Chapter 15

De Grasse, Comte, French Admiral, exercises the decisive effect in obtaining American Independence,4;sails to take chief command in America, 1781,162;action with Hood off Martinique,163-165;Chevalier's comment on conduct of,166;abortive attempt against Santa Lucia,167;capture of Tobago by,168;goes to Cap François,168,176, and there prepares for expedition against Cornwallis,178;on this occasion shows energy and foresight unusual to him,178;anchors in Chesapeake Bay,178;action with Graves,179-184;regains Chesapeake,184;returns to West Indies after Cornwallis's surrender,185;expedition against St. Kitts, 1782,197-205;outgeneralled by Hood,201,204,205;St. Kitts surrenders to,205;Hood escapes from,205;returns to Martinique,206;expedition against Jamaica, plan of,206;puts to sea,207;transactions from April 8 to April 12,207-212;defeated in great battle of April 12,213-221, and captured with flagship,221;professional character of, illustrated,166,178,184,198,205,207,209,214,215,216.De Guichen, Comte de, succeeds d'Estaing in North American command, 1780,115,130;biographical summary of,115(note);project of against Barbados,130;frustrated by Rodney,130;action of April 17, with Rodney,130-135;orders of French Government to,141;consequent conduct of,141-145;actions with Rodney, May 15,142, and May 19,144;broken down by responsibility,145;under orders, accompanies Spanish squadron to Cap François,147;there refuses to coöperate with Americans,147;returns to Europe,148;commands French contingent to Allied Fleet under de Cordova, 1781,188;advises attack upon British Fleet in Tor Bay,189;loses great part of West India military convoy entrusted to his charge,196.De Langara, Spanish Admiral, squadron under command of, defeated, and himself captured by Rodney,122,123;inefficiency of,125.D'Orves, Comte, French Admiral, commands in East Indies, 1781,235,236;joined by Suffren,239;sails for Coromandel Coast,240;dies, and succeeded by Suffren,240.D'Orvilliers, Comte, French Admiral, commander-in-chief of Brest Fleet, 1778,82;puts to sea,82;Government instructions to,83;encounter with British Fleet under Keppel,83;manoeuvres of, and action of July 27,83-91;comment upon,92,97;summer cruise of, 1779,116-120;hampered by instructions,119;returns to Brest unsuccessful,120.De Suffren, Bailli, French Captain and Admiral, with d'Estaing in Narragansett Bay, 1778,69;in the action with Byron off Grenada,111;his comment upon d'Estaing's conduct,111;biographical summary of,111(note);sails for East Indies, 1781,163,236;effect upon operations of, in India, by capture of a French convoy in Bay of Biscay,228;attacks British squadron in Porto Praya,236-238;saves Cape of Good Hope,238;arrives Ile de France,239;succeeds to chief command in East Indies,240;five battles with British squadron,240,242,244,247,253;captures Trincomalee, 1782,247;relieves Cuddalore,252-254;estimate of,254,255.De Ternay, French Commodore, commands squadron with convoy, from Brest for Newport, R.I.,155;action with British squadron under Cornwallis, 1780,155-157;comment, favorable and unfavorable,156;death of, 1781, and succeeded by des Touches,170.Des Touches, French Commodore, succeeds de Ternay in command at Newport, 1781,170;sails to enter Chesapeake Bay, to check British operations in Virginia,170;pursued by Arbuthnot,171;action between the two squadrons,171-173;gains tactical advantage, but leaves the field to the British,174;justified by de Barras, who arrives and supersedes him,174.De Vaudreuil, Marquis, French Admiral, second to de Grasse in 1782,209;commands-in-chief partial attack on Hood's division,209;quoted,214;succeeds to chief command upon de Grasse's surrender,222;condition of his command after the battle,223;pursued by Rodney, but reaches Cap François,225.Doggers Bank, Battle of the, 1781,189-194.Dominica, British West India Island, captured by French, 1778,99;battle of,208,209,210,213,215.Douglas, Sir Charles, British naval captain, commands squadron which relieves Quebec, 1776,10;quoted,11,14,17,18,22,25,26;energetic preparations by, to regain control of Lake Champlain,15-17;force created by,17;made a baronet for his services at this time,26;captain of the fleet to Rodney, 1782,222;opinion as to Rodney's conduct cited,222.Farragut, at Mobile, cited in illustration,66(note).Fighting Instructions, Additional, point in, bearing upon the failure of Rodney's plan of attack, April 17, 1780,133,138,139(and note)."Fleet in Being,"73,174;how regarded, apparently, by D'Orvilliers in 1779,119.France, intervention of France in the American quarrel determined by Burgoyne's defeat, and leads to Spanish intervention,3,58,116;vacillating naval instructions of Government of,83,118,119,141,154;divergence of views between Spain and,120,121,147,158,186,188,189.France, Ile de (now Mauritius), French naval station in Indian Ocean,126,234,236,239.Gardiner's Bay, east end of Long Island, station of British fleet under Arbuthnot, watching French at Newport,151,170.Gates, Horatio, American General, defeated by Cornwallis at Camden,152.George, Lake, a link in consecutive water communications from New York to Canada,7,51.Gibraltar, d'Estaing ordered to commence hostilities when forty leagues west of,59;capture of, a leading object with Spanish Government,120;this desire affects the major operations of Allies throughout