50(p.205).—Another name for the St. Lawrence River. The apparent etymology of this name would suggest that it was given on account of the powerful current of the river, and its discharge into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. See Trumbull's "Composition of Indian Geographical Names," inConn. Histor. Soc. Colls., vol. ii., p. 30. Laverdière erroneously considersSacquéas another form of Sagné, or Saguenay.
51(p.205).—One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence, entering the latter 120 miles N. E. of Quebec. It is 100 miles in length, and remarkable for its wild and picturesque scenery; along the lower half of its course the banks vary in height from 500 to 1,500 feet, often overhanging the swift current below. Its ordinary depth varies from 100 to 1,000 feet, and even reaches over 3,000 feet near its month. It is the outlet of Lake St. John, and was for the French the chief avenue of approach to the Indian tribes around that lake, and even (by portages) to those of Hudson Bay region. This river was, throughout the French régime, the center of both trading and missionary activities for all Northeastern Canada. Tadoussac, at its month, from earliest times a favorite rendezvous of the Montagnais and other Eastern tribes, became under the French an important fur-trade center and Jesuit mission; and is, to-day, a notable watering-place.
The name is also spelled Sagnay, Sagné, Saghuny, etc. Thévet, in hisGrande Insulaire(a MS. preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale of Paris, and written before 1571: see Harrisse'snotes sur la Nouvelle France, p. 278), declares that the savages then called this riverThadoyseau; while Lalemant (inRelationof 1646) says that they called TadoussacSadilege. Probably these names were indifferently applied, in that early time, alike to river and village. Laverdière derives Saguenay from the Montagnaissaki-nip, "the rushing water." See hisChamplain, pp. 68, 69; also Trumbull, inConn. Hist. Colls., vol. ii., p. 31.
52(p.205).—Now the St Maurice; namedTrois Rivières, because two islands at its mouth divide it into three channels. On Creuxius' map (1660), it appears as Metaberoutin River, or Three Rivers; on Duval's (1679), the Rivière de Foix. This last appellation seems to be another form of Riuiere du Fouez, given to this river by Cartier. SeeChamplain's Voyages(Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 257. At its mouth is the town of Three Rivers, founded by Champlain in 1634.
53(p.205).—The Ottawa River—Champlain's Riuière des Algommequins; see his "Explanation of the Map of New France," inVoyages(Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 302. Also named, in early days, Rivière des Prairies; so inRelationof 1640,post, and on Creuxius' map (1660): Faillon (Col. Fr., i., p. 82,note* *) says it was thus named from its discoverer, a young sailor from St. Malo; he is mentioned by Champlain as "a very courageous man," inVoyages(Paris, 1632), p. 159.
54(p.205).—The Chicchack (or Shickshock) Mountains; called Notre-Dame by Champlain and other early writers. A range of highlands in the Gaspé peninsula, the easternmost part of the Appalachian system, forming the watershed between streams flowing into the St. Lawrence and Bay of Chaleurs. They lie about twelve miles from the St. Lawrence, extending a distance of some 65 miles, between the Ste. Anne des Monts and the Matane rivers; they range in height from 3,000 to 4,000 feet.—See Rochemonteix'sJésuites, vol. i., p. 91; also Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 1090.
55(p.205).—See Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 179.
56(p.205).—Canadis, the Indians of the vicinity of Quebec. Lescarbot says (Nouv. France, p. 238) that "the tribes of Gachepé and Chaleur bay call themselves Canadocoa, that is, Canadaquois," Sagard (Canada, p. 152) mentions a village of Canadians near Tadoussac.
57(p.205).—Algomeguis(also spelled Algoumequins, Algonmequins, and Algumquins); the Algonquins or Algonkins. Some authors consider this name generic for the Armouchiquois, the Montagnais, the "Petite Nation," the Nation of the Isle, and the Nipissiriniens.—See Martin's edition of Bressani'sRelation Abrégée(Montreal, 1852), p. 319. Champlain limits this appellation to the tribes that dwell upon the Ottawa.
