSenior Program Officer, Center for Post-Conflict Peace andStability Operations, United States Institute of PeaceHans A. BinnendijkDirector & Theodore Roosevelt Chair, Center for Technology &National Security Policy, National Defense UniversityJames CarafanoSenior Research Fellow, Defense and Homeland Security, Douglasand Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy Studies,The Heritage FoundationMichael EisenstadtDirector, Military & Security Program, The Washington Institute forNear East PolicyMichèle A. FlournoySenior Advisor, International Security Program, Center forStrategic & International StudiesBruce HoffmanProfessor, Security Studies Program, Edmund A. Walsh School ofForeign Service, Georgetown UniversityClifford MayPresident, Foundation for the Defense of DemocraciesRobert M. PeritoSenior Program Officer, Center for Post-Conflict Peace andStability Operations, United States Institute of PeaceKalev I. SeppAssistant Professor, Department of Defense Analysis, Centeron Terrorism and Irregular Warfare, Naval Postgraduate SchoolJohn F. SiglerAdjunct Distinguished Professor, Near East South Asia Centerfor Strategic Studies, National Defense UniversityW. Andrew TerrillResearch Professor, National Security Affairs, StrategicStudies InstituteJeffrey A. WhiteBerrie Defense Fellow, Washington Institute for Near East Policy
Daniel P. Serwer, USIP SecretariatVice President, Center for Post-Conflict Peace and StabilityOperations, United States Institute of PeaceRaymond H. CloseFreelance Analyst and Commentator on Middle East PoliticsLarry Diamond Senior Fellow, The Hoover Institution,Sanford University, and Co-Editor, Journal of DemocracyAndrew P. N. ErdmannFormer Director for Iran, Iraq and Strategic Planning,National Security CouncilReuel Marc GerechtResident Fellow, American Enterprise InstituteDavid L. MackVice President, The Middle East InstitutePhebe A. MarrSenior Fellow, United States Institute of PeaceHassan MneimnehDirector, Documentation Program, The Iraq Memory FoundationAugustus Richard NortonProfessor of International Relations and Anthropology,Department of International Relations, Boston UniversityMarina S. OttawaySenior Associate, Democracy and Rule of Law Project,Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceJudy Van RestExecutive Vice President, International Republican InstituteJudith S. YapheDistinguished Research Fellow for the Middle East,Institute for National Strategic Studies,National Defense University
Paul Stares, USIP SecretariatVice President, Center for Conflict Analysis and Prevention,United States Institute of PeaceJon B. AltermanDirector, Middle East Program, Center for Strategic &International StudiesSteven A. CookDouglas Dillon Fellow, Council on Foreign RelationsJames F. DobbinsDirector, International Security and Defense Policy Center,RAND CorporationHillel FradkinDirector, Center for Islam, Democracy and theFuture of the Muslim World, Hudson InstituteChas W. FreemanChairman, Projects International and President,Middle East Policy CouncilGeoffrey KempDirector, Regional Strategic Programs, The Nixon CenterDaniel C. KurtzerS. Daniel Abraham Visiting Professor, Middle East Policy Studies,Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton UniversityEllen LaipsonPresident and CEO, The Henry L. Stimson CenterWilliam B. QuandtEdward R. Stettinius, Jr. Professor of Government andForeign Affairs, University of Virginia, and Nonresident SeniorFellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy,The Brookings InstitutionShibley TelhamiAnwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development,Department of Government & Politics, University of Maryland,and Nonresident Senior Fellow, Saban Center for Middle East Policy,The Brookings InstitutionWayne WhiteAdjunct Scholar, Public Policy Center, Middle East Institute
Admiral James O. Ellis, Jr.United States Navy, RetiredGeneral John M. KeaneUnited States Army, RetiredGeneral Edward C. MeyerUnited States Army, RetiredGeneral Joseph W. RalstonUnited States Air Force, RetiredLieutenant General Roger C. Schultz, Sr.United States Army, Retired
James A. Baker, III, has served in senior government positions under three United States presidents. He served as the nation's 61st Secretary of State from January 1989 through August 1992 under President George H. W. Bush. During his tenure at the State Department, Mr. Baker traveled to 90 foreign countries as the United States confronted the unprecedented challenges and opportunities of the post-Cold War era. Mr. Baker's reflections on those years of revolution, war, and peace—The Politics of Diplomacy—was published in 1995.
Mr. Baker served as the 67th Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 under President Ronald Reagan. As Treasury Secretary, he was also Chairman of the President's Economic Policy Council. From 1981 to 1985, he served as White House Chief of Staff to President Reagan. Mr. Baker's record of public service began in 1975 as Under Secretary of Commerce to President Gerald Ford. It concluded with his service as White House Chief of Staff and Senior Counselor to President Bush from August 1992 to January 1993.