the war,121,186;blockade of, by land and sea,121;Rodney's relief of, 1780,121-126,157;Darby's relief of, 1781,186,188;Howe's relief of, 1782,229-233.Glossary, of technical terms used in this book,257.Grant, James, British General, share of in capture of Santa Lucia,102-104.Graves, Sir Thomas, British Admiral, brings reinforcement of vessels to New York,151;relieves Arbuthnot in command of North American Station, 1781,176;difficulties of, owing to interception of communications,177;joined by Hood off New York,177;sails for the relief of Cornwallis,178;action of, with French fleet under de Grasse,179-184;conduct of, criticized by Hood,181,182,184;returns to New York,184;relieves Sir Peter Parker in Jamaica command,185.Great Britain, feeble hold of, upon Canada, 1775,10;shown by rewards for saving the colony,26;inadequate provision of force by, 1774-1776,29,30,59,62,79,82,99,112,116,117,120,127,148,189,193,226;improper dispersion of effort by,30,31,48,52,56,62,63,72,113-115,151-153,175;distrust of Government of, among naval officers,79,81,93,95,97,99,135,146,157,158,193;alarm in, produced by Allied fleets in Channel, 1779,117;declares war against Holland, 1780,158.Grenada, British West India Island, captured by French,105;naval battle off,105-112.Haiti, French West India Island,147,148,168(see "Cap François");squadron action off north coast of,153-155.Hardy, Sir Charles, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet,117,119.Holland, brought into War of American Independence by concurring in Armed Neutrality of Baltic Powers, 1780,3,158,236;colonial possessions of,3,158,160-162,236,240,246;St. Eustatius, St. Martin, and Saba, West India Islands of, taken by Rodney,160-162;battle of Doggers Bank,189-193;fleet of, held in check by Howe, 1782,228;Cape of Good Hope menaced by British, saved by Suffren,236-238;Trincomalee, in Ceylon, taken by British,240, recaptured by Suffren,247.Hood, Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, arrives in West Indies, 1781, with reinforcements for Rodney,160;sent to cruise off Martinique, to intercept de Grasse,162;action between, and de Grasse,163-167;exceptional ability of,166,184;French tribute to,167;sent by Rodney with fourteen ships-of-the-line to reinforce North American station,176;under command of Admiral Graves, sails for Chesapeake,177;part of, in action between Graves and de Grasse,180-183;criticisms of, upon Graves's conduct,181,182,184;returns to West Indies,185;in chief command there for two months,196-205;brilliant operations of, at St. Kitts,197-205;superseded by Rodney's return,205;part of, in action of April 9, 1782,208-210;in battle of April 12,212-221;de Grasse's flagship strikes to,221;censures passed by, upon Rodney's course after the battle,220,222,224,225;detached in pursuit, captures a small French squadron,224;returns to England after the peace,226.Hotham, William, British naval Captain, in operations against New York, 1776,42;convoys reinforcement of troops to West Indies,100;left in West Indies in temporary command, by Rodney,148.Howe, Richard, Earl, British Admiral, appointed to command North American Station, 1776,30;invested also with powers as peace commissioner,39;arrives at New York,39;failure of peace negotiations,39;operations at and about New York,39,42-47;tribute of, to force under his command,47;accompanies army expedition to Chesapeake Bay,52;operations in the Delaware,53-55, and coastwise,56;purpose of d'Estaing to intercept, in Delaware,59;serious exposure of, through inadequate force,62,66;"extricates himself by rapid movements,62-64;preparations to defend entrance to New York,65-68;inferiority of force to d'Estaing,66;follows French Fleet to Narragansett Bay,70, and by his presence there induces d'Estaing to abandon siege of Newport, and put to sea,73;manoeuvres of, with inferior force,73-75;fleet of, scattered by gale,75;returns to New York,76, and again follows French Fleet to Boston,77;admirable qualities of, as illustrated in this campaign,78;futile contemporary criticism of,79;relinquishes command, and returns to England, 1778,81;not employed again, until change of Ministry, 1782,81,227;appointed to command Channel Fleet, 1782, and primary operations there,227-229;successful evasion of very superior Franco-Spanish Fleet,229;skilful conduct of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782,229-231;engagement with Allied Fleet,232;special qualities of, again illustrated,232;French eulogy of,232, and of force under his command,233.Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl), British General, failure of to support Burgoyne, 1777,28,51,52;evacuates Boston, 1776, and retires to Halifax,29,30;extent of regions under his command-in-chief,30;appointed peace commissioner, jointly with Lord Howe,39;goes from Halifax to New York,39;fruitless peace negotiations,39;reduction of New York by,42-45;subsequent operations of, to Battle of Trenton,45-49;constitutional sluggishness of,45,47;occupies Narragansett Bay,48;injudicious extension of front of operations,48;small results after New York,49;rewarded with the Order of the Bath,49;takes the greater part of his force to Chesapeake Bay,52;effect of this upon Burgoyne's operations,52,53,55;occupies Philadelphia,53;this success worse than fruitless,56;relieved in command by Clinton, and returns to England,56,63.

