Fig. 4.Fig. 5.
Fig. 4.Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 11.
Figs.2to11are drawn to one-half the actual size of the “Uhlinger Card Stamping Machine.”
Figs.13,16,17,18,19are drawn to one-quarter the actual size of the “Royle Card Stamping Machine.”
Figs.2and13(E,F,G,H,) represent the top view of the head (cover taken off), the twelve holes for holding the punches for one row, also the large hole for holding the peg,P. Each punch works vertically, and is guided by a key for stamping the hole.
Fig. 14illustrates the punch (actual size) as used in the “Royle” machine:atob= 3/4 inch;btoc= 2-7/8 inches; 7/32 inch diameter of punch,dtoc.
Fig. 15illustrates a corresponding key: diameter of key 3/16 inch,dtoe; diameter of head, 3/8 inch,atob;cis the hole for inserting the pin which holds the spring. The length of the keys vary from 1-3/4 to 2-1/8 inches, according to the position they occupy in the machine. The punch and key of the Uhlinger machine are shown (one-half of actual size) in Figs.4and5.
AandB, in Figs.2and13, represent the piston for guiding the head in its vertical motion.
Fig. 3represents the front view of the head. The numbers and letters indicating the different parts correspond withFig. 2.
The principle of construction and action of the heads in both kinds of machine are similar. Each key is provided with a fine spiral spring, which, after every action of the key, returns it to its original position. The key for the peg-hole is controlled by the larger spring,S,D, in Figs.2and13. The arrows in these two drawings indicate the direction taken by the keys when under pressure.
When cutting cards eight rows deep, the thumb of the right hand works the key for the peg-hole; the eight keys in the rear of the machine (which are the ones to be used) are worked by the four fingers of each hand.
When cutting cards twelve rows deep, the eight keys in the rear are operated by the eight fingers in the same manner; but the thumb of the right hand operateskeys marked 1 and 2, and the thumb of the left hand operates keys marked 11 and 12.
During the cutting operation the fingers should not be removed from the keys; they should always be in readiness to press the required key into action, as this is the only way to become expert.
The eye of the card stamper must rest uninterruptedly on his design; and the keys are called at will by the fingers, without the eye leaving the design, to find out where a certain key or finger is situated at the time.
Fig. 4shows relative positions of punch,S, and key,E, when ready for stamping a hole.
Fig. 5shows the relative positions of punch and key when no hole is required.
Orepresents the Jacquard card as resting in the slot of the lower head. II. inFig. 3, markedX to Z, shows a full width view of this card.
The spaceD, in Figs.4and5permits the spring to be inserted regulating the key.A,B,C, solid parts of the upper head, (I., inFig. 3).F,G,K,L, solid parts of the lower head, (II., inFig. 3).
The cards are passed into and through the stationary part of the head atX,Z, and are attached to a “carriage” in the rear of the punch head.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 12.
Two methods are employed for moving the carriage:
1st. By a “skipper” at its rear fastened to the carriage, which moves in a rack of pins secured to the cutting table. This method of construction is used by the Uhlinger machine. Figs.6and7are front and side views of this mechanism. Figs.8and9, the top view and sectional cut of the rack.
2d. The rack is fastened to the carriage, and the skipper to the table, thus reversing the first method. [SeeFig. 19, top view.] This method of construction is employed in the Royle machine.
The distance of the pins in the racks in both systems of construction (American and French) corresponds to the distance of the rows in the card. The racks are generally constructed for 600, 900, and 1200 Jacquard machines. Of these three sizes the 1200 is the most advantageous, as cards can be cut for any smaller size machine. The rack of a 900 machine (French index) contains 88 pins, while that of a 1200 machine (French index) contains 114 pins.
Fig. 10illustrates the “catch” for holding the cards in the Uhlinger machine. This is fastened to the carriage when pressed by the hand on top in the direction of arrow,S; this catch will compress spring,D, in the direction of arrow,S´, thus opening the “blade,”C, (front view shown byFig. 11), in the direction of arrow,S´´, thus allowing the card to be inserted and held, securely fastened to the carriage.
Fig. 18illustrates the side view of the carriage and its catch for holding the Jacquard card as used in the Royle machine. Arrow,S, indicates the pressure of the operator’s hand on lever,B, when the card is inserted. This lever presses by means of presser,D, in the direction of arrow,S´, on the double-acting lever,E,atc. This lever moving around its fulcrum,e, will lift catch,F, in the direction of arrow,S´´, thus allowing the card to be inserted. Spring,G, fastened to main part of carriage,A, by means of screw,a, secures the card to the catch.C,C´, are the carriage wheels, of which there are four.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.Fig. 19.
