[1]Since this paper was first writtenEuclid, Book I, in the Greek, has been edited with a commentary by Sir Thomas Heath (Cambridge Press, 1920). It is full of interest and instruction.
[1]Since this paper was first writtenEuclid, Book I, in the Greek, has been edited with a commentary by Sir Thomas Heath (Cambridge Press, 1920). It is full of interest and instruction.
[2]See my paper on ‘The Socratic Doctrine of the Soul’.Proceedings of the British Academy, 1915-16, pp. 235 sqq.
[2]See my paper on ‘The Socratic Doctrine of the Soul’.Proceedings of the British Academy, 1915-16, pp. 235 sqq.
[3]In the case of the parabola, the base (as distinct from the ‘erect side’) of the rectangle is what is called theabscissa(Gk.αποτεμνομενη, ‘cut off’) of the ordinate, and the rectangle itself is equal to the square on the ordinate. In the case of the central conics, the base of the rectangle is ‘the transverse side of the figure’ or the transverse diameter (the diameter of reference), and the rectangle is equal to the square on the diameter conjugate to the diameter of reference.
[3]In the case of the parabola, the base (as distinct from the ‘erect side’) of the rectangle is what is called theabscissa(Gk.αποτεμνομενη, ‘cut off’) of the ordinate, and the rectangle itself is equal to the square on the ordinate. In the case of the central conics, the base of the rectangle is ‘the transverse side of the figure’ or the transverse diameter (the diameter of reference), and the rectangle is equal to the square on the diameter conjugate to the diameter of reference.
[4]This word primarily means an all-round athlete, a winner in all five of the sports constituting theπενταθλον, namely jumping, discus-throwing, running, wrestling, and boxing (or javelin-throwing).
[4]This word primarily means an all-round athlete, a winner in all five of the sports constituting theπενταθλον, namely jumping, discus-throwing, running, wrestling, and boxing (or javelin-throwing).
[5]επι δε τουτοις Πυθαγορας την περι αυτην φιλοσοφιαν εις σχημα παιδειας ελευθερου μετεστησεν. {epi de toutois Pythagoras tên peri autên philosophian eis schêma paideias eleutherou metestêsen.}Procli Comment. Euclidis lib. I, Prolegom. II(p. 65, ed. Friedlein).
[5]επι δε τουτοις Πυθαγορας την περι αυτην φιλοσοφιαν εις σχημα παιδειας ελευθερου μετεστησεν. {epi de toutois Pythagoras tên peri autên philosophian eis schêma paideias eleutherou metestêsen.}Procli Comment. Euclidis lib. I, Prolegom. II(p. 65, ed. Friedlein).
[6]The wordBiologywas introduced by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1776-1837) in hisBiologie oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, 6 vols., Göttingen, 1802-22, and was adopted by J.-B. de Lamarck (1744-1829) in hisHydrogéologie, Paris, 1802. It is probable that the first English use of the word in its modern sense is by Sir William Lawrence (1783-1867) in his workOn the Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History of Man, London, 1819; there are earlier English uses of the word, however, contrasted withbiography.
[6]The wordBiologywas introduced by Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1776-1837) in hisBiologie oder die Philosophie der lebenden Natur, 6 vols., Göttingen, 1802-22, and was adopted by J.-B. de Lamarck (1744-1829) in hisHydrogéologie, Paris, 1802. It is probable that the first English use of the word in its modern sense is by Sir William Lawrence (1783-1867) in his workOn the Physiology, Zoology, and Natural History of Man, London, 1819; there are earlier English uses of the word, however, contrasted withbiography.
[7]The remains of Alcmaeon are given in H. Diel’sDie Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin, 1903, p. 103. Alcmaeon is considered in the companion chapter onGreek Medicine.
[7]The remains of Alcmaeon are given in H. Diel’sDie Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, Berlin, 1903, p. 103. Alcmaeon is considered in the companion chapter onGreek Medicine.
[8]Especially theπερι γυναικειης φυσιος,On the nature of woman, and theπερι γυναικειων,On the diseases of women.
[8]Especially theπερι γυναικειης φυσιος,On the nature of woman, and theπερι γυναικειων,On the diseases of women.
[9]περι ἑβδομαδων. The Greek text is lost. We have, however, an early and barbarous Latin translation, and there has recently been printed an Arabic commentary. G. Bergstrasser,Pseudogaleni in Hippocratis de septimanis commentarium ab Hunnino Q. F. arabice versum, Leipzig, 1914.
[9]περι ἑβδομαδων. The Greek text is lost. We have, however, an early and barbarous Latin translation, and there has recently been printed an Arabic commentary. G. Bergstrasser,Pseudogaleni in Hippocratis de septimanis commentarium ab Hunnino Q. F. arabice versum, Leipzig, 1914.
[10]περι νουσων δ.
[10]περι νουσων δ.
[11]περι καρδιης.
