Chapter 17

Quebec, attack upon by Americans, under Montgomery, 1775,9,10;blockade of, by Arnold, 1776,10,11;relieved by British navy,10-12;utility of, to British preparations to control Lake Champlain,15-17,26.Raids, by British navy,56,114.Rhode Island,47,48,69,70,72,77,78,79,115,150,155. See Narragansett Bay.Riedesel, Baron, commander of German troops in Canada, 1776; testimony of, to effects of delay by Arnold's flotilla on Lake Champlain,13,25;quoted,21,23.Rochambeau, French general, commanding forces in America, requests coöperation of de Grasse against Cornwallis,168.Rodney, Sir George (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, appointed to command Leeward Islands Station, 1779,115,121;sails to relieve Gibraltar,122;on the way, destroys two Spanish squadrons,122-125;relieves the place, and sails for West Indies,125,126;actions with de Guichen, April and May, 1780,130-135,142-144;censures officers of the fleet,135-139,145; further proceedings in West Indies, 1780,146-150;takes fleet to New York,150, and turns to West Indies,159;capture of Dutch islands, 1781,160;proceedings of, at St. Eustatius,161,162;sends Hood off Martinique to intercept de Grasse,162;successes of de Grasse against,167,168;sends Hood to New York with fleet,176,177, and returns to England on leave,177;returns to West Indies, 1782, and rejoins Hood,205;pursuit of French armament against Jamaica,207-212;victory of, in battle of April 12,213-220;failure of, to improve his success,220-225;superseded by Pigot, and returns finally to England,225.Rowley, Joshua, British Admiral, brilliant conduct of, in Byron's action,106,107,109;implicitly censured by Rodney,136.Sandy Hook, at entrance to New York Harbor,52,63,64,65,66,76,113,150,177,184,185;Lord Howe's preparations at, for defence of New York, 1778,65,66.Santa Lucia, French West India Island, capture of, by British, 1778,100-102;d'Estaing's ineffectual attempt to retake,103,104;military value of,104,207;de Guichen seeks to retake,142;mentioned,105,106,128,141,144,148,165,167,168,206.Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne at, why decisive,3,6;capitulation there, determined by Arnold's defence of Lake Champlain,3,7,13,14,25;Burgoyne's surrender at,28,50-53.Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord de), British naval officer, midshipman at attack upon Fort Moultrie, 1776,35,38;lieutenant at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 1781,192(note);captain in West Indies, 1782,196;biographical summary of,196(note);in Rodney's victory, 1782,218,221.Savannah, capture of, by British, 1778,113;disastrous effect of operations thus initiated upon the British position in America,114,115,151-153,175-178,184;failure of d'Estaing's attempt to retake,115,151.Schuyler, Philip, American General, commanding Northern Department, 1776; quoted,12.Seasons, effect of, upon naval operations,98,113,115,145,149,159,251.Spain, induced to enter the war, 1779,3,116;cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1779,116-121;divergence of views between France and,120,121,147,158,186;two squadrons of, dispersed or destroyed by Rodney,122-126;inefficiency of navy of,125,126,147,158,187-189;fruitless cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1781,188,189;projected conquest of Jamaica,206.St. Eustatius, Dutch West India Island, capture of, by British, 1781,160-162;a great trade centre in the war, prior to capture,160.St. Kitts, British West India Island, attacked by French, 1782,196;naval operations of Hood and de Grasse about,196-205;capitulates to French, owing to lack of British land force,205.St. Lawrence, River, the centre of French power in Canada,7;strength of, as a military line,7,8; as a naval line of communications, closed by ice,10,11, but at other seasons controlling,11,12;relations, to the decisive naval campaign on Lake Champlain, 1776,15-17,25-26.Ticonderoga, strong post at head of Lake Champlain,8,9,13,18,20,27,28,46,50;saved from capture in 1775, and 1776, by Arnold's naval action on Lake Champlain,9,13,25;taken by British, 1777, but reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender,28.Tiller. See "Helm."Tippoo Saib, Sultan of Mysore, in India, succeeds his father, Hyder Ali, 1782, and continues his policy,252.Tobago, British West India Island, taken by French,167,168.Trenton, battle of,48.Trincomalee, harbor in Ceylon, a Dutch possession in 1780, captured by British, 1782,240;importance, and imperfect defences, of,240,242,244,251,252,255;taken by French, 1782,247;naval battle off, between Hughes and Suffren,247-251.Ushant, battle of,83-93.Valcour, Island in Lake Champlain,15,17,18,20,21,23,24;selected by Arnold as the position in which to await British advance, 1776,15;description of,19,20;battle of,20-23;American retreat from,23-25.Washington, George, commander-in-chief of the American armies, expression of, that the navies had "the casting vote" in the War of Independence,4,151;arrangements of, for defence of New York City, 1776,41-43;withdraws the exposed division on Brooklyn Heights,43,44;successive retirements of, to Harlem River, to New Jersey, and across Delaware River,44-46;wins battle of Trenton, 1776, and recovers great part of New Jersey,48,49;comment of, on Howe's sailing from New York, 1777,52;disputes, unsuccessfully, Howe's advance on Philadelphia,53,55;skilful strategic position of, in New Jersey hills,56;comment of, upon effects of d'Estaing's long passage out, 1778,63;hot pursuit by, of Clinton in retreat from Philadelphia to New York,64;disappointment of, at failure of French naval assistance, 1780,150,152;comment of, on Arnold's treason,152;with Rochambeau, asks coöperation of de Grasse, 1781,168;movement of, against Cornwallis at Yorktown,178,184;surrender of Cornwallis to,185;mentioned incidentally,67,72.Washington, Fort, commanding Hudson River, 1776,44,46;Washington orders evacuation of,45;stormed by British, and garrison taken,46.West Indies, dependence of, upon American continent,60;seasonal conditions in, affecting naval operations,98,115,149,159;commercial importance of,98;naval battles in,103,106-112,129,130-135,142-144,153,163-167,198-205,207-220.White, Thomas, British naval author serving during War of American Independence, quoted,108,183(note),204.Yorktown, series of events which brought Cornwallis to,152,153,169,170,174,175;naval actions affecting control of waters around,170-173,179-184;Cornwallis shut up in,176;French navy in force before,184;French and American armies arrive before,184;surrender of Cornwallis at,185.Zoutman, Johan A., Dutch Admiral, commands the squadron at the battle of the Dogger Bank,189-193.

