(Figures in parentheses, following number of note, refer to pages of English text.)
1(p.15).—Matachias: ornaments of shell, beads, etc.; see vol.ii.,note17.
2(p.31).—Cf. vol.ii., page67, where Plaisance is calledPræsentisby the natives.
3(p.39).—Mille-pertuis: literally, "a thousand holes," referring to the appearance of transparent points in the leaves, caused by cells filled with volatile oil; a name applied to the genusHypericum.
4(p.171).—Concerning these Iroquois prisoners, see Le Jeune'sRelationof 1632 (vol.v., of this series, pp.27-31,45-49).
5(p.209).—This was the Hébert-Couillard family. Hébert (see vol.ii.,note80) bore the title of Sieur de l'Espinay (or L'Epinay), to which, upon his death (1627), his son-in-law Couillard succeeded.
6(p.211).—The Moulin Baude River, in Saguenay county, Que., enters the St. Lawrence four miles below Tadoussac. It is noted for the fine quarry of white statuary marble near its mouth.
7(p.211).—For sketch of Lalemant, see vol.iv.,note20. The lay brother, Jean Liégeois, was long a useful member of the mission; he had charge of the construction of the college at Quebec, and also erected at Three Rivers the house and chapel occupied by the mission there. He was several times sent to France on the business of the mission. He was slain by the Iroquois, May 29, 1655, while superintending the construction of a fort near Sillery, for the defence of the native converts there resident.
8(p.213).—See sketch of Giffard in vol.vi.,note8. Ferland says (Cours d'Histoire, vol. i., pp. 265-267): "This edifice [Champlain's chapel, built in 1633] was not long adequate for the French population, which was every year increased by the arrival of new colonists; and in a short time it became necessary to make a considerable enlargement of the building.... The return of the French to Canada had produced such a movement in the maritime provinces of Western France, and especially in Normandy. From all sides came offers of aid; pious persons sent charitable gifts, either for the missions, or for the instruction of the French and the savages. In many communities, nuns offered themselves to nurse the sick, or toeducate young girls; some even were pledged to this work by vows. Christian families, desiring to seek peace in the solitudes of the new world, asked for information as to the advantages that Canada could offer them. This interest was aroused by the relations that the Jesuits sent in 1632 and 1633. These being published, and disseminated in Paris and the provinces, had drawn public attention to the colony. From Dieppe, from Rouen, from Honfleur, and from Cherbourg, went forth many young men to seek their fortunes on the shores of the St. Lawrence; many heads of families followed them; and soon the movement spread to Perche, to Beauce, and to the Isle of France. To render emigration easier, associations were formed. One of the most successful was established, at Mortagne, in 1634, under the direction of Sieur Robert Giffard."
9(p.213).—For sketch of Buteux, see vol.vi.,note5.
10(p.213).—This paragraph occurs, in the text we follow, on page327, after the paragraph ending, "apres avoir cruellement massacré les autres." But in the second (Paris) issue, and in those of Quebec and Avignon, it is found as here given. The latter arrangement is undoubtedly correct, for St. John Baptist's day occurred on June 24, not on July 24.
11(p.213).—For sketch of Brébeuf, see vol.iv.,note30; of Daniel and Davost, vol.v.,notes31,32; of the foundation of Three Rivers settlement, vol.iv.,note24.
12(p.215).—For sketch of Louis Amantacha, see vol.v.,note20.
13(p.229).—Concerning this Sainte Croix Island, see vol.ii.,note66.
14(p.233).—The Frenchman murdered by the Hurons was Étienne Brulé (see vol.v.,note37). Concerning Nicolas Viel, see vol.iv.,note25.
15(p.235).—This Table of Chapters is not in the first issue; we copy it from the second issue (see Bibliographical Data, vol.vi., doc. xxiii).