De Grasse, Comte, French Admiral, exercises the decisive effect in obtaining American Independence,4;

sails to take chief command in America, 1781,162;

action with Hood off Martinique,163-165;

Chevalier's comment on conduct of,166;

abortive attempt against Santa Lucia,167;

capture of Tobago by,168;

goes to Cap François,168,176, and there prepares for expedition against Cornwallis,178;

on this occasion shows energy and foresight unusual to him,178;

anchors in Chesapeake Bay,178;

action with Graves,179-184;

regains Chesapeake,184;

returns to West Indies after Cornwallis's surrender,185;

expedition against St. Kitts, 1782,197-205;

outgeneralled by Hood,201,204,205;

St. Kitts surrenders to,205;

Hood escapes from,205;

returns to Martinique,206;

expedition against Jamaica, plan of,206;

puts to sea,207;

transactions from April 8 to April 12,207-212;

defeated in great battle of April 12,213-221, and captured with flagship,221;

professional character of, illustrated,166,178,184,198,205,207,209,214,215,216.

De Guichen, Comte de, succeeds d'Estaing in North American command, 1780,115,130;biographical summary of,115(note);project of against Barbados,130;frustrated by Rodney,130;action of April 17, with Rodney,130-135;orders of French Government to,141;consequent conduct of,141-145;actions with Rodney, May 15,142, and May 19,144;broken down by responsibility,145;under orders, accompanies Spanish squadron to Cap François,147;there refuses to coöperate with Americans,147;returns to Europe,148;commands French contingent to Allied Fleet under de Cordova, 1781,188;advises attack upon British Fleet in Tor Bay,189;loses great part of West India military convoy entrusted to his charge,196.

De Guichen, Comte de, succeeds d'Estaing in North American command, 1780,115,130;

biographical summary of,115(note);

project of against Barbados,130;

frustrated by Rodney,130;

action of April 17, with Rodney,130-135;

orders of French Government to,141;

consequent conduct of,141-145;

actions with Rodney, May 15,142, and May 19,144;

broken down by responsibility,145;

under orders, accompanies Spanish squadron to Cap François,147;

there refuses to coöperate with Americans,147;

returns to Europe,148;

commands French contingent to Allied Fleet under de Cordova, 1781,188;

advises attack upon British Fleet in Tor Bay,189;

loses great part of West India military convoy entrusted to his charge,196.

De Langara, Spanish Admiral, squadron under command of, defeated, and himself captured by Rodney,122,123;inefficiency of,125.