[11]περι καρδιης.
[12]Especially in theπερι γονης.
[12]Especially in theπερι γονης.
[13]The three worksπερι γονης, περι φυσιος παιδιου, περι νουσων δ,On generation,on the nature of the embryo,on diseases, book IV, form really one treatise on generation.
[13]The three worksπερι γονης, περι φυσιος παιδιου, περι νουσων δ,On generation,on the nature of the embryo,on diseases, book IV, form really one treatise on generation.
[14]περι φυσιος παιδιου,On the nature of the embryo, § 13. The same experience is described in theπερι σαρκων,On the muscles.
[14]περι φυσιος παιδιου,On the nature of the embryo, § 13. The same experience is described in theπερι σαρκων,On the muscles.
[15]περι φυσιος παιδιου,On the nature of the embryo, § 29.
[15]περι φυσιος παιδιου,On the nature of the embryo, § 29.
[16]περι φυσιος παιδιου,On the nature of the embryo, § 22.
[16]περι φυσιος παιδιου,On the nature of the embryo, § 22.
[17]Ibid. § 23.
[17]Ibid. § 23.
[18]It is possible that Theophrastus derived the word pericarp from Aristotle. Cp.De anima, ii. 1, 412 b 2. In the passageτο φυλλον περικαρπιου σκεπασμα, το δε περικαρπιον καρπου, in theDe animathe word does not, however, seem to have the full technical force that Theophrastus gives to it.
[18]It is possible that Theophrastus derived the word pericarp from Aristotle. Cp.De anima, ii. 1, 412 b 2. In the passageτο φυλλον περικαρπιου σκεπασμα, το δε περικαρπιον καρπου, in theDe animathe word does not, however, seem to have the full technical force that Theophrastus gives to it.
[19]Historia plantarum, i. 2, vi.
[19]Historia plantarum, i. 2, vi.
[20]Ibid.i. 1, iv.
[20]Ibid.i. 1, iv.
[21]Historia plantarum, ii. 1, i.
[21]Historia plantarum, ii. 1, i.
[22]Historia plantarum, viii. 1, i.
[22]Historia plantarum, viii. 1, i.
[23]Nathaniel Highmore,A History of Generation, London, 1651.
[23]Nathaniel Highmore,A History of Generation, London, 1651.
[24]Marcello Malpighi,Anatome plantarum, London, 1675.
[24]Marcello Malpighi,Anatome plantarum, London, 1675.
[25]Nehemiah Grew,Anatomy of Vegetables begun, London, 1672.
[25]Nehemiah Grew,Anatomy of Vegetables begun, London, 1672.
[26]Pliny,Naturalis historia, xiii. 4.
[26]Pliny,Naturalis historia, xiii. 4.
[27]The curious wordολυνθαζειν, here translatedto use the wild fig, is fromολυνθος, a kind of wild fig which seldom ripens. The special meaning here given to the word is explained in another work of Theophrastus,De causis plantarum, ii. 9, xv. After describing caprification in figs, he says το δε επι των φοινικων συμβαινον ου ταυτον μεν, εχει δε τινα ὁμοιοτητα τουτω δι’ ὁ καλουσιν ολυνθαζειν αυτους {to de epi tôn phoinikôn symbainon ou tauton men, echei de tina homoiotêta toutô di’ ho kalousin olynthazein autous} ‘The same thing is not done with dates, but something analogous to it, whence this is calledολυνθαζειν’.
[27]The curious wordολυνθαζειν, here translatedto use the wild fig, is fromολυνθος, a kind of wild fig which seldom ripens. The special meaning here given to the word is explained in another work of Theophrastus,De causis plantarum, ii. 9, xv. After describing caprification in figs, he says το δε επι των φοινικων συμβαινον ου ταυτον μεν, εχει δε τινα ὁμοιοτητα τουτω δι’ ὁ καλουσιν ολυνθαζειν αυτους {to de epi tôn phoinikôn symbainon ou tauton men, echei de tina homoiotêta toutô di’ ho kalousin olynthazein autous} ‘The same thing is not done with dates, but something analogous to it, whence this is calledολυνθαζειν’.
[28]Historia plantarum, ii. 8, iv.
[28]Historia plantarum, ii. 8, iv.
[29]Herodotus i. 193.
[29]Herodotus i. 193.
[30]Historia plantarum, ii. 8, i.
[30]Historia plantarum, ii. 8, i.
[31]Ibid.ii. 8, ii.
[31]Ibid.ii. 8, ii.
[32]Historia plantarum, ii. 8, iv.
[32]Historia plantarum, ii. 8, iv.
[33]Ibid.i. 1, ix.
[33]Ibid.i. 1, ix.
[34]Ibid.iii. 18, x.
[34]Ibid.iii. 18, x.
[35]De causis plantarum, ii. 23.
[35]De causis plantarum, ii. 23.
