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[1]Mozans, H. J.:Woman in Science. Chapter, "Woman's Long Struggle."

[2]For the work of these nuns see Mozans:Woman in Science; Eckenstein, Lina:Woman under Monasticism.

[3]For Hroswitha's plays seeFortnightly Review, March, 1896, pp. 443-50;The English Historical Review, July, 1888.

[4]Putnam, Emily James:The Lady, p. 71.

[5]I am indebted to Miss Emma Pope for the following citations.

[6]Guy of Warwick, E.E.T.S., vol. 25, ll. 63 ff.

[7]Floris and Blanchefleur, E.E.T.S., vol. 14, ll. 16 ff.

[8]Sir Bevis of Hamtoun, E.E.T.S., vols. 46-48, ll. 3671 ff.

[9]Partonope of Blois, E.E.T.S., vol. 109, ll. 5912 ff.

[10]Gower:Confessio Amantis, E.E.T.S., vol. 82 (part 2), ll. 1327 ff.

[11]Lydgate:Troy Book, bk.I, ll. 1606 ff.

[12]Mozans:Woman in Science, p. 63.

[13]See Wright, Thomas:Womankind in Western Europe; Mozans:Woman in Science; Boulting, William:Woman in Italy; Walsh, Marie Donegan: "A City of Learned Women,"The Catholic World, 1902; Lagno, Isadore del:Women of Florence, tr. by Mary G. Steegman; Putnam, Emily James:The Lady.

[14]Ballard, George:Memoirs of Several Ladies of Great Britain, p. 5.

[15]Ibid., pp. 9-27; Watson, Foster:Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, pp. 2-3.New and General Biographical Dictionary.

[16]Mozans:Woman in Science, p. 68; Watson,Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, pp. 6-8; Prescott, W. H.:History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, vol.II, pp. 93-194,passim.

[17]Watson, Foster:Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, p. 7.

[18]Ibid., p. 11. Mr. Watson gives a full analysis of the treatises appearing between these dates.

[19]Watson, Foster:Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, p. 43.

[20]Ibid., p. 56.

[21]Watson, Foster:Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, p. 117.

[22]Ibid., pp. 166-68. Margaret Roper is given as an illustration of the beneficial effects of learning.

[23]Ibid., pp. 57-63, "What Books to be Read and What Not." See also pp. 203-06.

[24]Encyclopædia Britannica(11th ed.), under "Princess Mary."

[25]See More, Cresacre:The Life of Sir Thomas More, first published about 1631, and edited by Reverend Joseph Hunter, 1828; Watson, Foster:Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, chap.V, "The School of Sir Thomas More"; Ballard,Memoirs, pp. 38-61; Manning, Anne:The Household of Sir Thomas More; Cannon, Mary Agnes:Education of Women during the Renaissance.

[26]More, Cresacre:The Life of Sir Thomas More(ed. 1726), p. 128.

[27]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 39.

[28]Watson, Foster:Vives and the Renascence Education of Women, p. 187.

[29]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 58.

[30]More, Cresacre:Life of Sir Thomas More(ed. 1726), p. 138.

[31]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 43.

[32]More, Cresacre:The Life of Sir Thomas More(ed. 1726), p. 141.

[33]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 49.

[34]Drummond, Robert B.:Erasmus, His Life and Character, vol.II, p. 168.

[35]Erasmus:Select Colloquies(edited by Merrick Whitcomb), p. 179.

[36]Ballard (Memoirs, pp. 180-210) gives full account of the daughters of Sir Anthony Coke; see also, Williams, Jane:Literary Women of England; Chalmers, Alexander:Gen. Biog. Dict.(ed. 1812), vol. 10.

[37]Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 138-43.

[38]Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 121-23.

[39]Ibid., p. 120.

[40]Ibid., pp. 79-97.

[41]Ibid., p. 145.

[42]Ascham:Scholemaster, bk.I, no. 7; Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 98-118.

[43]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 36.

[44]Mulcaster, Richard:Positions, chap. 38.

[45]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 127.

[46]Puttenham, George:The Arte of English Poesie, lib.III, chap.XXI.

[47]Translation ofCortegianoby L. E. Opdyke (1903), bk.III, p. 172.

[48]Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 243-47.

[49]Aubrey:Brief Lives, vol.I, p. 193.