58(p.205).—Ochasteguis, according to Laverdière (Champlain, pp. 317, 346) called by ChamplainOchastaiguinsorOchatequins, from the name of one of their chiefs; a name applied to the Hurons. This last appellation was but a nickname of the tribe, which was properly called Wendot or Wyandot. They inhabited the region east of Lake Huron, to Lake Simcoe.
59(p.205).—The site of Quebec was first visited by Cartier in 1535, and was then occupied by an Indian village, named Stadacona. The foundation of the present city was laid by Champlain, July 3, 1608; for his chart of Quebec and vicinity (with valuable notes thereon, by the editor), and an engraved illustration of the buildings erected by him, see Laverdière'sChamplain, pp. 296, 303. Quebec is also written Quebeck, Quebecq (Champlain), and Kebec, Kébec, or Kebek (Relations); the word, in various Algonkin dialects, signifies "the narrowing of the water," referring to the contraction of the St. Lawrence, opposite Cape Diamond, to a space of only 1,314 yards; while below, at the confluence of the St. Charles, it spreads into a basin over 2,500 yards in width. See Ferland'sCours d'Histoire, vol. i., p. 90; and Parkman'sPioneers, p. 329.
The first known mention of this name, to designate the locality of the present city, is in Champlain'sVoyages,ut supra, p. 89.
60(p.205).—See vol. i.,note2.
61(p.207).—Seenotes32,33,ante.Brazilian bean; the common bean,Phaseolus vulgaris, indigenous to America. Called "Brazilian bean," because it resembled a bean then known in France by that name.—Champlain's Voyages(Prince Soc.), vol. ii., p. 64,note.
62(p.207).—Breton.This name (spelled also Bretton, Briton,Brittayne, etc.), was given, at an early date, to the most eastern point of Cape Breton Island, "first seen by some French sailors, who named it either after Bretagne, or from Cape Breton, a town in the election of Landes, in Gascony."—Bourinot (Canad. Mo., vol. vii., p. 292). Cf. Margry'sNavigations Françaises(Paris, 1867), p. 113. It appears on Verrazano's map (1529). See also Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 155; and on same page is a quotation from Thévet'sGr. Insul.(1556) which mentions "the cape or promontory of Lorraine, so named by us; others have given it the name ofCape of the Bretons," etc. The island itself was known, during the 16th century, as Isle du Cap Breton, or Isle des Bretons; Champlain, inVoyages(Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 280, calls it St. Lawrence; the French named it Isle Royale, upon its cession to them by the treaty of Utrecht (1713); its old name, Cape Breton Island, was resumed in 1758, after the capture of Louisbourg by the English. On Gastaldo's map (1548), the name Breton is applied both to this island and to Nova Scotia. See Dionne's note on Cape Breton (Nouv. France, pp. 283-286).
OnLa Hève, see vol. i.,note42. Champlain's chart of the harbor of La Heve is given in Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 156.
Mouton, probably at Port Mouton; so named, according to Lescarbot, because a drowned sheep came ashore there.—Nouv. France, p. 449.
Sable, the most southern point of Nova Scotia, on Cape Sable Island. Champlain says: "The next day we went to Cape Sable, also very dangerous, on account of certain rocks and reefs extending almost a league into the sea."—Voyages(Prince Soc.), vol. ii., p. 13.
St. Louis, thus named by De Monts; but now known as Brant Point; two leagues from Plymouth Harbor, in Massachusetts.
Blanc, so named by Champlain, from its white sands; three years earlier, named Cape Cod, by Gosnold, from the multitude of codfish in its vicinity. It is shown on Juan de la Cosa's map (1500); but without name; on Ribero's (1529), as C. de arenas; on Vallard's (1543), as C. de Croix.
63(p.207). OnCampseau, see vol. i.,note40.