[36]Historia plantarum, i. 13, iii.
[36]Historia plantarum, i. 13, iii.
[37]See the companion chapter onGreek Medicine.
[37]See the companion chapter onGreek Medicine.
[38]The surviving fragments of the works of Crateuas have recently been printed by M. Wellmann as an appendix to the text of Dioscorides,De materia medica, 3 vols., Berlin, 1906-17, iii. pp. 144-6. The source and fate of his plant drawings are discussed in the same author’sKrateuas, Berlin, 1897.
[38]The surviving fragments of the works of Crateuas have recently been printed by M. Wellmann as an appendix to the text of Dioscorides,De materia medica, 3 vols., Berlin, 1906-17, iii. pp. 144-6. The source and fate of his plant drawings are discussed in the same author’sKrateuas, Berlin, 1897.
[39]The manuscript in question is Med. Graec. 1 at what was the Royal Library at Vienna. It is known as theConstantinopolitanus. After the war it was taken to St. Mark’s at Venice, but either has been or is about to be restored to Vienna. A facsimile of this grand manuscript was published by Sijthoff, Leyden, 1906.
[39]The manuscript in question is Med. Graec. 1 at what was the Royal Library at Vienna. It is known as theConstantinopolitanus. After the war it was taken to St. Mark’s at Venice, but either has been or is about to be restored to Vienna. A facsimile of this grand manuscript was published by Sijthoff, Leyden, 1906.
[40]The lady in question was Juliana Anicia, daughter of Anicius Olybrius, Emperor of the West in 472, and his wife Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III. Juliana was betrothed in 479 by the Eastern Emperor Zeno to Theodoric the Ostrogoth, but was married, probably in 487 when the manuscript was presented to her, to Areobindus, a high military officer under the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius.
[40]The lady in question was Juliana Anicia, daughter of Anicius Olybrius, Emperor of the West in 472, and his wife Placidia, daughter of Valentinian III. Juliana was betrothed in 479 by the Eastern Emperor Zeno to Theodoric the Ostrogoth, but was married, probably in 487 when the manuscript was presented to her, to Areobindus, a high military officer under the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius.
[41]The importance of this manuscript as well as the position of Dioscorides as medical botanist is discussed by Charles Singer in an article ‘Greek Biology and the Rise of Modern Biology’,Studies in the History and Method of Science, vol. ii, Oxford, 1921.
[41]The importance of this manuscript as well as the position of Dioscorides as medical botanist is discussed by Charles Singer in an article ‘Greek Biology and the Rise of Modern Biology’,Studies in the History and Method of Science, vol. ii, Oxford, 1921.
[42]This manuscript is at the University Library at Leyden, where it is numbered Voss Q 9.
[42]This manuscript is at the University Library at Leyden, where it is numbered Voss Q 9.
[43]A good instance of Galen’s teleological point of view is afforded by his classical description ofthe handin theπερι χρειας των εν ανθρωπου σωματι μοριων,On the uses of the parts of the body of man, i. 1. This passage is available in English in a tract by Thomas Bellott, London, 1840.
[43]A good instance of Galen’s teleological point of view is afforded by his classical description ofthe handin theπερι χρειας των εν ανθρωπου σωματι μοριων,On the uses of the parts of the body of man, i. 1. This passage is available in English in a tract by Thomas Bellott, London, 1840.
[44]The early European translations from the Arabic are tabulated with unparalleled learning by M. Steinschneider, ‘Die Europäischen Uebersetzungen aus dem Arabischen bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts’, in theSitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, cxlix and cli, Vienna, 1904 and 1905.
[44]The early European translations from the Arabic are tabulated with unparalleled learning by M. Steinschneider, ‘Die Europäischen Uebersetzungen aus dem Arabischen bis Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts’, in theSitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften in Wien, cxlix and cli, Vienna, 1904 and 1905.
[45]C. H. Haskins, ‘The reception of Arabic science in England,’English Historical Review, London, 1915, p. 56.
[45]C. H. Haskins, ‘The reception of Arabic science in England,’English Historical Review, London, 1915, p. 56.
[46]Roger Bacon,Opus majus, edited by J. H. Bridges, 3 vols., London, 1897-1900. Vol. iii, p. 66.
[46]Roger Bacon,Opus majus, edited by J. H. Bridges, 3 vols., London, 1897-1900. Vol. iii, p. 66.
[47]On the Aristotelian translations of Scott see A. H. Querfeld,Michael Scottus und seine Schrift, De secretis naturae, Leipzig, 1919; and C. H. Haskins, ‘Michael Scot and Frederick II’ inIsis, ii. 250, Brussels, 1922.
[47]On the Aristotelian translations of Scott see A. H. Querfeld,Michael Scottus und seine Schrift, De secretis naturae, Leipzig, 1919; and C. H. Haskins, ‘Michael Scot and Frederick II’ inIsis, ii. 250, Brussels, 1922.