De Langara, Spanish Admiral, squadron under command of, defeated, and himself captured by Rodney,122,123;

inefficiency of,125.

D'Orves, Comte, French Admiral, commands in East Indies, 1781,235,236;joined by Suffren,239;sails for Coromandel Coast,240;dies, and succeeded by Suffren,240.

D'Orves, Comte, French Admiral, commands in East Indies, 1781,235,236;

joined by Suffren,239;

sails for Coromandel Coast,240;

dies, and succeeded by Suffren,240.

D'Orvilliers, Comte, French Admiral, commander-in-chief of Brest Fleet, 1778,82;puts to sea,82;Government instructions to,83;encounter with British Fleet under Keppel,83;manoeuvres of, and action of July 27,83-91;comment upon,92,97;summer cruise of, 1779,116-120;hampered by instructions,119;returns to Brest unsuccessful,120.

D'Orvilliers, Comte, French Admiral, commander-in-chief of Brest Fleet, 1778,82;

puts to sea,82;

Government instructions to,83;

encounter with British Fleet under Keppel,83;

manoeuvres of, and action of July 27,83-91;

comment upon,92,97;

summer cruise of, 1779,116-120;

hampered by instructions,119;

returns to Brest unsuccessful,120.

De Suffren, Bailli, French Captain and Admiral, with d'Estaing in Narragansett Bay, 1778,69;in the action with Byron off Grenada,111;his comment upon d'Estaing's conduct,111;biographical summary of,111(note);sails for East Indies, 1781,163,236;effect upon operations of, in India, by capture of a French convoy in Bay of Biscay,228;attacks British squadron in Porto Praya,236-238;saves Cape of Good Hope,238;arrives Ile de France,239;succeeds to chief command in East Indies,240;five battles with British squadron,240,242,244,247,253;captures Trincomalee, 1782,247;relieves Cuddalore,252-254;estimate of,254,255.

De Suffren, Bailli, French Captain and Admiral, with d'Estaing in Narragansett Bay, 1778,69;

in the action with Byron off Grenada,111;

his comment upon d'Estaing's conduct,111;

biographical summary of,111(note);

sails for East Indies, 1781,163,236;

effect upon operations of, in India, by capture of a French convoy in Bay of Biscay,228;

attacks British squadron in Porto Praya,236-238;

saves Cape of Good Hope,238;

arrives Ile de France,239;

succeeds to chief command in East Indies,240;

five battles with British squadron,240,242,244,247,253;

captures Trincomalee, 1782,247;

relieves Cuddalore,252-254;

estimate of,254,255.

De Ternay, French Commodore, commands squadron with convoy, from Brest for Newport, R.I.,155;action with British squadron under Cornwallis, 1780,155-157;comment, favorable and unfavorable,156;death of, 1781, and succeeded by des Touches,170.

De Ternay, French Commodore, commands squadron with convoy, from Brest for Newport, R.I.,155;

action with British squadron under Cornwallis, 1780,155-157;

comment, favorable and unfavorable,156;

death of, 1781, and succeeded by des Touches,170.

Des Touches, French Commodore, succeeds de Ternay in command at Newport, 1781,170;sails to enter Chesapeake Bay, to check British operations in Virginia,170;pursued by Arbuthnot,171;action between the two squadrons,171-173;gains tactical advantage, but leaves the field to the British,174;justified by de Barras, who arrives and supersedes him,174.

Des Touches, French Commodore, succeeds de Ternay in command at Newport, 1781,170;

sails to enter Chesapeake Bay, to check British operations in Virginia,170;

pursued by Arbuthnot,171;

action between the two squadrons,171-173;

gains tactical advantage, but leaves the field to the British,174;

justified by de Barras, who arrives and supersedes him,174.

De Vaudreuil, Marquis, French Admiral, second to de Grasse in 1782,209;commands-in-chief partial attack on Hood's division,209;quoted,214;succeeds to chief command upon de Grasse's surrender,222;condition of his command after the battle,223;pursued by Rodney, but reaches Cap François,225.

De Vaudreuil, Marquis, French Admiral, second to de Grasse in 1782,209;

commands-in-chief partial attack on Hood's division,209;

quoted,214;

succeeds to chief command upon de Grasse's surrender,222;

condition of his command after the battle,223;

pursued by Rodney, but reaches Cap François,225.