Fig. 18.
Fig. 19.
Fig. 19represents the top view ofFig. 18, and is designed to show the arrangement of levers, wheels, and catches of the complete rack as used for a 900 machine. The letters indicating the different parts correspond with the ones used inFig. 18.
Fig. 16shows top view and ground plan, andFig. 17the front elevation of the “card-guide,” as constructed on the Royle machine. It is universal and self-adjusting to any width of cards from 3/4 to 3-1/2 inches; both guide-plates,CandD, are caused to move equally toward or away from the peg-punch, thus accurately centering the peg-hole in all cards.
LettersA,B,P, and numbers 1 to 12, correspond to those used inFig. 13.E,F,H,K, are the three levers moving around pin,G, (the latter in even line with the centre of the peg-hole,P). These levers are held by screw,L, in any required position. Spring,S, holds lever,F,H, against pin,T, which in turn is fastened to the same plate as screw,L.
Fig. 16indicates the card-guide set for a 12-row card. Let us suppose it necessary to cut an 8-row card. Loosen screw,L, and spring,S, will instantly contract until each side of the guide has moved the required distance (two holes and two spaces between holes) towards the centre. Much valuable time is saved by the use of this guide, as it instantly adjusts itself to any width of card, and at the same time centralizes each card passed through the machine. In factories where broken cards require to be constantly renewed, the value of this guide is especially noticeable, there being no material interruption of the regular work of the operator, who can replace the damaged card at the moment wanted.
Fig. 20.
Fig. 20.
Letters indicating the different parts inFig. 17, correspond to those used inFig. 16. As mentioned before, the pistons,AandB, of the cutting head are connected below the table to the cutting levers, and by a simple combination of levers,the cutting pedal is brought in direct relation to the cutting lever; all of which are illustrated in the perspective view of the Royle machine inFig. 20, and the Uhlinger machine inFig. 12. The working of the cutting pedal is very simple. Pressing the pedal, situated at the right, causes the punch head to descend, and the punch penetrates the card. Transferring the pressure from the right to the left pedal raises the punch-head to its former position, (punches above card), ready for a repetition of these movements. The “skip” arrangement allows the carriage to advance the distance from one pin to the other in the card-rack, thus placing the card in proper position under the punches.
At the proper height above the punch-head is the reading-board, on which the guide-rules are moved across the design by screws, which are connected by gearing and operated by means of the hand-wheel or crank shown on the lower side of the board. As drawing-pins or thumb-tacks are generally used as fastenings for the design, the reading-board is made of soft wood, and its trimmings are made of hard wood.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 21illustrates the Uhlinger Card Stamping Machine operated by belt-power. Being the same in principle as the foot-power machine, it is only necessary to state that instead of working the machine by means of the cutting pedals, it is done automatically by simply touching any of the keys that operate the punches; thus the machine makes one stroke and punches the required holes.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 22.
Before commencing this work a clear conception of the tie-up and leasing of the heddles is required. The holes in the cards for the needles to penetrate, or the spots in cards where no hole is to be stamped, must be arranged in an uninterrupted chain from one row to the other, until all the rows are taken up. As previously mentioned, the method observed in tying-up the loom is the guide for stamping the cards. The number of ends required in a certain design may repeat only once in the number of hooks and needles employed in the Jacquard machine; or they may repeat two, three, or more times.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 23illustrates a design upon 40 warp-threads.Fig. 22shows the correspondingcard, (French index), one-fourth of its actual size, for the first pick. In a 200 machine this design will repeat itself five times. The lace-holes and the peg-holes are blank. The reserve row (26th) is shaded, and the design as cut in card is indicated by black dots. This cut also shows the direction of reading each row to correspond with the numbering for the punch-heads, in Figs.2,3,13, and card-guide inFig. 16. The numbers 1 to 40, 41 to 80, 81 to 120, 121 to 160, 161 to 200, indicate the direction of stamping the design, as well as the five repeats to form the complete card. In this connection it will be of great advantage to examineFig. XXIX., p. 28, under the head of the Jacquard Machine and its Tie-ups.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 24illustrates a Jacquard card (American index) stamped for ingrain carpets, one-half of actual size. This card illustrates the stamping for two textures, 1´ to 208´ being for “extra fine.” The 26 rows needed are shown full black, and marked to correspond. The peg-holes and lace-holes are left blank. In the other texture, or what is termed “extra super” ingrain carpet, the additional rows are represented by the shaded holes at the ends of the cards. Arrow,S, indicates the direction for commencing to read off each row.