Quebec, attack upon by Americans, under Montgomery, 1775,9,10;blockade of, by Arnold, 1776,10,11;relieved by British navy,10-12;utility of, to British preparations to control Lake Champlain,15-17,26.

Quebec, attack upon by Americans, under Montgomery, 1775,9,10;

blockade of, by Arnold, 1776,10,11;

relieved by British navy,10-12;

utility of, to British preparations to control Lake Champlain,15-17,26.

Raids, by British navy,56,114.

Rhode Island,47,48,69,70,72,77,78,79,115,150,155. See Narragansett Bay.

Riedesel, Baron, commander of German troops in Canada, 1776; testimony of, to effects of delay by Arnold's flotilla on Lake Champlain,13,25;quoted,21,23.

Riedesel, Baron, commander of German troops in Canada, 1776; testimony of, to effects of delay by Arnold's flotilla on Lake Champlain,13,25;

quoted,21,23.

Rochambeau, French general, commanding forces in America, requests coöperation of de Grasse against Cornwallis,168.

Rodney, Sir George (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, appointed to command Leeward Islands Station, 1779,115,121;sails to relieve Gibraltar,122;on the way, destroys two Spanish squadrons,122-125;relieves the place, and sails for West Indies,125,126;actions with de Guichen, April and May, 1780,130-135,142-144;censures officers of the fleet,135-139,145; further proceedings in West Indies, 1780,146-150;takes fleet to New York,150, and turns to West Indies,159;capture of Dutch islands, 1781,160;proceedings of, at St. Eustatius,161,162;sends Hood off Martinique to intercept de Grasse,162;successes of de Grasse against,167,168;sends Hood to New York with fleet,176,177, and returns to England on leave,177;returns to West Indies, 1782, and rejoins Hood,205;pursuit of French armament against Jamaica,207-212;victory of, in battle of April 12,213-220;failure of, to improve his success,220-225;superseded by Pigot, and returns finally to England,225.

Rodney, Sir George (afterwards Lord), British Admiral, appointed to command Leeward Islands Station, 1779,115,121;

sails to relieve Gibraltar,122;

on the way, destroys two Spanish squadrons,122-125;

relieves the place, and sails for West Indies,125,126;

actions with de Guichen, April and May, 1780,130-135,142-144;

censures officers of the fleet,135-139,145; further proceedings in West Indies, 1780,146-150;

takes fleet to New York,150, and turns to West Indies,159;

capture of Dutch islands, 1781,160;

proceedings of, at St. Eustatius,161,162;

sends Hood off Martinique to intercept de Grasse,162;

successes of de Grasse against,167,168;

sends Hood to New York with fleet,176,177, and returns to England on leave,177;

returns to West Indies, 1782, and rejoins Hood,205;

pursuit of French armament against Jamaica,207-212;

victory of, in battle of April 12,213-220;

failure of, to improve his success,220-225;

superseded by Pigot, and returns finally to England,225.

Rowley, Joshua, British Admiral, brilliant conduct of, in Byron's action,106,107,109;implicitly censured by Rodney,136.