Doggers Bank, Battle of the, 1781,189-194.

Dominica, British West India Island, captured by French, 1778,99;battle of,208,209,210,213,215.

Dominica, British West India Island, captured by French, 1778,99;

battle of,208,209,210,213,215.

Douglas, Sir Charles, British naval captain, commands squadron which relieves Quebec, 1776,10;quoted,11,14,17,18,22,25,26;energetic preparations by, to regain control of Lake Champlain,15-17;force created by,17;made a baronet for his services at this time,26;captain of the fleet to Rodney, 1782,222;opinion as to Rodney's conduct cited,222.

Douglas, Sir Charles, British naval captain, commands squadron which relieves Quebec, 1776,10;

quoted,11,14,17,18,22,25,26;

energetic preparations by, to regain control of Lake Champlain,15-17;

force created by,17;

made a baronet for his services at this time,26;

captain of the fleet to Rodney, 1782,222;

opinion as to Rodney's conduct cited,222.

Farragut, at Mobile, cited in illustration,66(note).

Fighting Instructions, Additional, point in, bearing upon the failure of Rodney's plan of attack, April 17, 1780,133,138,139(and note).

"Fleet in Being,"73,174;how regarded, apparently, by D'Orvilliers in 1779,119.

"Fleet in Being,"73,174;

how regarded, apparently, by D'Orvilliers in 1779,119.

France, intervention of France in the American quarrel determined by Burgoyne's defeat, and leads to Spanish intervention,3,58,116;vacillating naval instructions of Government of,83,118,119,141,154;divergence of views between Spain and,120,121,147,158,186,188,189.

France, intervention of France in the American quarrel determined by Burgoyne's defeat, and leads to Spanish intervention,3,58,116;

vacillating naval instructions of Government of,83,118,119,141,154;

divergence of views between Spain and,120,121,147,158,186,188,189.

France, Ile de (now Mauritius), French naval station in Indian Ocean,126,234,236,239.

Gardiner's Bay, east end of Long Island, station of British fleet under Arbuthnot, watching French at Newport,151,170.

Gates, Horatio, American General, defeated by Cornwallis at Camden,152.

George, Lake, a link in consecutive water communications from New York to Canada,7,51.

Gibraltar, d'Estaing ordered to commence hostilities when forty leagues west of,59;capture of, a leading object with Spanish Government,120;this desire affects the major operations of Allies throughout the war,121,186;blockade of, by land and sea,121;Rodney's relief of, 1780,121-126,157;Darby's relief of, 1781,186,188;Howe's relief of, 1782,229-233.

Gibraltar, d'Estaing ordered to commence hostilities when forty leagues west of,59;

capture of, a leading object with Spanish Government,120;

this desire affects the major operations of Allies throughout the war,121,186;

blockade of, by land and sea,121;

Rodney's relief of, 1780,121-126,157;

Darby's relief of, 1781,186,188;

Howe's relief of, 1782,229-233.

Glossary, of technical terms used in this book,257.

Grant, James, British General, share of in capture of Santa Lucia,102-104.

Graves, Sir Thomas, British Admiral, brings reinforcement of vessels to New York,151;relieves Arbuthnot in command of North American Station, 1781,176;difficulties of, owing to interception of communications,177;joined by Hood off New York,177;sails for the relief of Cornwallis,178;action of, with French fleet under de Grasse,179-184;conduct of, criticized by Hood,181,182,184;returns to New York,184;relieves Sir Peter Parker in Jamaica command,185.

Graves, Sir Thomas, British Admiral, brings reinforcement of vessels to New York,151;

relieves Arbuthnot in command of North American Station, 1781,176;

difficulties of, owing to interception of communications,177;

joined by Hood off New York,177;

sails for the relief of Cornwallis,178;

action of, with French fleet under de Grasse,179-184;

conduct of, criticized by Hood,181,182,184;

returns to New York,184;

relieves Sir Peter Parker in Jamaica command,185.

Great Britain, feeble hold of, upon Canada, 1775,10;shown by rewards for saving the colony,26;inadequate provision of force by, 1774-1776,29,30,59,62,79,82,99,112,116,117,120,127,148,189,193,226;improper dispersion of effort by,30,31,48,52,56,62,63,72,113-115,151-153,175;distrust of Government of, among naval officers,79,81,93,95,97,99,135,146,157,158,193;alarm in, produced by Allied fleets in Channel, 1779,117;declares war against Holland, 1780,158.