Fig. 25.
Fig. 25.
If several sets of cards of one design are required for starting a corresponding number of looms, and the first set has been produced by the “piano machine” exact duplicates can easily be obtained at small cost to the manufacturer by the “Repeating Machine.” This machine is built by Messrs. John Royle & Sons, Paterson, N. J., and is illustrated byFig. 25in a perspective view.
Fig. 26, p. 94, represents the front elevation of the throat-piece through which the cards that are to be cut pass, the carriage on which it is supported, and the mechanism employed for imparting a rising and falling motion to the carriage.
Fig. 27, p. 95, is a vertical longitudinal section of the upper portion of the machine.
Fig. 28, p. 95, gives a perspective view in detail of portions of a selecting-needle and key-wire and a lever connecting them.
Fig. 29, p. 95, gives a view in detail of the mechanism employed to turn the pattern cylinder.
The cards to be duplicated (N,N,Fig. 26, p. 94,) are arranged upon the card race-arms (M,M,Fig. 26,) in the same manner as upon aloom. The uncut or blank cards, having been previously laced together, (E,E,Fig. 26), are piled in the rear at the base of the column, and thence passed forward through the machine, and delivered finished in front.
The perforating of the cards is performed by a vertically reciprocating die, (D,Fig. 26), and a set of punches (C,Fig. 26,) carried in a fixed punch-head, and capable of being pushed upward when such movement is not prevented. The cards commonly used are of a size to receive 600 holes, and hence that number of punches are required.
The cards (E) to be cut are drawn over a “reel” or “idler” (F,Fig. 26,) at the back of the machine, and thence pass through openings in the base frame to the front of the machine, and over a square cylinder having a step-by-step rotary motion. By each quarter turn of this cylinder, the chain of cards is drawn forward sufficiently to bring a new card in the die. By the rising movement of the die (carriage), which takes place as soon as the intermittent feed of the cards has ceased, the card in the throat of the machine is carried up against the lower ends of the punches, and is cut or perforated by all such punches as have their upward movement prevented by the keys; while such punches as are not arrested by the keys are carried upward, and do not puncture the card. The pieces of card cut off fall through a throat or opening in the carriage (F,Fig. 27,) into the hollow base frame, (A,Fig. 27), and can be taken out at the door, (A,Fig. 26).
It will therefore be apparent that the variations in the cards are produced simply by holding down different punches in successive punching operations. This is regulated by the original set of cards, (N,Fig. 26), which are passed over the pattern cylinder (O,Fig. 26). The latter has also a step-by-step rotary motion similar to the cylinder first described. Its four faces are covered with holes the same distances apart as the perforations in the pattern cards. This pattern cylinder is mounted in bearings in a carriage on the top of the machine, and is reciprocated back and forth between the successive rotary movements of the feed and pattern cylinders.
Fig. 26.
Fig. 26.
In the upper part of the machine are arranged what are termed selecting needles, (C,Fig. 27), which consist of wires arranged in horizontal rows, with their ends opposite to the pattern cylinder, and which are the same distance apart as the holes in the cylinder, so that if the cylinder were moved up by the carriage against the ends of the needles, the latter would enter the holes in the cylinder, and would not be moved longitudinally. There are the same number of selecting needles as punches in the machine—six hundred. When, however, a perforated pattern card is on the cylinder, and it is moved against the ends of the selecting needles, such needles as are opposite the perforations of the cards will enter them, and will not be moved, while such needles as are opposite the blank spaces of the cards will be moved longitudinally. [SeeFig. 27for illustration.] At the reverse movement of thecarriage, an “evener,” which is secured to it at the end opposite the pattern cylinder, strikes against the ends of all the needles so moved and pushes them back to their original position. Above each of the punches before described is a horizontal sliding key (D,Fig. 27,) attached to a horizontal key-wire (D´,Fig. 27), and the 600 key-wires are arranged in horizontal rows below the selecting needles, and are each connected by a lever (B,Fig. 27,) with the corresponding selecting needle. Consequently, a longitudinal motion of any selecting needle will move the key-wire with which it is connected in a reverse direction.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 27.
Fig. 28gives a clear demonstration of the connection of a selecting needle,c, to the key-wire,fby means of the lever,e, movable around the fixed pin,d. Each key (D,Fig. 27,) consists of a cylindrical plug of metal, which, projecting over a punch, forms an abutment to keep that punch from rising, but if withdrawn, allows the punch to rise without resistance.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 28.
Fig. 29.
Fig. 29.