Rowley, Joshua, British Admiral, brilliant conduct of, in Byron's action,106,107,109;

implicitly censured by Rodney,136.

Sandy Hook, at entrance to New York Harbor,52,63,64,65,66,76,113,150,177,184,185;Lord Howe's preparations at, for defence of New York, 1778,65,66.

Sandy Hook, at entrance to New York Harbor,52,63,64,65,66,76,113,150,177,184,185;

Lord Howe's preparations at, for defence of New York, 1778,65,66.

Santa Lucia, French West India Island, capture of, by British, 1778,100-102;d'Estaing's ineffectual attempt to retake,103,104;military value of,104,207;de Guichen seeks to retake,142;mentioned,105,106,128,141,144,148,165,167,168,206.

Santa Lucia, French West India Island, capture of, by British, 1778,100-102;

d'Estaing's ineffectual attempt to retake,103,104;

military value of,104,207;

de Guichen seeks to retake,142;

mentioned,105,106,128,141,144,148,165,167,168,206.

Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne at, why decisive,3,6;capitulation there, determined by Arnold's defence of Lake Champlain,3,7,13,14,25;Burgoyne's surrender at,28,50-53.

Saratoga, surrender of Burgoyne at, why decisive,3,6;

capitulation there, determined by Arnold's defence of Lake Champlain,3,7,13,14,25;

Burgoyne's surrender at,28,50-53.

Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord de), British naval officer, midshipman at attack upon Fort Moultrie, 1776,35,38;lieutenant at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 1781,192(note);captain in West Indies, 1782,196;biographical summary of,196(note);in Rodney's victory, 1782,218,221.

Saumarez, James (afterwards Lord de), British naval officer, midshipman at attack upon Fort Moultrie, 1776,35,38;

lieutenant at the battle of the Dogger Bank, 1781,192(note);

captain in West Indies, 1782,196;

biographical summary of,196(note);

in Rodney's victory, 1782,218,221.

Savannah, capture of, by British, 1778,113;disastrous effect of operations thus initiated upon the British position in America,114,115,151-153,175-178,184;failure of d'Estaing's attempt to retake,115,151.

Savannah, capture of, by British, 1778,113;

disastrous effect of operations thus initiated upon the British position in America,114,115,151-153,175-178,184;

failure of d'Estaing's attempt to retake,115,151.

Schuyler, Philip, American General, commanding Northern Department, 1776; quoted,12.

Seasons, effect of, upon naval operations,98,113,115,145,149,159,251.

Spain, induced to enter the war, 1779,3,116;cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1779,116-121;divergence of views between France and,120,121,147,158,186;two squadrons of, dispersed or destroyed by Rodney,122-126;inefficiency of navy of,125,126,147,158,187-189;fruitless cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1781,188,189;projected conquest of Jamaica,206.

Spain, induced to enter the war, 1779,3,116;

cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1779,116-121;

divergence of views between France and,120,121,147,158,186;

two squadrons of, dispersed or destroyed by Rodney,122-126;

inefficiency of navy of,125,126,147,158,187-189;

fruitless cruise of fleet of, in conjunction with French, 1781,188,189;

projected conquest of Jamaica,206.

St. Eustatius, Dutch West India Island, capture of, by British, 1781,160-162;a great trade centre in the war, prior to capture,160.

St. Eustatius, Dutch West India Island, capture of, by British, 1781,160-162;

a great trade centre in the war, prior to capture,160.

St. Kitts, British West India Island, attacked by French, 1782,196;naval operations of Hood and de Grasse about,196-205;capitulates to French, owing to lack of British land force,205.

St. Kitts, British West India Island, attacked by French, 1782,196;

naval operations of Hood and de Grasse about,196-205;

capitulates to French, owing to lack of British land force,205.

St. Lawrence, River, the centre of French power in Canada,7;strength of, as a military line,7,8; as a naval line of communications, closed by ice,10,11, but at other seasons controlling,11,12;relations, to the decisive naval campaign on Lake Champlain, 1776,15-17,25-26.

St. Lawrence, River, the centre of French power in Canada,7;

strength of, as a military line,7,8; as a naval line of communications, closed by ice,10,11, but at other seasons controlling,11,12;

relations, to the decisive naval campaign on Lake Champlain, 1776,15-17,25-26.

Ticonderoga, strong post at head of Lake Champlain,8,9,13,18,20,27,28,46,50;saved from capture in 1775, and 1776, by Arnold's naval action on Lake Champlain,9,13,25;taken by British, 1777, but reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender,28.

Ticonderoga, strong post at head of Lake Champlain,8,9,13,18,20,27,28,46,50;

saved from capture in 1775, and 1776, by Arnold's naval action on Lake Champlain,9,13,25;

taken by British, 1777, but reoccupied by Americans after Burgoyne's surrender,28.