Sesambre, "an island thus named by some Mallouins, distant 15 leagues from La Héve," says Champlain. Laverdière thus explains the name: "In remembrance of a small island of that name which lies in front of St. Malo. Sésambre became S. Sambre; and the English sailors, who are not greatly devoted to the saints, have called it simply Sambro" (its present name). A cape and harbor near the island bear the same name. Sesambre appears on De Laet's map (1633), as Sesambre; on Bellin's (1744), as Sincembre; but in hisPetit Atlas Maritime(1764), also on Chabert's map (1746), as St. Cendre. In Champlain'sVoyages(Prince Soc.), vol. ii.; p. 151.note263, the island at St. Malo is called Cézembre.
Beaubassin, the present Chignecto Bay; the northern arm at the head of the Bay of Fundy. Blaeu's map (1620), and De Laet's (1633), show it as B. des Gennes; Bellin's (1744), as Chignitou or Beaubassin.
64(p.207).—Sanson's map of Canada (1656) shows Cap de l'Evesque; and Creuxius's (1660),prom. Episcopi. Bellin's map of the St. Lawrence River (1761) enables us to identify this point as the present Cape Magdalen, or Magdalaine, west of Cape Rosier. Cf. Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 116,note; andChamplain(Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 281,note.
Chat, a corruption ofChaste, the name of Champlain's early patron. Sieur Aymar de Chaste (Chattes, or Chastes), for many years the governor of Dieppe, distinguished both as soldier and sailor, and a personal friend of Henry IV., had formed at Rouen, under a royal commission, a company to prosecute further explorations in Canada. In March, 1603, he sent Pontgravé and Champlain thither, to select a location for the colony he proposed to establish, and to make other preliminary explorations and arrangements; see Laverdière'sChamplain, pp. 700-704, and 1090,note. During their absence, De Chaste died (May 13, 1603), and his schemes were soon taken up by De Monts (vol. i.,note2).—See Faillon'sCol. Fr., vol.i., pp. 74-84. An account of De Chaste's voyage to Terceira (whither he was sent in 1583, with a military force by Catherine de Médicis), forms part of Thévenot'sRelations de divers Voyages Curieux(Paris, 1596), under the heading "Voyage de la Tercere."
65(p.209).—Of these five settlements, the first was made in 1535, by Jacques Cartier, at the mouth of the river called by him St. Croix, but afterwards named St. Charles, by the Récollet missionaries, in honor of Charles des Boues, grand vicar of Pontoise.—See Shea's ed. of Le Clercq'sEstablishment of the Faith(N. Y., 1881), p. 149. Those of De Monts, at St. Croix and Port Royal, have been already described by Lescarbot. In regard to the settlement at Quebec, which the text inadvertently mentions as the third, instead of the fourth, it was on the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, not the southern, as he says here. The fifth, that of St. Sauveur, is fully described in the present volume.
66(p.209).—Pointe St. Croix, now named Point Platon, about 35 miles above Quebec. A small island, not far from this point, was called Ste. Croix Island, up to 1633; after that time, Richelieu, for the great cardinal. As intimated in the text, there has been a difference of opinion as to the place where Cartier spent the winter of 1535-36. Charlevoix (Shea's ed., vol. i., p. 116), claimed that the point mentioned above (Platon) was the St. Croix of Cartier; but Champlain and other authorities have shown that it was, instead, at St. Charles River. See Laverdière'sChamplain, pp. 90-93, and 304-309; also Faillon'sCol. Fr.vol. i., pp. 496-499.
67(p.209).—Named by Cartier (1535), Island of Bacchus, from the profusion of wild grapes found there. Thévet (Gr. Insul.) says it was called by the natives Minigo. Its later name, Isle of Orleans, would seem to have been given by Cartier, during his first sojourn at Quebec. See Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 88. Le Jeune (Relationof 1632,post) mentions it as St. Lawrence Island. It is 20 miles long, and six miles in its greatest width.