[50]Scottish Text Society, 1902, p. 4.

[51]Notes and Queries, 2d Series, vol.VIII, pp. 247, 312.

[52]Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 259-66; Young, Francis Berkeley:Mary Sidney, Countess of Pembroke. (Full and discriminating account of Lady Pembroke as patroness and author.)

[53]The only record of Lady Pembroke's scientific tastes. Aubrey's testimony is, unfortunately, not entirely to be relied on. [Young:Mary Sidney, p. 154.]

[54]Wotton, William:Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning, p. 349.

[55]New Shakspere Society Series, vol.VI, p. 173.

[56]Habington, William:Castara, Preface to "The Second Part."

[57]Brathwait, Richard:The English Gentleman(ed. 1633), p. 264.

[58]Memoirs of the Verney Family, vol.III, pp. 72-74.

[59]Luther, Martin:Table Talk(edited by William Hazlitt), no. dccxxv.

[60]Milton, John:Paradise Lost, bk.IV, 299.

[61]Notes and Queries, 4th Series, vol.IV, p. 195. For many years the superior advantages accorded English women was a stock subject of national self-congratulation. In the light of this fact we read with interest a comment by De Segur in 1803: "The English women live much in the same manner as those of Turkey, with the exception of walls and keepers. Without being so much overlooked, they suffer equal constraint. However great the superiority they may be sensible they possess above their husbands, they are obliged to respect and to fear them; and they endeavor to acquire their love as a matter of necessity. Such is also the lesson they give to their children, and it may be remarked that they recommend it to them rather as a political measure than as a duty. In fact, they can command only by obeying; and when it is said that a woman is happier in England than in any other country, it is only saying that she is prepared, by her education, to be more satisfied than another woman with a mediocrity of happiness." (Hill, Georgiana:Women in English Life, vol.II, p. 89.)

[62]Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol.II, p. 214.

[63]See Schiff, Mario:La Fille d'alliance de Montaigne: Marie de Gournay. (An account of her life; a list of her works; her two essays in defense of women, and an account of her relations with Anna van Schurman. Reviewed inModern Language Notes, 1911.)

[64]Feugère, Leon:Les femmes poètes au XVIesiècle.

[65]Thomas:Feminine Influence on the Poets, pp. 335-40.

[66]This edition, brought out by Messrs. Blackwood, "is accompanied by a long preface or dissertation containing many particulars relating to the authoress and her relatives, and to a number of ladies of high station and polished education, who, during the period intervening between the Reformation in England and the Revolution in 1688, distinguished themselves by publishing works characterized by exalted piety and refined taste." (Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol.IV, p. 410.) I have not had access to this edition.

[67]Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 265-66.

[68]Two hundred and five letters published by The Camden Society in 1854.

[69]Biographium Femineum, vol.II, p. 193. From Funeral Sermon by Bishop Rainbow on the text, "Every wise woman buildeth her house" (ProverbsXIV, 1): Coleridge, Hartley:Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancashire, p. 291.

[70]Mr. Pennant'sTour in Scotland(ed. 1790), partII, pp. 355-62.

[71]Ibid., p. 360.

[72]The Tragedy of Mariam, Malone Society Reprint, "Introduction."

[73]Godfrey, Elizabeth:Home Life among the Stuarts, p. 103.

[74]Carter, Thomas T.:The Life of Nicholas Ferrar, p. 102.

[75]TheTerm Cataloguesillustrate the permanence of this interest. Edward Cocker was one of the best-known calligraphers in the second half of the seventeenth century. One of his works isEngland's Penman, or Cocker's new Copy-Book, containing all the curious Hands practised in England and our neighboring Nations with admirable directions peculiar to each Hand. So also the Breaks of Secretary, Roman, and Italian Letters; with the exemplifying Court-hand, and an exact copy of the Greek alphabet.(1679.)

[76]Ballard:Memoirs, p. 188.

[77]Dyce:Specimens, p. 510.

[78]Dyce:Specimens, pp. 271-80.

[79]Strype, John:The Life and Acts of John Whitgift, vol.III, p. 383.

[80]Monroe, Paul:Cyclopædia of Education, under "Women, Higher Education of."

[81]Love's Labour's Lost, ActIV, Sc. 2. (1591.)