A step arrangement of the punches and keys is adopted; that is, the upper ends of the outer rows of punches are highest and the punches in the several rows decrease in height till the inner row is reached, where the punches are the lowest. Hence, the keys of the upper rows, which correspond to the outer rows of punches, are carried over the inner rows of punches and terminate over the punches in the outer rows.
Normally, all the keys are above the punches, and all would punch when the die ascends, but when a pattern card is carried by the pattern cylinder against the ends of the selecting needles, certain needles are moved and produce a reverse movement of the corresponding key-wires, and draws certain keys out of reach of their punches; no resistance being offered to the upward movement of such punches, they do not perforate the cards.
The carriage on which the pattern cylinder is carried being mounted directly on the top of the machine, can be readily lifted off to afford access to the parts below, and it is provided with a movable hood, which may be lifted to inspect the selecting needles.
The keys and key-wires are arranged farther apart vertically than the selecting needles, thus enabling larger keys and heavier and stronger key bearings to be used, and avoiding any liability of the punches striking the keys in the tier next above when those of their own tier are withdrawn.
Instead of applying a separate spring to each punch to move it downward or return it as the die recedes, a positively operated returning plate is used, which moves down as the die recedes and acts on collars on the punches, [seed,Fig. 27], and forces all the punches down. This is very important, for if any of the punches should fail to descend, the movement of their keys would be prevented, and thereby the machine would fail to properly repeat.
The bearings of the pattern cylinder are so constructed that the cylinder can be instantly changed to allow either a 400 or a 600-hole cylinder to be used, so that the bearings can be adjusted to adapt them for either size cylinder.
The bearings of the feed cylinder, whereby the chain of cards to be cut is moved, are constructed and supported so as to enable them to be readily adjusted to suit slight variations in the tightness with which the cards are laced, or in a greater degree to suit large or small cards, and the mechanism whereby the cylinder is operated is capable of ready adjustment for the same purpose.
It is well known that the punching of a great number of holes simultaneously, even in cardboard, requires great power, and entails enormous shock and great wear on the machine; to obviate this difficulty, the punches are slightly varied in length relative to their keys, so that they will not all act on the cards at exactly the same instant, and the strain on the machine and power required are thereby greatly reduced.
Is indispensable to the machine. This is a separate little machine, designed to set upon a bench or table, and is used especially for cutting the peg and lace-holes. It may be operated very readily by hand, but if desired, is easily adapted to run by power. The feeding is done by one motion of the hand, and once handling of the card; the cards leave the press by gravitation, and arrange themselves in piles. The press is arranged to cut cards for 400 or 600 machines.
Two methods are observed for lacing Jacquard cards:A, hand-lacing on a common frame;B, lacing by power.
For this purpose the cards are put on a common frame containing on its surface pegs of a corresponding size to those used on the cylinder. The pegs on the frame are made of hard wood, and the pegs of the cylinder of brass. These pegs on the frame are located at exact distances apart, and the frames are built to hold from 30 to 50 cards, superficially arranged.
Figs.30and31illustrate the frame underS, showing atathree cards arranged for a fabric, with a twill effect from left to right; and atbthe same cards arranged for a twill in the opposite direction, from right to left. These frames are arranged to slide into each, so as to adapt them to the distances of the peg-holes in the cards. To give a clear understanding as to the distance of these pegs from each other a few measures most generally used for lacing frames are given.
Fig. 30.Fig. 31.
Fig. 30.Fig. 31.
1. For a 200 Machine (French Index.)
The centre of the pegs are 2-9/16´´ apart. Width of cards 2-5/16´´, allowing 1/4´´ for distance between the cards. Diameter of the pegs at the bottom, 3/8´´. Distance of the centre of one peg to the centre of the corresponding one across the frame, 7-1/2´´. Length of card, 9-5/8´´.
2. For a 600 Machine (French Index).
The centre of the pegs are 3-5/8´´ apart. Width of cards, 3-3/8´´, allowing 1/4´´ for distance between cards. Diameter of the pegs at the bottom, 3/8´´. Distance of the centre of one peg to the centre of the corresponding one across the frame, 14-5/8´´. Length of card, 16-7/8´´.
3. For an Ingrain Carpet Machine (American Index).
The centre of the pegs are 3´´ from each other. Width of cards 2-3/4´´, allowing 1/4´´ for the distance between the cards. Diameter of the pegs at the bottom, 3/8´´. Distance of the centre of one peg to the centre of the corresponding one across the frame, 11-3/8´´. Length of card, 13-1/4´´.
Different styles of machines are constructed for doing this work, among which we find machines requiring two needles for each series of holes in the Jacquard cards, and machines using one shuttle in connection with each needle. The Jacquard cards mostly needed are for machines containing 400, 600, etc., hooks and needles.
