1â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×œ× ×™×›× ×¡ בהרהור וכל שכן בדבור ××£ על פי שיש לו רמז בכל דבר ש×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×• ולכך ×ין ×ות ו×ין ×©× ×•×ין דבר ×שר ×™×’×‘×œ× ×•â€Ž, Commentary of the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 4a. This doctrine, however, that everything is in the Deity is not peculiar to the Kabbalah, it has been propounded by the Jews from time immemorial, before the Kabbalah came into existence, as may be seen from the following passage inthe Midrash. “The Holy One, blessed be he, is the space of the universe, but the universe is not his space (â€×”קב״ה מקומו של ×¢×•×œ× ×•×ין ×”×¢×•×œ× ×ž×§×•×ž×•â€Ž). R. Isaac submitted: from the passageâ€×ž×¢×•× ×” ×להי קד×‎( Deut. xxxiii, 27 ), we do not know whether the Holy One, blessed be he, is the habitation of the universe or the universe his habitation; but from the remarkâ€××“× ×™ מעון ×תה‎Lord thou art the dwelling place( Ps. xc, 1 ), it is evident that the Holy One, blessed be he, is the dwelling place of the universe, and not the universe his dwelling place.†(Bereshith Rabba, § lxviii.) To the same effect is the remark of Philo, “God himself is the space of the universe, for it is he who contains all things.†(De Somniis, i.) It is for this reason that God is calledâ€×ž×§×•×‎orâ€×”מקו×‎=ὠτόπος,locus, and that the Septuagint rendersâ€×•×™×¨×ו ×ת ×להי ישר×ל וגו׳‎( Exod. xxiv, 10 ), byκαὶεἶδον τὸν τόπον, οὗ εἱστήκει ὠθεὸς, which has occasioned so much difficulty to interpreters.↑2â€×œ× ידע ×•×œ× ×תידע מה דהוי בר××™×©× ×“× ×“×œ×׳ ×תדבק ×‘×—×›×ž×ª× ×•×œ× ×›×¡×•×›×œ×ª× ×• ובגן כן ×קרי ×ין‎(Sohariii, 283b.) To the same effect is the ancient expository work on the doctrine of the Emanations which we quoted in the preceding note, comp.â€×ž×” ש××™× ×• מוגבל קרוי ×ין סוף ×•×”×•× ×”×”×©×•××” גמורה ב×חדות השלמח ש×ין בה ×©× ×•×™ ו×× ×”×•× ×ž×‘×œ×™ גבול ×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×•â€Ž, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 2a.↑3â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×ין לומר ×›×™ יש לו רצון ×•×œ× ×›×•× ×” ×•×œ× ×—×¤×¥ ×•×œ× ×ž×—×©×‘×” ×•×œ× ×“×‘×•×¨ ומעשה‎ibid., 4a.↑4â€×× ×”×מר ×›×™ ×”×•× ×‘×œ×‘×“ כיון בברי××— עולמו יש להשיב על ×–×” ×›×™ ×”×›×•× ×” מורה על הסרון המכון‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth,p.2b. Again, says the same authority,â€×•×× ×ª×מר שהגבול ×”×’×ž×¦× ×ž×ž× ×• תחלה ×”×™×” ×”×¢×•×œ× ×”×–×” ×©×”×•× (העול×) חסר מהשלמותו חסרת חכוח ×©×”×•× ×ž×ž× ×• .… ו×× ×ª×מר ×©×œ× ×›×™×•×Ÿ בברי×חו ×× ×›×Ÿ היתה הברי××” במקרה, וכל דבר ×”×‘× ×‘×ž×§×¨×” ×ין לו סדר, ו×× ×• רו××™× ×›×™ ×”× ×‘×¨××™× ×™×© ×œ×—× ×¡×“×¨, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×§×™×ž×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×›×˜×œ×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×—×“×©×™×‎,ibid., p. 2.↑5Both the etymology and the exact meaning of the wordâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×”‎(pluralâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×•×ªâ€Ž) are matters of dispute. R. Azariel, the first Kabbalist, derives it fromâ€×¡×¤×¨â€Žto number, whilst the later Kabbalists derive it alternately fromâ€×¡×¤×™×¨â€ŽSaphir, fromâ€×”×©×ž×™× ×ž×¡×¤×¨×™× ×›×‘×•×“ ×ל‎( Ps. xix, 1 ), and from the GreekσφαῖÏαι, and are not at all certain whether to regardthe Sephirothasprinciples(á¼€Ïχαὶ), or assubstances(ὑποστάσεις), or aspotencies,powers(δυνάμεις), or asintelligent worlds(κόσμοι νοητικοί), or asattributes, or asentities(â€×¢×¦×ž×•×ªâ€Ž), or asorgans of the Deity(â€×›×œ×™×‎).↑6The Sohar, like the Talmud, generally renders the wordsâ€×ž×œ×š שלמה‎King Solomon; while verses in the Song of Songs, byâ€×ž×œ×›× די ×©×œ×ž× ×“×™×œ×™×”â€Žthe King to whom peace belongs.↑7â€×›×™ כל ברי××”×›×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×”×ª×ª×ž×¢×˜×•×ª×ª×—×¡×¨ .… ×›×— ×”××¦×™×œ×•×ª×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×• ו××™× ×• חסר‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, 2b; 4a.↑8â€×”ספירות ×©×”× ×›×— ×”×©×œ× ×•×›×— החסר ×›×©×”× ×ž×§×‘×œ×™× ×ž×”×©×¤×¢ הב××ž×”×©×œ×ž×ª×•×”× ×›×— ×©×œ× ×•×‘×”×ž× ×¢ השפע ×ž×”× ×™×© ×‘×—× ×›×— חסרלכךיש ×‘×”× ×›×— לפעול בהשלמה ובחסרון‎.↑9The notion, however, that worlds were created and destroyed prior to the present creation, was propounded inthe Midrashlong before the existence of the Kabbalah. Thus on the verse, “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very good†( Gen. i, 31 ), R. Abahu submitsâ€×״ר ×בהו מכ×ן שהקב״ה ×”×™×” ×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן ×•×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן עד ×©×‘×¨× ×ת ×לו ×מר דין ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי יתהון ×œ× ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי‎from this we see that the Holy One, blessed be he, had successively created and destroyed sundry worlds before he created the present world, and when he created the present world he said, this pleases me, the previous ones did not please me. (Bereshith Rabba, section or Parsha ix.)↑10The question, however, about the doctrine of the Trinity in other passages of theSoharwill be discussed more amply in the sequel, where we shall point out the relation of the Kabbalah to Christianity.↑11The Kabbalistic description ofMetatronis taken from the Jewish angelology of a much older date than this theosophy. Thus Ben Asai and Ben Soma already regardthe divine voice, theλόγος(â€×§×•×œ ×להי×‎) as Metatron. (Beresh. Rab., Parsha v.) He is calledthe Great Teacher,the Teacher of Teachers(â€×¡×¤×¨× רב×‎), and it is for this reason that Enoch, who walked in close communion with God, and taught mankind by his holy example, is said by the Chaldee paraphrase of Jonathan b. Uzziel, to ‘have received the nameMetatron, the Great Teacher’ after he was transplanted. ( Gen. v, 24 .) Metatron, moreover, is the Presence Angel (â€×©×¨ ×”×¤× ×™×‎), the Angel of the Lord that was sent to go before Israel ( Exod. xxiii, 21 ); he is the visible manifestation of the Deity, for in him is the name of the Lord,i.e., his name and that of the Deity are identical, inasmuch as they are of the same numerical value (viz.:—â€×©×“י‎andâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žare the same according to the exegetical rule called Gematria,â€×™â€Ž10 +â€×“‎4 +â€×©â€Ž300 = 314;â€×Ÿâ€Ž50 +â€×•â€Ž6 +â€×¨â€Ž200 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×žâ€Ž40 = 314. See Rashi on Exod. xxiii, 21 ,â€×¨×‘×•×ª×™× ×• ×מרו ×–×” מטטרון ששמו ×›×©× ×¨×‘×• מטטרון ×‘×’×ž×˜×¨×™× ×©×“×™â€ŽandSanhedrim38b). So exalted is Metatron’s position in the ancient Jewish angelology, that we are told that when Elisha b. Abaja, also called Acher, saw this angel who occupies the first position after the Deity, he exclaimed, ‘Peradventure, but far be it, there are two Supreme Powers’ (â€×©×ž× חס ×•×©×œ×•× ×©×ª×™ רשויות הן‎Talmud,Chagiga, 15a). The etymology ofâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žis greatly disputed; but there is no doubt that it is to be derived fromMetator,messenger,outrider,way maker, as has been shown by Elias Levita, and is maintained by Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklopädie, section ii, vol. xxvii,s.v.;Juden, p. 40, note 84). Sachs (Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, vol. i, Berlin 1852, p. 108) rightly remarks that this etymology is fixed by the passage fromSiphra, quoted inKaphter-Va-Pherach, c. x, p. 34bâ€×צבעו של הקב״ה × ×¢×©×” מטטרון למשה והר×הו כל ×רץ ישר×ל‎the finger of God was the messenger or guide to Moses, and showed him all the land of Israel.[110]The terminationâ€×•×Ÿâ€Žhas been appended toâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨â€Žto obtain the same numerical value, asâ€×©×“י‎. The derivation of it fromμετὰ θÏόνος, because this angel is immediately under the divine throne (â€×›×•×¨×¡×™×™×‎), which is maintained by Frank (Kabbala, p. 43), Graetz (Gnosticismus, p. 44) and others, has been shown by Frankel (Zeitschrift, 1846. vol. iii, p. 113), and Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklop.section ii, vol. xxvii, p. 41), to be both contrary to the form of the word and to the description of Metatron.↑12The view that the serpent which seduced the protoplasts is identical with Satan is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. It is stated in theTalmudin almost the same wordsâ€×”×•× ×™×¦×¨ הרע ×”×•× ×”×©×˜×Ÿ ×”×•× ×ž×œ×ך המות ×›×ž×ª× ×™×—× ×ª× × ×™×•×¨×“ ומטע עולה ומשטין יורד וממי×‎the evil spirit, Satan, and the angel of death, are the same. It is propounded in the Boraitha that he descends and seduces; he then ascends and accuses, and then comes down again and kills.Baba Bathra, 16a.↑13â€×›×™×•×Ÿ ×“× ×‘×¨× ××“× ×תתקן ×›×œ× ×•×›×œ מהדלעיל×ותת×וסל××תכליל ב××“× â€¦ ×יהו ×©×œ×™×ž×•×ª× ×“×›×œ×.זוחר חלק ג׳ דף מ״ח ×׳‎↑14That the righteous are greater than the angels is already propounded in the Talmud (â€×’×“×•×œ×™× ×¦×“×™×§×™× ×™×•×ª×¨ ממל××›×™ השרת‎Sanhedrim93a); and it is asserted that no one angel can do two things (â€×ין מל×ך ×חד עושה שתי שליחות‎Bereshith Rabba, section 1), for which reason three angels had to be sent, one to announce to Sarai the birth of Isaac, the other to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, and the third to save Lot and his family; whilst a man can perform several duties. The superiority of man over angels is also asserted in the New Testament. ( 1 Cor. vi, 3 .)↑15The Karmarthi, who interpreted the precepts of Islamism allegorically, also maintained that the human body represents the letters in the name of God. When standing the human body represents anElif, when kneeling aLâm, and when prostrated on the ground aHê, so that the body is like a book in which may be read the nameAllah. De Sacy,Introduction à l’Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, pp. 86, 87. Comp. Frank,Die Kabbala, p. 32.↑16The pre-existence of the human souls in the celestial regions was believed by the Jews before the Kabbalah came into vogue. We find this doctrine in the Book of Wisdom (viii, 20); in Josephus, where we are told that the Essenes believed ‘that souls were immortal, and that they descended from the pure air,συμπλÎκεσθαι á½¥ÏƒÏ€ÎµÏ Îµá¼°Ïκταῖς τοῖς σώμασι, to be chained to bodies’ (de Bell. Jud.ii, 12); by Philo, who says ‘the air was full of them, and that those which were nearest the earthκατίασιν á¼ÎºÎ´ÎµÎ¸Î·ÏƒÎ¿Î¼Îναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, descending to be tied to mortal bodies,παλινδÏομοῦσι αὖθις, return back to bodies, being[114]desirous to live in them.’ (De Gignat.p. 222, C.;De Somniis, p. 455, D. Comp. Arnald on the Book of Wisdom, viii, 20 , and Whitby on John ix, 2 ., where these quotations and others are given); and in the Talmud where it is declared that the human souls which are to be born (â€×¨×•×—ות ×•× ×©×ž×•×ª שעתידיןלהבר×ות‎), have their abode in the seventh heaven (Chagiga, 12b); that they leave gradually the storehouse of souls to people this earth (â€×¢×“ שיכלו כל ×”× ×©×ž×•×” שבגוף‎Jebamoth, 62;Aboda Sara, 5;Nidda, 13); and that the Holy One, blessed be he, took counsel with them when he was about to create the worldâ€×›× פשתן של צריקין × ×ž×œ×š הקב״ה ×•×‘×¨× ×ת העול×‎(Bereshith Rabba, section viii).↑17The notion about the reluctance of the soul to enter into this world is also not peculiar to the Kabbalah. The most ancient tract of the Mishna thus speaks of the soul: “Against thy will thou becomest an embryo, and against thy will thou art born†(â€×¢×œ כרחך ×תה × ×•×¦×¨ ועל כרחך ×תה × ×•×œ×“â€ŽAboth, iv. 29); on which Bartenora, in his commentary, remarks: “The soul does not wish to quit the pure abode of the curtain which encloses the Holy of Holies.â€â†‘18â€×›×œ ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין ×•× ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ כלהו כלילן דכר ×•× ×•×§×‘× ×“×ž×ª×—×‘×¨×Ÿ ×›×—×“× ×•×תמסרן ×‘×™×“× ×“×”×”×•× ×ž×ž× × ×©×œ×™×”× ×“×תפקר על עדו×יהן [עיבוריהן] ×“×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×œ×™×œ×” שמיה ×•×‘×©×¢×”× ×“× ×—×ª×™×Ÿ ו×תמסרן בידוי מתפדשין ×™×œ×–×ž× ×™×Ÿ ×“× ××§×¨×™× ×ž×Ÿ ×“× ×•×חית להו ×‘×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×›×“ ×ž×˜× [מח×] עידן ×“×–×•×•×’× ×“×œ×”×•×Ÿ קב״ה דידע ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוהין ×•× ×©×ž×”×™×Ÿ מחבר לון ×›×“×‘×§×“×ž×™×ª× ×•×ž×›×¨×–× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• וכד ×תחברן ×תעגידו חד ×’×•×¤× ×—×“ × ×©×ž×ª× ×™×ž×™× × ×™×©×ž××œ× ×›×“×§× ×—×–×™ ובגין כך ×ין כל חדש תחת השמש. ו××™ ×ª×™×ž× ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ לית ×–×•×•×’× ××œ× ×œ×¤×•× ×¢×•×’×“×•×™ ו×ורהוי דבר × ×© ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×•×“××™. ד××™ ×–×›×™ ועובדוי ×תכשרן ×–×›×™ ×œ×”×”×•× ×“×™×œ×™×” ל××ª×—×‘×¨× ×‘×™×“ כמה ×“× ×¤×™×§. זוהר חלק × ×“×£ ×¦× ×‘â€Žâ†‘19â€×‘×¡×¤×¨× ×“×©×œ×ž×” ×ž×œ×›× ××©×›×—× × ×“×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ×œ×ª×ª× ×©×“×¨ קב״ה חד ×“×™×•×§× ×בפרצופ××“×´× ×¨×©×™×ž×”×—×§×™×§×”×‘×¦×•×œ×ž× ×•×§×™×™×ž× ×¢×œ ×”×”×•× ×–×•×•×’× ×•×למלי ×תיהיב רשו ×œ×¢×™× ×למחמיחמי ×‘×´× ×¢×œ רישיה חד ×¦×•×œ×ž× ×¨×©×™×ž× ×›×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×‘×¨ × ×© ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×™×œ×ž× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×•×¢×“×“×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×[×¡×´× ×•×¢×“ ×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×] ×”×”×•× ×¦×•×œ×ž×דשדרליה מ×ריה על רישיה וישתכח תמן ×œ× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×”×”×´×“ ויבר××לקי××ת ×”××“× ×‘×¦×œ×ž×•. ×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זדמן לקבליה עד ×“× ×¤×™×§ ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×›×“ × ×¤×§ ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×תרבי ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זיל הה״ד ×ך ×‘×¦×œ× ×™×ª×”×œ×š ×יש לה××™ צל×הו××ž×œ×¢×™×œ× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין × ×¤×§×™×Ÿ מ×תרייהו כל ×¨×•×—× ×•×¨×•×—× ×תתקן קמי ×ž×œ×›× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘×ª×§×•× ×™ יקר ×‘×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×§×י׳ בה××™ עלמ×. ×•×ž×”×”×•× ×“×™×•×§× × ×ª×§×•× × ×™×§×¨ × ×¤×™×§ ×”××™ צל×. ×•×“× ×ª×œ×™×ª××” ×œ×¨×•×—× ×•×קדימת בה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ולית לך ×–×•×•×’× ×‘×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ×על×בגווייהו. זוהר חלק ×’ דף קד × ,ב‎↑20The two kinds of faculties, as well as the two sorts of feelings, are also mentioned in the Talmud. Thus it is said—“All the prophets looked into theNon-Luminous Mirror, whilst our teacher, Moses, looked into theLuminous Mirror.†(â€×›×œ ×”× ×‘×™××™× × ×¡×”×›×œ×• ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×©××™× ×” מ×ירה משה ×¨×‘×™× ×• × ×¡×ª×›×œ ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×”×ž×ידה‎Jebamoth, 49b). And again—“Also the divine service which is engendered by fear and not by love, has its merit.†(Jerusalem Berachoth, 44;Babylon Sota, 22a.)↑21â€×œ×©× יחוד קב״ה ×•×©×›×™× ×ª×” ברחימו ודחילו וברחילו ורחימו ×œ×™×—×¨× ×©× ×™×´×” בו״ה ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×©×œ×™× ×‘×©× ×›×œ ישר×ל‎↑22â€×›×œ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×’×œ×’×•×œ× ×•×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×ורחוי ×“×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×•×”×™×š ×§×™×™×ž× ×˜×™×§×œ× ×•×”×™×š ××ª×“× ×• ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×‘×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×•×‘×›×œ עידן והיך × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×¢×“ ×œ× ×™×™×ª×•×Ÿ לה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×•×”×™×š ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×œ×‘×ª×¨ ×“× ×¤×§×™ מה××™ עלמ×. כמה גלגולין וכמה עובדין סתימין עבידן ×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×‘×”×“×™ כמה × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ערטיל×ין וכמה רוחין ערטיל×ין ×זלין ×‘×”×”×•× ×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ× ×¢×לין ×œ×¤×¨×’×•×“× ×“×ž×œ×›×.[125]וכמה עלמין ×תהפך בהו ×•×¢×œ×ž× ×“×תהפך בכמה פלי×ן סתימין ×•×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ× ×ž×©×’×™×—×™×Ÿ וחיך מתגלגלן × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×›××‘× × ×‘×§×•×¡×¤×ª× ×›×ž×” ד×ת ×מר ו×ת × ×¤×© ×ויביך ×™×§×œ×¢× ×” בתוך ×›×£ הקלע ×”×©×ª× ×ית לגל××” ×“×”× ×›×œ. זוהר חלק ב׳ דף צט ב׳‎↑23According to Josephus, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls into other bodies (μετεμψÏχωσις), was also held by the Pharisees (comp. Antiq. xviii, 1, 3: de Bell. Jud. ii, 8, 14), restricting, however, the metempsychosis to the righteous. And though the Midrashim and the Talmud are silent about it, yet from Saadia’s vituperations against it (â€×בל ×ומר שמצ×תי ×× ×©×™× ×ž×ž×™ ×©× ×§×¨××™× ×™×”×•×“×™× ××•×ž×¨×™× ×‘×”×©× ×•×ª וקור××™× ×ותו ההעתקח‎Emunoth ve-Deoth, vi, 7; viii, 3) there is no doubt that this doctrine was held among some Jews in the ninth century of the present era. At all events it is perfectly certain that the Karaite Jews firmly believed in it ever since the seventh century. (Comp. Frankel,Monatschrift, x, 177, &c.) St. Jerome assures us that it was also propounded among the early Christians as an esoteric and traditional doctrine which was entrusted to the select few, (abscondite quasi in foveis viperarum versari et quasi haereditario malo serpere in paucis. Comp. epist. ad Demedriadem); and Origen was convinced that it was only by means of this doctrine that certain Scriptural narratives, such as the struggle of Jacob with Esau before their birth, the reference about Jeremiah when still in his mother’s womb, and many others, can possibly be explained.(πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶνi, 1, cap. vii;Adver. Celsum, i, 3.)↑24The notion that the creation is a blessing, and that this is indicated in the first letter, is already propounded in the Midrash, as may be seen from the following remark. The reason why the Law begins withBeth, the second letter of the Alphabet, and not withAleph, the first letter, is that the former is the first letter in the wordblessing, while the latter is the first letter in the wordaccursed,â€×œ×ž×” בבית ×ž×¤× ×™ ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ברכה ×•×œ× ×‘×״לף ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ×רירה‎(Midrash Rabba, sec. i).↑25This view that the mere literal narrative is unworthy of inspiration, and that it must contain a spiritual meaning concealed under the garment of the letter, is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. Both the Synagogue and the Church have maintained the same from time immemorial. Thus the Talmud already describes the impious Manasseh, King of Israel, as making himself merry over the narratives of the Pentateuch and ironically asking (â€×ž× שוה בן חזקיה שהיה יושב ודורש בהגדות של דופי ×מר וכי ×œ× ×”×™×” לו למשה לכתוב ××œ× ×חות לוטן ×ª×ž× ×¢ ×•×”×ž× ×¢ היתה פלגשל×ליפזוילך ר×ובן בימי קציר ×—×˜×™× ×•×™×ž×¦× ×“×•×“××™× ×‘×©×“×”â€Ž), whether Moses could not find anything better to relate than that “Loton’s sister was Timna†( Gen. xxxvi, 22 ); “Timna was the concubine of Eliphaz†(ibid., v. 12 ); that “Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field†(ibid., xxx, 14 ), &c, &c. And it is replied that these narratives contain another sense besides the literal one. (Sanhedrim, 99b.) Hence the rule (â€×›×œ מה ש×ירע ל×בות סימן ×œ×‘× ×™×‎), what happened to the fathers is typical of the children.↑26Origen’s words are almost literally the same—“Si adsideamus litterae et secundum hoc vel quod Judaeis, vel quod vulgo videtur, accipiamus quæ in lege scripta sunt, erubesco dicere et confiteri quia tales leges dederit Deus: videbuntur enim magis elegantes et rationabiles hominum leges, verbi gratia vel Romanorum vel Atheniensium, vel Lacedaemoniorum.â€Homil.vii,in Levit.Again, the same erudite father says, “What person in his senses will imagine that the first, second, and third day, in connection with which morning and evening are mentioned, were without sun, moon and stars, nay that there was no sky on the first day? Who is there so foolish and without common sense as to believe that God planted trees in the garden eastward of Eden like a husbandman, and planted therein the tree of life, perceptible to the eyes and senses, which gave life to the eater thereof; and another tree which gave to the eater thereof a knowledge of good and evil? I believe that everybody must regard these as figures, under which a recondite sense is concealed.†Lib. iv, cap. ii,πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν. Huet,Origeniana, p. 167. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 99, &c. It must, however, not be supposed that this sort of interpretation, which defies all rules of sound exegesis and common sense, is confined to the ancient Jewish Rabbins or the Christian fathers. The Commentary on Genesis and Exodus by Chr. Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster, may fairly compete in this respect with any production of bygone days. Will it be believed that Dr. Wordsworth actually sees it “suggested by the Holy Spirit Himself,†that Noah drunk, exposing his nakedness, and mocked by his own child, Ham, is typical of Christ who drank the cup of God’s wrath, stripped Himself of His heavenly glory, and was mocked by his own children the Jews? But we must give the Canon’s own words. “Noah drank the wine of his vineyard; Christ drank the cup of God’s wrath, which was the fruit of the sin of the cultivators of the vineyard, which he had planted in the world. Noah was made naked to his shame; Christ consented for our sake to strip Himself of His heavenly glory, and took on him the form of a servant. ( Phil. ii, 7 .) He laid aside his garments, and washed his disciples’ feet ( John, xiii, 4 .) He hid not his face from shame and spitting. ( Isa. 1, 6 .) When he was on the Cross, they that passed by reviled Him. ( Matt. xxvii, 39 .) He was mocked by His[129]own children, the Jews. He deigned to be exposed to insult for our sakes, in shame and nakedness on the Cross ( Heb. xii, 2 ), in order that we might receive eternal glory from His shame, and be clothed through His weakness with garments of heavenly beauty.†(Commentary on Genesis and Exodus, London, 1864, p. 52.)↑27The notion that the Bible is to be explained in this fourfold manner was also propounded by the Jewish doctors generally, long before the existence of the Kabbalah (Comp. Ginsburg,Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30), and has been adopted by some of the fathers and schoolmen. Origen, although only advocating a threefold sense, viz.:—σωματικὸς, ψυχικὸς, πνευματικὸς, to correspond to the Platonic notion of the component parts of man, viz.:—σῶμα, ψυχὴ, πνεῦμα, almost uses the same words as the Kabbalah. “The sentiments of Holy Scriptures must be imprinted upon each one’s soul in a threefold manner, that the more simple may be built up by theflesh(or body) of Scripture, so to speak, by which we mean the obvious explanation; that he who has advanced to a higher state may be edified by thesoulof Scripture as it were; but he that is perfect, and like to the individuals spoken of by the Apostle ( 1 Cor. ii, 6 , 7), must be edified by the spiritual law, having a shadow of good things to come.πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν,lib.iv, cap. ii. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 97. Whilst Nicholas de Lyra, the celebrated commentator and forerunner of the Reformation (born about 1270, died October 23, 1340), distinctly espouses the Jewish four modes of interpretation, which he describes in the following couplet—“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€Comp. Alexander’s edition of Kitto’sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature,s. v.Lyra.↑28The above-mentioned exegetical canons, however, are not peculiar to the Kabbalah. They have been in vogue among the Jews from time immemorial. Thus the difficult passage in Isa. xxi, 8 ,â€×•×™×§×¨× ×ריה‎which is rendered in the Authorised Version,and he cried, A lion!or ‘as a lion,’ as the margin has it, is explained by the ancient Jewish tradition as a prophecy respecting Habakkuk, who, as Isaiah foresaw, would in coming days use the very words here predicted. (Comp. Isa. xxi, 8, 9 , with Hab. ii, 1 ); and this interpretation is obtained by rule i; inasmuch asâ€×ריה‎lionandâ€×—בקוק‎Habakkukare numerically the same, viz.:—â€×”‎â€×™â€Žâ€×¨â€Žâ€×‎andâ€×§â€Žâ€×•â€Žâ€×§â€Žâ€×‘‎â€×—‎5+10+200+1= 216and100+6+100+2+8= 216(See the Commentaries of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kimchi on Isa. xxi, 8 .) Again, in the fact that Jacob made Joseph ‘a coat of many colours’ ( Gen. xxxvii, 3 ), as the Authorised Version has it, or ‘pieces,’ as it is in the margin, the Midrash or the ancient Jewish exposition, sees the sufferings of Joseph indicated; inasmuch asâ€×¤×¡×™×‎according to rule ii, is composed of the initials ofâ€×¤×•×˜×™×¤×¨â€ŽPotiphar, who imprisoned Joseph;â€×¡×•×—רי×‎merchantsâ€×™×©×ž×¢×לי×‎Ishmaelitesandâ€×ž×“×™× ×™×‎Midianites, who bought him and sold him again as a slave. ( Gen. xxxvii, 25–28 ; xxxix, 1; comp. Rashi on Gen. xxxvii, 3 .) For more extensive information on this subject, we must refer to Ginsburg’sHistorical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30, &c.↑29The limits of this Essay preclude the possibility of entering into a disquisition on the seventy-two Divine names. Those who wish to examine the subject more extensively we must refer to the Commentaries on theSohar( Exod. xiv. 19–31 ), mentioned in the third part of this Essay; and to Bartolocci,Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, Pars iv, p. 230seq., where ample information is given on this and kindred subjects.↑30â€×™×—×•×“× ×¨×›×œ ×™×•×›×ž× ×יחו ×™×—×•×“× ×œ×ž× ×¨×¢ ולשו××— רעות×. ×™×—×•×“× ×“× ×—× ×מרן בכמח דוכתי ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×יחו יחיד ×“×§×¨× ×™×“×•×´×“ קימ××” ××œ×—×™× ×• ידו״ד ×—× ×›×œ×—×• חד וע״ד קרי ×חד. ×—× ×ª×œ×ª שמחן חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ו××£ על ×’× ×“×§×¨×™× ×Ÿ ×חד חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ××œ× ×‘×—×•×™×•× × ×“×¨×•×— ×§×¨×©× ×תידע ו××™× ×•×Ÿ בחיזו ×“×¢×™× × ×¡×ª×™×ž× ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ ×“×ª×œ×ª× ×לין ×חד. ×•×“× ×יחו ×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ, ד×שתמע קול ×יחו וזר ו×ייחו ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ, ××©× ×•×¨×•×—× ×•×ž×™× ×•×›×œ×—×• ×—×– ×‘×¨×–× ×¨×§×•×œ ול×ו ××™× ×•×Ÿ ××œ× ×—×“. ×וף ×”×›× ×™×´×™ ××›×”×™× ×• ×™×´×™ ××•× ×•×Ÿ חד, ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ו××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×•×¨× ×יהו קיל דעביד בר × ×© ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×•×œ×©×•××— רעותיה ×‘×™×”×•×“× ×“×›×œ× ×ž×ין טות עד סופ×. ×“×›×œ× ×‘×××™ קול ×“×§× ×¢×‘×™×“ ×‘×—× ×™ ×ª×œ×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ חד, וד×[139]×יהו ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×“×תגלי ×‘×¨×–× ×“×¨×•×— קדש×. וכמה ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ×“×™×—×•×“× ×תערו וכלהו קשוט מ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד ומ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד, ×בל ×”××™ ×™×—×•×“× ×“×§× ×× ×Ÿ מתערי ×ž×ª×ª× ×‘×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ ד×יהו הד, ×“× ×”×•× ×‘×¨×™×¨× ×“×ž×œ×”. זוהר הלצ ב׳ דף מ״ג ב׳‎↑31â€×¨×‘×™ ×לעזר הוה יתיב קמיה דר״ש ×בוי ×מר ליה ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ ××œ×”×™× ×‘×›×œ ×תר ×“×™× × ×”×•×, יו״ד ×”×´× ×•×״ו ×”×´× ×ית ×תר ד×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×›×’×•×Ÿ ××“× ×™ יהוה, ×מ××™ ×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×•×”× ×תוון רחמי ××™× ×•×Ÿ בכל ×תר ×מר ליה ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×›×ª×™×‘ בקר×, דכתיב וידעת ×”×™×•× ×•×”×©×‘×•×ª ×ל לבבך ×›×™ ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×, וכתיב ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×. ×מר ליה מלה ×“× ×™×“×¢× × ×“×‘×תר ד×ית ×“×™× × ×ית רחמי, ×•×œ×–×ž× × ×‘×תר ד×ית[140]רחמי ×ית ×“×™× × ×מר Ö´×™×” ×ª× ×—×–×™ דהכי ×”×•× ×™×“×•×´×“ בכל ×תר רחמי ×•×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×ž×”×¤×›×™ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×¨×—×ž×™ ×œ×“×™× × ×›×“×™×Ÿ כתיב יהוה ×•×›×¨×™× ×Ÿ ליה ×להי×, ×בל ×ª× ×—×–×™ ×¨×–× ×“×ž×œ×” ג׳ דרגין ××™× ×•×Ÿ וכל ×“×¨×’× ×•×“×¨×’× ×‘×œ×—×•×“×•×™ ו××¢× ×³ ×“×›×œ× ×—×“ ומתכשרי בחד ×•×œ× ×ž×ª×¤×¨×©×™ ×“× ×ž×Ÿ ד×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף ס׳ה ×׳‎↑32â€×ž×ן ד×מר ×חד ×צטריך ×œ×—×™×¤× ×ל״ף ×•×œ×§×¦×¨× ×§×¨×™××” דילה ×•×œ× ×™×¢×›×‘ בה××™ ×ות כלל. ומ×ן דעביד ×“× ×™×ª×רכון חייו ×מרו ליה תו ×מר ×ª×¨×™× ××™× ×•×Ÿ ×•×—×“× ×שתתף בהו ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×ª×œ×ª× ×•×›×“ הוו ×ª×œ×ª× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×מר לון ×לין תרין שמהן דשמע ישר×ל ד××™× ×•×Ÿ יהוה יהוה ××œ×”×™× ×• ×שתתף בהו ו×יהו ×—×•×ª×ž× ×“×’×•×©×¤× ×›× ×מת, וכד מתחברן ×›×—×“× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×—×“×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף קס״ב ×׳‎↑33Comp. Galatinus,De Arcanis Cathol.lib. ii, c. 3, p. 31; who says that some Codices of the Chaldee paraphrase in Isa. vi, 3 , had alsoâ€×§×“יש ××‘× ×§×“×™×© ×‘×¨×™× ×§×“×™×©â€Žâ€×¨×•×—× ×§×“×™×©×‎the Holy Father, the Holy Son, and the Holy Ghost; see also Wolf,Bibliotheca Hebrecai, 1136; Graetz,Geschichte der Judenvii, 249.↑34Comp. Joel,Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipzig, 1849, p. 240 ff.↑35â€×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×™×ª×¤×¡×™×Ÿ ×¦×“×™×§×™×™× ×‘×ž×¨×¢×™×Ÿ ×ו במכתשין בגין ×œ×›×¤×¨× ×¢×œ ×¢×œ×ž× ×”×™×•, כדין יתכפרון כל חובי דר×. ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ מכל שייפי גופ×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×›×œ שייפין בעק×ו ומרע סגי ×©×¨×™×™× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• ×©×™×™×¤× ×—×“× ×צטריך ל×לק××” בגין דיתסון כלהו. ×•×ž× ×• דרועה. ×“×¨×•×¢× ×לקי ו×פיקו ×ž× ×™×” ×“×ž× ×›×“×™×Ÿ ×”× ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ שייפי גופ×. ×וף ×”×›×™ ×‘× ×™ ×¢×œ×ž× ××™× ×•×Ÿ שייפין ×“× ×¢× ×“×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×‘×¢×™ קב.×´×” למיהב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×לקי לחד ×¦×“×™×§× ×‘×™× ×™×™×”×• במרעין ובמכתשין ×•×‘×’×™× ×™×” יהיב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ× ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ דכתיב ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•×•× ×•×ª×™×™× ×• וגו׳ ובחברתי × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ובחברתו ××§×–×•×ª× ×“×“×ž× ×ž×›×ן ד×קיז דרוע×, ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×—×‘×•×¨×” × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ××¡×•×•×ª× ×”×•× ×œ× ×• לכל שייפין דגופ×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף רי״ח ×׳‎↑36â€×× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×“×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×œ×ª×ª× .… משטטי ומסתכלן ב××™× ×•×Ÿ מ×ריהון דכ×בין ×•×‘× ×™ מרעין ו×× ×•×Ÿ דסבלין על ×™×—×•×“× ×“×ž×ריהון ות×בין ו×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×”× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×—× ×¦×¢×¨× ×“×™×©×¨×ל בגלותהון ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×“×™ בהון ×“×œ× ×ž×¡×ª×›×œ×™ ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ למ×ריהון׳ ××¨×™× ×§×œ× ×•×‘×›×™ על ××™× ×•×Ÿ חייבין דבהו הה״ד ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•× ×•×ª×™× ×•. תייבין ××™× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ וקיימין ב×תרייהו. ×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×ית ×”×™×›×œ× ×—×“× ×“×קרי ×”×™×›×œ× ×“×‘× ×™ מרעין׳ כדין משיח ×¢×ל בההו ×”×™×›×œ× ×•×§×רי לכל מרעין וכל ×›×בין כל יסוריהון דישר×ל דייתון עליה וכלהו ×תיין עליה ו××œ×ž×œ× ×“×יהו ×קיל מעלייהו דישר×ל ×•× ×˜×™×œ עליה׳ ×œ× ×”×•×™ בר × ×© דיכיל למסבל יסוריהון דישר×ל על ×¢×•× ×©×™ ד×ורית×. הה״ד ×כן ×—×œ×™×™× ×• ×”×•× × ×©× ×•×’×•×³ … כד הוו ישר×ל ב××¨×¢× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘××™× ×•×Ÿ ×¤×•×œ×—× ×™×Ÿ ×•×§×¨×‘× ×™×Ÿ דהוו עבדי הוו מסלקין כל ××™× ×™×Ÿ מרעין ויסורין מעלמ×. ×”×©×ª× ×ž×©×™×— מסלק לון ×ž×‘× ×™ עלמ×: זוהר חלק ב׳ דף ריב ×׳‎↑37Comp. Peter Beer,Geschichte der religiösen Secten der Juden. Berlin, 1822–23, vol. ii, p. 309, &c.↑38â€×•×œ× ידעתי ×× ×™×ž×—×•×œ ×™×™ ל×שר ×”×“×¤×™×¡× ××•×ª× ×”×¡×¤×¨×™×‎Comp.â€×רי × ×•×”×‎ed. Fürst, Leipzig, 1840, p. 7.↑
1â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×œ× ×™×›× ×¡ בהרהור וכל שכן בדבור ××£ על פי שיש לו רמז בכל דבר ש×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×• ולכך ×ין ×ות ו×ין ×©× ×•×ין דבר ×שר ×™×’×‘×œ× ×•â€Ž, Commentary of the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 4a. This doctrine, however, that everything is in the Deity is not peculiar to the Kabbalah, it has been propounded by the Jews from time immemorial, before the Kabbalah came into existence, as may be seen from the following passage inthe Midrash. “The Holy One, blessed be he, is the space of the universe, but the universe is not his space (â€×”קב״ה מקומו של ×¢×•×œ× ×•×ין ×”×¢×•×œ× ×ž×§×•×ž×•â€Ž). R. Isaac submitted: from the passageâ€×ž×¢×•× ×” ×להי קד×‎( Deut. xxxiii, 27 ), we do not know whether the Holy One, blessed be he, is the habitation of the universe or the universe his habitation; but from the remarkâ€××“× ×™ מעון ×תה‎Lord thou art the dwelling place( Ps. xc, 1 ), it is evident that the Holy One, blessed be he, is the dwelling place of the universe, and not the universe his dwelling place.†(Bereshith Rabba, § lxviii.) To the same effect is the remark of Philo, “God himself is the space of the universe, for it is he who contains all things.†(De Somniis, i.) It is for this reason that God is calledâ€×ž×§×•×‎orâ€×”מקו×‎=ὠτόπος,locus, and that the Septuagint rendersâ€×•×™×¨×ו ×ת ×להי ישר×ל וגו׳‎( Exod. xxiv, 10 ), byκαὶεἶδον τὸν τόπον, οὗ εἱστήκει ὠθεὸς, which has occasioned so much difficulty to interpreters.↑2â€×œ× ידע ×•×œ× ×תידע מה דהוי בר××™×©× ×“× ×“×œ×׳ ×תדבק ×‘×—×›×ž×ª× ×•×œ× ×›×¡×•×›×œ×ª× ×• ובגן כן ×קרי ×ין‎(Sohariii, 283b.) To the same effect is the ancient expository work on the doctrine of the Emanations which we quoted in the preceding note, comp.â€×ž×” ש××™× ×• מוגבל קרוי ×ין סוף ×•×”×•× ×”×”×©×•××” גמורה ב×חדות השלמח ש×ין בה ×©× ×•×™ ו×× ×”×•× ×ž×‘×œ×™ גבול ×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×•â€Ž, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 2a.↑3â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×ין לומר ×›×™ יש לו רצון ×•×œ× ×›×•× ×” ×•×œ× ×—×¤×¥ ×•×œ× ×ž×—×©×‘×” ×•×œ× ×“×‘×•×¨ ומעשה‎ibid., 4a.↑4â€×× ×”×מר ×›×™ ×”×•× ×‘×œ×‘×“ כיון בברי××— עולמו יש להשיב על ×–×” ×›×™ ×”×›×•× ×” מורה על הסרון המכון‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth,p.2b. Again, says the same authority,â€×•×× ×ª×מר שהגבול ×”×’×ž×¦× ×ž×ž× ×• תחלה ×”×™×” ×”×¢×•×œ× ×”×–×” ×©×”×•× (העול×) חסר מהשלמותו חסרת חכוח ×©×”×•× ×ž×ž× ×• .… ו×× ×ª×מר ×©×œ× ×›×™×•×Ÿ בברי×חו ×× ×›×Ÿ היתה הברי××” במקרה, וכל דבר ×”×‘× ×‘×ž×§×¨×” ×ין לו סדר, ו×× ×• רו××™× ×›×™ ×”× ×‘×¨××™× ×™×© ×œ×—× ×¡×“×¨, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×§×™×ž×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×›×˜×œ×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×—×“×©×™×‎,ibid., p. 2.↑5Both the etymology and the exact meaning of the wordâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×”‎(pluralâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×•×ªâ€Ž) are matters of dispute. R. Azariel, the first Kabbalist, derives it fromâ€×¡×¤×¨â€Žto number, whilst the later Kabbalists derive it alternately fromâ€×¡×¤×™×¨â€ŽSaphir, fromâ€×”×©×ž×™× ×ž×¡×¤×¨×™× ×›×‘×•×“ ×ל‎( Ps. xix, 1 ), and from the GreekσφαῖÏαι, and are not at all certain whether to regardthe Sephirothasprinciples(á¼€Ïχαὶ), or assubstances(ὑποστάσεις), or aspotencies,powers(δυνάμεις), or asintelligent worlds(κόσμοι νοητικοί), or asattributes, or asentities(â€×¢×¦×ž×•×ªâ€Ž), or asorgans of the Deity(â€×›×œ×™×‎).↑6The Sohar, like the Talmud, generally renders the wordsâ€×ž×œ×š שלמה‎King Solomon; while verses in the Song of Songs, byâ€×ž×œ×›× די ×©×œ×ž× ×“×™×œ×™×”â€Žthe King to whom peace belongs.↑7â€×›×™ כל ברי××”×›×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×”×ª×ª×ž×¢×˜×•×ª×ª×—×¡×¨ .… ×›×— ×”××¦×™×œ×•×ª×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×• ו××™× ×• חסר‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, 2b; 4a.↑8â€×”ספירות ×©×”× ×›×— ×”×©×œ× ×•×›×— החסר ×›×©×”× ×ž×§×‘×œ×™× ×ž×”×©×¤×¢ הב××ž×”×©×œ×ž×ª×•×”× ×›×— ×©×œ× ×•×‘×”×ž× ×¢ השפע ×ž×”× ×™×© ×‘×—× ×›×— חסרלכךיש ×‘×”× ×›×— לפעול בהשלמה ובחסרון‎.↑9The notion, however, that worlds were created and destroyed prior to the present creation, was propounded inthe Midrashlong before the existence of the Kabbalah. Thus on the verse, “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very good†( Gen. i, 31 ), R. Abahu submitsâ€×״ר ×בהו מכ×ן שהקב״ה ×”×™×” ×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן ×•×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן עד ×©×‘×¨× ×ת ×לו ×מר דין ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי יתהון ×œ× ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי‎from this we see that the Holy One, blessed be he, had successively created and destroyed sundry worlds before he created the present world, and when he created the present world he said, this pleases me, the previous ones did not please me. (Bereshith Rabba, section or Parsha ix.)↑10The question, however, about the doctrine of the Trinity in other passages of theSoharwill be discussed more amply in the sequel, where we shall point out the relation of the Kabbalah to Christianity.↑11The Kabbalistic description ofMetatronis taken from the Jewish angelology of a much older date than this theosophy. Thus Ben Asai and Ben Soma already regardthe divine voice, theλόγος(â€×§×•×œ ×להי×‎) as Metatron. (Beresh. Rab., Parsha v.) He is calledthe Great Teacher,the Teacher of Teachers(â€×¡×¤×¨× רב×‎), and it is for this reason that Enoch, who walked in close communion with God, and taught mankind by his holy example, is said by the Chaldee paraphrase of Jonathan b. Uzziel, to ‘have received the nameMetatron, the Great Teacher’ after he was transplanted. ( Gen. v, 24 .) Metatron, moreover, is the Presence Angel (â€×©×¨ ×”×¤× ×™×‎), the Angel of the Lord that was sent to go before Israel ( Exod. xxiii, 21 ); he is the visible manifestation of the Deity, for in him is the name of the Lord,i.e., his name and that of the Deity are identical, inasmuch as they are of the same numerical value (viz.:—â€×©×“י‎andâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žare the same according to the exegetical rule called Gematria,â€×™â€Ž10 +â€×“‎4 +â€×©â€Ž300 = 314;â€×Ÿâ€Ž50 +â€×•â€Ž6 +â€×¨â€Ž200 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×žâ€Ž40 = 314. See Rashi on Exod. xxiii, 21 ,â€×¨×‘×•×ª×™× ×• ×מרו ×–×” מטטרון ששמו ×›×©× ×¨×‘×• מטטרון ×‘×’×ž×˜×¨×™× ×©×“×™â€ŽandSanhedrim38b). So exalted is Metatron’s position in the ancient Jewish angelology, that we are told that when Elisha b. Abaja, also called Acher, saw this angel who occupies the first position after the Deity, he exclaimed, ‘Peradventure, but far be it, there are two Supreme Powers’ (â€×©×ž× חס ×•×©×œ×•× ×©×ª×™ רשויות הן‎Talmud,Chagiga, 15a). The etymology ofâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žis greatly disputed; but there is no doubt that it is to be derived fromMetator,messenger,outrider,way maker, as has been shown by Elias Levita, and is maintained by Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklopädie, section ii, vol. xxvii,s.v.;Juden, p. 40, note 84). Sachs (Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, vol. i, Berlin 1852, p. 108) rightly remarks that this etymology is fixed by the passage fromSiphra, quoted inKaphter-Va-Pherach, c. x, p. 34bâ€×צבעו של הקב״ה × ×¢×©×” מטטרון למשה והר×הו כל ×רץ ישר×ל‎the finger of God was the messenger or guide to Moses, and showed him all the land of Israel.[110]The terminationâ€×•×Ÿâ€Žhas been appended toâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨â€Žto obtain the same numerical value, asâ€×©×“י‎. The derivation of it fromμετὰ θÏόνος, because this angel is immediately under the divine throne (â€×›×•×¨×¡×™×™×‎), which is maintained by Frank (Kabbala, p. 43), Graetz (Gnosticismus, p. 44) and others, has been shown by Frankel (Zeitschrift, 1846. vol. iii, p. 113), and Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklop.section ii, vol. xxvii, p. 41), to be both contrary to the form of the word and to the description of Metatron.↑12The view that the serpent which seduced the protoplasts is identical with Satan is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. It is stated in theTalmudin almost the same wordsâ€×”×•× ×™×¦×¨ הרע ×”×•× ×”×©×˜×Ÿ ×”×•× ×ž×œ×ך המות ×›×ž×ª× ×™×—× ×ª× × ×™×•×¨×“ ומטע עולה ומשטין יורד וממי×‎the evil spirit, Satan, and the angel of death, are the same. It is propounded in the Boraitha that he descends and seduces; he then ascends and accuses, and then comes down again and kills.Baba Bathra, 16a.↑13â€×›×™×•×Ÿ ×“× ×‘×¨× ××“× ×תתקן ×›×œ× ×•×›×œ מהדלעיל×ותת×וסל××תכליל ב××“× â€¦ ×יהו ×©×œ×™×ž×•×ª× ×“×›×œ×.זוחר חלק ג׳ דף מ״ח ×׳‎↑14That the righteous are greater than the angels is already propounded in the Talmud (â€×’×“×•×œ×™× ×¦×“×™×§×™× ×™×•×ª×¨ ממל××›×™ השרת‎Sanhedrim93a); and it is asserted that no one angel can do two things (â€×ין מל×ך ×חד עושה שתי שליחות‎Bereshith Rabba, section 1), for which reason three angels had to be sent, one to announce to Sarai the birth of Isaac, the other to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, and the third to save Lot and his family; whilst a man can perform several duties. The superiority of man over angels is also asserted in the New Testament. ( 1 Cor. vi, 3 .)↑15The Karmarthi, who interpreted the precepts of Islamism allegorically, also maintained that the human body represents the letters in the name of God. When standing the human body represents anElif, when kneeling aLâm, and when prostrated on the ground aHê, so that the body is like a book in which may be read the nameAllah. De Sacy,Introduction à l’Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, pp. 86, 87. Comp. Frank,Die Kabbala, p. 32.↑16The pre-existence of the human souls in the celestial regions was believed by the Jews before the Kabbalah came into vogue. We find this doctrine in the Book of Wisdom (viii, 20); in Josephus, where we are told that the Essenes believed ‘that souls were immortal, and that they descended from the pure air,συμπλÎκεσθαι á½¥ÏƒÏ€ÎµÏ Îµá¼°Ïκταῖς τοῖς σώμασι, to be chained to bodies’ (de Bell. Jud.ii, 12); by Philo, who says ‘the air was full of them, and that those which were nearest the earthκατίασιν á¼ÎºÎ´ÎµÎ¸Î·ÏƒÎ¿Î¼Îναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, descending to be tied to mortal bodies,παλινδÏομοῦσι αὖθις, return back to bodies, being[114]desirous to live in them.’ (De Gignat.p. 222, C.;De Somniis, p. 455, D. Comp. Arnald on the Book of Wisdom, viii, 20 , and Whitby on John ix, 2 ., where these quotations and others are given); and in the Talmud where it is declared that the human souls which are to be born (â€×¨×•×—ות ×•× ×©×ž×•×ª שעתידיןלהבר×ות‎), have their abode in the seventh heaven (Chagiga, 12b); that they leave gradually the storehouse of souls to people this earth (â€×¢×“ שיכלו כל ×”× ×©×ž×•×” שבגוף‎Jebamoth, 62;Aboda Sara, 5;Nidda, 13); and that the Holy One, blessed be he, took counsel with them when he was about to create the worldâ€×›× פשתן של צריקין × ×ž×œ×š הקב״ה ×•×‘×¨× ×ת העול×‎(Bereshith Rabba, section viii).↑17The notion about the reluctance of the soul to enter into this world is also not peculiar to the Kabbalah. The most ancient tract of the Mishna thus speaks of the soul: “Against thy will thou becomest an embryo, and against thy will thou art born†(â€×¢×œ כרחך ×תה × ×•×¦×¨ ועל כרחך ×תה × ×•×œ×“â€ŽAboth, iv. 29); on which Bartenora, in his commentary, remarks: “The soul does not wish to quit the pure abode of the curtain which encloses the Holy of Holies.â€â†‘18â€×›×œ ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין ×•× ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ כלהו כלילן דכר ×•× ×•×§×‘× ×“×ž×ª×—×‘×¨×Ÿ ×›×—×“× ×•×תמסרן ×‘×™×“× ×“×”×”×•× ×ž×ž× × ×©×œ×™×”× ×“×תפקר על עדו×יהן [עיבוריהן] ×“×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×œ×™×œ×” שמיה ×•×‘×©×¢×”× ×“× ×—×ª×™×Ÿ ו×תמסרן בידוי מתפדשין ×™×œ×–×ž× ×™×Ÿ ×“× ××§×¨×™× ×ž×Ÿ ×“× ×•×חית להו ×‘×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×›×“ ×ž×˜× [מח×] עידן ×“×–×•×•×’× ×“×œ×”×•×Ÿ קב״ה דידע ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוהין ×•× ×©×ž×”×™×Ÿ מחבר לון ×›×“×‘×§×“×ž×™×ª× ×•×ž×›×¨×–× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• וכד ×תחברן ×תעגידו חד ×’×•×¤× ×—×“ × ×©×ž×ª× ×™×ž×™× × ×™×©×ž××œ× ×›×“×§× ×—×–×™ ובגין כך ×ין כל חדש תחת השמש. ו××™ ×ª×™×ž× ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ לית ×–×•×•×’× ××œ× ×œ×¤×•× ×¢×•×’×“×•×™ ו×ורהוי דבר × ×© ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×•×“××™. ד××™ ×–×›×™ ועובדוי ×תכשרן ×–×›×™ ×œ×”×”×•× ×“×™×œ×™×” ל××ª×—×‘×¨× ×‘×™×“ כמה ×“× ×¤×™×§. זוהר חלק × ×“×£ ×¦× ×‘â€Žâ†‘19â€×‘×¡×¤×¨× ×“×©×œ×ž×” ×ž×œ×›× ××©×›×—× × ×“×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ×œ×ª×ª× ×©×“×¨ קב״ה חד ×“×™×•×§× ×בפרצופ××“×´× ×¨×©×™×ž×”×—×§×™×§×”×‘×¦×•×œ×ž× ×•×§×™×™×ž× ×¢×œ ×”×”×•× ×–×•×•×’× ×•×למלי ×תיהיב רשו ×œ×¢×™× ×למחמיחמי ×‘×´× ×¢×œ רישיה חד ×¦×•×œ×ž× ×¨×©×™×ž× ×›×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×‘×¨ × ×© ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×™×œ×ž× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×•×¢×“×“×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×[×¡×´× ×•×¢×“ ×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×] ×”×”×•× ×¦×•×œ×ž×דשדרליה מ×ריה על רישיה וישתכח תמן ×œ× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×”×”×´×“ ויבר××לקי××ת ×”××“× ×‘×¦×œ×ž×•. ×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זדמן לקבליה עד ×“× ×¤×™×§ ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×›×“ × ×¤×§ ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×תרבי ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זיל הה״ד ×ך ×‘×¦×œ× ×™×ª×”×œ×š ×יש לה××™ צל×הו××ž×œ×¢×™×œ× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין × ×¤×§×™×Ÿ מ×תרייהו כל ×¨×•×—× ×•×¨×•×—× ×תתקן קמי ×ž×œ×›× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘×ª×§×•× ×™ יקר ×‘×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×§×י׳ בה××™ עלמ×. ×•×ž×”×”×•× ×“×™×•×§× × ×ª×§×•× × ×™×§×¨ × ×¤×™×§ ×”××™ צל×. ×•×“× ×ª×œ×™×ª××” ×œ×¨×•×—× ×•×קדימת בה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ולית לך ×–×•×•×’× ×‘×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ×על×בגווייהו. זוהר חלק ×’ דף קד × ,ב‎↑20The two kinds of faculties, as well as the two sorts of feelings, are also mentioned in the Talmud. Thus it is said—“All the prophets looked into theNon-Luminous Mirror, whilst our teacher, Moses, looked into theLuminous Mirror.†(â€×›×œ ×”× ×‘×™××™× × ×¡×”×›×œ×• ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×©××™× ×” מ×ירה משה ×¨×‘×™× ×• × ×¡×ª×›×œ ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×”×ž×ידה‎Jebamoth, 49b). And again—“Also the divine service which is engendered by fear and not by love, has its merit.†(Jerusalem Berachoth, 44;Babylon Sota, 22a.)↑21â€×œ×©× יחוד קב״ה ×•×©×›×™× ×ª×” ברחימו ודחילו וברחילו ורחימו ×œ×™×—×¨× ×©× ×™×´×” בו״ה ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×©×œ×™× ×‘×©× ×›×œ ישר×ל‎↑22â€×›×œ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×’×œ×’×•×œ× ×•×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×ורחוי ×“×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×•×”×™×š ×§×™×™×ž× ×˜×™×§×œ× ×•×”×™×š ××ª×“× ×• ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×‘×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×•×‘×›×œ עידן והיך × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×¢×“ ×œ× ×™×™×ª×•×Ÿ לה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×•×”×™×š ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×œ×‘×ª×¨ ×“× ×¤×§×™ מה××™ עלמ×. כמה גלגולין וכמה עובדין סתימין עבידן ×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×‘×”×“×™ כמה × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ערטיל×ין וכמה רוחין ערטיל×ין ×זלין ×‘×”×”×•× ×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ× ×¢×לין ×œ×¤×¨×’×•×“× ×“×ž×œ×›×.[125]וכמה עלמין ×תהפך בהו ×•×¢×œ×ž× ×“×תהפך בכמה פלי×ן סתימין ×•×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ× ×ž×©×’×™×—×™×Ÿ וחיך מתגלגלן × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×›××‘× × ×‘×§×•×¡×¤×ª× ×›×ž×” ד×ת ×מר ו×ת × ×¤×© ×ויביך ×™×§×œ×¢× ×” בתוך ×›×£ הקלע ×”×©×ª× ×ית לגל××” ×“×”× ×›×œ. זוהר חלק ב׳ דף צט ב׳‎↑23According to Josephus, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls into other bodies (μετεμψÏχωσις), was also held by the Pharisees (comp. Antiq. xviii, 1, 3: de Bell. Jud. ii, 8, 14), restricting, however, the metempsychosis to the righteous. And though the Midrashim and the Talmud are silent about it, yet from Saadia’s vituperations against it (â€×בל ×ומר שמצ×תי ×× ×©×™× ×ž×ž×™ ×©× ×§×¨××™× ×™×”×•×“×™× ××•×ž×¨×™× ×‘×”×©× ×•×ª וקור××™× ×ותו ההעתקח‎Emunoth ve-Deoth, vi, 7; viii, 3) there is no doubt that this doctrine was held among some Jews in the ninth century of the present era. At all events it is perfectly certain that the Karaite Jews firmly believed in it ever since the seventh century. (Comp. Frankel,Monatschrift, x, 177, &c.) St. Jerome assures us that it was also propounded among the early Christians as an esoteric and traditional doctrine which was entrusted to the select few, (abscondite quasi in foveis viperarum versari et quasi haereditario malo serpere in paucis. Comp. epist. ad Demedriadem); and Origen was convinced that it was only by means of this doctrine that certain Scriptural narratives, such as the struggle of Jacob with Esau before their birth, the reference about Jeremiah when still in his mother’s womb, and many others, can possibly be explained.(πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶνi, 1, cap. vii;Adver. Celsum, i, 3.)↑24The notion that the creation is a blessing, and that this is indicated in the first letter, is already propounded in the Midrash, as may be seen from the following remark. The reason why the Law begins withBeth, the second letter of the Alphabet, and not withAleph, the first letter, is that the former is the first letter in the wordblessing, while the latter is the first letter in the wordaccursed,â€×œ×ž×” בבית ×ž×¤× ×™ ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ברכה ×•×œ× ×‘×״לף ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ×רירה‎(Midrash Rabba, sec. i).↑25This view that the mere literal narrative is unworthy of inspiration, and that it must contain a spiritual meaning concealed under the garment of the letter, is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. Both the Synagogue and the Church have maintained the same from time immemorial. Thus the Talmud already describes the impious Manasseh, King of Israel, as making himself merry over the narratives of the Pentateuch and ironically asking (â€×ž× שוה בן חזקיה שהיה יושב ודורש בהגדות של דופי ×מר וכי ×œ× ×”×™×” לו למשה לכתוב ××œ× ×חות לוטן ×ª×ž× ×¢ ×•×”×ž× ×¢ היתה פלגשל×ליפזוילך ר×ובן בימי קציר ×—×˜×™× ×•×™×ž×¦× ×“×•×“××™× ×‘×©×“×”â€Ž), whether Moses could not find anything better to relate than that “Loton’s sister was Timna†( Gen. xxxvi, 22 ); “Timna was the concubine of Eliphaz†(ibid., v. 12 ); that “Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field†(ibid., xxx, 14 ), &c, &c. And it is replied that these narratives contain another sense besides the literal one. (Sanhedrim, 99b.) Hence the rule (â€×›×œ מה ש×ירע ל×בות סימן ×œ×‘× ×™×‎), what happened to the fathers is typical of the children.↑26Origen’s words are almost literally the same—“Si adsideamus litterae et secundum hoc vel quod Judaeis, vel quod vulgo videtur, accipiamus quæ in lege scripta sunt, erubesco dicere et confiteri quia tales leges dederit Deus: videbuntur enim magis elegantes et rationabiles hominum leges, verbi gratia vel Romanorum vel Atheniensium, vel Lacedaemoniorum.â€Homil.vii,in Levit.Again, the same erudite father says, “What person in his senses will imagine that the first, second, and third day, in connection with which morning and evening are mentioned, were without sun, moon and stars, nay that there was no sky on the first day? Who is there so foolish and without common sense as to believe that God planted trees in the garden eastward of Eden like a husbandman, and planted therein the tree of life, perceptible to the eyes and senses, which gave life to the eater thereof; and another tree which gave to the eater thereof a knowledge of good and evil? I believe that everybody must regard these as figures, under which a recondite sense is concealed.†Lib. iv, cap. ii,πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν. Huet,Origeniana, p. 167. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 99, &c. It must, however, not be supposed that this sort of interpretation, which defies all rules of sound exegesis and common sense, is confined to the ancient Jewish Rabbins or the Christian fathers. The Commentary on Genesis and Exodus by Chr. Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster, may fairly compete in this respect with any production of bygone days. Will it be believed that Dr. Wordsworth actually sees it “suggested by the Holy Spirit Himself,†that Noah drunk, exposing his nakedness, and mocked by his own child, Ham, is typical of Christ who drank the cup of God’s wrath, stripped Himself of His heavenly glory, and was mocked by his own children the Jews? But we must give the Canon’s own words. “Noah drank the wine of his vineyard; Christ drank the cup of God’s wrath, which was the fruit of the sin of the cultivators of the vineyard, which he had planted in the world. Noah was made naked to his shame; Christ consented for our sake to strip Himself of His heavenly glory, and took on him the form of a servant. ( Phil. ii, 7 .) He laid aside his garments, and washed his disciples’ feet ( John, xiii, 4 .) He hid not his face from shame and spitting. ( Isa. 1, 6 .) When he was on the Cross, they that passed by reviled Him. ( Matt. xxvii, 39 .) He was mocked by His[129]own children, the Jews. He deigned to be exposed to insult for our sakes, in shame and nakedness on the Cross ( Heb. xii, 2 ), in order that we might receive eternal glory from His shame, and be clothed through His weakness with garments of heavenly beauty.†(Commentary on Genesis and Exodus, London, 1864, p. 52.)↑27The notion that the Bible is to be explained in this fourfold manner was also propounded by the Jewish doctors generally, long before the existence of the Kabbalah (Comp. Ginsburg,Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30), and has been adopted by some of the fathers and schoolmen. Origen, although only advocating a threefold sense, viz.:—σωματικὸς, ψυχικὸς, πνευματικὸς, to correspond to the Platonic notion of the component parts of man, viz.:—σῶμα, ψυχὴ, πνεῦμα, almost uses the same words as the Kabbalah. “The sentiments of Holy Scriptures must be imprinted upon each one’s soul in a threefold manner, that the more simple may be built up by theflesh(or body) of Scripture, so to speak, by which we mean the obvious explanation; that he who has advanced to a higher state may be edified by thesoulof Scripture as it were; but he that is perfect, and like to the individuals spoken of by the Apostle ( 1 Cor. ii, 6 , 7), must be edified by the spiritual law, having a shadow of good things to come.πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν,lib.iv, cap. ii. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 97. Whilst Nicholas de Lyra, the celebrated commentator and forerunner of the Reformation (born about 1270, died October 23, 1340), distinctly espouses the Jewish four modes of interpretation, which he describes in the following couplet—“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€Comp. Alexander’s edition of Kitto’sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature,s. v.Lyra.↑28The above-mentioned exegetical canons, however, are not peculiar to the Kabbalah. They have been in vogue among the Jews from time immemorial. Thus the difficult passage in Isa. xxi, 8 ,â€×•×™×§×¨× ×ריה‎which is rendered in the Authorised Version,and he cried, A lion!or ‘as a lion,’ as the margin has it, is explained by the ancient Jewish tradition as a prophecy respecting Habakkuk, who, as Isaiah foresaw, would in coming days use the very words here predicted. (Comp. Isa. xxi, 8, 9 , with Hab. ii, 1 ); and this interpretation is obtained by rule i; inasmuch asâ€×ריה‎lionandâ€×—בקוק‎Habakkukare numerically the same, viz.:—â€×”‎â€×™â€Žâ€×¨â€Žâ€×‎andâ€×§â€Žâ€×•â€Žâ€×§â€Žâ€×‘‎â€×—‎5+10+200+1= 216and100+6+100+2+8= 216(See the Commentaries of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kimchi on Isa. xxi, 8 .) Again, in the fact that Jacob made Joseph ‘a coat of many colours’ ( Gen. xxxvii, 3 ), as the Authorised Version has it, or ‘pieces,’ as it is in the margin, the Midrash or the ancient Jewish exposition, sees the sufferings of Joseph indicated; inasmuch asâ€×¤×¡×™×‎according to rule ii, is composed of the initials ofâ€×¤×•×˜×™×¤×¨â€ŽPotiphar, who imprisoned Joseph;â€×¡×•×—רי×‎merchantsâ€×™×©×ž×¢×לי×‎Ishmaelitesandâ€×ž×“×™× ×™×‎Midianites, who bought him and sold him again as a slave. ( Gen. xxxvii, 25–28 ; xxxix, 1; comp. Rashi on Gen. xxxvii, 3 .) For more extensive information on this subject, we must refer to Ginsburg’sHistorical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30, &c.↑29The limits of this Essay preclude the possibility of entering into a disquisition on the seventy-two Divine names. Those who wish to examine the subject more extensively we must refer to the Commentaries on theSohar( Exod. xiv. 19–31 ), mentioned in the third part of this Essay; and to Bartolocci,Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, Pars iv, p. 230seq., where ample information is given on this and kindred subjects.↑30â€×™×—×•×“× ×¨×›×œ ×™×•×›×ž× ×יחו ×™×—×•×“× ×œ×ž× ×¨×¢ ולשו××— רעות×. ×™×—×•×“× ×“× ×—× ×מרן בכמח דוכתי ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×יחו יחיד ×“×§×¨× ×™×“×•×´×“ קימ××” ××œ×—×™× ×• ידו״ד ×—× ×›×œ×—×• חד וע״ד קרי ×חד. ×—× ×ª×œ×ª שמחן חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ו××£ על ×’× ×“×§×¨×™× ×Ÿ ×חד חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ××œ× ×‘×—×•×™×•× × ×“×¨×•×— ×§×¨×©× ×תידע ו××™× ×•×Ÿ בחיזו ×“×¢×™× × ×¡×ª×™×ž× ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ ×“×ª×œ×ª× ×לין ×חד. ×•×“× ×יחו ×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ, ד×שתמע קול ×יחו וזר ו×ייחו ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ, ××©× ×•×¨×•×—× ×•×ž×™× ×•×›×œ×—×• ×—×– ×‘×¨×–× ×¨×§×•×œ ול×ו ××™× ×•×Ÿ ××œ× ×—×“. ×וף ×”×›× ×™×´×™ ××›×”×™× ×• ×™×´×™ ××•× ×•×Ÿ חד, ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ו××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×•×¨× ×יהו קיל דעביד בר × ×© ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×•×œ×©×•××— רעותיה ×‘×™×”×•×“× ×“×›×œ× ×ž×ין טות עד סופ×. ×“×›×œ× ×‘×××™ קול ×“×§× ×¢×‘×™×“ ×‘×—× ×™ ×ª×œ×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ חד, וד×[139]×יהו ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×“×תגלי ×‘×¨×–× ×“×¨×•×— קדש×. וכמה ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ×“×™×—×•×“× ×תערו וכלהו קשוט מ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד ומ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד, ×בל ×”××™ ×™×—×•×“× ×“×§× ×× ×Ÿ מתערי ×ž×ª×ª× ×‘×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ ד×יהו הד, ×“× ×”×•× ×‘×¨×™×¨× ×“×ž×œ×”. זוהר הלצ ב׳ דף מ״ג ב׳‎↑31â€×¨×‘×™ ×לעזר הוה יתיב קמיה דר״ש ×בוי ×מר ליה ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ ××œ×”×™× ×‘×›×œ ×תר ×“×™× × ×”×•×, יו״ד ×”×´× ×•×״ו ×”×´× ×ית ×תר ד×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×›×’×•×Ÿ ××“× ×™ יהוה, ×מ××™ ×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×•×”× ×תוון רחמי ××™× ×•×Ÿ בכל ×תר ×מר ליה ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×›×ª×™×‘ בקר×, דכתיב וידעת ×”×™×•× ×•×”×©×‘×•×ª ×ל לבבך ×›×™ ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×, וכתיב ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×. ×מר ליה מלה ×“× ×™×“×¢× × ×“×‘×תר ד×ית ×“×™× × ×ית רחמי, ×•×œ×–×ž× × ×‘×תר ד×ית[140]רחמי ×ית ×“×™× × ×מר Ö´×™×” ×ª× ×—×–×™ דהכי ×”×•× ×™×“×•×´×“ בכל ×תר רחמי ×•×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×ž×”×¤×›×™ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×¨×—×ž×™ ×œ×“×™× × ×›×“×™×Ÿ כתיב יהוה ×•×›×¨×™× ×Ÿ ליה ×להי×, ×בל ×ª× ×—×–×™ ×¨×–× ×“×ž×œ×” ג׳ דרגין ××™× ×•×Ÿ וכל ×“×¨×’× ×•×“×¨×’× ×‘×œ×—×•×“×•×™ ו××¢× ×³ ×“×›×œ× ×—×“ ומתכשרי בחד ×•×œ× ×ž×ª×¤×¨×©×™ ×“× ×ž×Ÿ ד×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף ס׳ה ×׳‎↑32â€×ž×ן ד×מר ×חד ×צטריך ×œ×—×™×¤× ×ל״ף ×•×œ×§×¦×¨× ×§×¨×™××” דילה ×•×œ× ×™×¢×›×‘ בה××™ ×ות כלל. ומ×ן דעביד ×“× ×™×ª×רכון חייו ×מרו ליה תו ×מר ×ª×¨×™× ××™× ×•×Ÿ ×•×—×“× ×שתתף בהו ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×ª×œ×ª× ×•×›×“ הוו ×ª×œ×ª× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×מר לון ×לין תרין שמהן דשמע ישר×ל ד××™× ×•×Ÿ יהוה יהוה ××œ×”×™× ×• ×שתתף בהו ו×יהו ×—×•×ª×ž× ×“×’×•×©×¤× ×›× ×מת, וכד מתחברן ×›×—×“× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×—×“×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף קס״ב ×׳‎↑33Comp. Galatinus,De Arcanis Cathol.lib. ii, c. 3, p. 31; who says that some Codices of the Chaldee paraphrase in Isa. vi, 3 , had alsoâ€×§×“יש ××‘× ×§×“×™×© ×‘×¨×™× ×§×“×™×©â€Žâ€×¨×•×—× ×§×“×™×©×‎the Holy Father, the Holy Son, and the Holy Ghost; see also Wolf,Bibliotheca Hebrecai, 1136; Graetz,Geschichte der Judenvii, 249.↑34Comp. Joel,Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipzig, 1849, p. 240 ff.↑35â€×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×™×ª×¤×¡×™×Ÿ ×¦×“×™×§×™×™× ×‘×ž×¨×¢×™×Ÿ ×ו במכתשין בגין ×œ×›×¤×¨× ×¢×œ ×¢×œ×ž× ×”×™×•, כדין יתכפרון כל חובי דר×. ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ מכל שייפי גופ×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×›×œ שייפין בעק×ו ומרע סגי ×©×¨×™×™× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• ×©×™×™×¤× ×—×“× ×צטריך ל×לק××” בגין דיתסון כלהו. ×•×ž× ×• דרועה. ×“×¨×•×¢× ×לקי ו×פיקו ×ž× ×™×” ×“×ž× ×›×“×™×Ÿ ×”× ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ שייפי גופ×. ×וף ×”×›×™ ×‘× ×™ ×¢×œ×ž× ××™× ×•×Ÿ שייפין ×“× ×¢× ×“×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×‘×¢×™ קב.×´×” למיהב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×לקי לחד ×¦×“×™×§× ×‘×™× ×™×™×”×• במרעין ובמכתשין ×•×‘×’×™× ×™×” יהיב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ× ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ דכתיב ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•×•× ×•×ª×™×™× ×• וגו׳ ובחברתי × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ובחברתו ××§×–×•×ª× ×“×“×ž× ×ž×›×ן ד×קיז דרוע×, ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×—×‘×•×¨×” × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ××¡×•×•×ª× ×”×•× ×œ× ×• לכל שייפין דגופ×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף רי״ח ×׳‎↑36â€×× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×“×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×œ×ª×ª× .… משטטי ומסתכלן ב××™× ×•×Ÿ מ×ריהון דכ×בין ×•×‘× ×™ מרעין ו×× ×•×Ÿ דסבלין על ×™×—×•×“× ×“×ž×ריהון ות×בין ו×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×”× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×—× ×¦×¢×¨× ×“×™×©×¨×ל בגלותהון ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×“×™ בהון ×“×œ× ×ž×¡×ª×›×œ×™ ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ למ×ריהון׳ ××¨×™× ×§×œ× ×•×‘×›×™ על ××™× ×•×Ÿ חייבין דבהו הה״ד ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•× ×•×ª×™× ×•. תייבין ××™× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ וקיימין ב×תרייהו. ×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×ית ×”×™×›×œ× ×—×“× ×“×קרי ×”×™×›×œ× ×“×‘× ×™ מרעין׳ כדין משיח ×¢×ל בההו ×”×™×›×œ× ×•×§×רי לכל מרעין וכל ×›×בין כל יסוריהון דישר×ל דייתון עליה וכלהו ×תיין עליה ו××œ×ž×œ× ×“×יהו ×קיל מעלייהו דישר×ל ×•× ×˜×™×œ עליה׳ ×œ× ×”×•×™ בר × ×© דיכיל למסבל יסוריהון דישר×ל על ×¢×•× ×©×™ ד×ורית×. הה״ד ×כן ×—×œ×™×™× ×• ×”×•× × ×©× ×•×’×•×³ … כד הוו ישר×ל ב××¨×¢× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘××™× ×•×Ÿ ×¤×•×œ×—× ×™×Ÿ ×•×§×¨×‘× ×™×Ÿ דהוו עבדי הוו מסלקין כל ××™× ×™×Ÿ מרעין ויסורין מעלמ×. ×”×©×ª× ×ž×©×™×— מסלק לון ×ž×‘× ×™ עלמ×: זוהר חלק ב׳ דף ריב ×׳‎↑37Comp. Peter Beer,Geschichte der religiösen Secten der Juden. Berlin, 1822–23, vol. ii, p. 309, &c.↑38â€×•×œ× ידעתי ×× ×™×ž×—×•×œ ×™×™ ל×שר ×”×“×¤×™×¡× ××•×ª× ×”×¡×¤×¨×™×‎Comp.â€×רי × ×•×”×‎ed. Fürst, Leipzig, 1840, p. 7.↑
1â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×œ× ×™×›× ×¡ בהרהור וכל שכן בדבור ××£ על פי שיש לו רמז בכל דבר ש×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×• ולכך ×ין ×ות ו×ין ×©× ×•×ין דבר ×שר ×™×’×‘×œ× ×•â€Ž, Commentary of the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 4a. This doctrine, however, that everything is in the Deity is not peculiar to the Kabbalah, it has been propounded by the Jews from time immemorial, before the Kabbalah came into existence, as may be seen from the following passage inthe Midrash. “The Holy One, blessed be he, is the space of the universe, but the universe is not his space (â€×”קב״ה מקומו של ×¢×•×œ× ×•×ין ×”×¢×•×œ× ×ž×§×•×ž×•â€Ž). R. Isaac submitted: from the passageâ€×ž×¢×•× ×” ×להי קד×‎( Deut. xxxiii, 27 ), we do not know whether the Holy One, blessed be he, is the habitation of the universe or the universe his habitation; but from the remarkâ€××“× ×™ מעון ×תה‎Lord thou art the dwelling place( Ps. xc, 1 ), it is evident that the Holy One, blessed be he, is the dwelling place of the universe, and not the universe his dwelling place.†(Bereshith Rabba, § lxviii.) To the same effect is the remark of Philo, “God himself is the space of the universe, for it is he who contains all things.†(De Somniis, i.) It is for this reason that God is calledâ€×ž×§×•×‎orâ€×”מקו×‎=ὠτόπος,locus, and that the Septuagint rendersâ€×•×™×¨×ו ×ת ×להי ישר×ל וגו׳‎( Exod. xxiv, 10 ), byκαὶεἶδον τὸν τόπον, οὗ εἱστήκει ὠθεὸς, which has occasioned so much difficulty to interpreters.↑2â€×œ× ידע ×•×œ× ×תידע מה דהוי בר××™×©× ×“× ×“×œ×׳ ×תדבק ×‘×—×›×ž×ª× ×•×œ× ×›×¡×•×›×œ×ª× ×• ובגן כן ×קרי ×ין‎(Sohariii, 283b.) To the same effect is the ancient expository work on the doctrine of the Emanations which we quoted in the preceding note, comp.â€×ž×” ש××™× ×• מוגבל קרוי ×ין סוף ×•×”×•× ×”×”×©×•××” גמורה ב×חדות השלמח ש×ין בה ×©× ×•×™ ו×× ×”×•× ×ž×‘×œ×™ גבול ×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×•â€Ž, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 2a.↑3â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×ין לומר ×›×™ יש לו רצון ×•×œ× ×›×•× ×” ×•×œ× ×—×¤×¥ ×•×œ× ×ž×—×©×‘×” ×•×œ× ×“×‘×•×¨ ומעשה‎ibid., 4a.↑4â€×× ×”×מר ×›×™ ×”×•× ×‘×œ×‘×“ כיון בברי××— עולמו יש להשיב על ×–×” ×›×™ ×”×›×•× ×” מורה על הסרון המכון‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth,p.2b. Again, says the same authority,â€×•×× ×ª×מר שהגבול ×”×’×ž×¦× ×ž×ž× ×• תחלה ×”×™×” ×”×¢×•×œ× ×”×–×” ×©×”×•× (העול×) חסר מהשלמותו חסרת חכוח ×©×”×•× ×ž×ž× ×• .… ו×× ×ª×מר ×©×œ× ×›×™×•×Ÿ בברי×חו ×× ×›×Ÿ היתה הברי××” במקרה, וכל דבר ×”×‘× ×‘×ž×§×¨×” ×ין לו סדר, ו×× ×• רו××™× ×›×™ ×”× ×‘×¨××™× ×™×© ×œ×—× ×¡×“×¨, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×§×™×ž×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×›×˜×œ×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×—×“×©×™×‎,ibid., p. 2.↑5Both the etymology and the exact meaning of the wordâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×”‎(pluralâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×•×ªâ€Ž) are matters of dispute. R. Azariel, the first Kabbalist, derives it fromâ€×¡×¤×¨â€Žto number, whilst the later Kabbalists derive it alternately fromâ€×¡×¤×™×¨â€ŽSaphir, fromâ€×”×©×ž×™× ×ž×¡×¤×¨×™× ×›×‘×•×“ ×ל‎( Ps. xix, 1 ), and from the GreekσφαῖÏαι, and are not at all certain whether to regardthe Sephirothasprinciples(á¼€Ïχαὶ), or assubstances(ὑποστάσεις), or aspotencies,powers(δυνάμεις), or asintelligent worlds(κόσμοι νοητικοί), or asattributes, or asentities(â€×¢×¦×ž×•×ªâ€Ž), or asorgans of the Deity(â€×›×œ×™×‎).↑6The Sohar, like the Talmud, generally renders the wordsâ€×ž×œ×š שלמה‎King Solomon; while verses in the Song of Songs, byâ€×ž×œ×›× די ×©×œ×ž× ×“×™×œ×™×”â€Žthe King to whom peace belongs.↑7â€×›×™ כל ברי××”×›×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×”×ª×ª×ž×¢×˜×•×ª×ª×—×¡×¨ .… ×›×— ×”××¦×™×œ×•×ª×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×• ו××™× ×• חסר‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, 2b; 4a.↑8â€×”ספירות ×©×”× ×›×— ×”×©×œ× ×•×›×— החסר ×›×©×”× ×ž×§×‘×œ×™× ×ž×”×©×¤×¢ הב××ž×”×©×œ×ž×ª×•×”× ×›×— ×©×œ× ×•×‘×”×ž× ×¢ השפע ×ž×”× ×™×© ×‘×—× ×›×— חסרלכךיש ×‘×”× ×›×— לפעול בהשלמה ובחסרון‎.↑9The notion, however, that worlds were created and destroyed prior to the present creation, was propounded inthe Midrashlong before the existence of the Kabbalah. Thus on the verse, “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very good†( Gen. i, 31 ), R. Abahu submitsâ€×״ר ×בהו מכ×ן שהקב״ה ×”×™×” ×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן ×•×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן עד ×©×‘×¨× ×ת ×לו ×מר דין ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי יתהון ×œ× ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי‎from this we see that the Holy One, blessed be he, had successively created and destroyed sundry worlds before he created the present world, and when he created the present world he said, this pleases me, the previous ones did not please me. (Bereshith Rabba, section or Parsha ix.)↑10The question, however, about the doctrine of the Trinity in other passages of theSoharwill be discussed more amply in the sequel, where we shall point out the relation of the Kabbalah to Christianity.↑11The Kabbalistic description ofMetatronis taken from the Jewish angelology of a much older date than this theosophy. Thus Ben Asai and Ben Soma already regardthe divine voice, theλόγος(â€×§×•×œ ×להי×‎) as Metatron. (Beresh. Rab., Parsha v.) He is calledthe Great Teacher,the Teacher of Teachers(â€×¡×¤×¨× רב×‎), and it is for this reason that Enoch, who walked in close communion with God, and taught mankind by his holy example, is said by the Chaldee paraphrase of Jonathan b. Uzziel, to ‘have received the nameMetatron, the Great Teacher’ after he was transplanted. ( Gen. v, 24 .) Metatron, moreover, is the Presence Angel (â€×©×¨ ×”×¤× ×™×‎), the Angel of the Lord that was sent to go before Israel ( Exod. xxiii, 21 ); he is the visible manifestation of the Deity, for in him is the name of the Lord,i.e., his name and that of the Deity are identical, inasmuch as they are of the same numerical value (viz.:—â€×©×“י‎andâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žare the same according to the exegetical rule called Gematria,â€×™â€Ž10 +â€×“‎4 +â€×©â€Ž300 = 314;â€×Ÿâ€Ž50 +â€×•â€Ž6 +â€×¨â€Ž200 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×žâ€Ž40 = 314. See Rashi on Exod. xxiii, 21 ,â€×¨×‘×•×ª×™× ×• ×מרו ×–×” מטטרון ששמו ×›×©× ×¨×‘×• מטטרון ×‘×’×ž×˜×¨×™× ×©×“×™â€ŽandSanhedrim38b). So exalted is Metatron’s position in the ancient Jewish angelology, that we are told that when Elisha b. Abaja, also called Acher, saw this angel who occupies the first position after the Deity, he exclaimed, ‘Peradventure, but far be it, there are two Supreme Powers’ (â€×©×ž× חס ×•×©×œ×•× ×©×ª×™ רשויות הן‎Talmud,Chagiga, 15a). The etymology ofâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žis greatly disputed; but there is no doubt that it is to be derived fromMetator,messenger,outrider,way maker, as has been shown by Elias Levita, and is maintained by Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklopädie, section ii, vol. xxvii,s.v.;Juden, p. 40, note 84). Sachs (Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, vol. i, Berlin 1852, p. 108) rightly remarks that this etymology is fixed by the passage fromSiphra, quoted inKaphter-Va-Pherach, c. x, p. 34bâ€×צבעו של הקב״ה × ×¢×©×” מטטרון למשה והר×הו כל ×רץ ישר×ל‎the finger of God was the messenger or guide to Moses, and showed him all the land of Israel.[110]The terminationâ€×•×Ÿâ€Žhas been appended toâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨â€Žto obtain the same numerical value, asâ€×©×“י‎. The derivation of it fromμετὰ θÏόνος, because this angel is immediately under the divine throne (â€×›×•×¨×¡×™×™×‎), which is maintained by Frank (Kabbala, p. 43), Graetz (Gnosticismus, p. 44) and others, has been shown by Frankel (Zeitschrift, 1846. vol. iii, p. 113), and Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklop.section ii, vol. xxvii, p. 41), to be both contrary to the form of the word and to the description of Metatron.↑12The view that the serpent which seduced the protoplasts is identical with Satan is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. It is stated in theTalmudin almost the same wordsâ€×”×•× ×™×¦×¨ הרע ×”×•× ×”×©×˜×Ÿ ×”×•× ×ž×œ×ך המות ×›×ž×ª× ×™×—× ×ª× × ×™×•×¨×“ ומטע עולה ומשטין יורד וממי×‎the evil spirit, Satan, and the angel of death, are the same. It is propounded in the Boraitha that he descends and seduces; he then ascends and accuses, and then comes down again and kills.Baba Bathra, 16a.↑13â€×›×™×•×Ÿ ×“× ×‘×¨× ××“× ×תתקן ×›×œ× ×•×›×œ מהדלעיל×ותת×וסל××תכליל ב××“× â€¦ ×יהו ×©×œ×™×ž×•×ª× ×“×›×œ×.זוחר חלק ג׳ דף מ״ח ×׳‎↑14That the righteous are greater than the angels is already propounded in the Talmud (â€×’×“×•×œ×™× ×¦×“×™×§×™× ×™×•×ª×¨ ממל××›×™ השרת‎Sanhedrim93a); and it is asserted that no one angel can do two things (â€×ין מל×ך ×חד עושה שתי שליחות‎Bereshith Rabba, section 1), for which reason three angels had to be sent, one to announce to Sarai the birth of Isaac, the other to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, and the third to save Lot and his family; whilst a man can perform several duties. The superiority of man over angels is also asserted in the New Testament. ( 1 Cor. vi, 3 .)↑15The Karmarthi, who interpreted the precepts of Islamism allegorically, also maintained that the human body represents the letters in the name of God. When standing the human body represents anElif, when kneeling aLâm, and when prostrated on the ground aHê, so that the body is like a book in which may be read the nameAllah. De Sacy,Introduction à l’Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, pp. 86, 87. Comp. Frank,Die Kabbala, p. 32.↑16The pre-existence of the human souls in the celestial regions was believed by the Jews before the Kabbalah came into vogue. We find this doctrine in the Book of Wisdom (viii, 20); in Josephus, where we are told that the Essenes believed ‘that souls were immortal, and that they descended from the pure air,συμπλÎκεσθαι á½¥ÏƒÏ€ÎµÏ Îµá¼°Ïκταῖς τοῖς σώμασι, to be chained to bodies’ (de Bell. Jud.ii, 12); by Philo, who says ‘the air was full of them, and that those which were nearest the earthκατίασιν á¼ÎºÎ´ÎµÎ¸Î·ÏƒÎ¿Î¼Îναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, descending to be tied to mortal bodies,παλινδÏομοῦσι αὖθις, return back to bodies, being[114]desirous to live in them.’ (De Gignat.p. 222, C.;De Somniis, p. 455, D. Comp. Arnald on the Book of Wisdom, viii, 20 , and Whitby on John ix, 2 ., where these quotations and others are given); and in the Talmud where it is declared that the human souls which are to be born (â€×¨×•×—ות ×•× ×©×ž×•×ª שעתידיןלהבר×ות‎), have their abode in the seventh heaven (Chagiga, 12b); that they leave gradually the storehouse of souls to people this earth (â€×¢×“ שיכלו כל ×”× ×©×ž×•×” שבגוף‎Jebamoth, 62;Aboda Sara, 5;Nidda, 13); and that the Holy One, blessed be he, took counsel with them when he was about to create the worldâ€×›× פשתן של צריקין × ×ž×œ×š הקב״ה ×•×‘×¨× ×ת העול×‎(Bereshith Rabba, section viii).↑17The notion about the reluctance of the soul to enter into this world is also not peculiar to the Kabbalah. The most ancient tract of the Mishna thus speaks of the soul: “Against thy will thou becomest an embryo, and against thy will thou art born†(â€×¢×œ כרחך ×תה × ×•×¦×¨ ועל כרחך ×תה × ×•×œ×“â€ŽAboth, iv. 29); on which Bartenora, in his commentary, remarks: “The soul does not wish to quit the pure abode of the curtain which encloses the Holy of Holies.â€â†‘18â€×›×œ ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין ×•× ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ כלהו כלילן דכר ×•× ×•×§×‘× ×“×ž×ª×—×‘×¨×Ÿ ×›×—×“× ×•×תמסרן ×‘×™×“× ×“×”×”×•× ×ž×ž× × ×©×œ×™×”× ×“×תפקר על עדו×יהן [עיבוריהן] ×“×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×œ×™×œ×” שמיה ×•×‘×©×¢×”× ×“× ×—×ª×™×Ÿ ו×תמסרן בידוי מתפדשין ×™×œ×–×ž× ×™×Ÿ ×“× ××§×¨×™× ×ž×Ÿ ×“× ×•×חית להו ×‘×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×›×“ ×ž×˜× [מח×] עידן ×“×–×•×•×’× ×“×œ×”×•×Ÿ קב״ה דידע ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוהין ×•× ×©×ž×”×™×Ÿ מחבר לון ×›×“×‘×§×“×ž×™×ª× ×•×ž×›×¨×–× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• וכד ×תחברן ×תעגידו חד ×’×•×¤× ×—×“ × ×©×ž×ª× ×™×ž×™× × ×™×©×ž××œ× ×›×“×§× ×—×–×™ ובגין כך ×ין כל חדש תחת השמש. ו××™ ×ª×™×ž× ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ לית ×–×•×•×’× ××œ× ×œ×¤×•× ×¢×•×’×“×•×™ ו×ורהוי דבר × ×© ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×•×“××™. ד××™ ×–×›×™ ועובדוי ×תכשרן ×–×›×™ ×œ×”×”×•× ×“×™×œ×™×” ל××ª×—×‘×¨× ×‘×™×“ כמה ×“× ×¤×™×§. זוהר חלק × ×“×£ ×¦× ×‘â€Žâ†‘19â€×‘×¡×¤×¨× ×“×©×œ×ž×” ×ž×œ×›× ××©×›×—× × ×“×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ×œ×ª×ª× ×©×“×¨ קב״ה חד ×“×™×•×§× ×בפרצופ××“×´× ×¨×©×™×ž×”×—×§×™×§×”×‘×¦×•×œ×ž× ×•×§×™×™×ž× ×¢×œ ×”×”×•× ×–×•×•×’× ×•×למלי ×תיהיב רשו ×œ×¢×™× ×למחמיחמי ×‘×´× ×¢×œ רישיה חד ×¦×•×œ×ž× ×¨×©×™×ž× ×›×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×‘×¨ × ×© ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×™×œ×ž× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×•×¢×“×“×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×[×¡×´× ×•×¢×“ ×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×] ×”×”×•× ×¦×•×œ×ž×דשדרליה מ×ריה על רישיה וישתכח תמן ×œ× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×”×”×´×“ ויבר××לקי××ת ×”××“× ×‘×¦×œ×ž×•. ×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זדמן לקבליה עד ×“× ×¤×™×§ ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×›×“ × ×¤×§ ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×תרבי ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זיל הה״ד ×ך ×‘×¦×œ× ×™×ª×”×œ×š ×יש לה××™ צל×הו××ž×œ×¢×™×œ× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין × ×¤×§×™×Ÿ מ×תרייהו כל ×¨×•×—× ×•×¨×•×—× ×תתקן קמי ×ž×œ×›× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘×ª×§×•× ×™ יקר ×‘×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×§×י׳ בה××™ עלמ×. ×•×ž×”×”×•× ×“×™×•×§× × ×ª×§×•× × ×™×§×¨ × ×¤×™×§ ×”××™ צל×. ×•×“× ×ª×œ×™×ª××” ×œ×¨×•×—× ×•×קדימת בה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ולית לך ×–×•×•×’× ×‘×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ×על×בגווייהו. זוהר חלק ×’ דף קד × ,ב‎↑20The two kinds of faculties, as well as the two sorts of feelings, are also mentioned in the Talmud. Thus it is said—“All the prophets looked into theNon-Luminous Mirror, whilst our teacher, Moses, looked into theLuminous Mirror.†(â€×›×œ ×”× ×‘×™××™× × ×¡×”×›×œ×• ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×©××™× ×” מ×ירה משה ×¨×‘×™× ×• × ×¡×ª×›×œ ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×”×ž×ידה‎Jebamoth, 49b). And again—“Also the divine service which is engendered by fear and not by love, has its merit.†(Jerusalem Berachoth, 44;Babylon Sota, 22a.)↑21â€×œ×©× יחוד קב״ה ×•×©×›×™× ×ª×” ברחימו ודחילו וברחילו ורחימו ×œ×™×—×¨× ×©× ×™×´×” בו״ה ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×©×œ×™× ×‘×©× ×›×œ ישר×ל‎↑22â€×›×œ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×’×œ×’×•×œ× ×•×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×ורחוי ×“×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×•×”×™×š ×§×™×™×ž× ×˜×™×§×œ× ×•×”×™×š ××ª×“× ×• ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×‘×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×•×‘×›×œ עידן והיך × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×¢×“ ×œ× ×™×™×ª×•×Ÿ לה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×•×”×™×š ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×œ×‘×ª×¨ ×“× ×¤×§×™ מה××™ עלמ×. כמה גלגולין וכמה עובדין סתימין עבידן ×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×‘×”×“×™ כמה × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ערטיל×ין וכמה רוחין ערטיל×ין ×זלין ×‘×”×”×•× ×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ× ×¢×לין ×œ×¤×¨×’×•×“× ×“×ž×œ×›×.[125]וכמה עלמין ×תהפך בהו ×•×¢×œ×ž× ×“×תהפך בכמה פלי×ן סתימין ×•×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ× ×ž×©×’×™×—×™×Ÿ וחיך מתגלגלן × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×›××‘× × ×‘×§×•×¡×¤×ª× ×›×ž×” ד×ת ×מר ו×ת × ×¤×© ×ויביך ×™×§×œ×¢× ×” בתוך ×›×£ הקלע ×”×©×ª× ×ית לגל××” ×“×”× ×›×œ. זוהר חלק ב׳ דף צט ב׳‎↑23According to Josephus, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls into other bodies (μετεμψÏχωσις), was also held by the Pharisees (comp. Antiq. xviii, 1, 3: de Bell. Jud. ii, 8, 14), restricting, however, the metempsychosis to the righteous. And though the Midrashim and the Talmud are silent about it, yet from Saadia’s vituperations against it (â€×בל ×ומר שמצ×תי ×× ×©×™× ×ž×ž×™ ×©× ×§×¨××™× ×™×”×•×“×™× ××•×ž×¨×™× ×‘×”×©× ×•×ª וקור××™× ×ותו ההעתקח‎Emunoth ve-Deoth, vi, 7; viii, 3) there is no doubt that this doctrine was held among some Jews in the ninth century of the present era. At all events it is perfectly certain that the Karaite Jews firmly believed in it ever since the seventh century. (Comp. Frankel,Monatschrift, x, 177, &c.) St. Jerome assures us that it was also propounded among the early Christians as an esoteric and traditional doctrine which was entrusted to the select few, (abscondite quasi in foveis viperarum versari et quasi haereditario malo serpere in paucis. Comp. epist. ad Demedriadem); and Origen was convinced that it was only by means of this doctrine that certain Scriptural narratives, such as the struggle of Jacob with Esau before their birth, the reference about Jeremiah when still in his mother’s womb, and many others, can possibly be explained.(πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶνi, 1, cap. vii;Adver. Celsum, i, 3.)↑24The notion that the creation is a blessing, and that this is indicated in the first letter, is already propounded in the Midrash, as may be seen from the following remark. The reason why the Law begins withBeth, the second letter of the Alphabet, and not withAleph, the first letter, is that the former is the first letter in the wordblessing, while the latter is the first letter in the wordaccursed,â€×œ×ž×” בבית ×ž×¤× ×™ ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ברכה ×•×œ× ×‘×״לף ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ×רירה‎(Midrash Rabba, sec. i).↑25This view that the mere literal narrative is unworthy of inspiration, and that it must contain a spiritual meaning concealed under the garment of the letter, is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. Both the Synagogue and the Church have maintained the same from time immemorial. Thus the Talmud already describes the impious Manasseh, King of Israel, as making himself merry over the narratives of the Pentateuch and ironically asking (â€×ž× שוה בן חזקיה שהיה יושב ודורש בהגדות של דופי ×מר וכי ×œ× ×”×™×” לו למשה לכתוב ××œ× ×חות לוטן ×ª×ž× ×¢ ×•×”×ž× ×¢ היתה פלגשל×ליפזוילך ר×ובן בימי קציר ×—×˜×™× ×•×™×ž×¦× ×“×•×“××™× ×‘×©×“×”â€Ž), whether Moses could not find anything better to relate than that “Loton’s sister was Timna†( Gen. xxxvi, 22 ); “Timna was the concubine of Eliphaz†(ibid., v. 12 ); that “Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field†(ibid., xxx, 14 ), &c, &c. And it is replied that these narratives contain another sense besides the literal one. (Sanhedrim, 99b.) Hence the rule (â€×›×œ מה ש×ירע ל×בות סימן ×œ×‘× ×™×‎), what happened to the fathers is typical of the children.↑26Origen’s words are almost literally the same—“Si adsideamus litterae et secundum hoc vel quod Judaeis, vel quod vulgo videtur, accipiamus quæ in lege scripta sunt, erubesco dicere et confiteri quia tales leges dederit Deus: videbuntur enim magis elegantes et rationabiles hominum leges, verbi gratia vel Romanorum vel Atheniensium, vel Lacedaemoniorum.â€Homil.vii,in Levit.Again, the same erudite father says, “What person in his senses will imagine that the first, second, and third day, in connection with which morning and evening are mentioned, were without sun, moon and stars, nay that there was no sky on the first day? Who is there so foolish and without common sense as to believe that God planted trees in the garden eastward of Eden like a husbandman, and planted therein the tree of life, perceptible to the eyes and senses, which gave life to the eater thereof; and another tree which gave to the eater thereof a knowledge of good and evil? I believe that everybody must regard these as figures, under which a recondite sense is concealed.†Lib. iv, cap. ii,πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν. Huet,Origeniana, p. 167. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 99, &c. It must, however, not be supposed that this sort of interpretation, which defies all rules of sound exegesis and common sense, is confined to the ancient Jewish Rabbins or the Christian fathers. The Commentary on Genesis and Exodus by Chr. Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster, may fairly compete in this respect with any production of bygone days. Will it be believed that Dr. Wordsworth actually sees it “suggested by the Holy Spirit Himself,†that Noah drunk, exposing his nakedness, and mocked by his own child, Ham, is typical of Christ who drank the cup of God’s wrath, stripped Himself of His heavenly glory, and was mocked by his own children the Jews? But we must give the Canon’s own words. “Noah drank the wine of his vineyard; Christ drank the cup of God’s wrath, which was the fruit of the sin of the cultivators of the vineyard, which he had planted in the world. Noah was made naked to his shame; Christ consented for our sake to strip Himself of His heavenly glory, and took on him the form of a servant. ( Phil. ii, 7 .) He laid aside his garments, and washed his disciples’ feet ( John, xiii, 4 .) He hid not his face from shame and spitting. ( Isa. 1, 6 .) When he was on the Cross, they that passed by reviled Him. ( Matt. xxvii, 39 .) He was mocked by His[129]own children, the Jews. He deigned to be exposed to insult for our sakes, in shame and nakedness on the Cross ( Heb. xii, 2 ), in order that we might receive eternal glory from His shame, and be clothed through His weakness with garments of heavenly beauty.†(Commentary on Genesis and Exodus, London, 1864, p. 52.)↑27The notion that the Bible is to be explained in this fourfold manner was also propounded by the Jewish doctors generally, long before the existence of the Kabbalah (Comp. Ginsburg,Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30), and has been adopted by some of the fathers and schoolmen. Origen, although only advocating a threefold sense, viz.:—σωματικὸς, ψυχικὸς, πνευματικὸς, to correspond to the Platonic notion of the component parts of man, viz.:—σῶμα, ψυχὴ, πνεῦμα, almost uses the same words as the Kabbalah. “The sentiments of Holy Scriptures must be imprinted upon each one’s soul in a threefold manner, that the more simple may be built up by theflesh(or body) of Scripture, so to speak, by which we mean the obvious explanation; that he who has advanced to a higher state may be edified by thesoulof Scripture as it were; but he that is perfect, and like to the individuals spoken of by the Apostle ( 1 Cor. ii, 6 , 7), must be edified by the spiritual law, having a shadow of good things to come.πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν,lib.iv, cap. ii. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 97. Whilst Nicholas de Lyra, the celebrated commentator and forerunner of the Reformation (born about 1270, died October 23, 1340), distinctly espouses the Jewish four modes of interpretation, which he describes in the following couplet—“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€Comp. Alexander’s edition of Kitto’sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature,s. v.Lyra.↑28The above-mentioned exegetical canons, however, are not peculiar to the Kabbalah. They have been in vogue among the Jews from time immemorial. Thus the difficult passage in Isa. xxi, 8 ,â€×•×™×§×¨× ×ריה‎which is rendered in the Authorised Version,and he cried, A lion!or ‘as a lion,’ as the margin has it, is explained by the ancient Jewish tradition as a prophecy respecting Habakkuk, who, as Isaiah foresaw, would in coming days use the very words here predicted. (Comp. Isa. xxi, 8, 9 , with Hab. ii, 1 ); and this interpretation is obtained by rule i; inasmuch asâ€×ריה‎lionandâ€×—בקוק‎Habakkukare numerically the same, viz.:—â€×”‎â€×™â€Žâ€×¨â€Žâ€×‎andâ€×§â€Žâ€×•â€Žâ€×§â€Žâ€×‘‎â€×—‎5+10+200+1= 216and100+6+100+2+8= 216(See the Commentaries of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kimchi on Isa. xxi, 8 .) Again, in the fact that Jacob made Joseph ‘a coat of many colours’ ( Gen. xxxvii, 3 ), as the Authorised Version has it, or ‘pieces,’ as it is in the margin, the Midrash or the ancient Jewish exposition, sees the sufferings of Joseph indicated; inasmuch asâ€×¤×¡×™×‎according to rule ii, is composed of the initials ofâ€×¤×•×˜×™×¤×¨â€ŽPotiphar, who imprisoned Joseph;â€×¡×•×—רי×‎merchantsâ€×™×©×ž×¢×לי×‎Ishmaelitesandâ€×ž×“×™× ×™×‎Midianites, who bought him and sold him again as a slave. ( Gen. xxxvii, 25–28 ; xxxix, 1; comp. Rashi on Gen. xxxvii, 3 .) For more extensive information on this subject, we must refer to Ginsburg’sHistorical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30, &c.↑29The limits of this Essay preclude the possibility of entering into a disquisition on the seventy-two Divine names. Those who wish to examine the subject more extensively we must refer to the Commentaries on theSohar( Exod. xiv. 19–31 ), mentioned in the third part of this Essay; and to Bartolocci,Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, Pars iv, p. 230seq., where ample information is given on this and kindred subjects.↑30â€×™×—×•×“× ×¨×›×œ ×™×•×›×ž× ×יחו ×™×—×•×“× ×œ×ž× ×¨×¢ ולשו××— רעות×. ×™×—×•×“× ×“× ×—× ×מרן בכמח דוכתי ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×יחו יחיד ×“×§×¨× ×™×“×•×´×“ קימ××” ××œ×—×™× ×• ידו״ד ×—× ×›×œ×—×• חד וע״ד קרי ×חד. ×—× ×ª×œ×ª שמחן חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ו××£ על ×’× ×“×§×¨×™× ×Ÿ ×חד חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ××œ× ×‘×—×•×™×•× × ×“×¨×•×— ×§×¨×©× ×תידע ו××™× ×•×Ÿ בחיזו ×“×¢×™× × ×¡×ª×™×ž× ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ ×“×ª×œ×ª× ×לין ×חד. ×•×“× ×יחו ×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ, ד×שתמע קול ×יחו וזר ו×ייחו ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ, ××©× ×•×¨×•×—× ×•×ž×™× ×•×›×œ×—×• ×—×– ×‘×¨×–× ×¨×§×•×œ ול×ו ××™× ×•×Ÿ ××œ× ×—×“. ×וף ×”×›× ×™×´×™ ××›×”×™× ×• ×™×´×™ ××•× ×•×Ÿ חד, ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ו××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×•×¨× ×יהו קיל דעביד בר × ×© ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×•×œ×©×•××— רעותיה ×‘×™×”×•×“× ×“×›×œ× ×ž×ין טות עד סופ×. ×“×›×œ× ×‘×××™ קול ×“×§× ×¢×‘×™×“ ×‘×—× ×™ ×ª×œ×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ חד, וד×[139]×יהו ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×“×תגלי ×‘×¨×–× ×“×¨×•×— קדש×. וכמה ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ×“×™×—×•×“× ×תערו וכלהו קשוט מ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד ומ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד, ×בל ×”××™ ×™×—×•×“× ×“×§× ×× ×Ÿ מתערי ×ž×ª×ª× ×‘×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ ד×יהו הד, ×“× ×”×•× ×‘×¨×™×¨× ×“×ž×œ×”. זוהר הלצ ב׳ דף מ״ג ב׳‎↑31â€×¨×‘×™ ×לעזר הוה יתיב קמיה דר״ש ×בוי ×מר ליה ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ ××œ×”×™× ×‘×›×œ ×תר ×“×™× × ×”×•×, יו״ד ×”×´× ×•×״ו ×”×´× ×ית ×תר ד×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×›×’×•×Ÿ ××“× ×™ יהוה, ×מ××™ ×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×•×”× ×תוון רחמי ××™× ×•×Ÿ בכל ×תר ×מר ליה ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×›×ª×™×‘ בקר×, דכתיב וידעת ×”×™×•× ×•×”×©×‘×•×ª ×ל לבבך ×›×™ ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×, וכתיב ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×. ×מר ליה מלה ×“× ×™×“×¢× × ×“×‘×תר ד×ית ×“×™× × ×ית רחמי, ×•×œ×–×ž× × ×‘×תר ד×ית[140]רחמי ×ית ×“×™× × ×מר Ö´×™×” ×ª× ×—×–×™ דהכי ×”×•× ×™×“×•×´×“ בכל ×תר רחמי ×•×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×ž×”×¤×›×™ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×¨×—×ž×™ ×œ×“×™× × ×›×“×™×Ÿ כתיב יהוה ×•×›×¨×™× ×Ÿ ליה ×להי×, ×בל ×ª× ×—×–×™ ×¨×–× ×“×ž×œ×” ג׳ דרגין ××™× ×•×Ÿ וכל ×“×¨×’× ×•×“×¨×’× ×‘×œ×—×•×“×•×™ ו××¢× ×³ ×“×›×œ× ×—×“ ומתכשרי בחד ×•×œ× ×ž×ª×¤×¨×©×™ ×“× ×ž×Ÿ ד×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף ס׳ה ×׳‎↑32â€×ž×ן ד×מר ×חד ×צטריך ×œ×—×™×¤× ×ל״ף ×•×œ×§×¦×¨× ×§×¨×™××” דילה ×•×œ× ×™×¢×›×‘ בה××™ ×ות כלל. ומ×ן דעביד ×“× ×™×ª×רכון חייו ×מרו ליה תו ×מר ×ª×¨×™× ××™× ×•×Ÿ ×•×—×“× ×שתתף בהו ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×ª×œ×ª× ×•×›×“ הוו ×ª×œ×ª× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×מר לון ×לין תרין שמהן דשמע ישר×ל ד××™× ×•×Ÿ יהוה יהוה ××œ×”×™× ×• ×שתתף בהו ו×יהו ×—×•×ª×ž× ×“×’×•×©×¤× ×›× ×מת, וכד מתחברן ×›×—×“× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×—×“×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף קס״ב ×׳‎↑33Comp. Galatinus,De Arcanis Cathol.lib. ii, c. 3, p. 31; who says that some Codices of the Chaldee paraphrase in Isa. vi, 3 , had alsoâ€×§×“יש ××‘× ×§×“×™×© ×‘×¨×™× ×§×“×™×©â€Žâ€×¨×•×—× ×§×“×™×©×‎the Holy Father, the Holy Son, and the Holy Ghost; see also Wolf,Bibliotheca Hebrecai, 1136; Graetz,Geschichte der Judenvii, 249.↑34Comp. Joel,Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipzig, 1849, p. 240 ff.↑35â€×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×™×ª×¤×¡×™×Ÿ ×¦×“×™×§×™×™× ×‘×ž×¨×¢×™×Ÿ ×ו במכתשין בגין ×œ×›×¤×¨× ×¢×œ ×¢×œ×ž× ×”×™×•, כדין יתכפרון כל חובי דר×. ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ מכל שייפי גופ×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×›×œ שייפין בעק×ו ומרע סגי ×©×¨×™×™× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• ×©×™×™×¤× ×—×“× ×צטריך ל×לק××” בגין דיתסון כלהו. ×•×ž× ×• דרועה. ×“×¨×•×¢× ×לקי ו×פיקו ×ž× ×™×” ×“×ž× ×›×“×™×Ÿ ×”× ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ שייפי גופ×. ×וף ×”×›×™ ×‘× ×™ ×¢×œ×ž× ××™× ×•×Ÿ שייפין ×“× ×¢× ×“×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×‘×¢×™ קב.×´×” למיהב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×לקי לחד ×¦×“×™×§× ×‘×™× ×™×™×”×• במרעין ובמכתשין ×•×‘×’×™× ×™×” יהיב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ× ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ דכתיב ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•×•× ×•×ª×™×™× ×• וגו׳ ובחברתי × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ובחברתו ××§×–×•×ª× ×“×“×ž× ×ž×›×ן ד×קיז דרוע×, ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×—×‘×•×¨×” × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ××¡×•×•×ª× ×”×•× ×œ× ×• לכל שייפין דגופ×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף רי״ח ×׳‎↑36â€×× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×“×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×œ×ª×ª× .… משטטי ומסתכלן ב××™× ×•×Ÿ מ×ריהון דכ×בין ×•×‘× ×™ מרעין ו×× ×•×Ÿ דסבלין על ×™×—×•×“× ×“×ž×ריהון ות×בין ו×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×”× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×—× ×¦×¢×¨× ×“×™×©×¨×ל בגלותהון ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×“×™ בהון ×“×œ× ×ž×¡×ª×›×œ×™ ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ למ×ריהון׳ ××¨×™× ×§×œ× ×•×‘×›×™ על ××™× ×•×Ÿ חייבין דבהו הה״ד ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•× ×•×ª×™× ×•. תייבין ××™× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ וקיימין ב×תרייהו. ×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×ית ×”×™×›×œ× ×—×“× ×“×קרי ×”×™×›×œ× ×“×‘× ×™ מרעין׳ כדין משיח ×¢×ל בההו ×”×™×›×œ× ×•×§×רי לכל מרעין וכל ×›×בין כל יסוריהון דישר×ל דייתון עליה וכלהו ×תיין עליה ו××œ×ž×œ× ×“×יהו ×קיל מעלייהו דישר×ל ×•× ×˜×™×œ עליה׳ ×œ× ×”×•×™ בר × ×© דיכיל למסבל יסוריהון דישר×ל על ×¢×•× ×©×™ ד×ורית×. הה״ד ×כן ×—×œ×™×™× ×• ×”×•× × ×©× ×•×’×•×³ … כד הוו ישר×ל ב××¨×¢× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘××™× ×•×Ÿ ×¤×•×œ×—× ×™×Ÿ ×•×§×¨×‘× ×™×Ÿ דהוו עבדי הוו מסלקין כל ××™× ×™×Ÿ מרעין ויסורין מעלמ×. ×”×©×ª× ×ž×©×™×— מסלק לון ×ž×‘× ×™ עלמ×: זוהר חלק ב׳ דף ריב ×׳‎↑37Comp. Peter Beer,Geschichte der religiösen Secten der Juden. Berlin, 1822–23, vol. ii, p. 309, &c.↑38â€×•×œ× ידעתי ×× ×™×ž×—×•×œ ×™×™ ל×שר ×”×“×¤×™×¡× ××•×ª× ×”×¡×¤×¨×™×‎Comp.â€×רי × ×•×”×‎ed. Fürst, Leipzig, 1840, p. 7.↑
1â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×œ× ×™×›× ×¡ בהרהור וכל שכן בדבור ××£ על פי שיש לו רמז בכל דבר ש×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×• ולכך ×ין ×ות ו×ין ×©× ×•×ין דבר ×שר ×™×’×‘×œ× ×•â€Ž, Commentary of the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 4a. This doctrine, however, that everything is in the Deity is not peculiar to the Kabbalah, it has been propounded by the Jews from time immemorial, before the Kabbalah came into existence, as may be seen from the following passage inthe Midrash. “The Holy One, blessed be he, is the space of the universe, but the universe is not his space (â€×”קב״ה מקומו של ×¢×•×œ× ×•×ין ×”×¢×•×œ× ×ž×§×•×ž×•â€Ž). R. Isaac submitted: from the passageâ€×ž×¢×•× ×” ×להי קד×‎( Deut. xxxiii, 27 ), we do not know whether the Holy One, blessed be he, is the habitation of the universe or the universe his habitation; but from the remarkâ€××“× ×™ מעון ×תה‎Lord thou art the dwelling place( Ps. xc, 1 ), it is evident that the Holy One, blessed be he, is the dwelling place of the universe, and not the universe his dwelling place.†(Bereshith Rabba, § lxviii.) To the same effect is the remark of Philo, “God himself is the space of the universe, for it is he who contains all things.†(De Somniis, i.) It is for this reason that God is calledâ€×ž×§×•×‎orâ€×”מקו×‎=ὠτόπος,locus, and that the Septuagint rendersâ€×•×™×¨×ו ×ת ×להי ישר×ל וגו׳‎( Exod. xxiv, 10 ), byκαὶεἶδον τὸν τόπον, οὗ εἱστήκει ὠθεὸς, which has occasioned so much difficulty to interpreters.↑2â€×œ× ידע ×•×œ× ×תידע מה דהוי בר××™×©× ×“× ×“×œ×׳ ×תדבק ×‘×—×›×ž×ª× ×•×œ× ×›×¡×•×›×œ×ª× ×• ובגן כן ×קרי ×ין‎(Sohariii, 283b.) To the same effect is the ancient expository work on the doctrine of the Emanations which we quoted in the preceding note, comp.â€×ž×” ש××™× ×• מוגבל קרוי ×ין סוף ×•×”×•× ×”×”×©×•××” גמורה ב×חדות השלמח ש×ין בה ×©× ×•×™ ו×× ×”×•× ×ž×‘×œ×™ גבול ×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×•â€Ž, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 2a.↑3â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×ין לומר ×›×™ יש לו רצון ×•×œ× ×›×•× ×” ×•×œ× ×—×¤×¥ ×•×œ× ×ž×—×©×‘×” ×•×œ× ×“×‘×•×¨ ומעשה‎ibid., 4a.↑4â€×× ×”×מר ×›×™ ×”×•× ×‘×œ×‘×“ כיון בברי××— עולמו יש להשיב על ×–×” ×›×™ ×”×›×•× ×” מורה על הסרון המכון‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth,p.2b. Again, says the same authority,â€×•×× ×ª×מר שהגבול ×”×’×ž×¦× ×ž×ž× ×• תחלה ×”×™×” ×”×¢×•×œ× ×”×–×” ×©×”×•× (העול×) חסר מהשלמותו חסרת חכוח ×©×”×•× ×ž×ž× ×• .… ו×× ×ª×מר ×©×œ× ×›×™×•×Ÿ בברי×חו ×× ×›×Ÿ היתה הברי××” במקרה, וכל דבר ×”×‘× ×‘×ž×§×¨×” ×ין לו סדר, ו×× ×• רו××™× ×›×™ ×”× ×‘×¨××™× ×™×© ×œ×—× ×¡×“×¨, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×§×™×ž×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×›×˜×œ×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×—×“×©×™×‎,ibid., p. 2.↑5Both the etymology and the exact meaning of the wordâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×”‎(pluralâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×•×ªâ€Ž) are matters of dispute. R. Azariel, the first Kabbalist, derives it fromâ€×¡×¤×¨â€Žto number, whilst the later Kabbalists derive it alternately fromâ€×¡×¤×™×¨â€ŽSaphir, fromâ€×”×©×ž×™× ×ž×¡×¤×¨×™× ×›×‘×•×“ ×ל‎( Ps. xix, 1 ), and from the GreekσφαῖÏαι, and are not at all certain whether to regardthe Sephirothasprinciples(á¼€Ïχαὶ), or assubstances(ὑποστάσεις), or aspotencies,powers(δυνάμεις), or asintelligent worlds(κόσμοι νοητικοί), or asattributes, or asentities(â€×¢×¦×ž×•×ªâ€Ž), or asorgans of the Deity(â€×›×œ×™×‎).↑6The Sohar, like the Talmud, generally renders the wordsâ€×ž×œ×š שלמה‎King Solomon; while verses in the Song of Songs, byâ€×ž×œ×›× די ×©×œ×ž× ×“×™×œ×™×”â€Žthe King to whom peace belongs.↑7â€×›×™ כל ברי××”×›×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×”×ª×ª×ž×¢×˜×•×ª×ª×—×¡×¨ .… ×›×— ×”××¦×™×œ×•×ª×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×• ו××™× ×• חסר‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, 2b; 4a.↑8â€×”ספירות ×©×”× ×›×— ×”×©×œ× ×•×›×— החסר ×›×©×”× ×ž×§×‘×œ×™× ×ž×”×©×¤×¢ הב××ž×”×©×œ×ž×ª×•×”× ×›×— ×©×œ× ×•×‘×”×ž× ×¢ השפע ×ž×”× ×™×© ×‘×—× ×›×— חסרלכךיש ×‘×”× ×›×— לפעול בהשלמה ובחסרון‎.↑9The notion, however, that worlds were created and destroyed prior to the present creation, was propounded inthe Midrashlong before the existence of the Kabbalah. Thus on the verse, “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very good†( Gen. i, 31 ), R. Abahu submitsâ€×״ר ×בהו מכ×ן שהקב״ה ×”×™×” ×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן ×•×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן עד ×©×‘×¨× ×ת ×לו ×מר דין ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי יתהון ×œ× ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי‎from this we see that the Holy One, blessed be he, had successively created and destroyed sundry worlds before he created the present world, and when he created the present world he said, this pleases me, the previous ones did not please me. (Bereshith Rabba, section or Parsha ix.)↑10The question, however, about the doctrine of the Trinity in other passages of theSoharwill be discussed more amply in the sequel, where we shall point out the relation of the Kabbalah to Christianity.↑11The Kabbalistic description ofMetatronis taken from the Jewish angelology of a much older date than this theosophy. Thus Ben Asai and Ben Soma already regardthe divine voice, theλόγος(â€×§×•×œ ×להי×‎) as Metatron. (Beresh. Rab., Parsha v.) He is calledthe Great Teacher,the Teacher of Teachers(â€×¡×¤×¨× רב×‎), and it is for this reason that Enoch, who walked in close communion with God, and taught mankind by his holy example, is said by the Chaldee paraphrase of Jonathan b. Uzziel, to ‘have received the nameMetatron, the Great Teacher’ after he was transplanted. ( Gen. v, 24 .) Metatron, moreover, is the Presence Angel (â€×©×¨ ×”×¤× ×™×‎), the Angel of the Lord that was sent to go before Israel ( Exod. xxiii, 21 ); he is the visible manifestation of the Deity, for in him is the name of the Lord,i.e., his name and that of the Deity are identical, inasmuch as they are of the same numerical value (viz.:—â€×©×“י‎andâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žare the same according to the exegetical rule called Gematria,â€×™â€Ž10 +â€×“‎4 +â€×©â€Ž300 = 314;â€×Ÿâ€Ž50 +â€×•â€Ž6 +â€×¨â€Ž200 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×žâ€Ž40 = 314. See Rashi on Exod. xxiii, 21 ,â€×¨×‘×•×ª×™× ×• ×מרו ×–×” מטטרון ששמו ×›×©× ×¨×‘×• מטטרון ×‘×’×ž×˜×¨×™× ×©×“×™â€ŽandSanhedrim38b). So exalted is Metatron’s position in the ancient Jewish angelology, that we are told that when Elisha b. Abaja, also called Acher, saw this angel who occupies the first position after the Deity, he exclaimed, ‘Peradventure, but far be it, there are two Supreme Powers’ (â€×©×ž× חס ×•×©×œ×•× ×©×ª×™ רשויות הן‎Talmud,Chagiga, 15a). The etymology ofâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žis greatly disputed; but there is no doubt that it is to be derived fromMetator,messenger,outrider,way maker, as has been shown by Elias Levita, and is maintained by Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklopädie, section ii, vol. xxvii,s.v.;Juden, p. 40, note 84). Sachs (Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, vol. i, Berlin 1852, p. 108) rightly remarks that this etymology is fixed by the passage fromSiphra, quoted inKaphter-Va-Pherach, c. x, p. 34bâ€×צבעו של הקב״ה × ×¢×©×” מטטרון למשה והר×הו כל ×רץ ישר×ל‎the finger of God was the messenger or guide to Moses, and showed him all the land of Israel.[110]The terminationâ€×•×Ÿâ€Žhas been appended toâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨â€Žto obtain the same numerical value, asâ€×©×“י‎. The derivation of it fromμετὰ θÏόνος, because this angel is immediately under the divine throne (â€×›×•×¨×¡×™×™×‎), which is maintained by Frank (Kabbala, p. 43), Graetz (Gnosticismus, p. 44) and others, has been shown by Frankel (Zeitschrift, 1846. vol. iii, p. 113), and Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklop.section ii, vol. xxvii, p. 41), to be both contrary to the form of the word and to the description of Metatron.↑12The view that the serpent which seduced the protoplasts is identical with Satan is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. It is stated in theTalmudin almost the same wordsâ€×”×•× ×™×¦×¨ הרע ×”×•× ×”×©×˜×Ÿ ×”×•× ×ž×œ×ך המות ×›×ž×ª× ×™×—× ×ª× × ×™×•×¨×“ ומטע עולה ומשטין יורד וממי×‎the evil spirit, Satan, and the angel of death, are the same. It is propounded in the Boraitha that he descends and seduces; he then ascends and accuses, and then comes down again and kills.Baba Bathra, 16a.↑13â€×›×™×•×Ÿ ×“× ×‘×¨× ××“× ×תתקן ×›×œ× ×•×›×œ מהדלעיל×ותת×וסל××תכליל ב××“× â€¦ ×יהו ×©×œ×™×ž×•×ª× ×“×›×œ×.זוחר חלק ג׳ דף מ״ח ×׳‎↑14That the righteous are greater than the angels is already propounded in the Talmud (â€×’×“×•×œ×™× ×¦×“×™×§×™× ×™×•×ª×¨ ממל××›×™ השרת‎Sanhedrim93a); and it is asserted that no one angel can do two things (â€×ין מל×ך ×חד עושה שתי שליחות‎Bereshith Rabba, section 1), for which reason three angels had to be sent, one to announce to Sarai the birth of Isaac, the other to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, and the third to save Lot and his family; whilst a man can perform several duties. The superiority of man over angels is also asserted in the New Testament. ( 1 Cor. vi, 3 .)↑15The Karmarthi, who interpreted the precepts of Islamism allegorically, also maintained that the human body represents the letters in the name of God. When standing the human body represents anElif, when kneeling aLâm, and when prostrated on the ground aHê, so that the body is like a book in which may be read the nameAllah. De Sacy,Introduction à l’Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, pp. 86, 87. Comp. Frank,Die Kabbala, p. 32.↑16The pre-existence of the human souls in the celestial regions was believed by the Jews before the Kabbalah came into vogue. We find this doctrine in the Book of Wisdom (viii, 20); in Josephus, where we are told that the Essenes believed ‘that souls were immortal, and that they descended from the pure air,συμπλÎκεσθαι á½¥ÏƒÏ€ÎµÏ Îµá¼°Ïκταῖς τοῖς σώμασι, to be chained to bodies’ (de Bell. Jud.ii, 12); by Philo, who says ‘the air was full of them, and that those which were nearest the earthκατίασιν á¼ÎºÎ´ÎµÎ¸Î·ÏƒÎ¿Î¼Îναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, descending to be tied to mortal bodies,παλινδÏομοῦσι αὖθις, return back to bodies, being[114]desirous to live in them.’ (De Gignat.p. 222, C.;De Somniis, p. 455, D. Comp. Arnald on the Book of Wisdom, viii, 20 , and Whitby on John ix, 2 ., where these quotations and others are given); and in the Talmud where it is declared that the human souls which are to be born (â€×¨×•×—ות ×•× ×©×ž×•×ª שעתידיןלהבר×ות‎), have their abode in the seventh heaven (Chagiga, 12b); that they leave gradually the storehouse of souls to people this earth (â€×¢×“ שיכלו כל ×”× ×©×ž×•×” שבגוף‎Jebamoth, 62;Aboda Sara, 5;Nidda, 13); and that the Holy One, blessed be he, took counsel with them when he was about to create the worldâ€×›× פשתן של צריקין × ×ž×œ×š הקב״ה ×•×‘×¨× ×ת העול×‎(Bereshith Rabba, section viii).↑17The notion about the reluctance of the soul to enter into this world is also not peculiar to the Kabbalah. The most ancient tract of the Mishna thus speaks of the soul: “Against thy will thou becomest an embryo, and against thy will thou art born†(â€×¢×œ כרחך ×תה × ×•×¦×¨ ועל כרחך ×תה × ×•×œ×“â€ŽAboth, iv. 29); on which Bartenora, in his commentary, remarks: “The soul does not wish to quit the pure abode of the curtain which encloses the Holy of Holies.â€â†‘18â€×›×œ ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין ×•× ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ כלהו כלילן דכר ×•× ×•×§×‘× ×“×ž×ª×—×‘×¨×Ÿ ×›×—×“× ×•×תמסרן ×‘×™×“× ×“×”×”×•× ×ž×ž× × ×©×œ×™×”× ×“×תפקר על עדו×יהן [עיבוריהן] ×“×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×œ×™×œ×” שמיה ×•×‘×©×¢×”× ×“× ×—×ª×™×Ÿ ו×תמסרן בידוי מתפדשין ×™×œ×–×ž× ×™×Ÿ ×“× ××§×¨×™× ×ž×Ÿ ×“× ×•×חית להו ×‘×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×›×“ ×ž×˜× [מח×] עידן ×“×–×•×•×’× ×“×œ×”×•×Ÿ קב״ה דידע ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוהין ×•× ×©×ž×”×™×Ÿ מחבר לון ×›×“×‘×§×“×ž×™×ª× ×•×ž×›×¨×–× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• וכד ×תחברן ×תעגידו חד ×’×•×¤× ×—×“ × ×©×ž×ª× ×™×ž×™× × ×™×©×ž××œ× ×›×“×§× ×—×–×™ ובגין כך ×ין כל חדש תחת השמש. ו××™ ×ª×™×ž× ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ לית ×–×•×•×’× ××œ× ×œ×¤×•× ×¢×•×’×“×•×™ ו×ורהוי דבר × ×© ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×•×“××™. ד××™ ×–×›×™ ועובדוי ×תכשרן ×–×›×™ ×œ×”×”×•× ×“×™×œ×™×” ל××ª×—×‘×¨× ×‘×™×“ כמה ×“× ×¤×™×§. זוהר חלק × ×“×£ ×¦× ×‘â€Žâ†‘19â€×‘×¡×¤×¨× ×“×©×œ×ž×” ×ž×œ×›× ××©×›×—× × ×“×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ×œ×ª×ª× ×©×“×¨ קב״ה חד ×“×™×•×§× ×בפרצופ××“×´× ×¨×©×™×ž×”×—×§×™×§×”×‘×¦×•×œ×ž× ×•×§×™×™×ž× ×¢×œ ×”×”×•× ×–×•×•×’× ×•×למלי ×תיהיב רשו ×œ×¢×™× ×למחמיחמי ×‘×´× ×¢×œ רישיה חד ×¦×•×œ×ž× ×¨×©×™×ž× ×›×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×‘×¨ × ×© ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×™×œ×ž× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×•×¢×“×“×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×[×¡×´× ×•×¢×“ ×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×] ×”×”×•× ×¦×•×œ×ž×דשדרליה מ×ריה על רישיה וישתכח תמן ×œ× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×”×”×´×“ ויבר××לקי××ת ×”××“× ×‘×¦×œ×ž×•. ×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זדמן לקבליה עד ×“× ×¤×™×§ ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×›×“ × ×¤×§ ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×תרבי ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זיל הה״ד ×ך ×‘×¦×œ× ×™×ª×”×œ×š ×יש לה××™ צל×הו××ž×œ×¢×™×œ× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין × ×¤×§×™×Ÿ מ×תרייהו כל ×¨×•×—× ×•×¨×•×—× ×תתקן קמי ×ž×œ×›× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘×ª×§×•× ×™ יקר ×‘×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×§×י׳ בה××™ עלמ×. ×•×ž×”×”×•× ×“×™×•×§× × ×ª×§×•× × ×™×§×¨ × ×¤×™×§ ×”××™ צל×. ×•×“× ×ª×œ×™×ª××” ×œ×¨×•×—× ×•×קדימת בה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ולית לך ×–×•×•×’× ×‘×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ×על×בגווייהו. זוהר חלק ×’ דף קד × ,ב‎↑20The two kinds of faculties, as well as the two sorts of feelings, are also mentioned in the Talmud. Thus it is said—“All the prophets looked into theNon-Luminous Mirror, whilst our teacher, Moses, looked into theLuminous Mirror.†(â€×›×œ ×”× ×‘×™××™× × ×¡×”×›×œ×• ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×©××™× ×” מ×ירה משה ×¨×‘×™× ×• × ×¡×ª×›×œ ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×”×ž×ידה‎Jebamoth, 49b). And again—“Also the divine service which is engendered by fear and not by love, has its merit.†(Jerusalem Berachoth, 44;Babylon Sota, 22a.)↑21â€×œ×©× יחוד קב״ה ×•×©×›×™× ×ª×” ברחימו ודחילו וברחילו ורחימו ×œ×™×—×¨× ×©× ×™×´×” בו״ה ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×©×œ×™× ×‘×©× ×›×œ ישר×ל‎↑22â€×›×œ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×’×œ×’×•×œ× ×•×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×ורחוי ×“×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×•×”×™×š ×§×™×™×ž× ×˜×™×§×œ× ×•×”×™×š ××ª×“× ×• ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×‘×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×•×‘×›×œ עידן והיך × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×¢×“ ×œ× ×™×™×ª×•×Ÿ לה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×•×”×™×š ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×œ×‘×ª×¨ ×“× ×¤×§×™ מה××™ עלמ×. כמה גלגולין וכמה עובדין סתימין עבידן ×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×‘×”×“×™ כמה × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ערטיל×ין וכמה רוחין ערטיל×ין ×זלין ×‘×”×”×•× ×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ× ×¢×לין ×œ×¤×¨×’×•×“× ×“×ž×œ×›×.[125]וכמה עלמין ×תהפך בהו ×•×¢×œ×ž× ×“×תהפך בכמה פלי×ן סתימין ×•×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ× ×ž×©×’×™×—×™×Ÿ וחיך מתגלגלן × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×›××‘× × ×‘×§×•×¡×¤×ª× ×›×ž×” ד×ת ×מר ו×ת × ×¤×© ×ויביך ×™×§×œ×¢× ×” בתוך ×›×£ הקלע ×”×©×ª× ×ית לגל××” ×“×”× ×›×œ. זוהר חלק ב׳ דף צט ב׳‎↑23According to Josephus, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls into other bodies (μετεμψÏχωσις), was also held by the Pharisees (comp. Antiq. xviii, 1, 3: de Bell. Jud. ii, 8, 14), restricting, however, the metempsychosis to the righteous. And though the Midrashim and the Talmud are silent about it, yet from Saadia’s vituperations against it (â€×בל ×ומר שמצ×תי ×× ×©×™× ×ž×ž×™ ×©× ×§×¨××™× ×™×”×•×“×™× ××•×ž×¨×™× ×‘×”×©× ×•×ª וקור××™× ×ותו ההעתקח‎Emunoth ve-Deoth, vi, 7; viii, 3) there is no doubt that this doctrine was held among some Jews in the ninth century of the present era. At all events it is perfectly certain that the Karaite Jews firmly believed in it ever since the seventh century. (Comp. Frankel,Monatschrift, x, 177, &c.) St. Jerome assures us that it was also propounded among the early Christians as an esoteric and traditional doctrine which was entrusted to the select few, (abscondite quasi in foveis viperarum versari et quasi haereditario malo serpere in paucis. Comp. epist. ad Demedriadem); and Origen was convinced that it was only by means of this doctrine that certain Scriptural narratives, such as the struggle of Jacob with Esau before their birth, the reference about Jeremiah when still in his mother’s womb, and many others, can possibly be explained.(πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶνi, 1, cap. vii;Adver. Celsum, i, 3.)↑24The notion that the creation is a blessing, and that this is indicated in the first letter, is already propounded in the Midrash, as may be seen from the following remark. The reason why the Law begins withBeth, the second letter of the Alphabet, and not withAleph, the first letter, is that the former is the first letter in the wordblessing, while the latter is the first letter in the wordaccursed,â€×œ×ž×” בבית ×ž×¤× ×™ ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ברכה ×•×œ× ×‘×״לף ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ×רירה‎(Midrash Rabba, sec. i).↑25This view that the mere literal narrative is unworthy of inspiration, and that it must contain a spiritual meaning concealed under the garment of the letter, is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. Both the Synagogue and the Church have maintained the same from time immemorial. Thus the Talmud already describes the impious Manasseh, King of Israel, as making himself merry over the narratives of the Pentateuch and ironically asking (â€×ž× שוה בן חזקיה שהיה יושב ודורש בהגדות של דופי ×מר וכי ×œ× ×”×™×” לו למשה לכתוב ××œ× ×חות לוטן ×ª×ž× ×¢ ×•×”×ž× ×¢ היתה פלגשל×ליפזוילך ר×ובן בימי קציר ×—×˜×™× ×•×™×ž×¦× ×“×•×“××™× ×‘×©×“×”â€Ž), whether Moses could not find anything better to relate than that “Loton’s sister was Timna†( Gen. xxxvi, 22 ); “Timna was the concubine of Eliphaz†(ibid., v. 12 ); that “Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field†(ibid., xxx, 14 ), &c, &c. And it is replied that these narratives contain another sense besides the literal one. (Sanhedrim, 99b.) Hence the rule (â€×›×œ מה ש×ירע ל×בות סימן ×œ×‘× ×™×‎), what happened to the fathers is typical of the children.↑26Origen’s words are almost literally the same—“Si adsideamus litterae et secundum hoc vel quod Judaeis, vel quod vulgo videtur, accipiamus quæ in lege scripta sunt, erubesco dicere et confiteri quia tales leges dederit Deus: videbuntur enim magis elegantes et rationabiles hominum leges, verbi gratia vel Romanorum vel Atheniensium, vel Lacedaemoniorum.â€Homil.vii,in Levit.Again, the same erudite father says, “What person in his senses will imagine that the first, second, and third day, in connection with which morning and evening are mentioned, were without sun, moon and stars, nay that there was no sky on the first day? Who is there so foolish and without common sense as to believe that God planted trees in the garden eastward of Eden like a husbandman, and planted therein the tree of life, perceptible to the eyes and senses, which gave life to the eater thereof; and another tree which gave to the eater thereof a knowledge of good and evil? I believe that everybody must regard these as figures, under which a recondite sense is concealed.†Lib. iv, cap. ii,πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν. Huet,Origeniana, p. 167. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 99, &c. It must, however, not be supposed that this sort of interpretation, which defies all rules of sound exegesis and common sense, is confined to the ancient Jewish Rabbins or the Christian fathers. The Commentary on Genesis and Exodus by Chr. Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster, may fairly compete in this respect with any production of bygone days. Will it be believed that Dr. Wordsworth actually sees it “suggested by the Holy Spirit Himself,†that Noah drunk, exposing his nakedness, and mocked by his own child, Ham, is typical of Christ who drank the cup of God’s wrath, stripped Himself of His heavenly glory, and was mocked by his own children the Jews? But we must give the Canon’s own words. “Noah drank the wine of his vineyard; Christ drank the cup of God’s wrath, which was the fruit of the sin of the cultivators of the vineyard, which he had planted in the world. Noah was made naked to his shame; Christ consented for our sake to strip Himself of His heavenly glory, and took on him the form of a servant. ( Phil. ii, 7 .) He laid aside his garments, and washed his disciples’ feet ( John, xiii, 4 .) He hid not his face from shame and spitting. ( Isa. 1, 6 .) When he was on the Cross, they that passed by reviled Him. ( Matt. xxvii, 39 .) He was mocked by His[129]own children, the Jews. He deigned to be exposed to insult for our sakes, in shame and nakedness on the Cross ( Heb. xii, 2 ), in order that we might receive eternal glory from His shame, and be clothed through His weakness with garments of heavenly beauty.†(Commentary on Genesis and Exodus, London, 1864, p. 52.)↑27The notion that the Bible is to be explained in this fourfold manner was also propounded by the Jewish doctors generally, long before the existence of the Kabbalah (Comp. Ginsburg,Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30), and has been adopted by some of the fathers and schoolmen. Origen, although only advocating a threefold sense, viz.:—σωματικὸς, ψυχικὸς, πνευματικὸς, to correspond to the Platonic notion of the component parts of man, viz.:—σῶμα, ψυχὴ, πνεῦμα, almost uses the same words as the Kabbalah. “The sentiments of Holy Scriptures must be imprinted upon each one’s soul in a threefold manner, that the more simple may be built up by theflesh(or body) of Scripture, so to speak, by which we mean the obvious explanation; that he who has advanced to a higher state may be edified by thesoulof Scripture as it were; but he that is perfect, and like to the individuals spoken of by the Apostle ( 1 Cor. ii, 6 , 7), must be edified by the spiritual law, having a shadow of good things to come.πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν,lib.iv, cap. ii. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 97. Whilst Nicholas de Lyra, the celebrated commentator and forerunner of the Reformation (born about 1270, died October 23, 1340), distinctly espouses the Jewish four modes of interpretation, which he describes in the following couplet—“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€Comp. Alexander’s edition of Kitto’sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature,s. v.Lyra.↑28The above-mentioned exegetical canons, however, are not peculiar to the Kabbalah. They have been in vogue among the Jews from time immemorial. Thus the difficult passage in Isa. xxi, 8 ,â€×•×™×§×¨× ×ריה‎which is rendered in the Authorised Version,and he cried, A lion!or ‘as a lion,’ as the margin has it, is explained by the ancient Jewish tradition as a prophecy respecting Habakkuk, who, as Isaiah foresaw, would in coming days use the very words here predicted. (Comp. Isa. xxi, 8, 9 , with Hab. ii, 1 ); and this interpretation is obtained by rule i; inasmuch asâ€×ריה‎lionandâ€×—בקוק‎Habakkukare numerically the same, viz.:—â€×”‎â€×™â€Žâ€×¨â€Žâ€×‎andâ€×§â€Žâ€×•â€Žâ€×§â€Žâ€×‘‎â€×—‎5+10+200+1= 216and100+6+100+2+8= 216(See the Commentaries of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kimchi on Isa. xxi, 8 .) Again, in the fact that Jacob made Joseph ‘a coat of many colours’ ( Gen. xxxvii, 3 ), as the Authorised Version has it, or ‘pieces,’ as it is in the margin, the Midrash or the ancient Jewish exposition, sees the sufferings of Joseph indicated; inasmuch asâ€×¤×¡×™×‎according to rule ii, is composed of the initials ofâ€×¤×•×˜×™×¤×¨â€ŽPotiphar, who imprisoned Joseph;â€×¡×•×—רי×‎merchantsâ€×™×©×ž×¢×לי×‎Ishmaelitesandâ€×ž×“×™× ×™×‎Midianites, who bought him and sold him again as a slave. ( Gen. xxxvii, 25–28 ; xxxix, 1; comp. Rashi on Gen. xxxvii, 3 .) For more extensive information on this subject, we must refer to Ginsburg’sHistorical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30, &c.↑29The limits of this Essay preclude the possibility of entering into a disquisition on the seventy-two Divine names. Those who wish to examine the subject more extensively we must refer to the Commentaries on theSohar( Exod. xiv. 19–31 ), mentioned in the third part of this Essay; and to Bartolocci,Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, Pars iv, p. 230seq., where ample information is given on this and kindred subjects.↑30â€×™×—×•×“× ×¨×›×œ ×™×•×›×ž× ×יחו ×™×—×•×“× ×œ×ž× ×¨×¢ ולשו××— רעות×. ×™×—×•×“× ×“× ×—× ×מרן בכמח דוכתי ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×יחו יחיד ×“×§×¨× ×™×“×•×´×“ קימ××” ××œ×—×™× ×• ידו״ד ×—× ×›×œ×—×• חד וע״ד קרי ×חד. ×—× ×ª×œ×ª שמחן חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ו××£ על ×’× ×“×§×¨×™× ×Ÿ ×חד חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ××œ× ×‘×—×•×™×•× × ×“×¨×•×— ×§×¨×©× ×תידע ו××™× ×•×Ÿ בחיזו ×“×¢×™× × ×¡×ª×™×ž× ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ ×“×ª×œ×ª× ×לין ×חד. ×•×“× ×יחו ×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ, ד×שתמע קול ×יחו וזר ו×ייחו ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ, ××©× ×•×¨×•×—× ×•×ž×™× ×•×›×œ×—×• ×—×– ×‘×¨×–× ×¨×§×•×œ ול×ו ××™× ×•×Ÿ ××œ× ×—×“. ×וף ×”×›× ×™×´×™ ××›×”×™× ×• ×™×´×™ ××•× ×•×Ÿ חד, ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ו××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×•×¨× ×יהו קיל דעביד בר × ×© ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×•×œ×©×•××— רעותיה ×‘×™×”×•×“× ×“×›×œ× ×ž×ין טות עד סופ×. ×“×›×œ× ×‘×××™ קול ×“×§× ×¢×‘×™×“ ×‘×—× ×™ ×ª×œ×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ חד, וד×[139]×יהו ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×“×תגלי ×‘×¨×–× ×“×¨×•×— קדש×. וכמה ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ×“×™×—×•×“× ×תערו וכלהו קשוט מ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד ומ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד, ×בל ×”××™ ×™×—×•×“× ×“×§× ×× ×Ÿ מתערי ×ž×ª×ª× ×‘×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ ד×יהו הד, ×“× ×”×•× ×‘×¨×™×¨× ×“×ž×œ×”. זוהר הלצ ב׳ דף מ״ג ב׳‎↑31â€×¨×‘×™ ×לעזר הוה יתיב קמיה דר״ש ×בוי ×מר ליה ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ ××œ×”×™× ×‘×›×œ ×תר ×“×™× × ×”×•×, יו״ד ×”×´× ×•×״ו ×”×´× ×ית ×תר ד×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×›×’×•×Ÿ ××“× ×™ יהוה, ×מ××™ ×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×•×”× ×תוון רחמי ××™× ×•×Ÿ בכל ×תר ×מר ליה ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×›×ª×™×‘ בקר×, דכתיב וידעת ×”×™×•× ×•×”×©×‘×•×ª ×ל לבבך ×›×™ ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×, וכתיב ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×. ×מר ליה מלה ×“× ×™×“×¢× × ×“×‘×תר ד×ית ×“×™× × ×ית רחמי, ×•×œ×–×ž× × ×‘×תר ד×ית[140]רחמי ×ית ×“×™× × ×מר Ö´×™×” ×ª× ×—×–×™ דהכי ×”×•× ×™×“×•×´×“ בכל ×תר רחמי ×•×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×ž×”×¤×›×™ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×¨×—×ž×™ ×œ×“×™× × ×›×“×™×Ÿ כתיב יהוה ×•×›×¨×™× ×Ÿ ליה ×להי×, ×בל ×ª× ×—×–×™ ×¨×–× ×“×ž×œ×” ג׳ דרגין ××™× ×•×Ÿ וכל ×“×¨×’× ×•×“×¨×’× ×‘×œ×—×•×“×•×™ ו××¢× ×³ ×“×›×œ× ×—×“ ומתכשרי בחד ×•×œ× ×ž×ª×¤×¨×©×™ ×“× ×ž×Ÿ ד×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף ס׳ה ×׳‎↑32â€×ž×ן ד×מר ×חד ×צטריך ×œ×—×™×¤× ×ל״ף ×•×œ×§×¦×¨× ×§×¨×™××” דילה ×•×œ× ×™×¢×›×‘ בה××™ ×ות כלל. ומ×ן דעביד ×“× ×™×ª×רכון חייו ×מרו ליה תו ×מר ×ª×¨×™× ××™× ×•×Ÿ ×•×—×“× ×שתתף בהו ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×ª×œ×ª× ×•×›×“ הוו ×ª×œ×ª× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×מר לון ×לין תרין שמהן דשמע ישר×ל ד××™× ×•×Ÿ יהוה יהוה ××œ×”×™× ×• ×שתתף בהו ו×יהו ×—×•×ª×ž× ×“×’×•×©×¤× ×›× ×מת, וכד מתחברן ×›×—×“× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×—×“×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף קס״ב ×׳‎↑33Comp. Galatinus,De Arcanis Cathol.lib. ii, c. 3, p. 31; who says that some Codices of the Chaldee paraphrase in Isa. vi, 3 , had alsoâ€×§×“יש ××‘× ×§×“×™×© ×‘×¨×™× ×§×“×™×©â€Žâ€×¨×•×—× ×§×“×™×©×‎the Holy Father, the Holy Son, and the Holy Ghost; see also Wolf,Bibliotheca Hebrecai, 1136; Graetz,Geschichte der Judenvii, 249.↑34Comp. Joel,Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipzig, 1849, p. 240 ff.↑35â€×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×™×ª×¤×¡×™×Ÿ ×¦×“×™×§×™×™× ×‘×ž×¨×¢×™×Ÿ ×ו במכתשין בגין ×œ×›×¤×¨× ×¢×œ ×¢×œ×ž× ×”×™×•, כדין יתכפרון כל חובי דר×. ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ מכל שייפי גופ×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×›×œ שייפין בעק×ו ומרע סגי ×©×¨×™×™× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• ×©×™×™×¤× ×—×“× ×צטריך ל×לק××” בגין דיתסון כלהו. ×•×ž× ×• דרועה. ×“×¨×•×¢× ×לקי ו×פיקו ×ž× ×™×” ×“×ž× ×›×“×™×Ÿ ×”× ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ שייפי גופ×. ×וף ×”×›×™ ×‘× ×™ ×¢×œ×ž× ××™× ×•×Ÿ שייפין ×“× ×¢× ×“×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×‘×¢×™ קב.×´×” למיהב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×לקי לחד ×¦×“×™×§× ×‘×™× ×™×™×”×• במרעין ובמכתשין ×•×‘×’×™× ×™×” יהיב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ× ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ דכתיב ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•×•× ×•×ª×™×™× ×• וגו׳ ובחברתי × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ובחברתו ××§×–×•×ª× ×“×“×ž× ×ž×›×ן ד×קיז דרוע×, ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×—×‘×•×¨×” × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ××¡×•×•×ª× ×”×•× ×œ× ×• לכל שייפין דגופ×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף רי״ח ×׳‎↑36â€×× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×“×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×œ×ª×ª× .… משטטי ומסתכלן ב××™× ×•×Ÿ מ×ריהון דכ×בין ×•×‘× ×™ מרעין ו×× ×•×Ÿ דסבלין על ×™×—×•×“× ×“×ž×ריהון ות×בין ו×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×”× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×—× ×¦×¢×¨× ×“×™×©×¨×ל בגלותהון ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×“×™ בהון ×“×œ× ×ž×¡×ª×›×œ×™ ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ למ×ריהון׳ ××¨×™× ×§×œ× ×•×‘×›×™ על ××™× ×•×Ÿ חייבין דבהו הה״ד ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•× ×•×ª×™× ×•. תייבין ××™× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ וקיימין ב×תרייהו. ×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×ית ×”×™×›×œ× ×—×“× ×“×קרי ×”×™×›×œ× ×“×‘× ×™ מרעין׳ כדין משיח ×¢×ל בההו ×”×™×›×œ× ×•×§×רי לכל מרעין וכל ×›×בין כל יסוריהון דישר×ל דייתון עליה וכלהו ×תיין עליה ו××œ×ž×œ× ×“×יהו ×קיל מעלייהו דישר×ל ×•× ×˜×™×œ עליה׳ ×œ× ×”×•×™ בר × ×© דיכיל למסבל יסוריהון דישר×ל על ×¢×•× ×©×™ ד×ורית×. הה״ד ×כן ×—×œ×™×™× ×• ×”×•× × ×©× ×•×’×•×³ … כד הוו ישר×ל ב××¨×¢× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘××™× ×•×Ÿ ×¤×•×œ×—× ×™×Ÿ ×•×§×¨×‘× ×™×Ÿ דהוו עבדי הוו מסלקין כל ××™× ×™×Ÿ מרעין ויסורין מעלמ×. ×”×©×ª× ×ž×©×™×— מסלק לון ×ž×‘× ×™ עלמ×: זוהר חלק ב׳ דף ריב ×׳‎↑37Comp. Peter Beer,Geschichte der religiösen Secten der Juden. Berlin, 1822–23, vol. ii, p. 309, &c.↑38â€×•×œ× ידעתי ×× ×™×ž×—×•×œ ×™×™ ל×שר ×”×“×¤×™×¡× ××•×ª× ×”×¡×¤×¨×™×‎Comp.â€×רי × ×•×”×‎ed. Fürst, Leipzig, 1840, p. 7.↑
1â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×œ× ×™×›× ×¡ בהרהור וכל שכן בדבור ××£ על פי שיש לו רמז בכל דבר ש×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×• ולכך ×ין ×ות ו×ין ×©× ×•×ין דבר ×שר ×™×’×‘×œ× ×•â€Ž, Commentary of the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 4a. This doctrine, however, that everything is in the Deity is not peculiar to the Kabbalah, it has been propounded by the Jews from time immemorial, before the Kabbalah came into existence, as may be seen from the following passage inthe Midrash. “The Holy One, blessed be he, is the space of the universe, but the universe is not his space (â€×”קב״ה מקומו של ×¢×•×œ× ×•×ין ×”×¢×•×œ× ×ž×§×•×ž×•â€Ž). R. Isaac submitted: from the passageâ€×ž×¢×•× ×” ×להי קד×‎( Deut. xxxiii, 27 ), we do not know whether the Holy One, blessed be he, is the habitation of the universe or the universe his habitation; but from the remarkâ€××“× ×™ מעון ×תה‎Lord thou art the dwelling place( Ps. xc, 1 ), it is evident that the Holy One, blessed be he, is the dwelling place of the universe, and not the universe his dwelling place.†(Bereshith Rabba, § lxviii.) To the same effect is the remark of Philo, “God himself is the space of the universe, for it is he who contains all things.†(De Somniis, i.) It is for this reason that God is calledâ€×ž×§×•×‎orâ€×”מקו×‎=ὠτόπος,locus, and that the Septuagint rendersâ€×•×™×¨×ו ×ת ×להי ישר×ל וגו׳‎( Exod. xxiv, 10 ), byκαὶεἶδον τὸν τόπον, οὗ εἱστήκει ὠθεὸς, which has occasioned so much difficulty to interpreters.↑
1â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×œ× ×™×›× ×¡ בהרהור וכל שכן בדבור ××£ על פי שיש לו רמז בכל דבר ש×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×• ולכך ×ין ×ות ו×ין ×©× ×•×ין דבר ×שר ×™×’×‘×œ× ×•â€Ž, Commentary of the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 4a. This doctrine, however, that everything is in the Deity is not peculiar to the Kabbalah, it has been propounded by the Jews from time immemorial, before the Kabbalah came into existence, as may be seen from the following passage inthe Midrash. “The Holy One, blessed be he, is the space of the universe, but the universe is not his space (â€×”קב״ה מקומו של ×¢×•×œ× ×•×ין ×”×¢×•×œ× ×ž×§×•×ž×•â€Ž). R. Isaac submitted: from the passageâ€×ž×¢×•× ×” ×להי קד×‎( Deut. xxxiii, 27 ), we do not know whether the Holy One, blessed be he, is the habitation of the universe or the universe his habitation; but from the remarkâ€××“× ×™ מעון ×תה‎Lord thou art the dwelling place( Ps. xc, 1 ), it is evident that the Holy One, blessed be he, is the dwelling place of the universe, and not the universe his dwelling place.†(Bereshith Rabba, § lxviii.) To the same effect is the remark of Philo, “God himself is the space of the universe, for it is he who contains all things.†(De Somniis, i.) It is for this reason that God is calledâ€×ž×§×•×‎orâ€×”מקו×‎=ὠτόπος,locus, and that the Septuagint rendersâ€×•×™×¨×ו ×ת ×להי ישר×ל וגו׳‎( Exod. xxiv, 10 ), byκαὶεἶδον τὸν τόπον, οὗ εἱστήκει ὠθεὸς, which has occasioned so much difficulty to interpreters.↑
2â€×œ× ידע ×•×œ× ×תידע מה דהוי בר××™×©× ×“× ×“×œ×׳ ×תדבק ×‘×—×›×ž×ª× ×•×œ× ×›×¡×•×›×œ×ª× ×• ובגן כן ×קרי ×ין‎(Sohariii, 283b.) To the same effect is the ancient expository work on the doctrine of the Emanations which we quoted in the preceding note, comp.â€×ž×” ש××™× ×• מוגבל קרוי ×ין סוף ×•×”×•× ×”×”×©×•××” גמורה ב×חדות השלמח ש×ין בה ×©× ×•×™ ו×× ×”×•× ×ž×‘×œ×™ גבול ×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×•â€Ž, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 2a.↑
2â€×œ× ידע ×•×œ× ×תידע מה דהוי בר××™×©× ×“× ×“×œ×׳ ×תדבק ×‘×—×›×ž×ª× ×•×œ× ×›×¡×•×›×œ×ª× ×• ובגן כן ×קרי ×ין‎(Sohariii, 283b.) To the same effect is the ancient expository work on the doctrine of the Emanations which we quoted in the preceding note, comp.â€×ž×” ש××™× ×• מוגבל קרוי ×ין סוף ×•×”×•× ×”×”×©×•××” גמורה ב×חדות השלמח ש×ין בה ×©× ×•×™ ו×× ×”×•× ×ž×‘×œ×™ גבול ×ין חוץ ×ž×ž× ×•â€Ž, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, ed. Berlin, p. 2a.↑
3â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×ין לומר ×›×™ יש לו רצון ×•×œ× ×›×•× ×” ×•×œ× ×—×¤×¥ ×•×œ× ×ž×—×©×‘×” ×•×œ× ×“×‘×•×¨ ומעשה‎ibid., 4a.↑
3â€×“×¢ ×›×™ ×ין סוף ×ין לומר ×›×™ יש לו רצון ×•×œ× ×›×•× ×” ×•×œ× ×—×¤×¥ ×•×œ× ×ž×—×©×‘×” ×•×œ× ×“×‘×•×¨ ומעשה‎ibid., 4a.↑
4â€×× ×”×מר ×›×™ ×”×•× ×‘×œ×‘×“ כיון בברי××— עולמו יש להשיב על ×–×” ×›×™ ×”×›×•× ×” מורה על הסרון המכון‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth,p.2b. Again, says the same authority,â€×•×× ×ª×מר שהגבול ×”×’×ž×¦× ×ž×ž× ×• תחלה ×”×™×” ×”×¢×•×œ× ×”×–×” ×©×”×•× (העול×) חסר מהשלמותו חסרת חכוח ×©×”×•× ×ž×ž× ×• .… ו×× ×ª×מר ×©×œ× ×›×™×•×Ÿ בברי×חו ×× ×›×Ÿ היתה הברי××” במקרה, וכל דבר ×”×‘× ×‘×ž×§×¨×” ×ין לו סדר, ו×× ×• רו××™× ×›×™ ×”× ×‘×¨××™× ×™×© ×œ×—× ×¡×“×¨, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×§×™×ž×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×›×˜×œ×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×—×“×©×™×‎,ibid., p. 2.↑
4â€×× ×”×מר ×›×™ ×”×•× ×‘×œ×‘×“ כיון בברי××— עולמו יש להשיב על ×–×” ×›×™ ×”×›×•× ×” מורה על הסרון המכון‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth,p.2b. Again, says the same authority,â€×•×× ×ª×מר שהגבול ×”×’×ž×¦× ×ž×ž× ×• תחלה ×”×™×” ×”×¢×•×œ× ×”×–×” ×©×”×•× (העול×) חסר מהשלמותו חסרת חכוח ×©×”×•× ×ž×ž× ×• .… ו×× ×ª×מר ×©×œ× ×›×™×•×Ÿ בברי×חו ×× ×›×Ÿ היתה הברי××” במקרה, וכל דבר ×”×‘× ×‘×ž×§×¨×” ×ין לו סדר, ו×× ×• רו××™× ×›×™ ×”× ×‘×¨××™× ×™×© ×œ×—× ×¡×“×¨, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×§×™×ž×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×›×˜×œ×™×, ועל סדר ×”× ×ž×ª×—×“×©×™×‎,ibid., p. 2.↑
5Both the etymology and the exact meaning of the wordâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×”‎(pluralâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×•×ªâ€Ž) are matters of dispute. R. Azariel, the first Kabbalist, derives it fromâ€×¡×¤×¨â€Žto number, whilst the later Kabbalists derive it alternately fromâ€×¡×¤×™×¨â€ŽSaphir, fromâ€×”×©×ž×™× ×ž×¡×¤×¨×™× ×›×‘×•×“ ×ל‎( Ps. xix, 1 ), and from the GreekσφαῖÏαι, and are not at all certain whether to regardthe Sephirothasprinciples(á¼€Ïχαὶ), or assubstances(ὑποστάσεις), or aspotencies,powers(δυνάμεις), or asintelligent worlds(κόσμοι νοητικοί), or asattributes, or asentities(â€×¢×¦×ž×•×ªâ€Ž), or asorgans of the Deity(â€×›×œ×™×‎).↑
5Both the etymology and the exact meaning of the wordâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×”‎(pluralâ€×¡×¤×™×¨×•×ªâ€Ž) are matters of dispute. R. Azariel, the first Kabbalist, derives it fromâ€×¡×¤×¨â€Žto number, whilst the later Kabbalists derive it alternately fromâ€×¡×¤×™×¨â€ŽSaphir, fromâ€×”×©×ž×™× ×ž×¡×¤×¨×™× ×›×‘×•×“ ×ל‎( Ps. xix, 1 ), and from the GreekσφαῖÏαι, and are not at all certain whether to regardthe Sephirothasprinciples(á¼€Ïχαὶ), or assubstances(ὑποστάσεις), or aspotencies,powers(δυνάμεις), or asintelligent worlds(κόσμοι νοητικοί), or asattributes, or asentities(â€×¢×¦×ž×•×ªâ€Ž), or asorgans of the Deity(â€×›×œ×™×‎).↑
6The Sohar, like the Talmud, generally renders the wordsâ€×ž×œ×š שלמה‎King Solomon; while verses in the Song of Songs, byâ€×ž×œ×›× די ×©×œ×ž× ×“×™×œ×™×”â€Žthe King to whom peace belongs.↑
6The Sohar, like the Talmud, generally renders the wordsâ€×ž×œ×š שלמה‎King Solomon; while verses in the Song of Songs, byâ€×ž×œ×›× די ×©×œ×ž× ×“×™×œ×™×”â€Žthe King to whom peace belongs.↑
7â€×›×™ כל ברי××”×›×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×”×ª×ª×ž×¢×˜×•×ª×ª×—×¡×¨ .… ×›×— ×”××¦×™×œ×•×ª×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×• ו××™× ×• חסר‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, 2b; 4a.↑
7â€×›×™ כל ברי××”×›×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×”×ª×ª×ž×¢×˜×•×ª×ª×—×¡×¨ .… ×›×— ×”××¦×™×œ×•×ª×©× ×•×˜×œ×™×Ÿ×ž×ž× ×• ו××™× ×• חסר‎, Commentary on the ten Sephiroth, 2b; 4a.↑
8â€×”ספירות ×©×”× ×›×— ×”×©×œ× ×•×›×— החסר ×›×©×”× ×ž×§×‘×œ×™× ×ž×”×©×¤×¢ הב××ž×”×©×œ×ž×ª×•×”× ×›×— ×©×œ× ×•×‘×”×ž× ×¢ השפע ×ž×”× ×™×© ×‘×—× ×›×— חסרלכךיש ×‘×”× ×›×— לפעול בהשלמה ובחסרון‎.↑
8â€×”ספירות ×©×”× ×›×— ×”×©×œ× ×•×›×— החסר ×›×©×”× ×ž×§×‘×œ×™× ×ž×”×©×¤×¢ הב××ž×”×©×œ×ž×ª×•×”× ×›×— ×©×œ× ×•×‘×”×ž× ×¢ השפע ×ž×”× ×™×© ×‘×—× ×›×— חסרלכךיש ×‘×”× ×›×— לפעול בהשלמה ובחסרון‎.↑
9The notion, however, that worlds were created and destroyed prior to the present creation, was propounded inthe Midrashlong before the existence of the Kabbalah. Thus on the verse, “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very good†( Gen. i, 31 ), R. Abahu submitsâ€×״ר ×בהו מכ×ן שהקב״ה ×”×™×” ×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן ×•×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן עד ×©×‘×¨× ×ת ×לו ×מר דין ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי יתהון ×œ× ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי‎from this we see that the Holy One, blessed be he, had successively created and destroyed sundry worlds before he created the present world, and when he created the present world he said, this pleases me, the previous ones did not please me. (Bereshith Rabba, section or Parsha ix.)↑
9The notion, however, that worlds were created and destroyed prior to the present creation, was propounded inthe Midrashlong before the existence of the Kabbalah. Thus on the verse, “And God saw everything that he had made, and behold it was very good†( Gen. i, 31 ), R. Abahu submitsâ€×״ר ×בהו מכ×ן שהקב״ה ×”×™×” ×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן ×•×‘×•×¨× ×¢×•×œ×ž×•×ª ומחריבן עד ×©×‘×¨× ×ת ×לו ×מר דין ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי יתהון ×œ× ×”× ×™×™×Ÿ לי‎from this we see that the Holy One, blessed be he, had successively created and destroyed sundry worlds before he created the present world, and when he created the present world he said, this pleases me, the previous ones did not please me. (Bereshith Rabba, section or Parsha ix.)↑
10The question, however, about the doctrine of the Trinity in other passages of theSoharwill be discussed more amply in the sequel, where we shall point out the relation of the Kabbalah to Christianity.↑
10The question, however, about the doctrine of the Trinity in other passages of theSoharwill be discussed more amply in the sequel, where we shall point out the relation of the Kabbalah to Christianity.↑
11The Kabbalistic description ofMetatronis taken from the Jewish angelology of a much older date than this theosophy. Thus Ben Asai and Ben Soma already regardthe divine voice, theλόγος(â€×§×•×œ ×להי×‎) as Metatron. (Beresh. Rab., Parsha v.) He is calledthe Great Teacher,the Teacher of Teachers(â€×¡×¤×¨× רב×‎), and it is for this reason that Enoch, who walked in close communion with God, and taught mankind by his holy example, is said by the Chaldee paraphrase of Jonathan b. Uzziel, to ‘have received the nameMetatron, the Great Teacher’ after he was transplanted. ( Gen. v, 24 .) Metatron, moreover, is the Presence Angel (â€×©×¨ ×”×¤× ×™×‎), the Angel of the Lord that was sent to go before Israel ( Exod. xxiii, 21 ); he is the visible manifestation of the Deity, for in him is the name of the Lord,i.e., his name and that of the Deity are identical, inasmuch as they are of the same numerical value (viz.:—â€×©×“י‎andâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žare the same according to the exegetical rule called Gematria,â€×™â€Ž10 +â€×“‎4 +â€×©â€Ž300 = 314;â€×Ÿâ€Ž50 +â€×•â€Ž6 +â€×¨â€Ž200 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×žâ€Ž40 = 314. See Rashi on Exod. xxiii, 21 ,â€×¨×‘×•×ª×™× ×• ×מרו ×–×” מטטרון ששמו ×›×©× ×¨×‘×• מטטרון ×‘×’×ž×˜×¨×™× ×©×“×™â€ŽandSanhedrim38b). So exalted is Metatron’s position in the ancient Jewish angelology, that we are told that when Elisha b. Abaja, also called Acher, saw this angel who occupies the first position after the Deity, he exclaimed, ‘Peradventure, but far be it, there are two Supreme Powers’ (â€×©×ž× חס ×•×©×œ×•× ×©×ª×™ רשויות הן‎Talmud,Chagiga, 15a). The etymology ofâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žis greatly disputed; but there is no doubt that it is to be derived fromMetator,messenger,outrider,way maker, as has been shown by Elias Levita, and is maintained by Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklopädie, section ii, vol. xxvii,s.v.;Juden, p. 40, note 84). Sachs (Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, vol. i, Berlin 1852, p. 108) rightly remarks that this etymology is fixed by the passage fromSiphra, quoted inKaphter-Va-Pherach, c. x, p. 34bâ€×צבעו של הקב״ה × ×¢×©×” מטטרון למשה והר×הו כל ×רץ ישר×ל‎the finger of God was the messenger or guide to Moses, and showed him all the land of Israel.[110]The terminationâ€×•×Ÿâ€Žhas been appended toâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨â€Žto obtain the same numerical value, asâ€×©×“י‎. The derivation of it fromμετὰ θÏόνος, because this angel is immediately under the divine throne (â€×›×•×¨×¡×™×™×‎), which is maintained by Frank (Kabbala, p. 43), Graetz (Gnosticismus, p. 44) and others, has been shown by Frankel (Zeitschrift, 1846. vol. iii, p. 113), and Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklop.section ii, vol. xxvii, p. 41), to be both contrary to the form of the word and to the description of Metatron.↑
11The Kabbalistic description ofMetatronis taken from the Jewish angelology of a much older date than this theosophy. Thus Ben Asai and Ben Soma already regardthe divine voice, theλόγος(â€×§×•×œ ×להי×‎) as Metatron. (Beresh. Rab., Parsha v.) He is calledthe Great Teacher,the Teacher of Teachers(â€×¡×¤×¨× רב×‎), and it is for this reason that Enoch, who walked in close communion with God, and taught mankind by his holy example, is said by the Chaldee paraphrase of Jonathan b. Uzziel, to ‘have received the nameMetatron, the Great Teacher’ after he was transplanted. ( Gen. v, 24 .) Metatron, moreover, is the Presence Angel (â€×©×¨ ×”×¤× ×™×‎), the Angel of the Lord that was sent to go before Israel ( Exod. xxiii, 21 ); he is the visible manifestation of the Deity, for in him is the name of the Lord,i.e., his name and that of the Deity are identical, inasmuch as they are of the same numerical value (viz.:—â€×©×“י‎andâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žare the same according to the exegetical rule called Gematria,â€×™â€Ž10 +â€×“‎4 +â€×©â€Ž300 = 314;â€×Ÿâ€Ž50 +â€×•â€Ž6 +â€×¨â€Ž200 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×˜â€Ž9 +â€×žâ€Ž40 = 314. See Rashi on Exod. xxiii, 21 ,â€×¨×‘×•×ª×™× ×• ×מרו ×–×” מטטרון ששמו ×›×©× ×¨×‘×• מטטרון ×‘×’×ž×˜×¨×™× ×©×“×™â€ŽandSanhedrim38b). So exalted is Metatron’s position in the ancient Jewish angelology, that we are told that when Elisha b. Abaja, also called Acher, saw this angel who occupies the first position after the Deity, he exclaimed, ‘Peradventure, but far be it, there are two Supreme Powers’ (â€×©×ž× חס ×•×©×œ×•× ×©×ª×™ רשויות הן‎Talmud,Chagiga, 15a). The etymology ofâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨×•×Ÿâ€Žis greatly disputed; but there is no doubt that it is to be derived fromMetator,messenger,outrider,way maker, as has been shown by Elias Levita, and is maintained by Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklopädie, section ii, vol. xxvii,s.v.;Juden, p. 40, note 84). Sachs (Beiträge zur Sprach- und Alterthumsforschung, vol. i, Berlin 1852, p. 108) rightly remarks that this etymology is fixed by the passage fromSiphra, quoted inKaphter-Va-Pherach, c. x, p. 34bâ€×צבעו של הקב״ה × ×¢×©×” מטטרון למשה והר×הו כל ×רץ ישר×ל‎the finger of God was the messenger or guide to Moses, and showed him all the land of Israel.[110]The terminationâ€×•×Ÿâ€Žhas been appended toâ€×ž×˜×˜×¨â€Žto obtain the same numerical value, asâ€×©×“י‎. The derivation of it fromμετὰ θÏόνος, because this angel is immediately under the divine throne (â€×›×•×¨×¡×™×™×‎), which is maintained by Frank (Kabbala, p. 43), Graetz (Gnosticismus, p. 44) and others, has been shown by Frankel (Zeitschrift, 1846. vol. iii, p. 113), and Cassel (Ersch und Gruber’s Encyklop.section ii, vol. xxvii, p. 41), to be both contrary to the form of the word and to the description of Metatron.↑
12The view that the serpent which seduced the protoplasts is identical with Satan is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. It is stated in theTalmudin almost the same wordsâ€×”×•× ×™×¦×¨ הרע ×”×•× ×”×©×˜×Ÿ ×”×•× ×ž×œ×ך המות ×›×ž×ª× ×™×—× ×ª× × ×™×•×¨×“ ומטע עולה ומשטין יורד וממי×‎the evil spirit, Satan, and the angel of death, are the same. It is propounded in the Boraitha that he descends and seduces; he then ascends and accuses, and then comes down again and kills.Baba Bathra, 16a.↑
12The view that the serpent which seduced the protoplasts is identical with Satan is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. It is stated in theTalmudin almost the same wordsâ€×”×•× ×™×¦×¨ הרע ×”×•× ×”×©×˜×Ÿ ×”×•× ×ž×œ×ך המות ×›×ž×ª× ×™×—× ×ª× × ×™×•×¨×“ ומטע עולה ומשטין יורד וממי×‎the evil spirit, Satan, and the angel of death, are the same. It is propounded in the Boraitha that he descends and seduces; he then ascends and accuses, and then comes down again and kills.Baba Bathra, 16a.↑
13â€×›×™×•×Ÿ ×“× ×‘×¨× ××“× ×תתקן ×›×œ× ×•×›×œ מהדלעיל×ותת×וסל××תכליל ב××“× â€¦ ×יהו ×©×œ×™×ž×•×ª× ×“×›×œ×.זוחר חלק ג׳ דף מ״ח ×׳‎↑
13â€×›×™×•×Ÿ ×“× ×‘×¨× ××“× ×תתקן ×›×œ× ×•×›×œ מהדלעיל×ותת×וסל××תכליל ב××“× â€¦ ×יהו ×©×œ×™×ž×•×ª× ×“×›×œ×.זוחר חלק ג׳ דף מ״ח ×׳‎↑
14That the righteous are greater than the angels is already propounded in the Talmud (â€×’×“×•×œ×™× ×¦×“×™×§×™× ×™×•×ª×¨ ממל××›×™ השרת‎Sanhedrim93a); and it is asserted that no one angel can do two things (â€×ין מל×ך ×חד עושה שתי שליחות‎Bereshith Rabba, section 1), for which reason three angels had to be sent, one to announce to Sarai the birth of Isaac, the other to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, and the third to save Lot and his family; whilst a man can perform several duties. The superiority of man over angels is also asserted in the New Testament. ( 1 Cor. vi, 3 .)↑
14That the righteous are greater than the angels is already propounded in the Talmud (â€×’×“×•×œ×™× ×¦×“×™×§×™× ×™×•×ª×¨ ממל××›×™ השרת‎Sanhedrim93a); and it is asserted that no one angel can do two things (â€×ין מל×ך ×חד עושה שתי שליחות‎Bereshith Rabba, section 1), for which reason three angels had to be sent, one to announce to Sarai the birth of Isaac, the other to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, and the third to save Lot and his family; whilst a man can perform several duties. The superiority of man over angels is also asserted in the New Testament. ( 1 Cor. vi, 3 .)↑
15The Karmarthi, who interpreted the precepts of Islamism allegorically, also maintained that the human body represents the letters in the name of God. When standing the human body represents anElif, when kneeling aLâm, and when prostrated on the ground aHê, so that the body is like a book in which may be read the nameAllah. De Sacy,Introduction à l’Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, pp. 86, 87. Comp. Frank,Die Kabbala, p. 32.↑
15The Karmarthi, who interpreted the precepts of Islamism allegorically, also maintained that the human body represents the letters in the name of God. When standing the human body represents anElif, when kneeling aLâm, and when prostrated on the ground aHê, so that the body is like a book in which may be read the nameAllah. De Sacy,Introduction à l’Exposé de la Religion des Druzes, pp. 86, 87. Comp. Frank,Die Kabbala, p. 32.↑
16The pre-existence of the human souls in the celestial regions was believed by the Jews before the Kabbalah came into vogue. We find this doctrine in the Book of Wisdom (viii, 20); in Josephus, where we are told that the Essenes believed ‘that souls were immortal, and that they descended from the pure air,συμπλÎκεσθαι á½¥ÏƒÏ€ÎµÏ Îµá¼°Ïκταῖς τοῖς σώμασι, to be chained to bodies’ (de Bell. Jud.ii, 12); by Philo, who says ‘the air was full of them, and that those which were nearest the earthκατίασιν á¼ÎºÎ´ÎµÎ¸Î·ÏƒÎ¿Î¼Îναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, descending to be tied to mortal bodies,παλινδÏομοῦσι αὖθις, return back to bodies, being[114]desirous to live in them.’ (De Gignat.p. 222, C.;De Somniis, p. 455, D. Comp. Arnald on the Book of Wisdom, viii, 20 , and Whitby on John ix, 2 ., where these quotations and others are given); and in the Talmud where it is declared that the human souls which are to be born (â€×¨×•×—ות ×•× ×©×ž×•×ª שעתידיןלהבר×ות‎), have their abode in the seventh heaven (Chagiga, 12b); that they leave gradually the storehouse of souls to people this earth (â€×¢×“ שיכלו כל ×”× ×©×ž×•×” שבגוף‎Jebamoth, 62;Aboda Sara, 5;Nidda, 13); and that the Holy One, blessed be he, took counsel with them when he was about to create the worldâ€×›× פשתן של צריקין × ×ž×œ×š הקב״ה ×•×‘×¨× ×ת העול×‎(Bereshith Rabba, section viii).↑
16The pre-existence of the human souls in the celestial regions was believed by the Jews before the Kabbalah came into vogue. We find this doctrine in the Book of Wisdom (viii, 20); in Josephus, where we are told that the Essenes believed ‘that souls were immortal, and that they descended from the pure air,συμπλÎκεσθαι á½¥ÏƒÏ€ÎµÏ Îµá¼°Ïκταῖς τοῖς σώμασι, to be chained to bodies’ (de Bell. Jud.ii, 12); by Philo, who says ‘the air was full of them, and that those which were nearest the earthκατίασιν á¼ÎºÎ´ÎµÎ¸Î·ÏƒÎ¿Î¼Îναι σώμασι θνητοῖς, descending to be tied to mortal bodies,παλινδÏομοῦσι αὖθις, return back to bodies, being[114]desirous to live in them.’ (De Gignat.p. 222, C.;De Somniis, p. 455, D. Comp. Arnald on the Book of Wisdom, viii, 20 , and Whitby on John ix, 2 ., where these quotations and others are given); and in the Talmud where it is declared that the human souls which are to be born (â€×¨×•×—ות ×•× ×©×ž×•×ª שעתידיןלהבר×ות‎), have their abode in the seventh heaven (Chagiga, 12b); that they leave gradually the storehouse of souls to people this earth (â€×¢×“ שיכלו כל ×”× ×©×ž×•×” שבגוף‎Jebamoth, 62;Aboda Sara, 5;Nidda, 13); and that the Holy One, blessed be he, took counsel with them when he was about to create the worldâ€×›× פשתן של צריקין × ×ž×œ×š הקב״ה ×•×‘×¨× ×ת העול×‎(Bereshith Rabba, section viii).↑
17The notion about the reluctance of the soul to enter into this world is also not peculiar to the Kabbalah. The most ancient tract of the Mishna thus speaks of the soul: “Against thy will thou becomest an embryo, and against thy will thou art born†(â€×¢×œ כרחך ×תה × ×•×¦×¨ ועל כרחך ×תה × ×•×œ×“â€ŽAboth, iv. 29); on which Bartenora, in his commentary, remarks: “The soul does not wish to quit the pure abode of the curtain which encloses the Holy of Holies.â€â†‘
17The notion about the reluctance of the soul to enter into this world is also not peculiar to the Kabbalah. The most ancient tract of the Mishna thus speaks of the soul: “Against thy will thou becomest an embryo, and against thy will thou art born†(â€×¢×œ כרחך ×תה × ×•×¦×¨ ועל כרחך ×תה × ×•×œ×“â€ŽAboth, iv. 29); on which Bartenora, in his commentary, remarks: “The soul does not wish to quit the pure abode of the curtain which encloses the Holy of Holies.â€â†‘
18â€×›×œ ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין ×•× ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ כלהו כלילן דכר ×•× ×•×§×‘× ×“×ž×ª×—×‘×¨×Ÿ ×›×—×“× ×•×תמסרן ×‘×™×“× ×“×”×”×•× ×ž×ž× × ×©×œ×™×”× ×“×תפקר על עדו×יהן [עיבוריהן] ×“×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×œ×™×œ×” שמיה ×•×‘×©×¢×”× ×“× ×—×ª×™×Ÿ ו×תמסרן בידוי מתפדשין ×™×œ×–×ž× ×™×Ÿ ×“× ××§×¨×™× ×ž×Ÿ ×“× ×•×חית להו ×‘×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×›×“ ×ž×˜× [מח×] עידן ×“×–×•×•×’× ×“×œ×”×•×Ÿ קב״ה דידע ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוהין ×•× ×©×ž×”×™×Ÿ מחבר לון ×›×“×‘×§×“×ž×™×ª× ×•×ž×›×¨×–× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• וכד ×תחברן ×תעגידו חד ×’×•×¤× ×—×“ × ×©×ž×ª× ×™×ž×™× × ×™×©×ž××œ× ×›×“×§× ×—×–×™ ובגין כך ×ין כל חדש תחת השמש. ו××™ ×ª×™×ž× ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ לית ×–×•×•×’× ××œ× ×œ×¤×•× ×¢×•×’×“×•×™ ו×ורהוי דבר × ×© ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×•×“××™. ד××™ ×–×›×™ ועובדוי ×תכשרן ×–×›×™ ×œ×”×”×•× ×“×™×œ×™×” ל××ª×—×‘×¨× ×‘×™×“ כמה ×“× ×¤×™×§. זוהר חלק × ×“×£ ×¦× ×‘â€Žâ†‘
18â€×›×œ ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין ×•× ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ כלהו כלילן דכר ×•× ×•×§×‘× ×“×ž×ª×—×‘×¨×Ÿ ×›×—×“× ×•×תמסרן ×‘×™×“× ×“×”×”×•× ×ž×ž× × ×©×œ×™×”× ×“×תפקר על עדו×יהן [עיבוריהן] ×“×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×œ×™×œ×” שמיה ×•×‘×©×¢×”× ×“× ×—×ª×™×Ÿ ו×תמסרן בידוי מתפדשין ×™×œ×–×ž× ×™×Ÿ ×“× ××§×¨×™× ×ž×Ÿ ×“× ×•×חית להו ×‘×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×•×›×“ ×ž×˜× [מח×] עידן ×“×–×•×•×’× ×“×œ×”×•×Ÿ קב״ה דידע ××™× ×•×Ÿ רוהין ×•× ×©×ž×”×™×Ÿ מחבר לון ×›×“×‘×§×“×ž×™×ª× ×•×ž×›×¨×–× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• וכד ×תחברן ×תעגידו חד ×’×•×¤× ×—×“ × ×©×ž×ª× ×™×ž×™× × ×™×©×ž××œ× ×›×“×§× ×—×–×™ ובגין כך ×ין כל חדש תחת השמש. ו××™ ×ª×™×ž× ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ לית ×–×•×•×’× ××œ× ×œ×¤×•× ×¢×•×’×“×•×™ ו×ורהוי דבר × ×© ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×•×“××™. ד××™ ×–×›×™ ועובדוי ×תכשרן ×–×›×™ ×œ×”×”×•× ×“×™×œ×™×” ל××ª×—×‘×¨× ×‘×™×“ כמה ×“× ×¤×™×§. זוהר חלק × ×“×£ ×¦× ×‘â€Žâ†‘
19â€×‘×¡×¤×¨× ×“×©×œ×ž×” ×ž×œ×›× ××©×›×—× × ×“×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ×œ×ª×ª× ×©×“×¨ קב״ה חד ×“×™×•×§× ×בפרצופ××“×´× ×¨×©×™×ž×”×—×§×™×§×”×‘×¦×•×œ×ž× ×•×§×™×™×ž× ×¢×œ ×”×”×•× ×–×•×•×’× ×•×למלי ×תיהיב רשו ×œ×¢×™× ×למחמיחמי ×‘×´× ×¢×œ רישיה חד ×¦×•×œ×ž× ×¨×©×™×ž× ×›×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×‘×¨ × ×© ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×™×œ×ž× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×•×¢×“×“×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×[×¡×´× ×•×¢×“ ×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×] ×”×”×•× ×¦×•×œ×ž×דשדרליה מ×ריה על רישיה וישתכח תמן ×œ× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×”×”×´×“ ויבר××לקי××ת ×”××“× ×‘×¦×œ×ž×•. ×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זדמן לקבליה עד ×“× ×¤×™×§ ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×›×“ × ×¤×§ ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×תרבי ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זיל הה״ד ×ך ×‘×¦×œ× ×™×ª×”×œ×š ×יש לה××™ צל×הו××ž×œ×¢×™×œ× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין × ×¤×§×™×Ÿ מ×תרייהו כל ×¨×•×—× ×•×¨×•×—× ×תתקן קמי ×ž×œ×›× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘×ª×§×•× ×™ יקר ×‘×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×§×י׳ בה××™ עלמ×. ×•×ž×”×”×•× ×“×™×•×§× × ×ª×§×•× × ×™×§×¨ × ×¤×™×§ ×”××™ צל×. ×•×“× ×ª×œ×™×ª××” ×œ×¨×•×—× ×•×קדימת בה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ולית לך ×–×•×•×’× ×‘×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ×על×בגווייהו. זוהר חלק ×’ דף קד × ,ב‎↑
19â€×‘×¡×¤×¨× ×“×©×œ×ž×” ×ž×œ×›× ××©×›×—× × ×“×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ×œ×ª×ª× ×©×“×¨ קב״ה חד ×“×™×•×§× ×בפרצופ××“×´× ×¨×©×™×ž×”×—×§×™×§×”×‘×¦×•×œ×ž× ×•×§×™×™×ž× ×¢×œ ×”×”×•× ×–×•×•×’× ×•×למלי ×תיהיב רשו ×œ×¢×™× ×למחמיחמי ×‘×´× ×¢×œ רישיה חד ×¦×•×œ×ž× ×¨×©×™×ž× ×›×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×‘×¨ × ×© ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×™×œ×ž× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×•×¢×“×“×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×[×¡×´× ×•×¢×“ ×œ× ×§×™×™×ž×] ×”×”×•× ×¦×•×œ×ž×דשדרליה מ×ריה על רישיה וישתכח תמן ×œ× ×תברי ×‘×´× ×”×”×´×“ ויבר××לקי××ת ×”××“× ×‘×¦×œ×ž×•. ×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זדמן לקבליה עד ×“× ×¤×™×§ ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×›×“ × ×¤×§ ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×תרבי ×‘×”×”×•× ×¦×œ× ×זיל הה״ד ×ך ×‘×¦×œ× ×™×ª×”×œ×š ×יש לה××™ צל×הו××ž×œ×¢×™×œ× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ רוחין × ×¤×§×™×Ÿ מ×תרייהו כל ×¨×•×—× ×•×¨×•×—× ×תתקן קמי ×ž×œ×›× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘×ª×§×•× ×™ יקר ×‘×¤×¨×¦×•×¤× ×“×§×י׳ בה××™ עלמ×. ×•×ž×”×”×•× ×“×™×•×§× × ×ª×§×•× × ×™×§×¨ × ×¤×™×§ ×”××™ צל×. ×•×“× ×ª×œ×™×ª××” ×œ×¨×•×—× ×•×קדימת בה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×–×•×•×’× ×שתכח ולית לך ×–×•×•×’× ×‘×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ×על×בגווייהו. זוהר חלק ×’ דף קד × ,ב‎↑
20The two kinds of faculties, as well as the two sorts of feelings, are also mentioned in the Talmud. Thus it is said—“All the prophets looked into theNon-Luminous Mirror, whilst our teacher, Moses, looked into theLuminous Mirror.†(â€×›×œ ×”× ×‘×™××™× × ×¡×”×›×œ×• ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×©××™× ×” מ×ירה משה ×¨×‘×™× ×• × ×¡×ª×›×œ ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×”×ž×ידה‎Jebamoth, 49b). And again—“Also the divine service which is engendered by fear and not by love, has its merit.†(Jerusalem Berachoth, 44;Babylon Sota, 22a.)↑
20The two kinds of faculties, as well as the two sorts of feelings, are also mentioned in the Talmud. Thus it is said—“All the prophets looked into theNon-Luminous Mirror, whilst our teacher, Moses, looked into theLuminous Mirror.†(â€×›×œ ×”× ×‘×™××™× × ×¡×”×›×œ×• ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×©××™× ×” מ×ירה משה ×¨×‘×™× ×• × ×¡×ª×›×œ ב××¡×¤×§×œ×¨×™× ×”×ž×ידה‎Jebamoth, 49b). And again—“Also the divine service which is engendered by fear and not by love, has its merit.†(Jerusalem Berachoth, 44;Babylon Sota, 22a.)↑
21â€×œ×©× יחוד קב״ה ×•×©×›×™× ×ª×” ברחימו ודחילו וברחילו ורחימו ×œ×™×—×¨× ×©× ×™×´×” בו״ה ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×©×œ×™× ×‘×©× ×›×œ ישר×ל‎↑
21â€×œ×©× יחוד קב״ה ×•×©×›×™× ×ª×” ברחימו ודחילו וברחילו ורחימו ×œ×™×—×¨× ×©× ×™×´×” בו״ה ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×©×œ×™× ×‘×©× ×›×œ ישר×ל‎↑
22â€×›×œ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×’×œ×’×•×œ× ×•×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×ורחוי ×“×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×•×”×™×š ×§×™×™×ž× ×˜×™×§×œ× ×•×”×™×š ××ª×“× ×• ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×‘×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×•×‘×›×œ עידן והיך × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×¢×“ ×œ× ×™×™×ª×•×Ÿ לה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×•×”×™×š ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×œ×‘×ª×¨ ×“× ×¤×§×™ מה××™ עלמ×. כמה גלגולין וכמה עובדין סתימין עבידן ×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×‘×”×“×™ כמה × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ערטיל×ין וכמה רוחין ערטיל×ין ×זלין ×‘×”×”×•× ×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ× ×¢×לין ×œ×¤×¨×’×•×“× ×“×ž×œ×›×.[125]וכמה עלמין ×תהפך בהו ×•×¢×œ×ž× ×“×תהפך בכמה פלי×ן סתימין ×•×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ× ×ž×©×’×™×—×™×Ÿ וחיך מתגלגלן × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×›××‘× × ×‘×§×•×¡×¤×ª× ×›×ž×” ד×ת ×מר ו×ת × ×¤×© ×ויביך ×™×§×œ×¢× ×” בתוך ×›×£ הקלע ×”×©×ª× ×ית לגל××” ×“×”× ×›×œ. זוהר חלק ב׳ דף צט ב׳‎↑
22â€×›×œ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×’×œ×’×•×œ× ×•×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×ורחוי ×“×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×•×”×™×š ×§×™×™×ž× ×˜×™×§×œ× ×•×”×™×š ××ª×“× ×• ×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×‘×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×•×‘×›×œ עידן והיך × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×¢×“ ×œ× ×™×™×ª×•×Ÿ לה××™ ×¢×œ×ž× ×•×”×™×š ×¢×לין ×‘×“×™× × ×œ×‘×ª×¨ ×“× ×¤×§×™ מה××™ עלמ×. כמה גלגולין וכמה עובדין סתימין עבידן ×§×•×“×©× ×‘×¨×™×š ×”×•× ×‘×”×“×™ כמה × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ערטיל×ין וכמה רוחין ערטיל×ין ×זלין ×‘×”×”×•× ×¢×œ×ž× ×“×œ× ×¢×לין ×œ×¤×¨×’×•×“× ×“×ž×œ×›×.[125]וכמה עלמין ×תהפך בהו ×•×¢×œ×ž× ×“×תהפך בכמה פלי×ן סתימין ×•×‘× ×™ × ×©× ×œ× ×™×“×¢×™×Ÿ ×•×œ× ×ž×©×’×™×—×™×Ÿ וחיך מתגלגלן × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×›××‘× × ×‘×§×•×¡×¤×ª× ×›×ž×” ד×ת ×מר ו×ת × ×¤×© ×ויביך ×™×§×œ×¢× ×” בתוך ×›×£ הקלע ×”×©×ª× ×ית לגל××” ×“×”× ×›×œ. זוהר חלק ב׳ דף צט ב׳‎↑
23According to Josephus, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls into other bodies (μετεμψÏχωσις), was also held by the Pharisees (comp. Antiq. xviii, 1, 3: de Bell. Jud. ii, 8, 14), restricting, however, the metempsychosis to the righteous. And though the Midrashim and the Talmud are silent about it, yet from Saadia’s vituperations against it (â€×בל ×ומר שמצ×תי ×× ×©×™× ×ž×ž×™ ×©× ×§×¨××™× ×™×”×•×“×™× ××•×ž×¨×™× ×‘×”×©× ×•×ª וקור××™× ×ותו ההעתקח‎Emunoth ve-Deoth, vi, 7; viii, 3) there is no doubt that this doctrine was held among some Jews in the ninth century of the present era. At all events it is perfectly certain that the Karaite Jews firmly believed in it ever since the seventh century. (Comp. Frankel,Monatschrift, x, 177, &c.) St. Jerome assures us that it was also propounded among the early Christians as an esoteric and traditional doctrine which was entrusted to the select few, (abscondite quasi in foveis viperarum versari et quasi haereditario malo serpere in paucis. Comp. epist. ad Demedriadem); and Origen was convinced that it was only by means of this doctrine that certain Scriptural narratives, such as the struggle of Jacob with Esau before their birth, the reference about Jeremiah when still in his mother’s womb, and many others, can possibly be explained.(πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶνi, 1, cap. vii;Adver. Celsum, i, 3.)↑
23According to Josephus, the doctrine of the transmigration of souls into other bodies (μετεμψÏχωσις), was also held by the Pharisees (comp. Antiq. xviii, 1, 3: de Bell. Jud. ii, 8, 14), restricting, however, the metempsychosis to the righteous. And though the Midrashim and the Talmud are silent about it, yet from Saadia’s vituperations against it (â€×בל ×ומר שמצ×תי ×× ×©×™× ×ž×ž×™ ×©× ×§×¨××™× ×™×”×•×“×™× ××•×ž×¨×™× ×‘×”×©× ×•×ª וקור××™× ×ותו ההעתקח‎Emunoth ve-Deoth, vi, 7; viii, 3) there is no doubt that this doctrine was held among some Jews in the ninth century of the present era. At all events it is perfectly certain that the Karaite Jews firmly believed in it ever since the seventh century. (Comp. Frankel,Monatschrift, x, 177, &c.) St. Jerome assures us that it was also propounded among the early Christians as an esoteric and traditional doctrine which was entrusted to the select few, (abscondite quasi in foveis viperarum versari et quasi haereditario malo serpere in paucis. Comp. epist. ad Demedriadem); and Origen was convinced that it was only by means of this doctrine that certain Scriptural narratives, such as the struggle of Jacob with Esau before their birth, the reference about Jeremiah when still in his mother’s womb, and many others, can possibly be explained.(πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶνi, 1, cap. vii;Adver. Celsum, i, 3.)↑
24The notion that the creation is a blessing, and that this is indicated in the first letter, is already propounded in the Midrash, as may be seen from the following remark. The reason why the Law begins withBeth, the second letter of the Alphabet, and not withAleph, the first letter, is that the former is the first letter in the wordblessing, while the latter is the first letter in the wordaccursed,â€×œ×ž×” בבית ×ž×¤× ×™ ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ברכה ×•×œ× ×‘×״לף ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ×רירה‎(Midrash Rabba, sec. i).↑
24The notion that the creation is a blessing, and that this is indicated in the first letter, is already propounded in the Midrash, as may be seen from the following remark. The reason why the Law begins withBeth, the second letter of the Alphabet, and not withAleph, the first letter, is that the former is the first letter in the wordblessing, while the latter is the first letter in the wordaccursed,â€×œ×ž×” בבית ×ž×¤× ×™ ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ברכה ×•×œ× ×‘×״לף ×©×”×•× ×œ×©×•×Ÿ ×רירה‎(Midrash Rabba, sec. i).↑
25This view that the mere literal narrative is unworthy of inspiration, and that it must contain a spiritual meaning concealed under the garment of the letter, is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. Both the Synagogue and the Church have maintained the same from time immemorial. Thus the Talmud already describes the impious Manasseh, King of Israel, as making himself merry over the narratives of the Pentateuch and ironically asking (â€×ž× שוה בן חזקיה שהיה יושב ודורש בהגדות של דופי ×מר וכי ×œ× ×”×™×” לו למשה לכתוב ××œ× ×חות לוטן ×ª×ž× ×¢ ×•×”×ž× ×¢ היתה פלגשל×ליפזוילך ר×ובן בימי קציר ×—×˜×™× ×•×™×ž×¦× ×“×•×“××™× ×‘×©×“×”â€Ž), whether Moses could not find anything better to relate than that “Loton’s sister was Timna†( Gen. xxxvi, 22 ); “Timna was the concubine of Eliphaz†(ibid., v. 12 ); that “Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field†(ibid., xxx, 14 ), &c, &c. And it is replied that these narratives contain another sense besides the literal one. (Sanhedrim, 99b.) Hence the rule (â€×›×œ מה ש×ירע ל×בות סימן ×œ×‘× ×™×‎), what happened to the fathers is typical of the children.↑
25This view that the mere literal narrative is unworthy of inspiration, and that it must contain a spiritual meaning concealed under the garment of the letter, is not peculiar to the Kabbalah. Both the Synagogue and the Church have maintained the same from time immemorial. Thus the Talmud already describes the impious Manasseh, King of Israel, as making himself merry over the narratives of the Pentateuch and ironically asking (â€×ž× שוה בן חזקיה שהיה יושב ודורש בהגדות של דופי ×מר וכי ×œ× ×”×™×” לו למשה לכתוב ××œ× ×חות לוטן ×ª×ž× ×¢ ×•×”×ž× ×¢ היתה פלגשל×ליפזוילך ר×ובן בימי קציר ×—×˜×™× ×•×™×ž×¦× ×“×•×“××™× ×‘×©×“×”â€Ž), whether Moses could not find anything better to relate than that “Loton’s sister was Timna†( Gen. xxxvi, 22 ); “Timna was the concubine of Eliphaz†(ibid., v. 12 ); that “Reuben went in the days of the wheat harvest, and found mandrakes in the field†(ibid., xxx, 14 ), &c, &c. And it is replied that these narratives contain another sense besides the literal one. (Sanhedrim, 99b.) Hence the rule (â€×›×œ מה ש×ירע ל×בות סימן ×œ×‘× ×™×‎), what happened to the fathers is typical of the children.↑
26Origen’s words are almost literally the same—“Si adsideamus litterae et secundum hoc vel quod Judaeis, vel quod vulgo videtur, accipiamus quæ in lege scripta sunt, erubesco dicere et confiteri quia tales leges dederit Deus: videbuntur enim magis elegantes et rationabiles hominum leges, verbi gratia vel Romanorum vel Atheniensium, vel Lacedaemoniorum.â€Homil.vii,in Levit.Again, the same erudite father says, “What person in his senses will imagine that the first, second, and third day, in connection with which morning and evening are mentioned, were without sun, moon and stars, nay that there was no sky on the first day? Who is there so foolish and without common sense as to believe that God planted trees in the garden eastward of Eden like a husbandman, and planted therein the tree of life, perceptible to the eyes and senses, which gave life to the eater thereof; and another tree which gave to the eater thereof a knowledge of good and evil? I believe that everybody must regard these as figures, under which a recondite sense is concealed.†Lib. iv, cap. ii,πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν. Huet,Origeniana, p. 167. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 99, &c. It must, however, not be supposed that this sort of interpretation, which defies all rules of sound exegesis and common sense, is confined to the ancient Jewish Rabbins or the Christian fathers. The Commentary on Genesis and Exodus by Chr. Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster, may fairly compete in this respect with any production of bygone days. Will it be believed that Dr. Wordsworth actually sees it “suggested by the Holy Spirit Himself,†that Noah drunk, exposing his nakedness, and mocked by his own child, Ham, is typical of Christ who drank the cup of God’s wrath, stripped Himself of His heavenly glory, and was mocked by his own children the Jews? But we must give the Canon’s own words. “Noah drank the wine of his vineyard; Christ drank the cup of God’s wrath, which was the fruit of the sin of the cultivators of the vineyard, which he had planted in the world. Noah was made naked to his shame; Christ consented for our sake to strip Himself of His heavenly glory, and took on him the form of a servant. ( Phil. ii, 7 .) He laid aside his garments, and washed his disciples’ feet ( John, xiii, 4 .) He hid not his face from shame and spitting. ( Isa. 1, 6 .) When he was on the Cross, they that passed by reviled Him. ( Matt. xxvii, 39 .) He was mocked by His[129]own children, the Jews. He deigned to be exposed to insult for our sakes, in shame and nakedness on the Cross ( Heb. xii, 2 ), in order that we might receive eternal glory from His shame, and be clothed through His weakness with garments of heavenly beauty.†(Commentary on Genesis and Exodus, London, 1864, p. 52.)↑
26Origen’s words are almost literally the same—“Si adsideamus litterae et secundum hoc vel quod Judaeis, vel quod vulgo videtur, accipiamus quæ in lege scripta sunt, erubesco dicere et confiteri quia tales leges dederit Deus: videbuntur enim magis elegantes et rationabiles hominum leges, verbi gratia vel Romanorum vel Atheniensium, vel Lacedaemoniorum.â€Homil.vii,in Levit.Again, the same erudite father says, “What person in his senses will imagine that the first, second, and third day, in connection with which morning and evening are mentioned, were without sun, moon and stars, nay that there was no sky on the first day? Who is there so foolish and without common sense as to believe that God planted trees in the garden eastward of Eden like a husbandman, and planted therein the tree of life, perceptible to the eyes and senses, which gave life to the eater thereof; and another tree which gave to the eater thereof a knowledge of good and evil? I believe that everybody must regard these as figures, under which a recondite sense is concealed.†Lib. iv, cap. ii,πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν. Huet,Origeniana, p. 167. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, Edinburgh, 1843, p. 99, &c. It must, however, not be supposed that this sort of interpretation, which defies all rules of sound exegesis and common sense, is confined to the ancient Jewish Rabbins or the Christian fathers. The Commentary on Genesis and Exodus by Chr. Wordsworth, D.D., Canon of Westminster, may fairly compete in this respect with any production of bygone days. Will it be believed that Dr. Wordsworth actually sees it “suggested by the Holy Spirit Himself,†that Noah drunk, exposing his nakedness, and mocked by his own child, Ham, is typical of Christ who drank the cup of God’s wrath, stripped Himself of His heavenly glory, and was mocked by his own children the Jews? But we must give the Canon’s own words. “Noah drank the wine of his vineyard; Christ drank the cup of God’s wrath, which was the fruit of the sin of the cultivators of the vineyard, which he had planted in the world. Noah was made naked to his shame; Christ consented for our sake to strip Himself of His heavenly glory, and took on him the form of a servant. ( Phil. ii, 7 .) He laid aside his garments, and washed his disciples’ feet ( John, xiii, 4 .) He hid not his face from shame and spitting. ( Isa. 1, 6 .) When he was on the Cross, they that passed by reviled Him. ( Matt. xxvii, 39 .) He was mocked by His[129]own children, the Jews. He deigned to be exposed to insult for our sakes, in shame and nakedness on the Cross ( Heb. xii, 2 ), in order that we might receive eternal glory from His shame, and be clothed through His weakness with garments of heavenly beauty.†(Commentary on Genesis and Exodus, London, 1864, p. 52.)↑
27The notion that the Bible is to be explained in this fourfold manner was also propounded by the Jewish doctors generally, long before the existence of the Kabbalah (Comp. Ginsburg,Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30), and has been adopted by some of the fathers and schoolmen. Origen, although only advocating a threefold sense, viz.:—σωματικὸς, ψυχικὸς, πνευματικὸς, to correspond to the Platonic notion of the component parts of man, viz.:—σῶμα, ψυχὴ, πνεῦμα, almost uses the same words as the Kabbalah. “The sentiments of Holy Scriptures must be imprinted upon each one’s soul in a threefold manner, that the more simple may be built up by theflesh(or body) of Scripture, so to speak, by which we mean the obvious explanation; that he who has advanced to a higher state may be edified by thesoulof Scripture as it were; but he that is perfect, and like to the individuals spoken of by the Apostle ( 1 Cor. ii, 6 , 7), must be edified by the spiritual law, having a shadow of good things to come.πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν,lib.iv, cap. ii. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 97. Whilst Nicholas de Lyra, the celebrated commentator and forerunner of the Reformation (born about 1270, died October 23, 1340), distinctly espouses the Jewish four modes of interpretation, which he describes in the following couplet—“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€Comp. Alexander’s edition of Kitto’sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature,s. v.Lyra.↑
27The notion that the Bible is to be explained in this fourfold manner was also propounded by the Jewish doctors generally, long before the existence of the Kabbalah (Comp. Ginsburg,Historical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30), and has been adopted by some of the fathers and schoolmen. Origen, although only advocating a threefold sense, viz.:—σωματικὸς, ψυχικὸς, πνευματικὸς, to correspond to the Platonic notion of the component parts of man, viz.:—σῶμα, ψυχὴ, πνεῦμα, almost uses the same words as the Kabbalah. “The sentiments of Holy Scriptures must be imprinted upon each one’s soul in a threefold manner, that the more simple may be built up by theflesh(or body) of Scripture, so to speak, by which we mean the obvious explanation; that he who has advanced to a higher state may be edified by thesoulof Scripture as it were; but he that is perfect, and like to the individuals spoken of by the Apostle ( 1 Cor. ii, 6 , 7), must be edified by the spiritual law, having a shadow of good things to come.πεÏὶ á¼€Ïχῶν,lib.iv, cap. ii. Comp. Davidson,Sacred Hermeneutics, p. 97. Whilst Nicholas de Lyra, the celebrated commentator and forerunner of the Reformation (born about 1270, died October 23, 1340), distinctly espouses the Jewish four modes of interpretation, which he describes in the following couplet—
“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€
“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€
“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€
“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€
“Littera gesta docet, quid credas Allegoria,
Moralis quid agas, quo tendas anagogia.â€
Comp. Alexander’s edition of Kitto’sCyclopædia of Biblical Literature,s. v.Lyra.↑
28The above-mentioned exegetical canons, however, are not peculiar to the Kabbalah. They have been in vogue among the Jews from time immemorial. Thus the difficult passage in Isa. xxi, 8 ,â€×•×™×§×¨× ×ריה‎which is rendered in the Authorised Version,and he cried, A lion!or ‘as a lion,’ as the margin has it, is explained by the ancient Jewish tradition as a prophecy respecting Habakkuk, who, as Isaiah foresaw, would in coming days use the very words here predicted. (Comp. Isa. xxi, 8, 9 , with Hab. ii, 1 ); and this interpretation is obtained by rule i; inasmuch asâ€×ריה‎lionandâ€×—בקוק‎Habakkukare numerically the same, viz.:—â€×”‎â€×™â€Žâ€×¨â€Žâ€×‎andâ€×§â€Žâ€×•â€Žâ€×§â€Žâ€×‘‎â€×—‎5+10+200+1= 216and100+6+100+2+8= 216(See the Commentaries of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kimchi on Isa. xxi, 8 .) Again, in the fact that Jacob made Joseph ‘a coat of many colours’ ( Gen. xxxvii, 3 ), as the Authorised Version has it, or ‘pieces,’ as it is in the margin, the Midrash or the ancient Jewish exposition, sees the sufferings of Joseph indicated; inasmuch asâ€×¤×¡×™×‎according to rule ii, is composed of the initials ofâ€×¤×•×˜×™×¤×¨â€ŽPotiphar, who imprisoned Joseph;â€×¡×•×—רי×‎merchantsâ€×™×©×ž×¢×לי×‎Ishmaelitesandâ€×ž×“×™× ×™×‎Midianites, who bought him and sold him again as a slave. ( Gen. xxxvii, 25–28 ; xxxix, 1; comp. Rashi on Gen. xxxvii, 3 .) For more extensive information on this subject, we must refer to Ginsburg’sHistorical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30, &c.↑
28The above-mentioned exegetical canons, however, are not peculiar to the Kabbalah. They have been in vogue among the Jews from time immemorial. Thus the difficult passage in Isa. xxi, 8 ,â€×•×™×§×¨× ×ריה‎which is rendered in the Authorised Version,and he cried, A lion!or ‘as a lion,’ as the margin has it, is explained by the ancient Jewish tradition as a prophecy respecting Habakkuk, who, as Isaiah foresaw, would in coming days use the very words here predicted. (Comp. Isa. xxi, 8, 9 , with Hab. ii, 1 ); and this interpretation is obtained by rule i; inasmuch asâ€×ריה‎lionandâ€×—בקוק‎Habakkukare numerically the same, viz.:—
â€×”‎â€×™â€Žâ€×¨â€Žâ€×‎andâ€×§â€Žâ€×•â€Žâ€×§â€Žâ€×‘‎â€×—‎5+10+200+1= 216and100+6+100+2+8= 216
(See the Commentaries of Rashi, Ibn Ezra, and Kimchi on Isa. xxi, 8 .) Again, in the fact that Jacob made Joseph ‘a coat of many colours’ ( Gen. xxxvii, 3 ), as the Authorised Version has it, or ‘pieces,’ as it is in the margin, the Midrash or the ancient Jewish exposition, sees the sufferings of Joseph indicated; inasmuch asâ€×¤×¡×™×‎according to rule ii, is composed of the initials ofâ€×¤×•×˜×™×¤×¨â€ŽPotiphar, who imprisoned Joseph;â€×¡×•×—רי×‎merchantsâ€×™×©×ž×¢×לי×‎Ishmaelitesandâ€×ž×“×™× ×™×‎Midianites, who bought him and sold him again as a slave. ( Gen. xxxvii, 25–28 ; xxxix, 1; comp. Rashi on Gen. xxxvii, 3 .) For more extensive information on this subject, we must refer to Ginsburg’sHistorical and Critical Commentary on Ecclesiastes, Longman, 1861, p. 30, &c.↑
29The limits of this Essay preclude the possibility of entering into a disquisition on the seventy-two Divine names. Those who wish to examine the subject more extensively we must refer to the Commentaries on theSohar( Exod. xiv. 19–31 ), mentioned in the third part of this Essay; and to Bartolocci,Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, Pars iv, p. 230seq., where ample information is given on this and kindred subjects.↑
29The limits of this Essay preclude the possibility of entering into a disquisition on the seventy-two Divine names. Those who wish to examine the subject more extensively we must refer to the Commentaries on theSohar( Exod. xiv. 19–31 ), mentioned in the third part of this Essay; and to Bartolocci,Bibliotheca Magna Rabbinica, Pars iv, p. 230seq., where ample information is given on this and kindred subjects.↑
30â€×™×—×•×“× ×¨×›×œ ×™×•×›×ž× ×יחו ×™×—×•×“× ×œ×ž× ×¨×¢ ולשו××— רעות×. ×™×—×•×“× ×“× ×—× ×מרן בכמח דוכתי ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×יחו יחיד ×“×§×¨× ×™×“×•×´×“ קימ××” ××œ×—×™× ×• ידו״ד ×—× ×›×œ×—×• חד וע״ד קרי ×חד. ×—× ×ª×œ×ª שמחן חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ו××£ על ×’× ×“×§×¨×™× ×Ÿ ×חד חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ××œ× ×‘×—×•×™×•× × ×“×¨×•×— ×§×¨×©× ×תידע ו××™× ×•×Ÿ בחיזו ×“×¢×™× × ×¡×ª×™×ž× ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ ×“×ª×œ×ª× ×לין ×חד. ×•×“× ×יחו ×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ, ד×שתמע קול ×יחו וזר ו×ייחו ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ, ××©× ×•×¨×•×—× ×•×ž×™× ×•×›×œ×—×• ×—×– ×‘×¨×–× ×¨×§×•×œ ול×ו ××™× ×•×Ÿ ××œ× ×—×“. ×וף ×”×›× ×™×´×™ ××›×”×™× ×• ×™×´×™ ××•× ×•×Ÿ חד, ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ו××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×•×¨× ×יהו קיל דעביד בר × ×© ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×•×œ×©×•××— רעותיה ×‘×™×”×•×“× ×“×›×œ× ×ž×ין טות עד סופ×. ×“×›×œ× ×‘×××™ קול ×“×§× ×¢×‘×™×“ ×‘×—× ×™ ×ª×œ×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ חד, וד×[139]×יהו ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×“×תגלי ×‘×¨×–× ×“×¨×•×— קדש×. וכמה ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ×“×™×—×•×“× ×תערו וכלהו קשוט מ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד ומ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד, ×בל ×”××™ ×™×—×•×“× ×“×§× ×× ×Ÿ מתערי ×ž×ª×ª× ×‘×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ ד×יהו הד, ×“× ×”×•× ×‘×¨×™×¨× ×“×ž×œ×”. זוהר הלצ ב׳ דף מ״ג ב׳‎↑
30â€×™×—×•×“× ×¨×›×œ ×™×•×›×ž× ×יחו ×™×—×•×“× ×œ×ž× ×¨×¢ ולשו××— רעות×. ×™×—×•×“× ×“× ×—× ×מרן בכמח דוכתי ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×יחו יחיד ×“×§×¨× ×™×“×•×´×“ קימ××” ××œ×—×™× ×• ידו״ד ×—× ×›×œ×—×• חד וע״ד קרי ×חד. ×—× ×ª×œ×ª שמחן חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ו××£ על ×’× ×“×§×¨×™× ×Ÿ ×חד חיך ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ××œ× ×‘×—×•×™×•× × ×“×¨×•×— ×§×¨×©× ×תידע ו××™× ×•×Ÿ בחיזו ×“×¢×™× × ×¡×ª×™×ž× ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ ×“×ª×œ×ª× ×לין ×חד. ×•×“× ×יחו ×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ, ד×שתמע קול ×יחו וזר ו×ייחו ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ, ××©× ×•×¨×•×—× ×•×ž×™× ×•×›×œ×—×• ×—×– ×‘×¨×–× ×¨×§×•×œ ול×ו ××™× ×•×Ÿ ××œ× ×—×“. ×וף ×”×›× ×™×´×™ ××›×”×™× ×• ×™×´×™ ××•× ×•×Ÿ חד, ×ª×œ×ª× ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ו××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×•×¨× ×יהו קיל דעביד בר × ×© ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×•×œ×©×•××— רעותיה ×‘×™×”×•×“× ×“×›×œ× ×ž×ין טות עד סופ×. ×“×›×œ× ×‘×××™ קול ×“×§× ×¢×‘×™×“ ×‘×—× ×™ ×ª×œ×ª× ×“××™× ×•×Ÿ חד, וד×[139]×יהו ×™×—×•×“× ×“×›×œ ×™×•×ž× ×“×תגלי ×‘×¨×–× ×“×¨×•×— קדש×. וכמה ×’×•×•× ×™×Ÿ ×“×™×—×•×“× ×תערו וכלהו קשוט מ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד ומ×ן דעביד ×”××™ עביד, ×בל ×”××™ ×™×—×•×“× ×“×§× ×× ×Ÿ מתערי ×ž×ª×ª× ×‘×¨×–× ×“×§×•×œ ד×יהו הד, ×“× ×”×•× ×‘×¨×™×¨× ×“×ž×œ×”. זוהר הלצ ב׳ דף מ״ג ב׳‎↑
31â€×¨×‘×™ ×לעזר הוה יתיב קמיה דר״ש ×בוי ×מר ליה ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ ××œ×”×™× ×‘×›×œ ×תר ×“×™× × ×”×•×, יו״ד ×”×´× ×•×״ו ×”×´× ×ית ×תר ד×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×›×’×•×Ÿ ××“× ×™ יהוה, ×מ××™ ×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×•×”× ×תוון רחמי ××™× ×•×Ÿ בכל ×תר ×מר ליה ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×›×ª×™×‘ בקר×, דכתיב וידעת ×”×™×•× ×•×”×©×‘×•×ª ×ל לבבך ×›×™ ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×, וכתיב ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×. ×מר ליה מלה ×“× ×™×“×¢× × ×“×‘×תר ד×ית ×“×™× × ×ית רחמי, ×•×œ×–×ž× × ×‘×תר ד×ית[140]רחמי ×ית ×“×™× × ×מר Ö´×™×” ×ª× ×—×–×™ דהכי ×”×•× ×™×“×•×´×“ בכל ×תר רחמי ×•×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×ž×”×¤×›×™ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×¨×—×ž×™ ×œ×“×™× × ×›×“×™×Ÿ כתיב יהוה ×•×›×¨×™× ×Ÿ ליה ×להי×, ×בל ×ª× ×—×–×™ ×¨×–× ×“×ž×œ×” ג׳ דרגין ××™× ×•×Ÿ וכל ×“×¨×’× ×•×“×¨×’× ×‘×œ×—×•×“×•×™ ו××¢× ×³ ×“×›×œ× ×—×“ ומתכשרי בחד ×•×œ× ×ž×ª×¤×¨×©×™ ×“× ×ž×Ÿ ד×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף ס׳ה ×׳‎↑
31â€×¨×‘×™ ×לעזר הוה יתיב קמיה דר״ש ×בוי ×מר ליה ×”× ×ª× ×™× ×Ÿ ××œ×”×™× ×‘×›×œ ×תר ×“×™× × ×”×•×, יו״ד ×”×´× ×•×״ו ×”×´× ×ית ×תר ד×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×›×’×•×Ÿ ××“× ×™ יהוה, ×מ××™ ×קרי ××œ×”×™× ×•×”× ×תוון רחמי ××™× ×•×Ÿ בכל ×תר ×מר ליה ×”×›×™ ×”×•× ×›×ª×™×‘ בקר×, דכתיב וידעת ×”×™×•× ×•×”×©×‘×•×ª ×ל לבבך ×›×™ ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×, וכתיב ×™×´×™ ×”×•× ×”×להי×. ×מר ליה מלה ×“× ×™×“×¢× × ×“×‘×תר ד×ית ×“×™× × ×ית רחמי, ×•×œ×–×ž× × ×‘×תר ד×ית[140]רחמי ×ית ×“×™× × ×מר Ö´×™×” ×ª× ×—×–×™ דהכי ×”×•× ×™×“×•×´×“ בכל ×תר רחמי ×•×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×ž×”×¤×›×™ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×¨×—×ž×™ ×œ×“×™× × ×›×“×™×Ÿ כתיב יהוה ×•×›×¨×™× ×Ÿ ליה ×להי×, ×בל ×ª× ×—×–×™ ×¨×–× ×“×ž×œ×” ג׳ דרגין ××™× ×•×Ÿ וכל ×“×¨×’× ×•×“×¨×’× ×‘×œ×—×•×“×•×™ ו××¢× ×³ ×“×›×œ× ×—×“ ומתכשרי בחד ×•×œ× ×ž×ª×¤×¨×©×™ ×“× ×ž×Ÿ ד×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף ס׳ה ×׳‎↑
32â€×ž×ן ד×מר ×חד ×צטריך ×œ×—×™×¤× ×ל״ף ×•×œ×§×¦×¨× ×§×¨×™××” דילה ×•×œ× ×™×¢×›×‘ בה××™ ×ות כלל. ומ×ן דעביד ×“× ×™×ª×רכון חייו ×מרו ליה תו ×מר ×ª×¨×™× ××™× ×•×Ÿ ×•×—×“× ×שתתף בהו ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×ª×œ×ª× ×•×›×“ הוו ×ª×œ×ª× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×מר לון ×לין תרין שמהן דשמע ישר×ל ד××™× ×•×Ÿ יהוה יהוה ××œ×”×™× ×• ×שתתף בהו ו×יהו ×—×•×ª×ž× ×“×’×•×©×¤× ×›× ×מת, וכד מתחברן ×›×—×“× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×—×“×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף קס״ב ×׳‎↑
32â€×ž×ן ד×מר ×חד ×צטריך ×œ×—×™×¤× ×ל״ף ×•×œ×§×¦×¨× ×§×¨×™××” דילה ×•×œ× ×™×¢×›×‘ בה××™ ×ות כלל. ומ×ן דעביד ×“× ×™×ª×רכון חייו ×מרו ליה תו ×מר ×ª×¨×™× ××™× ×•×Ÿ ×•×—×“× ×שתתף בהו ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×ª×œ×ª× ×•×›×“ הוו ×ª×œ×ª× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד. ×מר לון ×לין תרין שמהן דשמע ישר×ל ד××™× ×•×Ÿ יהוה יהוה ××œ×”×™× ×• ×שתתף בהו ו×יהו ×—×•×ª×ž× ×“×’×•×©×¤× ×›× ×מת, וכד מתחברן ×›×—×“× ××™× ×•×Ÿ חד ×‘×™×—×•×“× ×—×“×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף קס״ב ×׳‎↑
33Comp. Galatinus,De Arcanis Cathol.lib. ii, c. 3, p. 31; who says that some Codices of the Chaldee paraphrase in Isa. vi, 3 , had alsoâ€×§×“יש ××‘× ×§×“×™×© ×‘×¨×™× ×§×“×™×©â€Žâ€×¨×•×—× ×§×“×™×©×‎the Holy Father, the Holy Son, and the Holy Ghost; see also Wolf,Bibliotheca Hebrecai, 1136; Graetz,Geschichte der Judenvii, 249.↑
33Comp. Galatinus,De Arcanis Cathol.lib. ii, c. 3, p. 31; who says that some Codices of the Chaldee paraphrase in Isa. vi, 3 , had alsoâ€×§×“יש ××‘× ×§×“×™×© ×‘×¨×™× ×§×“×™×©â€Žâ€×¨×•×—× ×§×“×™×©×‎the Holy Father, the Holy Son, and the Holy Ghost; see also Wolf,Bibliotheca Hebrecai, 1136; Graetz,Geschichte der Judenvii, 249.↑
34Comp. Joel,Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipzig, 1849, p. 240 ff.↑
34Comp. Joel,Die Religionsphilosophie des Sohar. Leipzig, 1849, p. 240 ff.↑
35â€×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×™×ª×¤×¡×™×Ÿ ×¦×“×™×§×™×™× ×‘×ž×¨×¢×™×Ÿ ×ו במכתשין בגין ×œ×›×¤×¨× ×¢×œ ×¢×œ×ž× ×”×™×•, כדין יתכפרון כל חובי דר×. ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ מכל שייפי גופ×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×›×œ שייפין בעק×ו ומרע סגי ×©×¨×™×™× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• ×©×™×™×¤× ×—×“× ×צטריך ל×לק××” בגין דיתסון כלהו. ×•×ž× ×• דרועה. ×“×¨×•×¢× ×לקי ו×פיקו ×ž× ×™×” ×“×ž× ×›×“×™×Ÿ ×”× ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ שייפי גופ×. ×וף ×”×›×™ ×‘× ×™ ×¢×œ×ž× ××™× ×•×Ÿ שייפין ×“× ×¢× ×“×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×‘×¢×™ קב.×´×” למיהב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×לקי לחד ×¦×“×™×§× ×‘×™× ×™×™×”×• במרעין ובמכתשין ×•×‘×’×™× ×™×” יהיב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ× ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ דכתיב ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•×•× ×•×ª×™×™× ×• וגו׳ ובחברתי × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ובחברתו ××§×–×•×ª× ×“×“×ž× ×ž×›×ן ד×קיז דרוע×, ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×—×‘×•×¨×” × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ××¡×•×•×ª× ×”×•× ×œ× ×• לכל שייפין דגופ×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף רי״ח ×׳‎↑
35â€×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×™×ª×¤×¡×™×Ÿ ×¦×“×™×§×™×™× ×‘×ž×¨×¢×™×Ÿ ×ו במכתשין בגין ×œ×›×¤×¨× ×¢×œ ×¢×œ×ž× ×”×™×•, כדין יתכפרון כל חובי דר×. ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ מכל שייפי גופ×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×›×œ שייפין בעק×ו ומרע סגי ×©×¨×™×™× ×¢×œ×™×™×”×• ×©×™×™×¤× ×—×“× ×צטריך ל×לק××” בגין דיתסון כלהו. ×•×ž× ×• דרועה. ×“×¨×•×¢× ×לקי ו×פיקו ×ž× ×™×” ×“×ž× ×›×“×™×Ÿ ×”× ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ שייפי גופ×. ×וף ×”×›×™ ×‘× ×™ ×¢×œ×ž× ××™× ×•×Ÿ שייפין ×“× ×¢× ×“×. ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×‘×¢×™ קב.×´×” למיהב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×¢×œ×ž× ×לקי לחד ×¦×“×™×§× ×‘×™× ×™×™×”×• במרעין ובמכתשין ×•×‘×’×™× ×™×” יהיב ××¡×•×•×ª× ×œ×›×œ× ×ž× ×œ×Ÿ דכתיב ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•×•× ×•×ª×™×™× ×• וגו׳ ובחברתי × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ובחברתו ××§×–×•×ª× ×“×“×ž× ×ž×›×ן ד×קיז דרוע×, ×•×‘×”×”×•× ×—×‘×•×¨×” × ×¨×¤× ×œ× ×• ××¡×•×•×ª× ×”×•× ×œ× ×• לכל שייפין דגופ×: זוהר חלק ג׳ דף רי״ח ×׳‎↑
36â€×× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×“×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×œ×ª×ª× .… משטטי ומסתכלן ב××™× ×•×Ÿ מ×ריהון דכ×בין ×•×‘× ×™ מרעין ו×× ×•×Ÿ דסבלין על ×™×—×•×“× ×“×ž×ריהון ות×בין ו×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×”× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×—× ×¦×¢×¨× ×“×™×©×¨×ל בגלותהון ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×“×™ בהון ×“×œ× ×ž×¡×ª×›×œ×™ ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ למ×ריהון׳ ××¨×™× ×§×œ× ×•×‘×›×™ על ××™× ×•×Ÿ חייבין דבהו הה״ד ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•× ×•×ª×™× ×•. תייבין ××™× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ וקיימין ב×תרייהו. ×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×ית ×”×™×›×œ× ×—×“× ×“×קרי ×”×™×›×œ× ×“×‘× ×™ מרעין׳ כדין משיח ×¢×ל בההו ×”×™×›×œ× ×•×§×רי לכל מרעין וכל ×›×בין כל יסוריהון דישר×ל דייתון עליה וכלהו ×תיין עליה ו××œ×ž×œ× ×“×יהו ×קיל מעלייהו דישר×ל ×•× ×˜×™×œ עליה׳ ×œ× ×”×•×™ בר × ×© דיכיל למסבל יסוריהון דישר×ל על ×¢×•× ×©×™ ד×ורית×. הה״ד ×כן ×—×œ×™×™× ×• ×”×•× × ×©× ×•×’×•×³ … כד הוו ישר×ל ב××¨×¢× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘××™× ×•×Ÿ ×¤×•×œ×—× ×™×Ÿ ×•×§×¨×‘× ×™×Ÿ דהוו עבדי הוו מסלקין כל ××™× ×™×Ÿ מרעין ויסורין מעלמ×. ×”×©×ª× ×ž×©×™×— מסלק לון ×ž×‘× ×™ עלמ×: זוהר חלק ב׳ דף ריב ×׳‎↑
36â€×× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ ×“×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×œ×ª×ª× .… משטטי ומסתכלן ב××™× ×•×Ÿ מ×ריהון דכ×בין ×•×‘× ×™ מרעין ו×× ×•×Ÿ דסבלין על ×™×—×•×“× ×“×ž×ריהון ות×בין ו×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×”× ×‘×©×¢×ª× ×“×מרין ליה ×œ×ž×©×™×—× ×¦×¢×¨× ×“×™×©×¨×ל בגלותהון ו××™× ×•×Ÿ ×—×™×™×‘×™× ×“×™ בהון ×“×œ× ×ž×¡×ª×›×œ×™ ×œ×ž× ×“×¢ למ×ריהון׳ ××¨×™× ×§×œ× ×•×‘×›×™ על ××™× ×•×Ÿ חייבין דבהו הה״ד ×•×”×•× ×ž×—×•×œ×œ ×ž×¤×©×¢×™× ×• ×ž×“×•×›× ×ž×¢×•× ×•×ª×™× ×•. תייבין ××™× ×•×Ÿ × ×©×ž×ª×™×Ÿ וקיימין ב×תרייהו. ×‘×’× ×ª× ×“×¢×“×Ÿ ×ית ×”×™×›×œ× ×—×“× ×“×קרי ×”×™×›×œ× ×“×‘× ×™ מרעין׳ כדין משיח ×¢×ל בההו ×”×™×›×œ× ×•×§×רי לכל מרעין וכל ×›×בין כל יסוריהון דישר×ל דייתון עליה וכלהו ×תיין עליה ו××œ×ž×œ× ×“×יהו ×קיל מעלייהו דישר×ל ×•× ×˜×™×œ עליה׳ ×œ× ×”×•×™ בר × ×© דיכיל למסבל יסוריהון דישר×ל על ×¢×•× ×©×™ ד×ורית×. הה״ד ×כן ×—×œ×™×™× ×• ×”×•× × ×©× ×•×’×•×³ … כד הוו ישר×ל ב××¨×¢× ×§×“×™×©× ×‘××™× ×•×Ÿ ×¤×•×œ×—× ×™×Ÿ ×•×§×¨×‘× ×™×Ÿ דהוו עבדי הוו מסלקין כל ××™× ×™×Ÿ מרעין ויסורין מעלמ×. ×”×©×ª× ×ž×©×™×— מסלק לון ×ž×‘× ×™ עלמ×: זוהר חלק ב׳ דף ריב ×׳‎↑
37Comp. Peter Beer,Geschichte der religiösen Secten der Juden. Berlin, 1822–23, vol. ii, p. 309, &c.↑
37Comp. Peter Beer,Geschichte der religiösen Secten der Juden. Berlin, 1822–23, vol. ii, p. 309, &c.↑
38â€×•×œ× ידעתי ×× ×™×ž×—×•×œ ×™×™ ל×שר ×”×“×¤×™×¡× ××•×ª× ×”×¡×¤×¨×™×‎Comp.â€×רי × ×•×”×‎ed. Fürst, Leipzig, 1840, p. 7.↑
38â€×•×œ× ידעתי ×× ×™×ž×—×•×œ ×™×™ ל×שר ×”×“×¤×™×¡× ××•×ª× ×”×¡×¤×¨×™×‎Comp.â€×רי × ×•×”×‎ed. Fürst, Leipzig, 1840, p. 7.↑