Great Britain, feeble hold of, upon Canada, 1775,10;

shown by rewards for saving the colony,26;

inadequate provision of force by, 1774-1776,29,30,59,62,79,82,99,112,116,117,120,127,148,189,193,226;

improper dispersion of effort by,30,31,48,52,56,62,63,72,113-115,151-153,175;

distrust of Government of, among naval officers,79,81,93,95,97,99,135,146,157,158,193;

alarm in, produced by Allied fleets in Channel, 1779,117;

declares war against Holland, 1780,158.

Grenada, British West India Island, captured by French,105;naval battle off,105-112.

Grenada, British West India Island, captured by French,105;

naval battle off,105-112.

Haiti, French West India Island,147,148,168(see "Cap François");squadron action off north coast of,153-155.

Haiti, French West India Island,147,148,168(see "Cap François");

squadron action off north coast of,153-155.

Hardy, Sir Charles, British Admiral, commands Channel Fleet,117,119.

Holland, brought into War of American Independence by concurring in Armed Neutrality of Baltic Powers, 1780,3,158,236;colonial possessions of,3,158,160-162,236,240,246;St. Eustatius, St. Martin, and Saba, West India Islands of, taken by Rodney,160-162;battle of Doggers Bank,189-193;fleet of, held in check by Howe, 1782,228;Cape of Good Hope menaced by British, saved by Suffren,236-238;Trincomalee, in Ceylon, taken by British,240, recaptured by Suffren,247.

Holland, brought into War of American Independence by concurring in Armed Neutrality of Baltic Powers, 1780,3,158,236;

colonial possessions of,3,158,160-162,236,240,246;

St. Eustatius, St. Martin, and Saba, West India Islands of, taken by Rodney,160-162;

battle of Doggers Bank,189-193;

fleet of, held in check by Howe, 1782,228;

Cape of Good Hope menaced by British, saved by Suffren,236-238;

Trincomalee, in Ceylon, taken by British,240, recaptured by Suffren,247.

Hood, Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, arrives in West Indies, 1781, with reinforcements for Rodney,160;sent to cruise off Martinique, to intercept de Grasse,162;action between, and de Grasse,163-167;exceptional ability of,166,184;French tribute to,167;sent by Rodney with fourteen ships-of-the-line to reinforce North American station,176;under command of Admiral Graves, sails for Chesapeake,177;part of, in action between Graves and de Grasse,180-183;criticisms of, upon Graves's conduct,181,182,184;returns to West Indies,185;in chief command there for two months,196-205;brilliant operations of, at St. Kitts,197-205;superseded by Rodney's return,205;part of, in action of April 9, 1782,208-210;in battle of April 12,212-221;de Grasse's flagship strikes to,221;censures passed by, upon Rodney's course after the battle,220,222,224,225;detached in pursuit, captures a small French squadron,224;returns to England after the peace,226.

Hood, Sir Samuel (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, arrives in West Indies, 1781, with reinforcements for Rodney,160;

sent to cruise off Martinique, to intercept de Grasse,162;

action between, and de Grasse,163-167;

exceptional ability of,166,184;

French tribute to,167;

sent by Rodney with fourteen ships-of-the-line to reinforce North American station,176;

under command of Admiral Graves, sails for Chesapeake,177;

part of, in action between Graves and de Grasse,180-183;

criticisms of, upon Graves's conduct,181,182,184;

returns to West Indies,185;

in chief command there for two months,196-205;

brilliant operations of, at St. Kitts,197-205;

superseded by Rodney's return,205;

part of, in action of April 9, 1782,208-210;

in battle of April 12,212-221;

de Grasse's flagship strikes to,221;

censures passed by, upon Rodney's course after the battle,220,222,224,225;

detached in pursuit, captures a small French squadron,224;

returns to England after the peace,226.

Hotham, William, British naval Captain, in operations against New York, 1776,42;convoys reinforcement of troops to West Indies,100;left in West Indies in temporary command, by Rodney,148.

Hotham, William, British naval Captain, in operations against New York, 1776,42;

convoys reinforcement of troops to West Indies,100;

left in West Indies in temporary command, by Rodney,148.