68(p.211).—Pierre Coton (also written Cotton) was born in 1564, at Neronde, and belonged to a distinguished family of Forez; became a Jesuit priest, and confessor of Henry IV. (seenote7,ante, and vol. i.,note39), and afterwards of Louis XIII. This position he resigned about 1618, then spent six years at Rome. Returning to France (1624) as provincial of his order, he died at Paris, March 19, 1626.
69(p.217).—Institutum, the published collection of the laws regulating the order of Jesuits (official ed., Prague, 1757; new ed., Avignon, 1827-38). For description of this work, see McClintock & Strong'sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature, vol. iv., pp. 865, 866.
70(p.217).—See vol. i.,note2.
71(p.221).—De Monts's lieutenant, Pontgravé, who is mentioned by Champlain as Sieur de Pont Gravé, also as Pont. Lescarbot, inNouv. France, calls the lieutenant "du Pont, surnamed Gravé." He was a merchant of St. Malo, interested with Chauvin in the Canada trade, and an intimate friend of Champlain; he made trading voyages to Canada during some thirty years. Concerning his son, see vol. i.,notes13,44. See Dionne's account of Chauvin and his enterprises (Nouv. France, pp. 193-212, 318-328); on p. 198, he cites from Bréard some information regarding Pontgravé's family.
72(p.221).—Faillon discusses at length the statement of Charlevoix, that Canada was first called New France in 1609; and he brings much evidence, both circumstantial and direct, to show that this appellation was of much earlier date. He considers it highly probable that this name was applied to Canada at least as early as Cartier's first voyage (1534).—See hisCol. Fr., vol. i., pp. 511-513. The "Shorte and briefe narration" of Cartier's second voyage, given in Goldsmid'sHakluyt, vol. xiii., p. 146, says: "Here endeth the Relation of Iames Cartiers discouery and Nauigation of the Newfoundlands, by him named New France." Biard says (Relationof 1616,post): "I believe it was Jean Verazan who was godfather to the title of New France."
73(p.225).—Josse, the priest Jessé Fléché; see vol. i.,note25.
74(p.233).—Probably referring to the anonymous author of theFactum; seepost,Relationof 1616, chap. x., andnote97, on theFactum.
75(p.233).—Robin de Coulogne; see vol. i.,notes31,37.
76(p.235).—This man, whom Champlain calls Simon Imbert Sandrier, is said by Biard (chap. xx.,post) to have been formerly a tavern keeper at Paris.
77(p.245).—Chiquebi, the "MicMac potato," as Bourinot calls it (Canad. Mo., vol. vii., p. 292); the ground-nut,sgabunorsegubbun, in the Micmac tongue. Seenote35,ante; also Trumbull, inConn. Hist. Colls., vol. ii., p. 26.
78(p.247).—Father Jacques Quentin, born in February, 1572, at Abbeville, France; entered the order of Jesuits, June 30, 1604. He was appointed at the close of his novitiate, professor at Bourges; here and at Rouen he remained three years; and in 1609 he was sent to the college of Eu, as acting superior. Four years later, he went to Acadia. After returning to France he devoted himself to preaching in cities and villages. In 1616, he became a "spiritual coadjutor" in his order—according to Littré, one who publicly takes the three religious vows, but not the fourth, which is to go on whatever mission he may be sent. His death occurred April 18, 1647.—See Rochemonteix'sJésuites, vol. i., p. 83,note.
79(p.247).—These colonial experiments were not, for a long time, favorably regarded by the Protestants, or by most Catholics. Sully, minister of Henry IV., says in hisMemoirs(Bonn's ed., London, 1856), vol. ii., p. 453: "The colony that was sent to Canada this year (1603) was among the number of those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches to be expected from all those countries of the New World which are beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."