[48]J. G. Schneider,Aristotelis de animalibus historiae, Leipzig, 1811, p. cxxvi. L. Dittmeyer,Guilelmi Moerbekensis translatio commentationis Aristotelicae de generatione animalium, Dillingen, 1915. L. Dittmeyer,De animalibus historia, Leipzig, 1907.
[48]J. G. Schneider,Aristotelis de animalibus historiae, Leipzig, 1811, p. cxxvi. L. Dittmeyer,Guilelmi Moerbekensis translatio commentationis Aristotelicae de generatione animalium, Dillingen, 1915. L. Dittmeyer,De animalibus historia, Leipzig, 1907.
[49]The subject of the Latin translations of Aristotle is traversed by A. and C. Jourdain,Recherches critiques sur l’âge des traductions latines d’Aristote, 2nd ed., Paris, 1843; M. Grabmann,Forschungen uber die lateinischen Aristoteles Ubersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts, Münster i/W., 1916; and F. Wüstenfeld,Die Ubersetzungen arabischer Werke in das Lateinische seit dem XI. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1877.
[49]The subject of the Latin translations of Aristotle is traversed by A. and C. Jourdain,Recherches critiques sur l’âge des traductions latines d’Aristote, 2nd ed., Paris, 1843; M. Grabmann,Forschungen uber die lateinischen Aristoteles Ubersetzungen des XIII. Jahrhunderts, Münster i/W., 1916; and F. Wüstenfeld,Die Ubersetzungen arabischer Werke in das Lateinische seit dem XI. Jahrhundert, Göttingen, 1877.
[50]The enormousDe Animalibusof Albert of Cologne is now available in an edition by H. Stadler,Albertus Magnus De Animalibus Libri XXVI nach der cölner Urschrift, 2 vols., Münster i/W., 1916-21. The quotation is translated from vol. i, pp. 465-6.
[50]The enormousDe Animalibusof Albert of Cologne is now available in an edition by H. Stadler,Albertus Magnus De Animalibus Libri XXVI nach der cölner Urschrift, 2 vols., Münster i/W., 1916-21. The quotation is translated from vol. i, pp. 465-6.
[51]Conrad’s work is conveniently edited by H. Schultz,Das Buch der Natur von Conrad von Megenberg, die erste Naturgeschichte in deutscher Sprache, in Neu-Hochdeutsche Sprache bearbeitet, Greifswald, 1897. Conrad’s work is based on that of Thomas of Cantimpré (1201-70).
[51]Conrad’s work is conveniently edited by H. Schultz,Das Buch der Natur von Conrad von Megenberg, die erste Naturgeschichte in deutscher Sprache, in Neu-Hochdeutsche Sprache bearbeitet, Greifswald, 1897. Conrad’s work is based on that of Thomas of Cantimpré (1201-70).
[52]Hieronimo Fabrizio of Acquapendente,De formato foetu, Padua, 1604.
[52]Hieronimo Fabrizio of Acquapendente,De formato foetu, Padua, 1604.
[53]William Harvey,Exercitationes de generatione animalium, London, 1651.
[53]William Harvey,Exercitationes de generatione animalium, London, 1651.
[54]Karl Ernst von Baer,Ueber die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, Königsberg, 1828-37.
[54]Karl Ernst von Baer,Ueber die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, Königsberg, 1828-37.
[55]The works of Herophilus are lost. This fine passage has been preserved for us by Sextus Empiricus, a third-century physician, in hisπρος τοις μαθηματικους αιτιρρητικοι, which is in essence an attack on all positive philosophy. It is an entertaining fact that we should have to go to such a work for remains of the greatest anatomist of antiquity. The passage is in the section directed against ethical writers, xi. 50.
[55]The works of Herophilus are lost. This fine passage has been preserved for us by Sextus Empiricus, a third-century physician, in hisπρος τοις μαθηματικους αιτιρρητικοι, which is in essence an attack on all positive philosophy. It is an entertaining fact that we should have to go to such a work for remains of the greatest anatomist of antiquity. The passage is in the section directed against ethical writers, xi. 50.
[56]The wordφυσικος, though it passed over into Latin (Cicero) with the meaningnaturalist, acquired the connotation ofsorcereramong the later Greek writers. Perhaps the wordphysicianuswas introduced to make a distinction from the charm-mongeringphysicus. In later Latinphysicusandmedicusare almost always interchangeable.
[56]The wordφυσικος, though it passed over into Latin (Cicero) with the meaningnaturalist, acquired the connotation ofsorcereramong the later Greek writers. Perhaps the wordphysicianuswas introduced to make a distinction from the charm-mongeringphysicus. In later Latinphysicusandmedicusare almost always interchangeable.