[82]A Midsummer Night's Dream, ActIII, Sc. 2. (1594-95.)

[83]See Chambers, Mary C. E.:The Life of Mary Ward, ed. by Henry James Coleridge; Mary Salome (Mother):Mary Ward, a Foundress of the Seventeenth Century.

[84]Much has been written concerning the life of Little Gidding. In 1790 Mr. G. P. Peckard, Master of Magdalene College, Cambridge, and the husband of a descendant of the Ferrar family, publishedMemoirs of the Life of Mr. Nicholas Ferrar(reprinted in Wordsworth'sEcclesiastical Biography, vol.IV). In 1828 and again in 1837 appearedBrief Memoirs of Nicholas Ferrar, by the Reverend T. M. Macdonogh (based on an unpublishedLifeby Bishop Turner, extracts from which had been published inThe Christian Magazinein 1761). An abridgment of Peckard'sMemoirsappeared in 1852. In 1855 came the most important of the works on Ferrar. It wasNicholas Ferrar, Two Lives, by J. E. B. Mayor, Cambridge. The Reverend Thomas Carter'sNicholas Ferrar, his Household and Friends, came out in 1892. In 1880 Mr. J. Henry Shorthouse described Little Gidding in chapterIVofJohn Inglesant. In 1896 Emma Marshall, inA Haunt of Ancient Peace, also introduced the life of Little Gidding into a fictitious narrative. In 1899 theStory Booksof Little Gidding were edited by E. C. Shorland. InArchæologiafor 1888 is Captain J. E. Ackland's "Catalogue of the Gidding Concordances." In Thomas Hearne'sCaii Vindiciæ, vol.II, pp. 713-94, is "Remains of the Maiden-Sisters' Exercises at Little Gidding." InBibliographicais an account of the Bindings. See also Godfrey'sSocial Life under the Stuarts, pp. 209-15.

[85]Carter, T. T.:Life of Nicholas Ferrar, p. 127.

[86]Bibliographica, vol.II, pp. 129-49. Article by Cyril Davenport.

[87]Seep. 54.

[88]Monroe:Cyclopædia of Education, under "Private Schools."

[89]Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol.XI, p. 279.

[90]Monroe, Paul:Cyclopædia of Education, under "Gerbier";Notes and Queries, 1st Series, vol.III, p. 317.

[91]Hill, Georgiana:Women in English Life, vol.I, p. 150.

[92]Seep. 46.

[93]Seep. 74.

[94]Seep. 69.

[95]SeeThe Philosophical and Physical Opinions, Written by her Excellency, the Lady Marchionesse of Newcastle, London, 1655 (containing Lord Newcastle's "Epistle to justifie the Lady Newcastle, and Truth against falsehood, laying those false and malicious aspersions of her, that she was not Author of her Books." Also "To the Reader," "To the Two Universities," "An Epilogue" and several brief introductory epistles);Philosophical Letters: or, Modest Reflections Upon some Opinions in Natural Philosophy, Maintained by several Famous and Learned Authors of this Age, Expressed by way of Letters: By the Thrice Noble, Illustrious, and Excellent Princess, the Lady Marchioness of Newcastle, London, 1664 (containing "To His Excellency the Lord Marquis of Newcastle," "To the most Famous University of Cambridge" and "To the Reader");A True Relation of the Birth, Breeding, and Life of Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Written by Herself. With a Critical Preface, etc., by Sir Egerton Brydges, M.P. Printed at the private Press of Lee Priory, 1814 (taken fromNature's Pictures drawn by Fancy's Pencil);The Lives of William Cavendish Duke of Newcastle, and of his wife Margaret Duchess of Newcastle. Written by the thrice noble and illustrious Princess, Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, ed. by Mark Antony Lower, M.A., London, 1872 (a reprint of the first edition of 1667);The Life of William Cavendish Duke of Newcastle to which is added, The True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life by Margaret, Duchess of Newcastle, ed. by C. H. Firth, M.A., Scribner, 1886;Letters and Poems in Honour of the Incomparable Princess, Margaret, Dutchess of Newcastle, Written by Several Persons of Honour and Learning. In the Savoy, 1676; Ballard:Memoirs, pp. 299-306; Walpole, Horace:Royal and Noble Authors.