Howe, Richard, Earl, British Admiral, appointed to command North American Station, 1776,30;invested also with powers as peace commissioner,39;arrives at New York,39;failure of peace negotiations,39;operations at and about New York,39,42-47;tribute of, to force under his command,47;accompanies army expedition to Chesapeake Bay,52;operations in the Delaware,53-55, and coastwise,56;purpose of d'Estaing to intercept, in Delaware,59;serious exposure of, through inadequate force,62,66;"extricates himself by rapid movements,62-64;preparations to defend entrance to New York,65-68;inferiority of force to d'Estaing,66;follows French Fleet to Narragansett Bay,70, and by his presence there induces d'Estaing to abandon siege of Newport, and put to sea,73;manoeuvres of, with inferior force,73-75;fleet of, scattered by gale,75;returns to New York,76, and again follows French Fleet to Boston,77;admirable qualities of, as illustrated in this campaign,78;futile contemporary criticism of,79;relinquishes command, and returns to England, 1778,81;not employed again, until change of Ministry, 1782,81,227;appointed to command Channel Fleet, 1782, and primary operations there,227-229;successful evasion of very superior Franco-Spanish Fleet,229;skilful conduct of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782,229-231;engagement with Allied Fleet,232;special qualities of, again illustrated,232;French eulogy of,232, and of force under his command,233.

Howe, Richard, Earl, British Admiral, appointed to command North American Station, 1776,30;

invested also with powers as peace commissioner,39;

arrives at New York,39;

failure of peace negotiations,39;

operations at and about New York,39,42-47;

tribute of, to force under his command,47;

accompanies army expedition to Chesapeake Bay,52;

operations in the Delaware,53-55, and coastwise,56;

purpose of d'Estaing to intercept, in Delaware,59;

serious exposure of, through inadequate force,62,66;

"extricates himself by rapid movements,62-64;

preparations to defend entrance to New York,65-68;

inferiority of force to d'Estaing,66;

follows French Fleet to Narragansett Bay,70, and by his presence there induces d'Estaing to abandon siege of Newport, and put to sea,73;

manoeuvres of, with inferior force,73-75;

fleet of, scattered by gale,75;

returns to New York,76, and again follows French Fleet to Boston,77;

admirable qualities of, as illustrated in this campaign,78;

futile contemporary criticism of,79;

relinquishes command, and returns to England, 1778,81;

not employed again, until change of Ministry, 1782,81,227;

appointed to command Channel Fleet, 1782, and primary operations there,227-229;

successful evasion of very superior Franco-Spanish Fleet,229;

skilful conduct of relief of Gibraltar by, 1782,229-231;

engagement with Allied Fleet,232;

special qualities of, again illustrated,232;

French eulogy of,232, and of force under his command,233.

Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl), British General, failure of to support Burgoyne, 1777,28,51,52;evacuates Boston, 1776, and retires to Halifax,29,30;extent of regions under his command-in-chief,30;appointed peace commissioner, jointly with Lord Howe,39;goes from Halifax to New York,39;fruitless peace negotiations,39;reduction of New York by,42-45;subsequent operations of, to Battle of Trenton,45-49;constitutional sluggishness of,45,47;occupies Narragansett Bay,48;injudicious extension of front of operations,48;small results after New York,49;rewarded with the Order of the Bath,49;takes the greater part of his force to Chesapeake Bay,52;effect of this upon Burgoyne's operations,52,53,55;occupies Philadelphia,53;this success worse than fruitless,56;relieved in command by Clinton, and returns to England,56,63.

Howe, Sir William (brother of Earl), British General, failure of to support Burgoyne, 1777,28,51,52;

evacuates Boston, 1776, and retires to Halifax,29,30;

extent of regions under his command-in-chief,30;

appointed peace commissioner, jointly with Lord Howe,39;

goes from Halifax to New York,39;

fruitless peace negotiations,39;

reduction of New York by,42-45;

subsequent operations of, to Battle of Trenton,45-49;

constitutional sluggishness of,45,47;

occupies Narragansett Bay,48;

injudicious extension of front of operations,48;

small results after New York,49;

rewarded with the Order of the Bath,49;

takes the greater part of his force to Chesapeake Bay,52;

effect of this upon Burgoyne's operations,52,53,55;

occupies Philadelphia,53;

this success worse than fruitless,56;

relieved in command by Clinton, and returns to England,56,63.

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