80(p.249).—Louis Hébert, born at Paris, an apothecary, was one of Pontrincourt's colony at Port Royal. In 1617, he returned to Canada with his family, at Champlain's request, as one of the latter's colonists at Quebec. He was the first settler with a family, and the first at Quebec to cultivate the soil as a means of livelihood; and on this account has sometimes been called "the father of Canada,"—an appellation also given, and with even more propriety, to Champlain. His dwelling was the first in Upper Town, and, according to Ferland (Cours d'Histoire, vol. i., p. 190), was between the present Ste. Famille and Couillard streets.—Cf. Laverdière'sChamplain, p. 988. He was in many ways prominent in the early history of the colony. In 1621, he bore the title of "royal procurator." In 1622, he was, according to Champlain, in Tadoussac, acting as commander of De Caen's ship during the latter's temporary absence. In 1626, the fief of St. Joseph, on the river St. Charles, was granted by Ventadour to Hébert, under the title of Sieur d'Espinay. In January, 1627, a fall caused Hébert's death; he was buried in the cemetery of the Récollets, by whom, as well as by Champlain, he seems to have been greatly esteemed.—See Sagard'sCanada, pp. 590, 591. When Quebec was taken by the English, in 1629, Louis Kirk, at Champlain's solicitation, sent a guard of soldiers to protect the widow Hébert's house, as well as the mission chapels. Many distinguished Canadian families trace their descent from Hébert; as is shown in Tanguay'sDictionnaire Généalogique(Montreal, 1871-90), vol. i., p. 301.—Cf. Ferland'sCours d'Histoire, vol. i., p. 180,note. His daughter Anne married Stephen Jonquest, in the autumn of 1617—this was the first marriage in Canada according to church rites, and was performed by the Récollet Father Le Caron; she died in 1620. Another daughter, Guillemette, married William Couillard, August 26, 1621; she died in October, 1684. An island in the harbor of Port Royal was named for Hébert, but is now known as Bear Island.
81(p.249).—The name given by the natives to the river now called Kenduskeag, apparently a corruption of Kadesquit. It enters the Penobscot near the present city of Bangor, on which site Biardand Massé had intended to establish their mission. SeeChamplain's Voyages(Prince Soc.), vol. i., p. 42.
82(p.249).—Frenchman's Bay; see vol. i.,note61.
83(p.251).—Nicholas de la Mothe, or de la Motte le Vilin. After his capture by the English, he was among those taken to Virginia, and finally sent back to France. In 1618, he came with Champlain to Canada, where he remained during the following winter.
84(p.251).—Champlain says (Laverdière's ed., pp. 61, 1307), that Virginia was at first called Mocosa by the English. Ortelius's map of 1570 shows Mocosa lying southwest of New France; and his second map (1572) names the region south of the St. Lawrence and east of the Richelieu River, Moscosa. Biard (Relationof 1616) seems to apply this name to the region of Chesapeake Bay.
85(p.253).—A group of islands 25 leagues from St. Sauveur, according to Biard'sRelationof 1616,post; but 16 leagues, according to Champlain (Laverdiere's ed., p. 773). Apparently the Matinic or Matinicus Islands (also spelled Emmetinic). See also Emmetenic, on p.31of this volume.
86(p.253).—Argall's ship was named "Treasurer." Champlain says (Laverdière's ed., p. 773), that ten other English ships were approaching, but without the knowledge of the French; these, however, were probably part of the usual fishing fleet, and not directly under Argall's command.
87(p.255).—English heretic: Captain Samuel Argall, of Virginia, afterwards governor of that colony (see vol. i.,note63): during the first quarter of the 17th century, prominent as an English naval commander. His mother was married a second time, to Laurence Washington, an ancestor of George Washington. His destruction of the French settlements has been bitterly censured by some writers, as the act of a buccaneer and pirate; but he was commissioned to do this by the Virginia colonial authorities, who afterwards declared that, in the encounter at St. Sauveur, the first shot was fired by the French. A letter was written by Montmorency, admiral of France, to King James of England, October 28, 1613, asking for the release of the Jesuit fathers, and redress for the injuries done to the property of Madame de Guercheville. The Virginia Council, when called to account for Argall's doings, made a spirited reply in his and their own defense; and the English Privy Council refused to make any reparation to Madame de Guercheville, alleging that "her ship entered by force the territory of the said colony [Virginia] to settle there, and to trade without their permission." These documents are given in Brown'sGenesis of the United States, pp. 573, 664, 665, 725-734. Cf. "Aspinwall Papers," pp. 41-46, inMass. Hist. Colls., 4th series, vol. ix. The ship, however,was afterwards restored (see Biard'sRelationof 1616,post).