Long active in American presidential politics, Mr. Baker led presidential campaigns for Presidents Ford, Reagan, and Bush over the course of five consecutive presidential elections from 1976 to 1992.
A native Houstonian, Mr. Baker graduated from Princeton University in 1952. After two years of active duty as a lieutenant in the United States Marine Corps, he entered the University of Texas School of Law at Austin. He received his J.D. with honors in 1957 and practiced law with the Houston firm of Andrews and Kurth from 1957 to 1975.
Mr. Baker's memoir—Work Hard, Study . . . and Keep Out of Politics! Adventures and Lessons from an Unexpected Public Life—was published in October 2006.
Mr. Baker received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1991 and has been the recipient of many other awards for distinguished public service, including Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson Award, the American Institute for Public Service's Jefferson Award, Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government Award, the Hans J. Morgenthau Award, the George F. Kennan Award, the Department of the Treasury's Alexander Hamilton Award, the Department of State's Distinguished Service Award, and numerous honorary academic degrees.
Mr. Baker is presently a senior partner in the law firm of Baker Botts. He is Honorary Chairman of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University and serves on the board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. From 1997 to 2004, Mr. Baker served as the Personal Envoy of United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan to seek a political solution to the conflict over Western Sahara. In 2003, Mr. Baker was appointed Special Presidential Envoy for President George W. Bush on the issue of Iraqi debt. In 2005, he was co-chair, with former President Jimmy Carter, of the Commission on Federal Election Reform. Since March 2006, Mr. Baker and former U.S. Congressman Lee H. Hamilton have served as the co-chairs of the Iraq Study Group, a bipartisan blue-ribbon panel on Iraq.
Mr. Baker was born in Houston, Texas, in 1930. He and his wife, the former Susan Garrett, currently reside in Houston, and have eight children and seventeen grandchildren. Garrett, currently reside in Houston, and have eight children and seventeen grandchildren.
Lee H. Hamilton became Director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in January 1999. Previously, Mr. Hamilton served for thirty-four years as a United States Congressman from Indiana. During his tenure, he served as Chairman and Ranking Member of the House Committee on Foreign Affairs (now the Committee on International Relations) and chaired the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East from the early 1970s until 1993. He was Chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and the Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with Iran.
Also a leading figure on economic policy and congressional organization, he served as Chair of the Joint Economic Committee as well as the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, and was a member of the House Standards of Official Conduct Committee. In his home state of Indiana, Mr. Hamilton worked hard to improve education, job training, and infrastructure. Currently, Mr. Hamilton serves as Director of the Center on Congress at Indiana University, which seeks to educate citizens on the importance of Congress and on how Congress operates within our government.
Mr. Hamilton remains an important and active voice on matters of international relations and American national security. He served as a Commissioner on the United States Commission on National Security in the 21st Century (better known as the Hart-Rudman Commission), was Co-Chair with former Senator Howard Baker of the Baker-Hamilton Commission to Investigate Certain Security Issues at Los Alamos, and was Vice-Chairman of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission), which issued its report in July 2004. He is currently a member of the President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the President's Homeland Security Advisory Council, as well as the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Advisory Board.
Born in Daytona Beach, Florida, Mr. Hamilton relocated with his family to Tennessee and then to Evansville, Indiana. Mr. Hamilton is a graduate of DePauw University and the Indiana University School of Law, and studied for a year at Goethe University in Germany. Before his election to Congress, he practiced law in Chicago and in Columbus, Indiana. A former high school and college basketball star, he has been inducted into the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.
Mr. Hamilton's distinguished service in government has been honored through numerous awards in public service and human rights as well as honorary degrees. He is the author of A Creative Tension—The Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress (2002) and How Congress Works and Why You Should Care (2004), and the coauthor of Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission (2006).
Lee and his wife, the former Nancy Ann Nelson, have three children— Tracy Lynn Souza, Deborah Hamilton Kremer, and Douglas Nelson Hamilton—and five grandchildren: Christina, Maria, McLouis and Patricia Souza and Lina Ying Kremer.
Lawrence S. Eagleburger was sworn in as the 62nd U.S. Secretary of State by President George H. W. Bush on December 8, 1992, and as Deputy Secretary of State on March 20, 1989.