[57]This fragment has been published in vol. iii, part 1, of theSupplementum Aristotelicumby H. Diels asAnonymi Londinensis ex Aristotelis Iatricis Menonis et Aliis Medicis Eclogae, Berlin, 1893. See also H. Bekh and F. Spät,Anonymus Londinensis, Auszuge eines Unbekannten aus Aristoteles-Menons Handbuch der Medizin, Berlin, 1896.
[57]This fragment has been published in vol. iii, part 1, of theSupplementum Aristotelicumby H. Diels asAnonymi Londinensis ex Aristotelis Iatricis Menonis et Aliis Medicis Eclogae, Berlin, 1893. See also H. Bekh and F. Spät,Anonymus Londinensis, Auszuge eines Unbekannten aus Aristoteles-Menons Handbuch der Medizin, Berlin, 1896.
[58]As we go to press there appears a preliminary account of the very remarkable Edwin Smith papyrus, see J. H. Breasted inRecueil d’études egyptologiques dédiées à la mémoire de Champollion, Paris 1922, andNew York Historical Society Bulletin, 1922.
[58]As we go to press there appears a preliminary account of the very remarkable Edwin Smith papyrus, see J. H. Breasted inRecueil d’études egyptologiques dédiées à la mémoire de Champollion, Paris 1922, andNew York Historical Society Bulletin, 1922.
[59]It is tempting, also, to connect the Asclepian snake cult with the prominence of the serpent in Minoan religion.
[59]It is tempting, also, to connect the Asclepian snake cult with the prominence of the serpent in Minoan religion.
[60]This wordpronoia, as Galen explains (εις το Ἱπποκρατους προγνωστικον, K. xviii, B. p. 10), is not used in the philosophic sense, as when we ask whether the universe was made by chance or bypronoia, nor is it used quite in the modern sense ofprognosis, though it includes that too.Pronoiain Hippocrates means knowing things about a patient before you are told them. See E. T. Withington, ‘Some Greek medical terms with reference to Luke and Liddell and Scott,’Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine(Section of the History of Medicine), xiii, p. 124, London, 1920.
[60]This wordpronoia, as Galen explains (εις το Ἱπποκρατους προγνωστικον, K. xviii, B. p. 10), is not used in the philosophic sense, as when we ask whether the universe was made by chance or bypronoia, nor is it used quite in the modern sense ofprognosis, though it includes that too.Pronoiain Hippocrates means knowing things about a patient before you are told them. See E. T. Withington, ‘Some Greek medical terms with reference to Luke and Liddell and Scott,’Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine(Section of the History of Medicine), xiii, p. 124, London, 1920.
[61]Prognostics1.
[61]Prognostics1.
[62]There is a discussion of the relation of the Asclepiadae to temple practice in an article by E. T. Withington, ‘The Asclepiadae and the Priest of Asclepius,’ inStudies in the History and Method of Science, edited by Charles Singer, vol. ii, Oxford, 1921.
[62]There is a discussion of the relation of the Asclepiadae to temple practice in an article by E. T. Withington, ‘The Asclepiadae and the Priest of Asclepius,’ inStudies in the History and Method of Science, edited by Charles Singer, vol. ii, Oxford, 1921.
[63]The works of Anaximenes are lost. This phrase of his, however, is preserved by the later writer Aetios.
[63]The works of Anaximenes are lost. This phrase of his, however, is preserved by the later writer Aetios.
[64]For the work of these physicians see especially M. Wellmann,Fragmentsammlung der griechischen Aerzte, Bd. I, Berlin, 1901.
[64]For the work of these physicians see especially M. Wellmann,Fragmentsammlung der griechischen Aerzte, Bd. I, Berlin, 1901.
[65]Galen,περι ανατομικων εγχειρησεων,On anatomical preparations, § 1, K. II, p. 282.
[65]Galen,περι ανατομικων εγχειρησεων,On anatomical preparations, § 1, K. II, p. 282.
[66]Historia animalium, iii. 3, where it is ascribed to Polybus. The same passage is, however, repeated twice in the Hippocratic writings, viz. in theπερι φυσιος ανθρωπου,On the nature of man, Littré, vi. 58, and in theπερι οστεων φυσιος,On the nature of bones, Littré, ix. 174.
[66]Historia animalium, iii. 3, where it is ascribed to Polybus. The same passage is, however, repeated twice in the Hippocratic writings, viz. in theπερι φυσιος ανθρωπου,On the nature of man, Littré, vi. 58, and in theπερι οστεων φυσιος,On the nature of bones, Littré, ix. 174.
[67]Παραγγελιαι, § 6.
[67]Παραγγελιαι, § 6.
[68]See Fig. 1.
[68]See Fig. 1.
[69]Translation by Professor Arthur Platt.
[69]Translation by Professor Arthur Platt.
[70]It must, however, be admitted that in the Hippocratic collection are breaches of the oath, e. g. in the induction of abortion related inπερι φυσιος παιδιου. There is evidence, however, that the author of this work was not a medical practitioner.