16(p.239).—This "poison" was the Huguenot or "reformed" faith. The third Huguenot war had ended with the surrender of La Rochelle, Oct. 29, 1628. The edict of Nismes (July, 1629) was one of amnesty and pacification; and under Richelieu's administration, until his death (Dec. 4, 1642), the Huguenots were fairly sheltered and prosperous. Richelieu had said to the Protestant ministers of Montauban, upon the capitulation of that city: "I shall make no discrimination between the King's subjects, save as to their loyalty. This loyalty being henceforth common to the adherents of both religions, I shall help both equally, and with the same affection." Baird says that the cardinal was honest in this declaration, and that his treatment of the Protestants was, on the whole, tolerablyimpartial. Still, they were, since their defeat, deprived of all political and military power; and court influences were often unfavorable and even hostile to them. Numerous restrictions were laid upon their assemblies, the functions of their pastors, and the erection or restoration of their churches,—in some cases nullifying the provisions of the edict of Nismes. It is doubtless these restrictions for which Le Jeune commends Richelieu. The condition of the Huguenots at this time, and Richelieu's policy toward them, are discussed at length in Baird'sHuguenots and the Revocation(N. Y., 1895), vol. i., pp. 343-359. A detailed account of the war above referred to (in which Charles I. of England at first assisted the Huguenots), with the text of the edict of Nismes, is given inMerc. François, vol. xv. (1629), pp. 227-565.
17(p.241).—This recommendationwas the "passport" given to the Jesuits by Richelieu (see vol.v.,note2).
18(p.257).—Le Jeune's expectations were somewhat too sanguine. The Company of New France (see vol.iv.,note21) was expending enormous sums on its Canadian enterprise; but these were directed more to the extension of its own commerce than to the development of the country. The reasons for its policy are thus concisely explained by Faillon (Col. Fr., vol. i., pp. 333, 334): "Unfortunately, this Company, although numbering over one hundred members, taken from the magistrates and wealthy merchants of the Kingdom, had only about 300,000 livres of capital,—each of the members being obliged to put in 3,000 livres. These funds were moreover, diminished not only by the losses that the company suffered at the hands of the English, in its first equipment, but by the indemnity demanded by De Caen for the abandonment of his pretensions to New France. But, as most of these Associates were unacquainted with business, there was formed, within the company itself, another and private company, which took charge of the trade, and established a fund of 100,000 francs for its own interests. Thus Champlain put 3,000 livres into the funds of the general company, and 800 livres into those of the other. This active association was obliged to pay the salary of the Governor, and furnish him with provisions; to support garrisons in the country, and furnish all military supplies; and to be responsible for keeping the storehouses in repair. In order to cover its expenses, it had exclusive possession of the trade in peltries, which had been transferred to it by the larger company, on condition that the surplus of profits should belong to the general association. The result was that the entire management of affairs was in the hands of merchants, who became by this arrangement the prime movers of all the company's operations; and it was difficult for them to enter into views so pure and disinterested as those that the otherAssociates had entertained in its formation." Cf.Merc. François, vol. xix., pp. 837, 838.
19(p.263).—Information regarding the establishment of these missions (excepting that at Miscou), has been given in notes to preceding volumes.—See vol.iv.,notes20(N. D. de Récouvrance),24(Three Rivers),30(Ihonatiria),46(Ste. Anne); and vol.vi.,note7(N. D. des Anges). At the end of the presentRelation(1635), Le Jeune gives Perrault's description of the island and people of Cape Breton. The mission of St. Charles was established for the benefit of the Frenchmen who occupied the important post of Miscou, an island at the entrance of the Bay of Chaleurs, much frequented by fishermen. Turgis and Du Marché were sent thither in 1634; the latter returned to Quebec at the end of a year, but Turgis remained until his death, May 4, 1637.
20(p.265).—For account of Marquis de Gamache, see volvi.,note9. The other missions were supported by the Company of New France, in accordance with the terms granted it by the royal edict; seeMerc. François, vol. xiv. (1628), p. 237.
21(p.297).—Bissiriniens: the Nipissings, also called by the French "Nation des Sorciers" (see vol.v.,note19).
22(p.303).—François Derré (or De Ré), sieur de Gand; one of the Hundred Associates, and commissary general of the company as early as 1635. In 1637, having obtained certain lands adjoining those granted to the Jesuits at Sillery, he donated them to the mission; in 1640, he had charge of the notarial record-office. His death occurred in May, 1641.
Transcriber's Note.Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired.Corrections.The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.p.312:(see vol. v.,note18)(see vol. v.,note19)
Variable spelling and hyphenation have been retained. Minor punctuation inconsistencies have been silently repaired.
The first line indicates the original, the second the correction.
p.312: