1Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286–308.2Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel Jogand-Pagés sayswritingon the subject of freemasonry in Spain: “The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd degree is thesynthesisof freemasonry, is well worthy of being borne in mind.”“In the reception to the 33rd degree, the Grand Master turning to the person to be received, ends his discourse with the following significant exhortation:“I owe you, Illustrious brother, an explanation which it isnecessaryto give to our rituals.”“Masonry being nothing else than active revolution, permanent conspiracy against political and religious despotism,....”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .“The Grand Master innocent, you have already seen, is man ... man who was born innocent because he was born unconsciously.”“Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be happy and to enjoy in all their fullness all his rights without exception: But he fell, struck with the blows of three assassins: of three infamous beings who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his happiness, and against his rights....”“These three infamous assassins are: the Law, Property and Religion”.“The Law because it is not in harmony with the rights of the individual man and the duties of the man who lives in society: rights which all acquire in all their integrity....”“Property: because the earth is the property of no one and its products pertain to all in the measure for each one of the true necessities for his welfare.”“Religion: because religions are no more than the philosophies of men of talent, which the people have adopted....”“Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can impose themselves upon man, and as they deprive him of his most precious rights they are assassins against whom we have sworn to exercisetheutmostvengeance.“Of these three infamous enemies, Religion ought to be the object of our constant mortal attacks, because a people never have survived their religion, anddestroyingreligion we have at our disposition the law and property and we can then regenerate society, establishing over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and masonic property.”3“Insurreccion en Filipinas”; vol. I. p. 109.4One not acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic operation and the peculiarity of the native character, would wonder to find the name of a Catholic priest so intimately connected with freemasonry and its offspring, especially in a country in which the Church wages close and continual warfare with the evil. There is little need for surprise however, when we consider the seductive influence of the one hand and the simplicity and childishness of the native character on the other. Many of the native clergy were body and soul wrapt up in the workings of freemasonry and were Spain’s worst and most crafty enemies.In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada and Severino Diaz, three native priests of theCathedralof that diocese, headed the conspiracy against theGovernment. They formed a deposit of arms andammunitionin the organ of the Cathedral and, according to the plan they had prepared, one of theirfirststeps was to murder the Bishop of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting to quote the testimony of Tomás Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the presence of the captain of the Ship and other witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care ofManuelAbella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 beingplacedin the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres....As to their plans of action, he testified that the intention was to kill all theSpaniards, the mentioned parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and SeveroEstrada, all natives, having promised to aid personally tosecurethe success of the affair.He also declared that “on the 9th of July of the same year, a reunion was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, and among those present were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of the witness, Severino Diaz and others; it wasinthis reunion that it was decided to carry out the programme above mentioned.”In both provincesofthe Camarines many were mixed up in some of the dirtiest work of the revolt.Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which the nativeclergyhave exerted considerable influence against the American Government, inciting the rebels to resist its lawful authority, much to the detriment of the interests of the Church andbringingdown upon the clergy in general accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan Castañeda testified that he had been initiated into the mysteries of freemasonry by Severo Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor of Imus. Buenaventura received his initiation from Ambrosio Flores, now the Governor of the province of Rizal; he possessed three grades and enjoyed the use of the symbolic name of “cuitib” (thenameof a small ant which bites furiously). Nine nativepriestswere sent to Manila from Vigan and La Union; all of these were convicted of treason.5The word in the original Spanish ismadrastawhich, apart from that of step-mother, has the meaning of “anything disagreeable.”6See note26.7For the complete document see appendix A.8A contract was made between the administrator of the estate in question, situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal,father of the subject of this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and cultivated. This land measured some 500hectaresand was clear and clean, the tenant having merely to give it three or four turns with the plow in order to prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted out to the tenant, it will be sufficient to say that the contract agreed that the tenant should havethe entire use of the land and its product for four harvests or five yearsRENT FREE. As great as this advantage was to the Rizal family it is but a little of what was done by the Dominicans for thatungratefulfamily of filibusters.9Lawyer.10”La Independencia” was a revolutionary daily of four pages, published in the Orphan Asylum of Malabon, property of the Augustinian Corporation and stolen and eventually totally destroyed by the “ever destructive” Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number was published on Saturday, 3rd Sept.1898. Its leading article is an exposition of the purpose of the publication of the paper, which was the defense of the independence of the Philippines. “We defend, says the writer of the article, the independence of thePhilippinesbecause it is the aspiration of the country which has come of age; and when a people rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a policy of oppression and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality to live free.” This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the paper. It is worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly shown that, in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of thepeople, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age ofpuberty; thirdly that thepeopledid not rise as a man but that the Tagal “discontents” were the body and soul of the whole insurrection both against Spain and against the U. S.; and finally, that the “policy of oppression and injustice” was imaginary, the same complaint having since been made against the Government of Washington as was then made against the Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is taken from No. 2 of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.11The principal works of Juan Luna are:The death of Cleopatrafor which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted theSpoliariumfor which he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit of the picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two Spanish painters. On his own account he painted and gave forthThe BattleofLepanto; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily criticized. Also theProfanation of the Tombs; if anything this was worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent: hisPacto-de-Sangre, in the which he inspired the return to one of the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in the archipelago, rubs off the last touches of the veneer of civilization which formed the dividing line between the indian of the city and the indian of the mountain and forest.12“Andrés Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated with the president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco L. Roxas latterly, and Doroteo Cortés formerly; ... “Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 591 to 597).13”... DoroteoCortésand a certain Artacho were those who were in understanding with the Japanese Government, which would find a way to send people of the laboring classes to the Philippines, to the end of seeking motives which might give excuse for a war between Spain and that Power”. Testimony of Pio Valenzuela(fols.1,663to1,673).14”... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time, a commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ...Cortés, Ambrosio Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission.” Testimony of Numeriano Adriano (fols.1,309to1,312).15“It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the Propaganda,the associates of Masonry stopped the individual payment of the 50 cents per month forLa Propaganda....” Extract from the testimony of Antonio Salazar y San Agustin(fols.1,118to1,129Sept. 22,1896).16For a description of anting-anting see appendix D.17Pedro Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying dispatches and letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent camp, was a man well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to give much interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The most interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix F. In this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that “it was not exact as had been said, thatAndrésBonifacio was in Cavite (at that particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some 20,000 pesos, as he had been assured.”18Having been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the hiding place of Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that “he was not aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to be met with; that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found in the mountains of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most inaccessible part of the said mountain range; because the witness heard him say thathe would retire to that point to dedicate himself to highway robbery if the movement should not be successful.19“The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the conduct ofAndrésBonifacio, upon whose head he has set a price, offering a good recompense to the one who will present him dead or alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion after he had been the principal promoter of the popular rebellion”. From the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously quoted.20See foot-note page 114.21The head offices of theLa Democraciain Manila are situated on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifieswolf village. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet and for such a political party no better place could be found, for taking the two at their very best they are veritable “wolves insheep’sclothing”.22See page 60.23Niladis the nameofa plant, from which is derived the name of Manila.24In an interesting pamphlet entitled “Vexata Questio”, giving a brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines, published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28, says of Foreman:“It should be remarked that this writer, in the first edition of his work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean Worcester, who copies from Foreman’s book some of the most drivelling paragraphs, lays particular stress upon this fact. I leave it to the common sense of any one who has read Foreman’s history, or what Worcesterstoopsso low to copy therefrom, whether a man whose Alpha and Omega is truly anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, and the ink of whose pen savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars of Freemasonry can be a Catholic, at least an honorable one.”Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such was enabled to get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He was, as he himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and greeted by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free of cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon unsuspecting andinoffensivehosts as did the now “commissioner” Worcester in his travels, he did many things no honorable man would have done. Although he professed himself a Catholic it was only for “business” purposes; one has only to read the preface to his book to find that out.Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, despised by everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of him by his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the snubs he has lately received all round.On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of the Schurman Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as follows:Questioned by Worcester:Q. Have you read Foreman’s book?A. Yes; I know him personally.Q. Was he a Catholic?A. I do not know.Q. He says so?A. Yes.Q. He is an engineer, isn’t he?A. He has been here frequently travelling all over the country, selling machinery.Q. You know he attacks the Church?A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to be very thankful to the priests, for they have been very good to him; .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .considering that he availed himself of their services and hospitality all over the country, he should have thought twice beforeputtingathinglike that (his history) into print.”Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. He got enoughandthe subject ... suddenly changed.25SeeAppendixG.26Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the Philippines. Filipino: more commonly known asindio: that is, an indian native of the Archipelago.27For this decree see Appendix H.28He was conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in aquilez(a vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to be that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.29In an official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente Español to the LodgeNilad, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the secretary, warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance of its labors says: “... not all men, although they profess our ideas and doctrines, serve for good masons.”30“The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as themilitares(the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped by several wealthy persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who was in charge of the maintenance of the rebel army.” Testimony of 2nd Lieut Benedicto Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222–224)31See Appendix I.32Wildman will probably be long remembered by many who suffered brutalities and tortures at the hands ofAguinaldo’shordeof cut-throats, inspired by the late Consul’s advise.Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and Wildman concerning the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of theDictator, Wildman wrote:“Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, of course, and water will beagood diet. They have been living too high during the last few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the Philippines, I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not be so tender with them, etc., etc.”Little did Wildman think that the day would come whenthesewords of his would inspire equal or greater barbarity against his own countrymen.The publication of the valuable papers in Wildman’spossessionat the time of his death in the shipwreck which occurred almost at the very door of his home would doubtless throw much light upon the past four years of Philippine history. The shipment of tons upon tons of ammunition, a large shipment of which left London on the “Inaba Maru,” on the 25th of September 1899, addressed to the “American Consul”, Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.33There were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck to the fingers of those who had the handling of it.34A name givenamongSpaniards, to young servant boys or girls. The word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in British Oriental colonies the wordboyis used,—irrespective of age.35Nipa.—Nipa fructificans.—Nipa is a small palm which grows in salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and vinegar, whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of the plants of most utility to the indian.36The reason for Rizal’s deportation is set forth clearly in the decree of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.37As a sample of these statements I will quote the following document, which is one of a number copied from a book of decrees received by the Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez Nuñez, province of Cavite,“K. K. K.”“Chiefs of each pueblo”“In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of Corregidor....”This document is dated 11thSeptember 1896, and is signed by El capitan comandante, Crisòstomo Riel.38What a fine president he would have made for the Federal Party! Castañeda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a sign over the door—Hon. Juan Castañeda, Native Commissioner.39Ambrosio Flores: (bro∴ musa) was the Gr∴ Pres∴ of the Gr∴ Cons∴ Reg∴ of the Philippines. (See note23)—Moises Salvador stated of him in his declaration(fols.1,138–1,143), in reply to a question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to filibusterism, that “by reason of his high position in freemasonry, he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda among those affiliated to the lodges.” He stated, at the same time that Flores, in no concept, formed part of theLigaorCompromisarios. It was Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune moment let fall the masonic sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro Serrano, charging him with being a traitor (see note12) to the cause.40I have frequently quoted the “Memoria” of Isabelo de los Reyes, because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all the probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds itpaysto tell the truth he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is “according to what is said.”41How much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who went to the grocer’s and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the little boy for the dime, receiving the reply: “its at the bottom of the jug.” And that’s just where the otherlittleboy’s money would have been.42In the official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to the Gov. Gen. Blanco, we read: “Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that, by references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor of that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000Filipinosin representation of the native inhabitants of these islands, and in the which, after congratulating him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire.”43The wordKongosignifiesImperial diamond.44TheBazar Japonéssituated in Plaza Moraga.45Typical of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.46In his “Memoria”.47I am inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more probable is that as regards the actual membership there existed a gulf between the wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by the representatives of either association. I have not come across any concrete evidence that the two elements really mixed, the one with the other; the inborn pride of theChinesehalf caste, the class from which, the majority of the wealthyelementscame, and of theindioof money or political “pull”, would not permit such a mixture of the two associations Señor Valdés supposes.48See appendix A.49See note56; also foot-note, page 180.50The witness might have added that Blanco as amasondid more than “know” of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till circumstances demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain national honor.51In plain English, this is alieand no one could know it better than the witness.52By an element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers here.53In other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential class ofpeopleto lead him around wherever they would, by the nose.54This statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See note97,98.) This account also materially differs from the “faked up” story of Legarda. How little some people know of the truth when they do not wish to tell it!55This is another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in the U. S. Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage: it might aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.56It would be interesting to know just how many of the late insurgents who now hold position of importance under the Government, are following up this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.57Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,cuttingdown bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or chopper is needed.58Castillo y Jimenez;El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinas: pp. 128–129.59That is men of the lower classes, laborers.60It is difficult to determine whether such statements are due to ignorance or to malice. The real truth of the situation is that although the friar cametothe Philippines to perform sacerdotal duties and preach the Gospel, his beneficial influence was not confined to the mere preaching of the Gospel. “What most honors the whole membership past and present of the Religious Orders is the intense zeal shown in the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare of theirparishioners. To merely defeat and drive out the bad that was in them was not sufficient, for Satan finds mischief for idle hands, and when one devil is driven out of a man he roams around seeking other devils with whom he returns and re-enters the soul and “the last state of that man becomes worse than the first.” So to thoroughly carry out their christianizing and civilizing purpose they did their best to instruct their converts to occupy their time in the fields, in the building of houses, of churches, of structures of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be self-supporting and to build up happy homes around them.The few industries, if the little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were copied from the Chinese andMohammedantraders who visited and traded with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to be cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar missionary, ever on the alert for his children’s welfare, instructed them in industries which, whilst occupying their time formerly spent in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of money making.“As soon as the natives had become accustomed toliving after the manner of civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of making lime, mortar and bricks and of utilizing these materials in buildings and fortifications for the common protection against their enemies. They instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin and fertile soil, of utilizing the many streams ofwaterthat nature had provided.”And yet there are those who would make us believe that the friar missionary has done nothing to civilize theFilipinos. To whom then do they owe the civilization they enjoy?61Faith in theiranting-anting; courage to maltreat and murder the helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands; and as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion, and these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves far more honor than those who deserted him and who neverthoughtof raising a finger to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are morally responsible.62A kind of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.63The name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to bring to life again—to resuscitate.64This granting of pardon to those who should present themselves is contained in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General Blanco, issued on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:“Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to the authorities within 48 hours after the publication of this proclamation, shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, with the exception of the chiefs of the seditious groups and those who relapse into those crimes. The chiefs to whom reference is made shall be pardoned of the punishment due them if they surrender within the fixed time suffering a punishmentimmediatelyinferior according to grade.”
1Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286–308.2Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel Jogand-Pagés sayswritingon the subject of freemasonry in Spain: “The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd degree is thesynthesisof freemasonry, is well worthy of being borne in mind.”“In the reception to the 33rd degree, the Grand Master turning to the person to be received, ends his discourse with the following significant exhortation:“I owe you, Illustrious brother, an explanation which it isnecessaryto give to our rituals.”“Masonry being nothing else than active revolution, permanent conspiracy against political and religious despotism,....”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .“The Grand Master innocent, you have already seen, is man ... man who was born innocent because he was born unconsciously.”“Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be happy and to enjoy in all their fullness all his rights without exception: But he fell, struck with the blows of three assassins: of three infamous beings who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his happiness, and against his rights....”“These three infamous assassins are: the Law, Property and Religion”.“The Law because it is not in harmony with the rights of the individual man and the duties of the man who lives in society: rights which all acquire in all their integrity....”“Property: because the earth is the property of no one and its products pertain to all in the measure for each one of the true necessities for his welfare.”“Religion: because religions are no more than the philosophies of men of talent, which the people have adopted....”“Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can impose themselves upon man, and as they deprive him of his most precious rights they are assassins against whom we have sworn to exercisetheutmostvengeance.“Of these three infamous enemies, Religion ought to be the object of our constant mortal attacks, because a people never have survived their religion, anddestroyingreligion we have at our disposition the law and property and we can then regenerate society, establishing over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and masonic property.”3“Insurreccion en Filipinas”; vol. I. p. 109.4One not acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic operation and the peculiarity of the native character, would wonder to find the name of a Catholic priest so intimately connected with freemasonry and its offspring, especially in a country in which the Church wages close and continual warfare with the evil. There is little need for surprise however, when we consider the seductive influence of the one hand and the simplicity and childishness of the native character on the other. Many of the native clergy were body and soul wrapt up in the workings of freemasonry and were Spain’s worst and most crafty enemies.In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada and Severino Diaz, three native priests of theCathedralof that diocese, headed the conspiracy against theGovernment. They formed a deposit of arms andammunitionin the organ of the Cathedral and, according to the plan they had prepared, one of theirfirststeps was to murder the Bishop of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting to quote the testimony of Tomás Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the presence of the captain of the Ship and other witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care ofManuelAbella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 beingplacedin the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres....As to their plans of action, he testified that the intention was to kill all theSpaniards, the mentioned parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and SeveroEstrada, all natives, having promised to aid personally tosecurethe success of the affair.He also declared that “on the 9th of July of the same year, a reunion was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, and among those present were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of the witness, Severino Diaz and others; it wasinthis reunion that it was decided to carry out the programme above mentioned.”In both provincesofthe Camarines many were mixed up in some of the dirtiest work of the revolt.Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which the nativeclergyhave exerted considerable influence against the American Government, inciting the rebels to resist its lawful authority, much to the detriment of the interests of the Church andbringingdown upon the clergy in general accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan Castañeda testified that he had been initiated into the mysteries of freemasonry by Severo Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor of Imus. Buenaventura received his initiation from Ambrosio Flores, now the Governor of the province of Rizal; he possessed three grades and enjoyed the use of the symbolic name of “cuitib” (thenameof a small ant which bites furiously). Nine nativepriestswere sent to Manila from Vigan and La Union; all of these were convicted of treason.5The word in the original Spanish ismadrastawhich, apart from that of step-mother, has the meaning of “anything disagreeable.”6See note26.7For the complete document see appendix A.8A contract was made between the administrator of the estate in question, situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal,father of the subject of this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and cultivated. This land measured some 500hectaresand was clear and clean, the tenant having merely to give it three or four turns with the plow in order to prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted out to the tenant, it will be sufficient to say that the contract agreed that the tenant should havethe entire use of the land and its product for four harvests or five yearsRENT FREE. As great as this advantage was to the Rizal family it is but a little of what was done by the Dominicans for thatungratefulfamily of filibusters.9Lawyer.10”La Independencia” was a revolutionary daily of four pages, published in the Orphan Asylum of Malabon, property of the Augustinian Corporation and stolen and eventually totally destroyed by the “ever destructive” Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number was published on Saturday, 3rd Sept.1898. Its leading article is an exposition of the purpose of the publication of the paper, which was the defense of the independence of the Philippines. “We defend, says the writer of the article, the independence of thePhilippinesbecause it is the aspiration of the country which has come of age; and when a people rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a policy of oppression and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality to live free.” This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the paper. It is worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly shown that, in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of thepeople, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age ofpuberty; thirdly that thepeopledid not rise as a man but that the Tagal “discontents” were the body and soul of the whole insurrection both against Spain and against the U. S.; and finally, that the “policy of oppression and injustice” was imaginary, the same complaint having since been made against the Government of Washington as was then made against the Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is taken from No. 2 of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.11The principal works of Juan Luna are:The death of Cleopatrafor which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted theSpoliariumfor which he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit of the picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two Spanish painters. On his own account he painted and gave forthThe BattleofLepanto; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily criticized. Also theProfanation of the Tombs; if anything this was worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent: hisPacto-de-Sangre, in the which he inspired the return to one of the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in the archipelago, rubs off the last touches of the veneer of civilization which formed the dividing line between the indian of the city and the indian of the mountain and forest.12“Andrés Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated with the president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco L. Roxas latterly, and Doroteo Cortés formerly; ... “Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 591 to 597).13”... DoroteoCortésand a certain Artacho were those who were in understanding with the Japanese Government, which would find a way to send people of the laboring classes to the Philippines, to the end of seeking motives which might give excuse for a war between Spain and that Power”. Testimony of Pio Valenzuela(fols.1,663to1,673).14”... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time, a commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ...Cortés, Ambrosio Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission.” Testimony of Numeriano Adriano (fols.1,309to1,312).15“It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the Propaganda,the associates of Masonry stopped the individual payment of the 50 cents per month forLa Propaganda....” Extract from the testimony of Antonio Salazar y San Agustin(fols.1,118to1,129Sept. 22,1896).16For a description of anting-anting see appendix D.17Pedro Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying dispatches and letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent camp, was a man well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to give much interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The most interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix F. In this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that “it was not exact as had been said, thatAndrésBonifacio was in Cavite (at that particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some 20,000 pesos, as he had been assured.”18Having been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the hiding place of Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that “he was not aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to be met with; that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found in the mountains of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most inaccessible part of the said mountain range; because the witness heard him say thathe would retire to that point to dedicate himself to highway robbery if the movement should not be successful.19“The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the conduct ofAndrésBonifacio, upon whose head he has set a price, offering a good recompense to the one who will present him dead or alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion after he had been the principal promoter of the popular rebellion”. From the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously quoted.20See foot-note page 114.21The head offices of theLa Democraciain Manila are situated on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifieswolf village. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet and for such a political party no better place could be found, for taking the two at their very best they are veritable “wolves insheep’sclothing”.22See page 60.23Niladis the nameofa plant, from which is derived the name of Manila.24In an interesting pamphlet entitled “Vexata Questio”, giving a brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines, published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28, says of Foreman:“It should be remarked that this writer, in the first edition of his work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean Worcester, who copies from Foreman’s book some of the most drivelling paragraphs, lays particular stress upon this fact. I leave it to the common sense of any one who has read Foreman’s history, or what Worcesterstoopsso low to copy therefrom, whether a man whose Alpha and Omega is truly anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, and the ink of whose pen savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars of Freemasonry can be a Catholic, at least an honorable one.”Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such was enabled to get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He was, as he himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and greeted by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free of cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon unsuspecting andinoffensivehosts as did the now “commissioner” Worcester in his travels, he did many things no honorable man would have done. Although he professed himself a Catholic it was only for “business” purposes; one has only to read the preface to his book to find that out.Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, despised by everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of him by his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the snubs he has lately received all round.On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of the Schurman Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as follows:Questioned by Worcester:Q. Have you read Foreman’s book?A. Yes; I know him personally.Q. Was he a Catholic?A. I do not know.Q. He says so?A. Yes.Q. He is an engineer, isn’t he?A. He has been here frequently travelling all over the country, selling machinery.Q. You know he attacks the Church?A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to be very thankful to the priests, for they have been very good to him; .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .considering that he availed himself of their services and hospitality all over the country, he should have thought twice beforeputtingathinglike that (his history) into print.”Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. He got enoughandthe subject ... suddenly changed.25SeeAppendixG.26Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the Philippines. Filipino: more commonly known asindio: that is, an indian native of the Archipelago.27For this decree see Appendix H.28He was conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in aquilez(a vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to be that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.29In an official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente Español to the LodgeNilad, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the secretary, warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance of its labors says: “... not all men, although they profess our ideas and doctrines, serve for good masons.”30“The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as themilitares(the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped by several wealthy persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who was in charge of the maintenance of the rebel army.” Testimony of 2nd Lieut Benedicto Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222–224)31See Appendix I.32Wildman will probably be long remembered by many who suffered brutalities and tortures at the hands ofAguinaldo’shordeof cut-throats, inspired by the late Consul’s advise.Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and Wildman concerning the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of theDictator, Wildman wrote:“Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, of course, and water will beagood diet. They have been living too high during the last few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the Philippines, I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not be so tender with them, etc., etc.”Little did Wildman think that the day would come whenthesewords of his would inspire equal or greater barbarity against his own countrymen.The publication of the valuable papers in Wildman’spossessionat the time of his death in the shipwreck which occurred almost at the very door of his home would doubtless throw much light upon the past four years of Philippine history. The shipment of tons upon tons of ammunition, a large shipment of which left London on the “Inaba Maru,” on the 25th of September 1899, addressed to the “American Consul”, Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.33There were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck to the fingers of those who had the handling of it.34A name givenamongSpaniards, to young servant boys or girls. The word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in British Oriental colonies the wordboyis used,—irrespective of age.35Nipa.—Nipa fructificans.—Nipa is a small palm which grows in salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and vinegar, whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of the plants of most utility to the indian.36The reason for Rizal’s deportation is set forth clearly in the decree of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.37As a sample of these statements I will quote the following document, which is one of a number copied from a book of decrees received by the Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez Nuñez, province of Cavite,“K. K. K.”“Chiefs of each pueblo”“In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of Corregidor....”This document is dated 11thSeptember 1896, and is signed by El capitan comandante, Crisòstomo Riel.38What a fine president he would have made for the Federal Party! Castañeda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a sign over the door—Hon. Juan Castañeda, Native Commissioner.39Ambrosio Flores: (bro∴ musa) was the Gr∴ Pres∴ of the Gr∴ Cons∴ Reg∴ of the Philippines. (See note23)—Moises Salvador stated of him in his declaration(fols.1,138–1,143), in reply to a question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to filibusterism, that “by reason of his high position in freemasonry, he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda among those affiliated to the lodges.” He stated, at the same time that Flores, in no concept, formed part of theLigaorCompromisarios. It was Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune moment let fall the masonic sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro Serrano, charging him with being a traitor (see note12) to the cause.40I have frequently quoted the “Memoria” of Isabelo de los Reyes, because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all the probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds itpaysto tell the truth he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is “according to what is said.”41How much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who went to the grocer’s and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the little boy for the dime, receiving the reply: “its at the bottom of the jug.” And that’s just where the otherlittleboy’s money would have been.42In the official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to the Gov. Gen. Blanco, we read: “Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that, by references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor of that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000Filipinosin representation of the native inhabitants of these islands, and in the which, after congratulating him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire.”43The wordKongosignifiesImperial diamond.44TheBazar Japonéssituated in Plaza Moraga.45Typical of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.46In his “Memoria”.47I am inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more probable is that as regards the actual membership there existed a gulf between the wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by the representatives of either association. I have not come across any concrete evidence that the two elements really mixed, the one with the other; the inborn pride of theChinesehalf caste, the class from which, the majority of the wealthyelementscame, and of theindioof money or political “pull”, would not permit such a mixture of the two associations Señor Valdés supposes.48See appendix A.49See note56; also foot-note, page 180.50The witness might have added that Blanco as amasondid more than “know” of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till circumstances demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain national honor.51In plain English, this is alieand no one could know it better than the witness.52By an element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers here.53In other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential class ofpeopleto lead him around wherever they would, by the nose.54This statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See note97,98.) This account also materially differs from the “faked up” story of Legarda. How little some people know of the truth when they do not wish to tell it!55This is another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in the U. S. Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage: it might aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.56It would be interesting to know just how many of the late insurgents who now hold position of importance under the Government, are following up this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.57Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,cuttingdown bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or chopper is needed.58Castillo y Jimenez;El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinas: pp. 128–129.59That is men of the lower classes, laborers.60It is difficult to determine whether such statements are due to ignorance or to malice. The real truth of the situation is that although the friar cametothe Philippines to perform sacerdotal duties and preach the Gospel, his beneficial influence was not confined to the mere preaching of the Gospel. “What most honors the whole membership past and present of the Religious Orders is the intense zeal shown in the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare of theirparishioners. To merely defeat and drive out the bad that was in them was not sufficient, for Satan finds mischief for idle hands, and when one devil is driven out of a man he roams around seeking other devils with whom he returns and re-enters the soul and “the last state of that man becomes worse than the first.” So to thoroughly carry out their christianizing and civilizing purpose they did their best to instruct their converts to occupy their time in the fields, in the building of houses, of churches, of structures of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be self-supporting and to build up happy homes around them.The few industries, if the little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were copied from the Chinese andMohammedantraders who visited and traded with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to be cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar missionary, ever on the alert for his children’s welfare, instructed them in industries which, whilst occupying their time formerly spent in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of money making.“As soon as the natives had become accustomed toliving after the manner of civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of making lime, mortar and bricks and of utilizing these materials in buildings and fortifications for the common protection against their enemies. They instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin and fertile soil, of utilizing the many streams ofwaterthat nature had provided.”And yet there are those who would make us believe that the friar missionary has done nothing to civilize theFilipinos. To whom then do they owe the civilization they enjoy?61Faith in theiranting-anting; courage to maltreat and murder the helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands; and as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion, and these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves far more honor than those who deserted him and who neverthoughtof raising a finger to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are morally responsible.62A kind of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.63The name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to bring to life again—to resuscitate.64This granting of pardon to those who should present themselves is contained in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General Blanco, issued on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:“Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to the authorities within 48 hours after the publication of this proclamation, shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, with the exception of the chiefs of the seditious groups and those who relapse into those crimes. The chiefs to whom reference is made shall be pardoned of the punishment due them if they surrender within the fixed time suffering a punishmentimmediatelyinferior according to grade.”
1Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286–308.2Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel Jogand-Pagés sayswritingon the subject of freemasonry in Spain: “The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd degree is thesynthesisof freemasonry, is well worthy of being borne in mind.”“In the reception to the 33rd degree, the Grand Master turning to the person to be received, ends his discourse with the following significant exhortation:“I owe you, Illustrious brother, an explanation which it isnecessaryto give to our rituals.”“Masonry being nothing else than active revolution, permanent conspiracy against political and religious despotism,....”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .“The Grand Master innocent, you have already seen, is man ... man who was born innocent because he was born unconsciously.”“Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be happy and to enjoy in all their fullness all his rights without exception: But he fell, struck with the blows of three assassins: of three infamous beings who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his happiness, and against his rights....”“These three infamous assassins are: the Law, Property and Religion”.“The Law because it is not in harmony with the rights of the individual man and the duties of the man who lives in society: rights which all acquire in all their integrity....”“Property: because the earth is the property of no one and its products pertain to all in the measure for each one of the true necessities for his welfare.”“Religion: because religions are no more than the philosophies of men of talent, which the people have adopted....”“Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can impose themselves upon man, and as they deprive him of his most precious rights they are assassins against whom we have sworn to exercisetheutmostvengeance.“Of these three infamous enemies, Religion ought to be the object of our constant mortal attacks, because a people never have survived their religion, anddestroyingreligion we have at our disposition the law and property and we can then regenerate society, establishing over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and masonic property.”3“Insurreccion en Filipinas”; vol. I. p. 109.4One not acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic operation and the peculiarity of the native character, would wonder to find the name of a Catholic priest so intimately connected with freemasonry and its offspring, especially in a country in which the Church wages close and continual warfare with the evil. There is little need for surprise however, when we consider the seductive influence of the one hand and the simplicity and childishness of the native character on the other. Many of the native clergy were body and soul wrapt up in the workings of freemasonry and were Spain’s worst and most crafty enemies.In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada and Severino Diaz, three native priests of theCathedralof that diocese, headed the conspiracy against theGovernment. They formed a deposit of arms andammunitionin the organ of the Cathedral and, according to the plan they had prepared, one of theirfirststeps was to murder the Bishop of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting to quote the testimony of Tomás Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the presence of the captain of the Ship and other witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care ofManuelAbella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 beingplacedin the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres....As to their plans of action, he testified that the intention was to kill all theSpaniards, the mentioned parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and SeveroEstrada, all natives, having promised to aid personally tosecurethe success of the affair.He also declared that “on the 9th of July of the same year, a reunion was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, and among those present were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of the witness, Severino Diaz and others; it wasinthis reunion that it was decided to carry out the programme above mentioned.”In both provincesofthe Camarines many were mixed up in some of the dirtiest work of the revolt.Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which the nativeclergyhave exerted considerable influence against the American Government, inciting the rebels to resist its lawful authority, much to the detriment of the interests of the Church andbringingdown upon the clergy in general accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan Castañeda testified that he had been initiated into the mysteries of freemasonry by Severo Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor of Imus. Buenaventura received his initiation from Ambrosio Flores, now the Governor of the province of Rizal; he possessed three grades and enjoyed the use of the symbolic name of “cuitib” (thenameof a small ant which bites furiously). Nine nativepriestswere sent to Manila from Vigan and La Union; all of these were convicted of treason.5The word in the original Spanish ismadrastawhich, apart from that of step-mother, has the meaning of “anything disagreeable.”6See note26.7For the complete document see appendix A.8A contract was made between the administrator of the estate in question, situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal,father of the subject of this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and cultivated. This land measured some 500hectaresand was clear and clean, the tenant having merely to give it three or four turns with the plow in order to prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted out to the tenant, it will be sufficient to say that the contract agreed that the tenant should havethe entire use of the land and its product for four harvests or five yearsRENT FREE. As great as this advantage was to the Rizal family it is but a little of what was done by the Dominicans for thatungratefulfamily of filibusters.9Lawyer.10”La Independencia” was a revolutionary daily of four pages, published in the Orphan Asylum of Malabon, property of the Augustinian Corporation and stolen and eventually totally destroyed by the “ever destructive” Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number was published on Saturday, 3rd Sept.1898. Its leading article is an exposition of the purpose of the publication of the paper, which was the defense of the independence of the Philippines. “We defend, says the writer of the article, the independence of thePhilippinesbecause it is the aspiration of the country which has come of age; and when a people rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a policy of oppression and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality to live free.” This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the paper. It is worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly shown that, in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of thepeople, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age ofpuberty; thirdly that thepeopledid not rise as a man but that the Tagal “discontents” were the body and soul of the whole insurrection both against Spain and against the U. S.; and finally, that the “policy of oppression and injustice” was imaginary, the same complaint having since been made against the Government of Washington as was then made against the Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is taken from No. 2 of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.11The principal works of Juan Luna are:The death of Cleopatrafor which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted theSpoliariumfor which he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit of the picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two Spanish painters. On his own account he painted and gave forthThe BattleofLepanto; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily criticized. Also theProfanation of the Tombs; if anything this was worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent: hisPacto-de-Sangre, in the which he inspired the return to one of the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in the archipelago, rubs off the last touches of the veneer of civilization which formed the dividing line between the indian of the city and the indian of the mountain and forest.12“Andrés Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated with the president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco L. Roxas latterly, and Doroteo Cortés formerly; ... “Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 591 to 597).13”... DoroteoCortésand a certain Artacho were those who were in understanding with the Japanese Government, which would find a way to send people of the laboring classes to the Philippines, to the end of seeking motives which might give excuse for a war between Spain and that Power”. Testimony of Pio Valenzuela(fols.1,663to1,673).14”... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time, a commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ...Cortés, Ambrosio Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission.” Testimony of Numeriano Adriano (fols.1,309to1,312).15“It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the Propaganda,the associates of Masonry stopped the individual payment of the 50 cents per month forLa Propaganda....” Extract from the testimony of Antonio Salazar y San Agustin(fols.1,118to1,129Sept. 22,1896).16For a description of anting-anting see appendix D.17Pedro Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying dispatches and letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent camp, was a man well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to give much interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The most interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix F. In this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that “it was not exact as had been said, thatAndrésBonifacio was in Cavite (at that particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some 20,000 pesos, as he had been assured.”18Having been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the hiding place of Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that “he was not aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to be met with; that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found in the mountains of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most inaccessible part of the said mountain range; because the witness heard him say thathe would retire to that point to dedicate himself to highway robbery if the movement should not be successful.19“The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the conduct ofAndrésBonifacio, upon whose head he has set a price, offering a good recompense to the one who will present him dead or alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion after he had been the principal promoter of the popular rebellion”. From the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously quoted.20See foot-note page 114.21The head offices of theLa Democraciain Manila are situated on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifieswolf village. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet and for such a political party no better place could be found, for taking the two at their very best they are veritable “wolves insheep’sclothing”.22See page 60.23Niladis the nameofa plant, from which is derived the name of Manila.24In an interesting pamphlet entitled “Vexata Questio”, giving a brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines, published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28, says of Foreman:“It should be remarked that this writer, in the first edition of his work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean Worcester, who copies from Foreman’s book some of the most drivelling paragraphs, lays particular stress upon this fact. I leave it to the common sense of any one who has read Foreman’s history, or what Worcesterstoopsso low to copy therefrom, whether a man whose Alpha and Omega is truly anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, and the ink of whose pen savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars of Freemasonry can be a Catholic, at least an honorable one.”Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such was enabled to get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He was, as he himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and greeted by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free of cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon unsuspecting andinoffensivehosts as did the now “commissioner” Worcester in his travels, he did many things no honorable man would have done. Although he professed himself a Catholic it was only for “business” purposes; one has only to read the preface to his book to find that out.Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, despised by everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of him by his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the snubs he has lately received all round.On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of the Schurman Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as follows:Questioned by Worcester:Q. Have you read Foreman’s book?A. Yes; I know him personally.Q. Was he a Catholic?A. I do not know.Q. He says so?A. Yes.Q. He is an engineer, isn’t he?A. He has been here frequently travelling all over the country, selling machinery.Q. You know he attacks the Church?A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to be very thankful to the priests, for they have been very good to him; .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .considering that he availed himself of their services and hospitality all over the country, he should have thought twice beforeputtingathinglike that (his history) into print.”Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. He got enoughandthe subject ... suddenly changed.25SeeAppendixG.26Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the Philippines. Filipino: more commonly known asindio: that is, an indian native of the Archipelago.27For this decree see Appendix H.28He was conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in aquilez(a vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to be that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.29In an official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente Español to the LodgeNilad, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the secretary, warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance of its labors says: “... not all men, although they profess our ideas and doctrines, serve for good masons.”30“The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as themilitares(the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped by several wealthy persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who was in charge of the maintenance of the rebel army.” Testimony of 2nd Lieut Benedicto Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222–224)31See Appendix I.32Wildman will probably be long remembered by many who suffered brutalities and tortures at the hands ofAguinaldo’shordeof cut-throats, inspired by the late Consul’s advise.Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and Wildman concerning the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of theDictator, Wildman wrote:“Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, of course, and water will beagood diet. They have been living too high during the last few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the Philippines, I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not be so tender with them, etc., etc.”Little did Wildman think that the day would come whenthesewords of his would inspire equal or greater barbarity against his own countrymen.The publication of the valuable papers in Wildman’spossessionat the time of his death in the shipwreck which occurred almost at the very door of his home would doubtless throw much light upon the past four years of Philippine history. The shipment of tons upon tons of ammunition, a large shipment of which left London on the “Inaba Maru,” on the 25th of September 1899, addressed to the “American Consul”, Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.33There were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck to the fingers of those who had the handling of it.34A name givenamongSpaniards, to young servant boys or girls. The word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in British Oriental colonies the wordboyis used,—irrespective of age.35Nipa.—Nipa fructificans.—Nipa is a small palm which grows in salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and vinegar, whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of the plants of most utility to the indian.36The reason for Rizal’s deportation is set forth clearly in the decree of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.37As a sample of these statements I will quote the following document, which is one of a number copied from a book of decrees received by the Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez Nuñez, province of Cavite,“K. K. K.”“Chiefs of each pueblo”“In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of Corregidor....”This document is dated 11thSeptember 1896, and is signed by El capitan comandante, Crisòstomo Riel.38What a fine president he would have made for the Federal Party! Castañeda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a sign over the door—Hon. Juan Castañeda, Native Commissioner.39Ambrosio Flores: (bro∴ musa) was the Gr∴ Pres∴ of the Gr∴ Cons∴ Reg∴ of the Philippines. (See note23)—Moises Salvador stated of him in his declaration(fols.1,138–1,143), in reply to a question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to filibusterism, that “by reason of his high position in freemasonry, he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda among those affiliated to the lodges.” He stated, at the same time that Flores, in no concept, formed part of theLigaorCompromisarios. It was Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune moment let fall the masonic sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro Serrano, charging him with being a traitor (see note12) to the cause.40I have frequently quoted the “Memoria” of Isabelo de los Reyes, because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all the probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds itpaysto tell the truth he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is “according to what is said.”41How much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who went to the grocer’s and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the little boy for the dime, receiving the reply: “its at the bottom of the jug.” And that’s just where the otherlittleboy’s money would have been.42In the official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to the Gov. Gen. Blanco, we read: “Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that, by references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor of that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000Filipinosin representation of the native inhabitants of these islands, and in the which, after congratulating him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire.”43The wordKongosignifiesImperial diamond.44TheBazar Japonéssituated in Plaza Moraga.45Typical of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.46In his “Memoria”.47I am inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more probable is that as regards the actual membership there existed a gulf between the wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by the representatives of either association. I have not come across any concrete evidence that the two elements really mixed, the one with the other; the inborn pride of theChinesehalf caste, the class from which, the majority of the wealthyelementscame, and of theindioof money or political “pull”, would not permit such a mixture of the two associations Señor Valdés supposes.48See appendix A.49See note56; also foot-note, page 180.50The witness might have added that Blanco as amasondid more than “know” of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till circumstances demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain national honor.51In plain English, this is alieand no one could know it better than the witness.52By an element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers here.53In other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential class ofpeopleto lead him around wherever they would, by the nose.54This statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See note97,98.) This account also materially differs from the “faked up” story of Legarda. How little some people know of the truth when they do not wish to tell it!55This is another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in the U. S. Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage: it might aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.56It would be interesting to know just how many of the late insurgents who now hold position of importance under the Government, are following up this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.57Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,cuttingdown bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or chopper is needed.58Castillo y Jimenez;El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinas: pp. 128–129.59That is men of the lower classes, laborers.60It is difficult to determine whether such statements are due to ignorance or to malice. The real truth of the situation is that although the friar cametothe Philippines to perform sacerdotal duties and preach the Gospel, his beneficial influence was not confined to the mere preaching of the Gospel. “What most honors the whole membership past and present of the Religious Orders is the intense zeal shown in the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare of theirparishioners. To merely defeat and drive out the bad that was in them was not sufficient, for Satan finds mischief for idle hands, and when one devil is driven out of a man he roams around seeking other devils with whom he returns and re-enters the soul and “the last state of that man becomes worse than the first.” So to thoroughly carry out their christianizing and civilizing purpose they did their best to instruct their converts to occupy their time in the fields, in the building of houses, of churches, of structures of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be self-supporting and to build up happy homes around them.The few industries, if the little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were copied from the Chinese andMohammedantraders who visited and traded with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to be cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar missionary, ever on the alert for his children’s welfare, instructed them in industries which, whilst occupying their time formerly spent in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of money making.“As soon as the natives had become accustomed toliving after the manner of civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of making lime, mortar and bricks and of utilizing these materials in buildings and fortifications for the common protection against their enemies. They instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin and fertile soil, of utilizing the many streams ofwaterthat nature had provided.”And yet there are those who would make us believe that the friar missionary has done nothing to civilize theFilipinos. To whom then do they owe the civilization they enjoy?61Faith in theiranting-anting; courage to maltreat and murder the helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands; and as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion, and these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves far more honor than those who deserted him and who neverthoughtof raising a finger to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are morally responsible.62A kind of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.63The name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to bring to life again—to resuscitate.64This granting of pardon to those who should present themselves is contained in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General Blanco, issued on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:“Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to the authorities within 48 hours after the publication of this proclamation, shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, with the exception of the chiefs of the seditious groups and those who relapse into those crimes. The chiefs to whom reference is made shall be pardoned of the punishment due them if they surrender within the fixed time suffering a punishmentimmediatelyinferior according to grade.”
1Avisos y profecias, Madrid 1892. pp. 286–308.
2Concerning the doctrines of Universal Freemasonry D. Gabriel Jogand-Pagés sayswritingon the subject of freemasonry in Spain: “The teaching which according to the ritual of the 33rd degree is thesynthesisof freemasonry, is well worthy of being borne in mind.”
“In the reception to the 33rd degree, the Grand Master turning to the person to be received, ends his discourse with the following significant exhortation:
“I owe you, Illustrious brother, an explanation which it isnecessaryto give to our rituals.”
“Masonry being nothing else than active revolution, permanent conspiracy against political and religious despotism,....”
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
“The Grand Master innocent, you have already seen, is man ... man who was born innocent because he was born unconsciously.”
“Our Grand Master Innocent was born to be happy and to enjoy in all their fullness all his rights without exception: But he fell, struck with the blows of three assassins: of three infamous beings who placed formidable obstacles in the way of his happiness, and against his rights....”
“These three infamous assassins are: the Law, Property and Religion”.
“The Law because it is not in harmony with the rights of the individual man and the duties of the man who lives in society: rights which all acquire in all their integrity....”
“Property: because the earth is the property of no one and its products pertain to all in the measure for each one of the true necessities for his welfare.”
“Religion: because religions are no more than the philosophies of men of talent, which the people have adopted....”
“Neither the Law, Property nor Religion can impose themselves upon man, and as they deprive him of his most precious rights they are assassins against whom we have sworn to exercisetheutmostvengeance.
“Of these three infamous enemies, Religion ought to be the object of our constant mortal attacks, because a people never have survived their religion, anddestroyingreligion we have at our disposition the law and property and we can then regenerate society, establishing over the ruins, masonic Religion, masonic Law and masonic property.”
3“Insurreccion en Filipinas”; vol. I. p. 109.
4One not acquainted with the seducing nature of the masonic operation and the peculiarity of the native character, would wonder to find the name of a Catholic priest so intimately connected with freemasonry and its offspring, especially in a country in which the Church wages close and continual warfare with the evil. There is little need for surprise however, when we consider the seductive influence of the one hand and the simplicity and childishness of the native character on the other. Many of the native clergy were body and soul wrapt up in the workings of freemasonry and were Spain’s worst and most crafty enemies.
In Nueva Caceres, Inocencio Herrera, Severo Estrada and Severino Diaz, three native priests of theCathedralof that diocese, headed the conspiracy against theGovernment. They formed a deposit of arms andammunitionin the organ of the Cathedral and, according to the plan they had prepared, one of theirfirststeps was to murder the Bishop of the diocese. On this point it will be interesting to quote the testimony of Tomás Prieto, of Nueva Caceres, who, whilst on board the S. S. Isarog, on the 20th of September 1896, testified in the presence of the captain of the Ship and other witnesses that he had received 50 rifles, 10 of which he had given into the care ofManuelAbella, a millionaire of that province who was eventually executed for treason; the remainder he had distributed among other persons, 3 beingplacedin the care of Severino Diaz, parish priest of the Cathedral of Nueva Caceres....As to their plans of action, he testified that the intention was to kill all theSpaniards, the mentioned parish priest of the Cathedral, the coadjutor Inocencio and SeveroEstrada, all natives, having promised to aid personally tosecurethe success of the affair.
He also declared that “on the 9th of July of the same year, a reunion was celebrated in the house of Manuel Abella, and among those present were Gabriel Prieto, a native priest and brother of the witness, Severino Diaz and others; it wasinthis reunion that it was decided to carry out the programme above mentioned.”
In both provincesofthe Camarines many were mixed up in some of the dirtiest work of the revolt.
Innumerable cases might be mentioned also in which the nativeclergyhave exerted considerable influence against the American Government, inciting the rebels to resist its lawful authority, much to the detriment of the interests of the Church andbringingdown upon the clergy in general accusations of sedition and treachery. Juan Castañeda testified that he had been initiated into the mysteries of freemasonry by Severo Buenaventura, a native priest, coadjutor of Imus. Buenaventura received his initiation from Ambrosio Flores, now the Governor of the province of Rizal; he possessed three grades and enjoyed the use of the symbolic name of “cuitib” (thenameof a small ant which bites furiously). Nine nativepriestswere sent to Manila from Vigan and La Union; all of these were convicted of treason.
5The word in the original Spanish ismadrastawhich, apart from that of step-mother, has the meaning of “anything disagreeable.”
6See note26.
7For the complete document see appendix A.
8A contract was made between the administrator of the estate in question, situated at Calamba, and Francisco Mercado Rizal,father of the subject of this note, for the land the Rizal family occupied and cultivated. This land measured some 500hectaresand was clear and clean, the tenant having merely to give it three or four turns with the plow in order to prepare it for use. To show the treatment meted out to the tenant, it will be sufficient to say that the contract agreed that the tenant should havethe entire use of the land and its product for four harvests or five yearsRENT FREE. As great as this advantage was to the Rizal family it is but a little of what was done by the Dominicans for thatungratefulfamily of filibusters.
9Lawyer.
10”La Independencia” was a revolutionary daily of four pages, published in the Orphan Asylum of Malabon, property of the Augustinian Corporation and stolen and eventually totally destroyed by the “ever destructive” Tagalog rebels during the revolution. The first number was published on Saturday, 3rd Sept.1898. Its leading article is an exposition of the purpose of the publication of the paper, which was the defense of the independence of the Philippines. “We defend, says the writer of the article, the independence of thePhilippinesbecause it is the aspiration of the country which has come of age; and when a people rise as a man to protest, arm in hand, against a policy of oppression and injustice, it manifests sufficient vitality to live free.” This is a fair sample of the style of the conduct of the paper. It is worthy of note that the history of the revolt has clearly shown that, in the first place, independence was not the aspiration of thepeople, but a fanciful hope of a handful of exploiters; secondly that the country has not come of age, not having even reached the age ofpuberty; thirdly that thepeopledid not rise as a man but that the Tagal “discontents” were the body and soul of the whole insurrection both against Spain and against the U. S.; and finally, that the “policy of oppression and injustice” was imaginary, the same complaint having since been made against the Government of Washington as was then made against the Government of Madrid. The quotation concerning Luna is taken from No. 2 of the paper published on the 5th of Sept. 1898.
11The principal works of Juan Luna are:The death of Cleopatrafor which he received a silver medal; this was painted under the tutorship of Sr. Vera. Under the same master he painted theSpoliariumfor which he was rewarded a gold medal, but this not really for the merit of the picture but in order to put an end to a rivalry between two Spanish painters. On his own account he painted and gave forthThe BattleofLepanto; this was received almost with hisses and was heartily criticized. Also theProfanation of the Tombs; if anything this was worse. As the savage nature which lay dormant in his breast became more and more awakened his paintings became more and more decadescent: hisPacto-de-Sangre, in the which he inspired the return to one of the most barbarous customs of pre-Spanish times in the archipelago, rubs off the last touches of the veneer of civilization which formed the dividing line between the indian of the city and the indian of the mountain and forest.
12“Andrés Bonifacio told the witness that he communicated with the president of the Superior Supreme Council, who was Francisco L. Roxas latterly, and Doroteo Cortés formerly; ... “Testimony of Pio Valenzuela (fols. 591 to 597).
13”... DoroteoCortésand a certain Artacho were those who were in understanding with the Japanese Government, which would find a way to send people of the laboring classes to the Philippines, to the end of seeking motives which might give excuse for a war between Spain and that Power”. Testimony of Pio Valenzuela(fols.1,663to1,673).
14”... The Supreme Council (of the Liga) decided to purchase arms and ammunition in Japan, sending to that country at the proper time, a commission to ask of that Government its aid and protection for the Philippines, under the condition that some islands of the Archipelago should be ceded to that nation as a recompense; ...Cortés, Ambrosio Bautista and others being chosen to form the commission.” Testimony of Numeriano Adriano (fols.1,309to1,312).
15“It the having been known for some time that Pedro Serrano had malverted the money gathered for Rizal, and for the funds of the Propaganda,the associates of Masonry stopped the individual payment of the 50 cents per month forLa Propaganda....” Extract from the testimony of Antonio Salazar y San Agustin(fols.1,118to1,129Sept. 22,1896).
16For a description of anting-anting see appendix D.
17Pedro Gonzales, a native who was captured whilst carrying dispatches and letters to and fro between Manila and the insurgent camp, was a man well posted in the doings of the rebels and was able to give much interesting and valuable information to the Authorities. The most interesting portions of his evidence will be found in appendix F. In this matter of the flight of Bonifacio he stated that “it was not exact as had been said, thatAndrésBonifacio was in Cavite (at that particular time), for after the defeat at San Juan del Monte he disappeared with the funds of the Katipunan, which amounted to some 20,000 pesos, as he had been assured.”
18Having been asked during his trial whether he was aware of the hiding place of Bonifacio, Valenzuela (fol. 600 to 605) stated that “he was not aware of the place in which Bonifacio and others were to be met with; that he merely supposed that Bonifacio could be found in the mountains of San Mateo, in Tapusi, in other words in the most inaccessible part of the said mountain range; because the witness heard him say thathe would retire to that point to dedicate himself to highway robbery if the movement should not be successful.
19“The generalisimo, captain Emilio, is very indignant with the conduct ofAndrésBonifacio, upon whose head he has set a price, offering a good recompense to the one who will present him dead or alive, for he says that he cannot consent to such a desertion after he had been the principal promoter of the popular rebellion”. From the statement of Pedro Gonzalez previously quoted.
20See foot-note page 114.
21The head offices of theLa Democraciain Manila are situated on Calle Villalobos, a name which put into English signifieswolf village. For the headquarters of such a scurrilous sheet and for such a political party no better place could be found, for taking the two at their very best they are veritable “wolves insheep’sclothing”.
22See page 60.
23Niladis the nameofa plant, from which is derived the name of Manila.
24In an interesting pamphlet entitled “Vexata Questio”, giving a brief sketch of three centuries of history in the Philippines, published in Manila in 1901, the author, in a foot note to page 28, says of Foreman:
“It should be remarked that this writer, in the first edition of his work, claims to be an earnest Catholic. Dean Worcester, who copies from Foreman’s book some of the most drivelling paragraphs, lays particular stress upon this fact. I leave it to the common sense of any one who has read Foreman’s history, or what Worcesterstoopsso low to copy therefrom, whether a man whose Alpha and Omega is truly anti-Catholic and often anti-christian, and the ink of whose pen savors of Catholic blood shed upon the altars of Freemasonry can be a Catholic, at least an honorable one.”
Foreman was a traveller in machinery and as such was enabled to get to all the principal parts of the Archipelago. He was, as he himself confesses, always well received in the pueblos, and greeted by the parish priests (friars) and lodged in the convents free of cost. Although Foreman did not perform vile practical jokes upon unsuspecting andinoffensivehosts as did the now “commissioner” Worcester in his travels, he did many things no honorable man would have done. Although he professed himself a Catholic it was only for “business” purposes; one has only to read the preface to his book to find that out.
Foreman was an Englishman, disliked by the English, despised by everyone he came in contact with; and if the things said of him by his intimate acquaintances, are true, then he well deserved the snubs he has lately received all round.
On the 17th of April 1899, before the members of the Schurman Commission, Neil Macleod testified of Foreman, as follows:
Questioned by Worcester:
Q. Have you read Foreman’s book?
A. Yes; I know him personally.
Q. Was he a Catholic?
A. I do not know.
Q. He says so?
A. Yes.
Q. He is an engineer, isn’t he?
A. He has been here frequently travelling all over the country, selling machinery.
Q. You know he attacks the Church?
A. He attacks the church very much, and he ought to be very thankful to the priests, for they have been very good to him; ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
considering that he availed himself of their services and hospitality all over the country, he should have thought twice beforeputtingathinglike that (his history) into print.”
Worcester was fishing for trout and caught a crab. He got enoughandthe subject ... suddenly changed.
25SeeAppendixG.
26Philippinos: insular Spaniards, or Spaniards born in the Philippines. Filipino: more commonly known asindio: that is, an indian native of the Archipelago.
27For this decree see Appendix H.
28He was conducted from calle Iris blindfolded in aquilez(a vehicle of the country) to a house which he later on discovered to be that of Bonifacio, situated in calle Oroquieta.
29In an official letter of the Grand Secretary of the Oriente Español to the LodgeNilad, dated Madrid 8th of June 1892, the secretary, warning the said lodge to be careful in the performance of its labors says: “... not all men, although they profess our ideas and doctrines, serve for good masons.”
30“The oath bound (the Katipuneros) as well as themilitares(the rebel army) were to be supported and equipped by several wealthy persons of Manila, among them D. Francisco Roxas who was in charge of the maintenance of the rebel army.” Testimony of 2nd Lieut Benedicto Nijaga y Polonio. (fols. 222–224)
31See Appendix I.
32Wildman will probably be long remembered by many who suffered brutalities and tortures at the hands ofAguinaldo’shordeof cut-throats, inspired by the late Consul’s advise.
Correspondence took place between Aguinaldo and Wildman concerning the Spanish prisoners. In reply to a request of theDictator, Wildman wrote:
“Never mind feeding them. A meal every day, of course, and water will beagood diet. They have been living too high during the last few years. As the Spaniards want more bloodshed in the Philippines, I trust you will let them have a taste of real war. Do not be so tender with them, etc., etc.”
Little did Wildman think that the day would come whenthesewords of his would inspire equal or greater barbarity against his own countrymen.
The publication of the valuable papers in Wildman’spossessionat the time of his death in the shipwreck which occurred almost at the very door of his home would doubtless throw much light upon the past four years of Philippine history. The shipment of tons upon tons of ammunition, a large shipment of which left London on the “Inaba Maru,” on the 25th of September 1899, addressed to the “American Consul”, Hong-Kong, have yet to be accounted for.
33There were always plenty of funds, but the money too often stuck to the fingers of those who had the handling of it.
34A name givenamongSpaniards, to young servant boys or girls. The word signifies servant and is used as such in the same manner as in British Oriental colonies the wordboyis used,—irrespective of age.
35Nipa.—Nipa fructificans.—Nipa is a small palm which grows in salt water. From it the natives make a species of wine and vinegar, whilst its leaves serve to thatch their houses. It is one of the plants of most utility to the indian.
36The reason for Rizal’s deportation is set forth clearly in the decree of Deportation which is given entire in Appendix.
37As a sample of these statements I will quote the following document, which is one of a number copied from a book of decrees received by the Revolutionary authorities of the pueblo of Mendez Nuñez, province of Cavite,
“K. K. K.”“Chiefs of each pueblo”“In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of Corregidor....”
“K. K. K.”“Chiefs of each pueblo”
“In the urgent letter received to-day from the General (Aguinaldo) concrete notice is given that to-day there have anchored the warships proceeding from Japan to our assistance, and it is said, that they are now just on the other side of the island of Corregidor....”
This document is dated 11thSeptember 1896, and is signed by El capitan comandante, Crisòstomo Riel.
38What a fine president he would have made for the Federal Party! Castañeda was worthy of an office in the Ayuntamiento with a sign over the door—Hon. Juan Castañeda, Native Commissioner.
39Ambrosio Flores: (bro∴ musa) was the Gr∴ Pres∴ of the Gr∴ Cons∴ Reg∴ of the Philippines. (See note23)—Moises Salvador stated of him in his declaration(fols.1,138–1,143), in reply to a question as to the manner in which Flores was affiliated to filibusterism, that “by reason of his high position in freemasonry, he aided the ends of the filibusters, making propaganda among those affiliated to the lodges.” He stated, at the same time that Flores, in no concept, formed part of theLigaorCompromisarios. It was Ambrosio Flores who, at the opportune moment let fall the masonic sledge hammer upon the back of Pedro Serrano, charging him with being a traitor (see note12) to the cause.
40I have frequently quoted the “Memoria” of Isabelo de los Reyes, because I consider that whilst in it he exaggerates and lies considerably, there are yet points upon which what he says has all the probability of the truth, in as much as when he finds itpaysto tell the truth he tells it. In this particular point, however, it is “according to what is said.”
41How much this reminds me of the story of the little boy who went to the grocer’s and asked for 10 cents worth of molasses. The shop-keeper measured out the molasses into the jug and asked the little boy for the dime, receiving the reply: “its at the bottom of the jug.” And that’s just where the otherlittleboy’s money would have been.
42In the official extract of advice given by the Secret Service to the Gov. Gen. Blanco, we read: “Aug 1. Notice is hereby given that, by references from Japan, the Gov. Gen. has received from the Emperor of that nation some messages which had been directed to him by some 22,000Filipinosin representation of the native inhabitants of these islands, and in the which, after congratulating him for his triumphs over the Chinese Empire, asks his protection and shelter for this Archipelago, and its annexation to the Japanese Empire.”
43The wordKongosignifiesImperial diamond.
44TheBazar Japonéssituated in Plaza Moraga.
45Typical of the heads of the twelve apostles of filibusterism.
46In his “Memoria”.
47I am inclined to differ somewhat with this opinion. What is more probable is that as regards the actual membership there existed a gulf between the wealthy and the lower classes which was bridged by the representatives of either association. I have not come across any concrete evidence that the two elements really mixed, the one with the other; the inborn pride of theChinesehalf caste, the class from which, the majority of the wealthyelementscame, and of theindioof money or political “pull”, would not permit such a mixture of the two associations Señor Valdés supposes.
48See appendix A.
49See note56; also foot-note, page 180.
50The witness might have added that Blanco as amasondid more than “know” of it: he took no steps to counter-act it, till circumstances demanded that harsh measures should be taken to maintain national honor.
51In plain English, this is alieand no one could know it better than the witness.
52By an element. Even would-be-president Bryan has his followers here.
53In other words: he allowed a certain wealthy and influential class ofpeopleto lead him around wherever they would, by the nose.
54This statement is the result of either ignorance or malice. (See note97,98.) This account also materially differs from the “faked up” story of Legarda. How little some people know of the truth when they do not wish to tell it!
55This is another. Now that Tavera and Legarda are side by side in the U. S. Commission they might compare their testimony with advantage: it might aid them to preserve somewhat of the truth in future.
56It would be interesting to know just how many of the late insurgents who now hold position of importance under the Government, are following up this piece of advice of Aguinaldo.
57Domestic: i. e., made for household use, for cutting up meat,cuttingdown bamboos, and in fact for every use for which a knife or chopper is needed.
58Castillo y Jimenez;El Katipunan ó el filibusterismo en Filipinas: pp. 128–129.
59That is men of the lower classes, laborers.
60It is difficult to determine whether such statements are due to ignorance or to malice. The real truth of the situation is that although the friar cametothe Philippines to perform sacerdotal duties and preach the Gospel, his beneficial influence was not confined to the mere preaching of the Gospel. “What most honors the whole membership past and present of the Religious Orders is the intense zeal shown in the temporal as well as the spiritual welfare of theirparishioners. To merely defeat and drive out the bad that was in them was not sufficient, for Satan finds mischief for idle hands, and when one devil is driven out of a man he roams around seeking other devils with whom he returns and re-enters the soul and “the last state of that man becomes worse than the first.” So to thoroughly carry out their christianizing and civilizing purpose they did their best to instruct their converts to occupy their time in the fields, in the building of houses, of churches, of structures of all kinds necessary. They taught them to be self-supporting and to build up happy homes around them.The few industries, if the little then done by the natives in the way of manual labor can be classed as industry, that existed among the people at that time were copied from the Chinese andMohammedantraders who visited and traded with them. These industries however were but crude as a rule; and moreover the connection with these anti-christian influences had to be cut for the moral protection of the indian and therefore the friar missionary, ever on the alert for his children’s welfare, instructed them in industries which, whilst occupying their time formerly spent in abject laziness, also gave them the advantage of money making.
“As soon as the natives had become accustomed toliving after the manner of civilized beings, the friars taught them the art of making lime, mortar and bricks and of utilizing these materials in buildings and fortifications for the common protection against their enemies. They instructed them in the method of tilling the virgin and fertile soil, of utilizing the many streams ofwaterthat nature had provided.”
And yet there are those who would make us believe that the friar missionary has done nothing to civilize theFilipinos. To whom then do they owe the civilization they enjoy?
61Faith in theiranting-anting; courage to maltreat and murder the helpless and sometimes dying prisoners that fell into their hands; and as to constancy...? The majority of the leaders eventually became traitors to the most cherished ideas of independence. Three figures alone stand out as really constant throughout the whole rebellion, and these three are Aguinaldo, Mabini, and Pio del Pilar; and of these three the most constant was Aguinaldo, a misguided man who deserves far more honor than those who deserted him and who neverthoughtof raising a finger to alleviate his hard lot, a lot for which they are morally responsible.
62A kind of altar on which bonfires are lighted for illumination.
63The name of this plant signifies that it possesses the power to bring to life again—to resuscitate.
64This granting of pardon to those who should present themselves is contained in Art. 7. of the proclamation of the Governor General Blanco, issued on the 30th of August 1896, and which reads as follows:
“Art. 7. The rebels who present themselves to the authorities within 48 hours after the publication of this proclamation, shall be exempt from punishment for rebellion, with the exception of the chiefs of the seditious groups and those who relapse into those crimes. The chiefs to whom reference is made shall be pardoned of the punishment due them if they surrender within the fixed time suffering a punishmentimmediatelyinferior according to grade.”