[70]It must, however, be admitted that in the Hippocratic collection are breaches of the oath, e. g. in the induction of abortion related inπερι φυσιος παιδιου. There is evidence, however, that the author of this work was not a medical practitioner.
[71]Rome Urbinas 64, fo. 116.
[71]Rome Urbinas 64, fo. 116.
[72]Kühlewein, i. 79, regards this as an interpolated passage.
[72]Kühlewein, i. 79, regards this as an interpolated passage.
[73]Littré, ii. 112; Kühlewein, i. 79. The texts vary: Kühlewein is followed except in the last sentence.
[73]Littré, ii. 112; Kühlewein, i. 79. The texts vary: Kühlewein is followed except in the last sentence.
[74]Περι τεχνης, § 3.
[74]Περι τεχνης, § 3.
[75]Περι νουσων α', § 6.
[75]Περι νουσων α', § 6.
[76]A reference to dissection in theπερι αρθρων,On the joints, § 1, appears to the present writer to be of Alexandrian date.
[76]A reference to dissection in theπερι αρθρων,On the joints, § 1, appears to the present writer to be of Alexandrian date.
[77]They are to be found as an Appendix to Books I and III of theEpidemicsand embedded in Book III.
[77]They are to be found as an Appendix to Books I and III of theEpidemicsand embedded in Book III.
[78]John Cheyne (1777-1836) described this type of respiration in theDublin Hospital Reports, 1818, ii, p. 216. An extreme case of this condition had been described by Cheyne’s namesake George Cheyne (1671-1743) as the famous ‘Case of the Hon. Col. Townshend’ in hisEnglish Malady, London, 1733. William Stokes (1804-78) published his account of Cheyne-Stokes breathing in theDublin Quarterly Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1846, ii, p. 73.
[78]John Cheyne (1777-1836) described this type of respiration in theDublin Hospital Reports, 1818, ii, p. 216. An extreme case of this condition had been described by Cheyne’s namesake George Cheyne (1671-1743) as the famous ‘Case of the Hon. Col. Townshend’ in hisEnglish Malady, London, 1733. William Stokes (1804-78) published his account of Cheyne-Stokes breathing in theDublin Quarterly Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1846, ii, p. 73.
[79]The Epidaurian inscriptions are given by M. Fraenkel in theCorpus Inscriptionum GraecarumIV, 951-6, and are discussed by Mary Hamilton (Mrs. Guy Dickins),Incubation, St. Andrews, 1906, from whose translation I have quoted. Further inscriptions are given by Cavvadias in theArchaiologike Ephemeris, 1918, p. 155 (issued 1921).
[79]The Epidaurian inscriptions are given by M. Fraenkel in theCorpus Inscriptionum GraecarumIV, 951-6, and are discussed by Mary Hamilton (Mrs. Guy Dickins),Incubation, St. Andrews, 1906, from whose translation I have quoted. Further inscriptions are given by Cavvadias in theArchaiologike Ephemeris, 1918, p. 155 (issued 1921).
[80]We are almost told as much in the apocryphalGospel of Nicodemus, § 1, a work probably composed about the end of the fourth century.
[80]We are almost told as much in the apocryphalGospel of Nicodemus, § 1, a work probably composed about the end of the fourth century.
[81]Astley Paston Cooper,Treatise on Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints, London, 1822, andObservations on Fractures of the Neck and the Thighbone, &c., London, 1823.
[81]Astley Paston Cooper,Treatise on Dislocations and Fractures of the Joints, London, 1822, andObservations on Fractures of the Neck and the Thighbone, &c., London, 1823.
[82]This famous manuscript is known as Laurentian, Plutarch 74, 7, and its figures have been reproduced by H. Schöne,Apollonius von Kitium, Leipzig, 1896.
[82]This famous manuscript is known as Laurentian, Plutarch 74, 7, and its figures have been reproduced by H. Schöne,Apollonius von Kitium, Leipzig, 1896.
[83]The first lines are the source of the famous lines in Goethe’sFaust:‘Ach Gott! die Kunst ist langUnd kurz ist unser Leben,Mir wird bei meinem kritischen BestrebenDoch oft um Kopf und Busen bang.’
[83]The first lines are the source of the famous lines in Goethe’sFaust:
‘Ach Gott! die Kunst ist langUnd kurz ist unser Leben,Mir wird bei meinem kritischen BestrebenDoch oft um Kopf und Busen bang.’
‘Ach Gott! die Kunst ist langUnd kurz ist unser Leben,Mir wird bei meinem kritischen BestrebenDoch oft um Kopf und Busen bang.’
[84]The extreme of treatment refers in the original to the extreme restriction of diet,ες ακριβειην, but the meaning of the Aphorism has always been taken as more generalized.
[84]The extreme of treatment refers in the original to the extreme restriction of diet,ες ακριβειην, but the meaning of the Aphorism has always been taken as more generalized.