88(p.259).—This pilot is called Le Bailleur, of Rouen, in Biard'sRelationof 1616. Charlevoix (Shea's ed., vol. i., pp. 280-281) erroneously confounds him with one Lamets, named by Champlain as among the five who escaped from the ship, but after the pilot had left it on his reconnoitring trip. These men seem to have later joined the pilot, as he had 14 men when he encountered La Saussaye.
89(p.261).—See vol. i.,note66.
90(p.263).—Orignac, in the original; seenote34,ante.
91(p.263).—Passepec, shown on Sanson's map (1656), as Paspey; on Bellin's (1744) and D'Anville's (1746), as Paspebiac; named Sheet Harbor on Gesner's (1849).
92(p.265).—This allusion is a word-play upon Argall's name—argalibeing an appellation of the wild ram (Ovis aries), found in the mountains of Greece, in Corsica, and in the steppes of Tartary.
93(p.273).—Vuallia; Wales.
94(p.275).—Sieur de Buisseaux (also spelled Bisseaux); he also aided Sieur de la Motte to regain his liberty, as Biard narrates in hisRelationof 1616. In 1617, he was addressed by Raleigh as "member of the Council of State of France."
95(p.275).—Itius Portus, the place whence Cæsar sailed for Britain; generally identified with Wissant, a village in Pas-du-Calais, ten miles S. W. of Calais. Biard says, however, in theRelationof 1616, that it was Calais where they landed.
96(p.275).—The modern Amiens occupies the site of the ancient Samarobriva, capital of the Ambiani; hence its name.
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This extra copy of the "MAP OF NEW FRANCE, 1610-1791," is sent, with the compliments of THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY, to subscribers to "THE JESUIT RELATIONS AND ALLIED DOCUMENTS." It may be found convenient in consulting volumes subsequent to Volume I.
Transcriber's Note.Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired.Corrections.The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.p.12:reste totalement rude, pauvre at confusereste totalement rude, pauvreetconfusep.30:Mais, départans un peu de pensée d avec eux,Mais, départans un peu de penséed'aveceux,p.62:in tenui exiguóque principio satis feliciter, próque disiderio esse assecuta.in tenui exiguóque principio satis feliciter, próquedesiderioesse assecuta.p.64:aut fuccessu Societas missionemautsuccessuSocietas missionemp.68:quod finum Frācicum excipit.quodsinumFrācicum excipit.p.76:aruspicum multum iam de auctoriatearuspicum multum iam deauctoritatep.98:cruciculas ænaes aut imagunculascruciculasæneasaut imagunculasp.108:imminente morte assueti sunt imlareimminente morte assueti suntimmolarep.158:on a donné des filleules à celles qui enfuiuenton a donné des filleules à celles quiensuiuentp.186:ici le renouveau, pour aller revoir les qens.ici le renouveau, pour aller revoir lesgens.p.216:doudenis diebus, quotannis ferè liquari.duodenisdiebus, quotannis ferè liquari.p.220:animos gauiter afflixitanimosgrauiterafflixitp.240:Non committam, vd quod monesNon committam,vtquod monesp.252:neqj ab æneis tormentis validè instructamneq;ab æneis tormentis validè instructamp.264:annonam beneuolentissimè diuiferunt.annonam beneuolentissimèdiuiserunt.
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