The Jacquard cards for these sizes have three series of lace-holes, and the number of needles, or needles and shuttles, used in the machine, is proportionally increased.
Is the one most extensively employed, hence we will take this machine (W. P. Uhlinger, Phila., builder,) for the subject.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 32.
Fig. 32represents the perspective view of a lacing machine for 600 Jacquard cards. The table is located at a convenient height, and is 33-1/2 by 36-1/2 inches. Two grooves, each 1-1/16 inches by 26-1/2 inches, are located five inches from front and rear respectively, and 9-1/8 inches from each side. A third groove of the same size is situated in the centre, 6-1/32 inches from the others. An endless chain runs in each groove, consisting of 24 links, corresponding in length to the width of the card to be laced. Each link of the two outside chains has a peg of a size corresponding to the one used on the cylinder in the Jacquard machine.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 33.
Fig. 33illustrates the side view of a link, and the method of jointing:a, the peg;c, the joint of link; the length of each link being 3-1/2 inches, and the height 1/3 inch at the joint; the diameter of the pegs at the bottom, 3/8 inch; the height of each peg, 1/2 inch.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 34.
Fig. 34shows the top view ofFig. 33, illustrating two complete links. The body of each link is 2-3/8 inches long; the head, 5/8 inch long; the slot, 1 inch long.arepresents the peg;ethe empty spaces between each pair of links, to receive the teeth (1/2 inch high) of wheel (8 inches diameter,Fig. 36). This wheel holds and guides the endless chain; also imparts the required movement to the cards. It is regulated by a cam arrangement. [SeeFig. 35.]
Fig. 35.
Fig. 35.
Fig. 36.
Fig. 36.
Two needles are required for each of the three series of lace-holes, or six needles in all. The process of lacing each series is the same; as the three horizontal working needles are connected to one rod; thus, by working this rod, they are operated correspondingly. The three vertical working needles are arranged in the same manner, and also the three loop-guides.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 37.
Fig. 37shows a top view of one of the loop-guides,d,a,c. The dotted lines near a represent the position of the corresponding “presser” for the cards during the lacing process. Length of stripc, = 5 inches; length of stripd, = 13 inches; width of each strip, = 3/4 inch; width of empty space, betweencandd, = 3/4 inch.bindicates the top view of the vertical working needle. Arrow,S, direction the cards run while being laced. As previously mentioned, two needles are required for each series of lace-holes.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 38.
Fig. 38shows the top view of the needle, which works in a horizontal direction.Fig. 39side view of the same.Fig. 38is shown threaded, whereasFig. 39is not threaded, so as to give a clear view of the eye. This needle is fastened to its holder by means of screw,d; the blade of the needle extends 3-1/2 inches; width of needle at bottom, 3/16 inch.
Fig. 39.
Fig. 39.
Two different sets of lacing twines are used, viz.:
1st. Set of fine thread running from three spools shown in a vertical position on the side of the machine, used for threading the needles running in a horizontal direction. In our explanation we denote this twine with “a.” (7-ply, No. 14 soft laid mule yarn.)
2d. The set of heavy twine running from spools arranged horizontally near the bottom in rear of machine is threaded to the vertical needles. This twine is indicated by “b” in our explanations. (No. 24 braid banding.)
Fig. 40.
Fig. 40.
InFig. 38, arrow,e, illustrates the twine, “a,” as coming off the spools. On the bottom of the “holder” is an extension which is separately illustrated in its front view byFig. 40. This extension contains a pin markedk, which guides the twine into the hole,l; (eand arrow inFig. 38correspond witheand arrow inFig. 40).
Fig. 41.
Fig. 41.
The position of this twine in working is shown inFig. 38.C, the crossing of the two twines preparatory to forming the loop, is illustrated. The mechanical construction is such that needle,a, is withdrawn from loop at the same time needle,b, commences to rise, placing the twines in position shown inFig. 41. Needle,b, will in turn pull down as soon as needle,a, is ready for moving forward. By moving needle,b, down, its twine will form a loop, [seeFig. 42], held in its position by the “loop-guide,”Fig. 37. Through this loop, needle,a, is again inserted. Needle,b, will leave the card below as soon as needle,a, is in its loop. At this juncture the cards will be moved by means of the catch and chain of links one hole or one space between cards, whichever may be required. After this is done, needle,b, will rise in its new place, and at the same time needle,a, commences its backward journey through the loop shown and explained in Figs.38and41at the beginning; thus ready for a repetition of the two movements.