[85]The ancients knew almost nothing of infectionas applied specificallyto disease. All early peoples—including Greeks and Romans—believed in the transmission of qualities from object to object. Thus purity and impurity and good and bad luck were infections, and diseases were held to be infections in that sense. But there is little evidence in the belief of the special infectivity ofdisease as suchin antiquity. Some few diseases are, however, unequivocally referred to as infectious in a limited number of passages, e. g. ophthalmia, scabies, and phthisis in theπερι διαφορας πυρετων,On the differentiae of fevers, K. vii, p. 279. The references to infection in antiquity are detailed by C. and D. Singer, ‘The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro’,Annals of Medical History, vol. i, New York, 1917.
[85]The ancients knew almost nothing of infectionas applied specificallyto disease. All early peoples—including Greeks and Romans—believed in the transmission of qualities from object to object. Thus purity and impurity and good and bad luck were infections, and diseases were held to be infections in that sense. But there is little evidence in the belief of the special infectivity ofdisease as suchin antiquity. Some few diseases are, however, unequivocally referred to as infectious in a limited number of passages, e. g. ophthalmia, scabies, and phthisis in theπερι διαφορας πυρετων,On the differentiae of fevers, K. vii, p. 279. The references to infection in antiquity are detailed by C. and D. Singer, ‘The scientific position of Girolamo Fracastoro’,Annals of Medical History, vol. i, New York, 1917.
[86]K. F. H. Marx,Herophilus, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Medizin, Karlsruhe, 1838.
[86]K. F. H. Marx,Herophilus, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Medizin, Karlsruhe, 1838.
[87]Galen,περι ανατομικων εγχειρησεων,On anatomical preparations, ix. 5 (last sentence).
[87]Galen,περι ανατομικων εγχειρησεων,On anatomical preparations, ix. 5 (last sentence).
[88]Galen,περι φλεβων και αρτηριων ανατομης,On the anatomy of veins and arteries, i.
[88]Galen,περι φλεβων και αρτηριων ανατομης,On the anatomy of veins and arteries, i.
[89]The quotation is from chapter xxxiii, line 44 of theAnonymus Londinensis. H. Diels,Anonymus Londinensisin theSupplementum Aristotelicum, vol. iii, pars 1, Berlin, 1893.
[89]The quotation is from chapter xxxiii, line 44 of theAnonymus Londinensis. H. Diels,Anonymus Londinensisin theSupplementum Aristotelicum, vol. iii, pars 1, Berlin, 1893.
[90]Sanctorio Santorio,Oratio in archilyceo patavino anno 1612 habita; de medicina statica aphorismi. Venice, 1614.
[90]Sanctorio Santorio,Oratio in archilyceo patavino anno 1612 habita; de medicina statica aphorismi. Venice, 1614.
[91]This is the only passage of Hegetor’s writing that has survived. It has been preserved in the work of Apollonius of Citium.
[91]This is the only passage of Hegetor’s writing that has survived. It has been preserved in the work of Apollonius of Citium.
[92]Leyden Voss 4° 9*of the sixth century is a fragment of this work.
[92]Leyden Voss 4° 9*of the sixth century is a fragment of this work.
[93]V. Rose,Sorani Ephesii vetus translatio Latina cum additis Graeci textus reliquiis, Leipzig, 1882; F. Weindler,Geschichte der gynäkologisch-anatomischen Abbildung, Dresden, 1908.
[93]V. Rose,Sorani Ephesii vetus translatio Latina cum additis Graeci textus reliquiis, Leipzig, 1882; F. Weindler,Geschichte der gynäkologisch-anatomischen Abbildung, Dresden, 1908.
[94]The discovery and attribution of these figures is the work of K. Sudhoff. A bibliography of his writings on the subject will be found in a ‘Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy’ in C. Singer’sStudies in the History and Method of Science, vol. i, Oxford, 1917.
[94]The discovery and attribution of these figures is the work of K. Sudhoff. A bibliography of his writings on the subject will be found in a ‘Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy’ in C. Singer’sStudies in the History and Method of Science, vol. i, Oxford, 1917.
[95]First Latin edition Venice, 1552; first Greek edition Paris, 1554.
[95]First Latin edition Venice, 1552; first Greek edition Paris, 1554.
[96]e. g.περι κρασεως και δυναμεως των ἁπαντων φαρμακωνand theφαρμακα.
[96]e. g.περι κρασεως και δυναμεως των ἁπαντων φαρμακωνand theφαρμακα.
[97]e. g.De dinamidiis Galeni,Secreta Hippocratisand many astrological tracts.
[97]e. g.De dinamidiis Galeni,Secreta Hippocratisand many astrological tracts.
[98]Dissection of animals was practised at Salerno as early as the eleventh century.
[98]Dissection of animals was practised at Salerno as early as the eleventh century.