After his entry into the Foreign Service in 1957, Mr. Eagleburger served in the U.S. Embassy in Tegucigalpa, Honduras, in the State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, in the U.S. Embassy in Belgrade, and the U.S. Mission to NATO in Belgium. In 1963, after a severe earthquake in Macedonia, he led the U.S. government effort to provide medical and other assistance. He was then assigned to Washington, D.C., where he served on the Secretariat staff and as special assistant to Dean Acheson, advisor to the President on Franco-NATO issues. In August 1966, he became acting director of the Secretariat staff.
In October 1966, Mr. Eagleburger joined the National Security Council staff. In October 1967, he was assigned as special assistant to Under Secretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach. In November 1968, he was appointed Dr. Henry Kissinger's assistant, and in January 1969, he became executive assistant to Dr. Kissinger at the White House. In September 1969, he was assigned as political advisor and chief of the political section of the U.S. Mission to NATO in Brussels.
Mr. Eagleburger became Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense in August 1971. Two years later, he became Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. The same year he returned to the White House as Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Operations. He subsequently followed Dr. Kissinger to the State Department, becoming Executive Assistant to the Secretary of State. In 1975, he was made Deputy Under Secretary of State for Management.
In June 1977, Mr. Eagleburger was appointed Ambassador to Yugoslavia, and in 1981 he was nominated as Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs. In February 1982, he was appointed Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.
Mr. Eagleburger has received numerous awards, including an honorary knighthood from Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II (1994); the Distinguished Service Award (1992), the Wilbur J. Carr Award (1984), and the Distinguished Honor Award (1984) from the Department of State; the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal from the Department of Defense (1978); and the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service (1976).
After retiring from the Department of State in May 1984, Mr. Eagleburger was named president of Kissinger Associates, Inc. Following his resignation as Secretary of State on January 19, 1993, he joined the law firm of Baker, Donelson, Bearman and Caldwell as Senior Foreign Policy Advisor. He joined the boards of Halliburton Company, Phillips Petroleum Company, and Universal Corporation. Mr. Eagleburger currently serves as Chairman of the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims.
He received his B.S. degree in 1952 and his M.S. degree in 1957, both from the University of Wisconsin, and served as first lieutenant in the U.S. Army from 1952 to 1954. Mr. Eagleburger is married to the former Marlene Ann Heinemann. He is the father of three sons, Lawrence Scott, Lawrence Andrew, and Lawrence Jason.
Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., is a Senior Managing Director of Lazard Frères & Co, LLC in New York. He works with a diverse group of clients across a broad range of industries.
Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Jordan was a Senior Executive Partner with the law firm of Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld, LLP, where he remains Senior Counsel. While there Mr. Jordan practiced general, corporate, legislative, and international law in Washington, D.C.
Before Akin Gump, Mr. Jordan held the following positions: President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Urban League, Inc.; Executive Director of the United Negro College Fund, Inc.; Director of the Voter Education Project of the Southern Regional Council; Attorney-Consultant, U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity; Assistant to the Executive Director of the Southern Regional Council; Georgia Field Director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; and an attorney in private practice in Arkansas and Georgia.
Mr. Jordan's presidential appointments include the President's Advisory Committee for the Points of Light Initiative Foundation, the Secretary of State's Advisory Committee on South Africa, the Advisory Council on Social Security, the Presidential Clemency Board, the American Revolution Bicentennial Commission, the National Advisory Committee on Selective Service, and the Council of the White House Conference "To Fulfill These Rights." In 1992, Mr. Jordan served as the Chairman of the Clinton Presidential Transition Team.
Mr. Jordan's corporate and other directorships include American Express Company; Asbury Automotive Group, Inc.; Howard University (Trustee); J. C. Penney Company, Inc.; Lazard Ltd.; Xerox Corporation; and the International Advisory Board of Barrick Gold.
Mr. Jordan is a graduate of DePauw University and the Howard University Law School. He holds honorary degrees from more than 60 colleges and universities in America. He is a member of the bars of Arkansas, the District of Columbia, Georgia, and the U.S. Supreme Court. He is a member of the American Bar Association, the National Bar Association, the Council on Foreign Relations, and the Bilderberg Meetings and he is President of the Economic Club of Washington, D.C. Mr. Jordan is the author of Vernon Can Read! A Memoir (Public Affairs, 2001).
Edwin Meese III holds the Ronald Reagan Chair in Public Policy at the Heritage Foundation, a Washington, D.C.-based public policy research and education institution. He is also the Chairman of Heritage's Center for Legal and Judicial Studies and a distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution, Stanford University. In addition, Meese lectures, writes, and consults throughout the United States on a variety of subjects.
Meese is the author of With Reagan: The Inside Story, which was published by Regnery Gateway in June 1992; co-editor of Making America Safer, published in 1997 by the Heritage Foundation; and coauthor of Leadership, Ethics and Policing, published by Prentice Hall in 2004.