Tiller. See "Helm."

Tippoo Saib, Sultan of Mysore, in India, succeeds his father, Hyder Ali, 1782, and continues his policy,252.

Tobago, British West India Island, taken by French,167,168.

Trenton, battle of,48.

Trincomalee, harbor in Ceylon, a Dutch possession in 1780, captured by British, 1782,240;importance, and imperfect defences, of,240,242,244,251,252,255;taken by French, 1782,247;naval battle off, between Hughes and Suffren,247-251.

Trincomalee, harbor in Ceylon, a Dutch possession in 1780, captured by British, 1782,240;

importance, and imperfect defences, of,240,242,244,251,252,255;

taken by French, 1782,247;

naval battle off, between Hughes and Suffren,247-251.

Ushant, battle of,83-93.

Valcour, Island in Lake Champlain,15,17,18,20,21,23,24;selected by Arnold as the position in which to await British advance, 1776,15;description of,19,20;battle of,20-23;American retreat from,23-25.

Valcour, Island in Lake Champlain,15,17,18,20,21,23,24;

selected by Arnold as the position in which to await British advance, 1776,15;

description of,19,20;

battle of,20-23;

American retreat from,23-25.

Washington, George, commander-in-chief of the American armies, expression of, that the navies had "the casting vote" in the War of Independence,4,151;arrangements of, for defence of New York City, 1776,41-43;withdraws the exposed division on Brooklyn Heights,43,44;successive retirements of, to Harlem River, to New Jersey, and across Delaware River,44-46;wins battle of Trenton, 1776, and recovers great part of New Jersey,48,49;comment of, on Howe's sailing from New York, 1777,52;disputes, unsuccessfully, Howe's advance on Philadelphia,53,55;skilful strategic position of, in New Jersey hills,56;comment of, upon effects of d'Estaing's long passage out, 1778,63;hot pursuit by, of Clinton in retreat from Philadelphia to New York,64;disappointment of, at failure of French naval assistance, 1780,150,152;comment of, on Arnold's treason,152;with Rochambeau, asks coöperation of de Grasse, 1781,168;movement of, against Cornwallis at Yorktown,178,184;surrender of Cornwallis to,185;mentioned incidentally,67,72.

Washington, George, commander-in-chief of the American armies, expression of, that the navies had "the casting vote" in the War of Independence,4,151;

arrangements of, for defence of New York City, 1776,41-43;

withdraws the exposed division on Brooklyn Heights,43,44;

successive retirements of, to Harlem River, to New Jersey, and across Delaware River,44-46;

wins battle of Trenton, 1776, and recovers great part of New Jersey,48,49;

comment of, on Howe's sailing from New York, 1777,52;

disputes, unsuccessfully, Howe's advance on Philadelphia,53,55;

skilful strategic position of, in New Jersey hills,56;

comment of, upon effects of d'Estaing's long passage out, 1778,63;

hot pursuit by, of Clinton in retreat from Philadelphia to New York,64;

disappointment of, at failure of French naval assistance, 1780,150,152;

comment of, on Arnold's treason,152;

with Rochambeau, asks coöperation of de Grasse, 1781,168;

movement of, against Cornwallis at Yorktown,178,184;

surrender of Cornwallis to,185;

mentioned incidentally,67,72.

Washington, Fort, commanding Hudson River, 1776,44,46;Washington orders evacuation of,45;stormed by British, and garrison taken,46.

Washington, Fort, commanding Hudson River, 1776,44,46;

Washington orders evacuation of,45;

stormed by British, and garrison taken,46.

West Indies, dependence of, upon American continent,60;seasonal conditions in, affecting naval operations,98,115,149,159;commercial importance of,98;naval battles in,103,106-112,129,130-135,142-144,153,163-167,198-205,207-220.

West Indies, dependence of, upon American continent,60;

seasonal conditions in, affecting naval operations,98,115,149,159;

commercial importance of,98;

naval battles in,103,106-112,129,130-135,142-144,153,163-167,198-205,207-220.

White, Thomas, British naval author serving during War of American Independence, quoted,108,183(note),204.

Yorktown, series of events which brought Cornwallis to,152,153,169,170,174,175;naval actions affecting control of waters around,170-173,179-184;Cornwallis shut up in,176;French navy in force before,184;French and American armies arrive before,184;surrender of Cornwallis at,185.

Yorktown, series of events which brought Cornwallis to,152,153,169,170,174,175;

naval actions affecting control of waters around,170-173,179-184;

Cornwallis shut up in,176;

French navy in force before,184;

French and American armies arrive before,184;

surrender of Cornwallis at,185.

Zoutman, Johan A., Dutch Admiral, commands the squadron at the battle of the Dogger Bank,189-193.

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