[99]The sources of the anatomical knowledge of the Middle Ages are discussed in detail in the following works: R. R. von Töply,Studien zur Geschichte der Anatomie im Mittelalter, Vienna, 1898; K. Sudhoff,Tradition und Naturbeobachtung, Leipzig, 1907; and also numerous articles in theArchiv für Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften; Charles Singer, ‘A Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy’, inStudies in the History and Method of Science, vol. i, Oxford, 1917.
[99]The sources of the anatomical knowledge of the Middle Ages are discussed in detail in the following works: R. R. von Töply,Studien zur Geschichte der Anatomie im Mittelalter, Vienna, 1898; K. Sudhoff,Tradition und Naturbeobachtung, Leipzig, 1907; and also numerous articles in theArchiv für Geschichte der Medizin und Naturwissenschaften; Charles Singer, ‘A Study in Early Renaissance Anatomy’, inStudies in the History and Method of Science, vol. i, Oxford, 1917.
[100]Benivieni’s notes were published posthumously. Some of the spurious Greek works of the Hippocratic collection have also case notes.
[100]Benivieni’s notes were published posthumously. Some of the spurious Greek works of the Hippocratic collection have also case notes.
[101]Tusc.1. 1. 2.
[101]Tusc.1. 1. 2.
[102]Inst. Or.I. 1. 12.
[102]Inst. Or.I. 1. 12.
[103]Goethe,Gespräche, 3. 387.
[103]Goethe,Gespräche, 3. 387.
[104]Ibid., 3. 443.
[104]Ibid., 3. 443.
[105]Wordsworth,Table-talk.
[105]Wordsworth,Table-talk.
[106]Shelley,On the Manners of the Ancients.
[106]Shelley,On the Manners of the Ancients.
[107]Mill,Dissertations, ii. 283 f.
[107]Mill,Dissertations, ii. 283 f.
[108]Macaulay,Life and Letters, i. 43.
[108]Macaulay,Life and Letters, i. 43.
[109]Homer,Iliad, vi. 466 ff. (with omissions: chiefly from the translation of Lang, Leaf, and Myers). It should be remembered that, of the three figures in this scene, the husband will be dead in a few days, while within a year the wife will be a slave and the child thrown from the city wall.
[109]Homer,Iliad, vi. 466 ff. (with omissions: chiefly from the translation of Lang, Leaf, and Myers). It should be remembered that, of the three figures in this scene, the husband will be dead in a few days, while within a year the wife will be a slave and the child thrown from the city wall.
[110]Genesis xxi. 14 f.
[110]Genesis xxi. 14 f.
[111]Iliad, xvi. 428 f.: ‘As vultures with crooked talons and curved beaks that upon some high crag fight, screaming loudly.’Ibid.v. 770 f.: ‘As far as a man’s view ranges in the haze, as he sits on a point of outlook and gazes over the wine-dark sea, so far at a spring leap the loud-neighing horses of the gods.’
[111]Iliad, xvi. 428 f.: ‘As vultures with crooked talons and curved beaks that upon some high crag fight, screaming loudly.’Ibid.v. 770 f.: ‘As far as a man’s view ranges in the haze, as he sits on a point of outlook and gazes over the wine-dark sea, so far at a spring leap the loud-neighing horses of the gods.’
[112]Poetics, c. 23 (tr. Butcher).
[112]Poetics, c. 23 (tr. Butcher).
[113]‘Stranger, tell the Spartans that we lie here, obeying their words.’
[113]‘Stranger, tell the Spartans that we lie here, obeying their words.’
[114]Phaedo, 118 B.
[114]Phaedo, 118 B.
[115]fr. 95: ‘Star of evening, bringing all things that bright dawn has scattered, you bring the sheep, you bring the goat, you bring the child back to its mother.’
[115]fr. 95: ‘Star of evening, bringing all things that bright dawn has scattered, you bring the sheep, you bring the goat, you bring the child back to its mother.’
[116]Iliad, xxiv. 277 f. (with omissions).
[116]Iliad, xxiv. 277 f. (with omissions).
[117]I have taken these quotations of Keats from Bradley,Oxford Lecture on Poetry, p. 238.
[117]I have taken these quotations of Keats from Bradley,Oxford Lecture on Poetry, p. 238.
[118]Callimachus,Epigr.20: ‘His father Philip laid here to rest his twelve-year old son, his high hope, Nicoteles.’
[118]Callimachus,Epigr.20: ‘His father Philip laid here to rest his twelve-year old son, his high hope, Nicoteles.’
[119]Thuc.iv. 104, 105, 106 (tr. Jowett, mainly).
[119]Thuc.iv. 104, 105, 106 (tr. Jowett, mainly).
[120]The Greek Genius and its Meaning to us, pp. 74 ff.
[120]The Greek Genius and its Meaning to us, pp. 74 ff.