Meese served as the 75th Attorney General of the United States from February 1985 to August 1988. As the nation's chief law enforcement officer, he directed the Department of Justice and led international efforts to combat terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized crime. In 1985 he received Government Executive magazine's annual award for excellence in management.
From January 1981 to February 1985, Meese held the position of Counsellor to the President, the senior position on the White House staff, where he functioned as the President's chief policy advisor. As Attorney General and as Counsellor, Meese was a member of the President's cabinet and the National Security Council. He served as Chairman of the Domestic Policy Council and of the National Drug Policy Board. Meese headed the President-elect's transition effort following the November 1980 election. During the presidential campaign, he served as chief of staff and senior issues advisor for the Reagan-Bush Committee.
Formerly, Meese served as Governor Reagan's executive assistant and chief of staff in California from 1969 through 1974 and as legal affairs secretary from 1967 through 1968. Before joining Governor Reagan's staff in 1967, Meese served as deputy district attorney in Alameda County, California. From 1977 to 1981, Meese was a professor of law at the University of San Diego, where he also was Director of the Center for Criminal Justice Policy and Management.
In addition to his background as a lawyer, educator, and public official, Meese has been a business executive in the aerospace and transportation industry, serving as vice president for administration of Rohr Industries, Inc., in Chula Vista, California. He left Rohr to return to the practice of law, engaging in corporate and general legal work in San Diego County.
Meese is a graduate of Yale University, Class of 1953, and holds a law degree from the University of California at Berkeley. He is a retired colonel in the United States Army Reserve. He is active in numerous civic and educational organizations. Meese is married, has two grown children, and resides in McLean, Virginia.
Sandra Day O'Connor was nominated by President Reagan as Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court on July 7, 1981, and took the oath of office on September 25. O'Connor previously served on the Arizona Court of Appeals (1979-81) and as judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court in Phoenix, Arizona (1975-79). She was appointed as Arizona state senator in 1969 and was subsequently elected to two two-year terms from 1969 to 1975. During her tenure, she was Arizona Senate Majority Leader and Chairman of the State, County, and Municipal Affairs Committee, and she served on the Legislative Council, on the Probate Code Commission, and on the Arizona Advisory Council on Intergovernmental Relations.
From 1965 to 1969, O'Connor was assistant attorney general in Arizona. She practiced law at a private firm in Maryvale, Arizona, from 1958 to 1960 and prior to that was civilian attorney for Quartermaster Market Center in Frankfurt, Germany (1954-57), and deputy county attorney in San Mateo County, California (1952-53)
She was previously Chairman of the Arizona Supreme Court Committee to Reorganize Lower Courts (1974-75), Vice Chairman of the Arizona Select Law Enforcement Review Commission (1979-80), and, in Maricopa County, Chairman of the Bar Association Lawyer Referral Service (1960-62), the Juvenile Detention Home Visiting Board (1963-64), and the Superior Court Judges' Training and Education Committee (1977-79) and a member of the Board of Adjustments and Appeals (1963-64).
O'Connor currently serves as Chancellor of the College of William and Mary and on the Board of Trustees of the Rockefeller Foundation, the Executive Board of the Central European and Eurasian Law Initiative, the Advisory Board of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, and the Advisory Committee of the American Society of International Law, Judicial. She is an honorary member of the Advisory Committee for the Judiciary Leadership Development Council, an honorary chair of America's 400th Anniversary: Jamestown 2007, a co-chair of the National Advisory Council of the Campaign for the Civic Mission of Schools, a member of the Selection Committee of the Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum, and a member of the Advisory Board of the Stanford Center on Ethics. She also serves on several bodies of the American Bar Association, including the Museum of Law Executive Committee, the Commission on Civic Education and Separation of Powers, and the Advisory Commission of the Standing Committee on the Law Library of Congress.
O'Connor previously served as a member of the Anglo-American Exchange (1980); the State Bar of Arizona Committees on Legal Aid, Public Relations, Lower Court Reorganization, and Continuing Legal Education; the National Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services (1974-76); the Arizona State Personnel Commission (1968-69); the Arizona Criminal Code Commission (1974-76); and the Cathedral Chapter of the Washington National Cathedral (1991-99).
O'Connor is a member of the American Bar Association, the State Bar of Arizona, the State Bar of California, the Maricopa County Bar Association, the Arizona Judges' Association, the National Association of Women Judges, and the Arizona Women Lawyers' Association. She holds a B.A. (with Great Distinction) and an LL.B. (Order of the Coif) from Stanford University, where she was also a member of the board of editors of the Stanford Law Review.