[96]Philosophical and Physical Opinions, Duke of Newcastle's "Epistle."

[97]Ibid., "To the Reader."

[98]Philosophical and Physical Opinions, "To the Reader," pp. 100-101.

[99]Philosophical and Physical Opinions, Duke of Newcastle's "Epistle."

[100]Ibid., "Address to the Two Universities."

[101]Life of Duke and Duchess of Newcastle(ed. Frith), p. xxxi.

[102]Scott, Sir Walter:Peveril of the Peak, chap.XLV.

[103]Osborne, Dorothy:Letters(ed. Parry), pp. 92, 111.

[104]On swearing note the following extract from a sixteenth-century writer: "There is no regyon nor countrie that doth use more swearynge than is used in Englande, for a chyld that scarse can speake, a boy, a gyrle, a wenche, now-a-days wyl swere as great othes as an old knave and an old drabbe.... As for swearers a man nede not to seke for thym, for in the Kynges courte and lordes courtes in cities, borowes and in townes, and in every house, in maner there is abbominable swerynge, and no man dothe go about to redresse it, but doth take swearyng as for no sinne, which is a damnable synne; and they the which doth use it, be possessed of the Devill, and no man can helpe them but God and the Kynge." (Hill, Georgiana:Women in English Life, vol.I, p. 116.)Seep. 317for reprobation of "female swearers" inThe Ladies' Calling(1671). Swift'sPolite Conversation(1738) bears the same implication as to the manners of good society in the first quarter of the eighteenth century.

Seep. 317for reprobation of "female swearers" inThe Ladies' Calling(1671). Swift'sPolite Conversation(1738) bears the same implication as to the manners of good society in the first quarter of the eighteenth century.

[105]The "Matchless Orinda" gives us an inkling of the way some of this praise should be discounted. It seems that Waller was reported to have said that he would give all his own poems to have been the author of a poem written by the Duchess of Newcastle. On being taxed with insincerity he answered that he could "do no less in Gallantry than be willing to devote all his own Papers to save the Reputation of a Lady, and keep her from the Disgrace of having written anything so ill." (Letters from Orinda to Poliarchus, LetterXLII.)

[106]Life of the Duchess of Newcastle(ed. Brydges), "Critical Preface."

[107]Aubrey:Brief Lives, vol.II, pp. 153-54.

[108]Keats, John:Letters to his Family and Friends, pp. 29-30.

[109]Philips, Mrs. Katherine:Letters from Orinda to Poliarchus, LetterXIV. This letter also appeared in the Preface to herWorksin 1768.

[110]Giffard, Lady:Her Life and Letters, p. 41.

[111]The Lives of the Norths, vol.III, p. 289.

[112]Ibid., Editor's Preface.

[113]Giffard, Lady Martha:Her Life and Letters, p. 27.

[114]Osborne, Dorothy:Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple. "Introduction."

[115]That the letters narrowly escaped destruction is indicated by the following letter written by Mrs. Sarah Osborne in 1770 to Sir George Osborne, Dorothy's great-nephew: "Mrs. Temple did lend me these letters to read with injunction not to shew them. I very much doubt if she would send them to London.... Most of these letters were in the tender stile with sensible sentiments, indeed I believe Mrs. Temple burnt them after I had read them, she said she would, as indeed I think she should, such letters can never be exposed to advantage, there were many wrote after her marriage, they soon grew tame and flat to what was before."

[116]Giffard, Lady:Her Life and Letters, pp. 38-39.

[117]Letters from Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple, p. 100.

[118]Ballard gives the arguments in favor of Lady Pakington.

[119]Johnstone, Grace:Leading Women of the Restoration, p. 101.

[120]Percy Society Publications, vol.XXII. See also biographies of the Countess of Warwick by C. Fell Smith (1901) and Mary Palgrave (1901).

[121]Term Catalogues.

[122]Autobiography(Percy Society Publications, vol.XXII, p. 21).

[123]Godfrey, Elizabeth:Social Life under the Stuarts, p. 138.

[124]Johnstone, Grace:Leading Women of the Restoration, pp. 107, 117.

[125]Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson(Bohn ed.), Preface, p. ix.

[126]Hutchinson, Mrs. Lucy:Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson, p. 16.

[127]Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson, p. 14.

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