Mackenzie, Sir Alexander(1755-1820).SVisits Simcoe, 188; recommends establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189.MSJoins North West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, 159, 167; his death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, Scotland, 10; parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, 10; enters fur trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his keenness and daring, 11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at Grand Portage, 1785, 12; becomes abourgeois, 12; assigned to English River department, 14; friendly relations with officers of rival North West Company, 15; goes to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, 18; plans for expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave Lake, 18; and Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of fur trader, 22; his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with McTavish, 23; hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for his journey, 32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, 1789, from Fort Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets Yellow Knife Indians, 36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and Dog-Rib Indians, 28; their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of Great Bear River, 28, 47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; enters the delta, 39; lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; erects post with inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached the sea, 43, 61; the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; difficulties with "English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave Lake, 48; meets Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; results of the journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of Yukon, 50-51; his treatment ofnatives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; his character, 51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of partners of Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to Chipewyan, 54; his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in North West Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and instruments for his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; preparations for journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to cut timber for a post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends Peace River, passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and reaches Finlay's fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, 62-63; winters at the forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the mountains and beyond, 66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic mould, 68; leaves Finlay's fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, 69; difficulties in crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange Indians, 74; ascends the Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; descends the Fraser, 77; retraces his steps, and travels overland to the sea, 79-85; describes visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to Vancouver's party, 85; reaches coast and paints record of his journey on a rock, 86; the return journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; reaches Peace River, 88; reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; leaves the West, 89; increased reputation among partners of North West Company, 92; withdraws from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes his book, 94; King Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; Napoleon has hisVoyagestranslated into French, 96, 97; friendship of duke of Kent, 98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, 99; elected to Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, 1808, 100; opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, 101; his death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209.DHis expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52; parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53; ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54; difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife, 55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56; results of his journey, 56.Bib.:Voyages from Montreal through the Continent of North America, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into French, Paris, 1802.See alsohis letters, in Roderick McKenzie'sReminiscences(Masson,Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest). For biog.,seeWillson,The Great Company; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
Mackenzie, Donald(1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in 1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for several years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading on the Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and in 1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to the United States. Died at Mayville, New York.Index:MSChief factor, and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222.Bib.: Bryce,The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists.
Mackenzie, Geddes.MSMarries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her parentage, 101.
Mackenzie, George.MdMacdonald studies law in his office, 4; death of, 9.
Mackenzie, Hope.BMoves approval of George Brown's course in Confederation negotiations, 156-157.
Mackenzie, Isabel.McWife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 by Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508.
McKenzie, Roderick.Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In 1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before, but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company, 1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are included in Masson'sBourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Settled at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative Council of the province.Index:MSJoins X Y Company, 14; friendly rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River department, 15; at Île à la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska department, 23; their friendship, 23; hisReminiscences, 24; builds Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789, 27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great Slave Lake, 54.Bib.:Reminiscencesin Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Mackenzie, William Lyon(1795-1861).McHis personality, Goldwin Smith on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to enunciate principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his time," 6; his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional reformer, 12; parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from charges of disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, 41; enters commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description of, 43; joins survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John Lesslie, 44; moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on Constitutional Act, 72; startsColonial Advocate, 85; describes Upper Canada in 1820, 85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, 87, 97; attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial university, 95; reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, 98; defends himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates federation of all North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; pictures life of editors, 111; assists to bring about a party revolution, 112; mob destroysColonial Advocate, 113; Macaulay offers damages, 115; personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, 121-123; retaliates, 124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets £625 damages, 129; refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for libel, 130; prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, 138; secures Randal's mission to England,139; advocates responsible government, 146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan MacNab, 152; chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of committee on privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and addresses, 154; introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, 156; visits New York, 157; letter inNational Gazette, 158; supports Robert Baldwin, 159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves Libel Bill, 162, 163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates responsible government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, 168; re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on state of representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals of House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly, 181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185; House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203; governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected, 205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219;Colonial Advocateoffice again attacked, 221; his mission to England, 221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222; introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion, 232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishesSketches of Canada and the United States, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors, 239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245; governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath, 251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255; designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257; defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288; opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty, 292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair, 309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York, 320; begins theConstitution, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his escape, 381et seq.; addresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island, 415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424; threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New York and Philadelphia, 433; beginsMackenzie's Gazette, 433; no connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454; rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishesCaroline Almanac, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464; publishesVolunteer, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishesLives of one Thousand Remarkable Irishmen, 469; publishes theExaminer, 470; appointed to New York customs house, 470; publishesLives of Butler and Hoyt, in 1845, 471; andLife and Times of Martin Van Buren, 1846, 472; goes onTribune, 472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480; visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand, 486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492; again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship, 504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishesMackenzie's Message, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505; financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28, 1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523.MdLeads Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81.RViews on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for popular government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on Grievances," 112; opposes separate schools, 224.BHis return to Canada, 36; burnt in effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in Haldimand, 40, 44, 46; his resolution for abolition of Court of Chancery, 47.BLHis parentage, 12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, 31; organizes revolutionary clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution for Upper Canada, 43; plans attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described as a "mountebank," 120; his correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; founds Canadian Alliance Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, 318, 319; one of the leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in motion to abolish Court of Chancery, 352.SyReform party falsely identified with his proceedings, 85, 138.EAnd the Rebellion of 1837, 17; leads Radical wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and parliamentary government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his exile, 91; causes of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes abolition of Court of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; attacks the government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190.PHis correspondence with Papineau, 189.HEffect of his action in Upper Canada, upon popular party, in Nova Scotia, 49.Bib.: Works:Life and Times of Martin Van Buren;Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler;Sketches of Canada and the United States. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.; Lindsey,Life and Times of W. L. McKenzie; Dent,Can. Por.,Upper Canadian Rebellion, andLast Forty Years; King,Other Side of the Story; Read,Rebellion of 1837.See alsoRebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada.)
Mackenzie River.Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length from ThutageLake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence, near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63°; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave River, to the Arctic Ocean.Index:MSAlexander Mackenzie discovers and explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River Disappointment," 55.Bib.: Mackenzie,Voyages; Franklin,Narrative of Second Expedition; Richardson,Arctic Searching Expedition; Cameron,The New North.
Mackenzie's Message.Published at Toronto.Index:McNewspaper, published 1853, 505.
McKim, R. P.TAssists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.
McLachlan, Alexander(1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland, 1862. Collected edition of hisPoemspublished, 1900.Bib.: MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
McLane, David.DrHanged for treason, 301.
McLaren, Dr. Murray.TAttends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.
MacLean, Judge.BProposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society banquet, 27.
MacLean, Colonel Allan(1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in Holland, 1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, and in 1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775 lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776.Index:HdRaises regiment of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of Arnold and Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians to, 171; his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure of, 294; his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the Americans, 307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, 209, 310; visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327.Bib.: Bradley,The Making of Canada; Lucas,History of Canada.
McLean, Archibald(1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal.Index:McElected Speaker, 1831, 170.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges.
McLean, John(1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's, London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident.Bib.: Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Machray,Life of Archbishop Machray.
McLeod, Alexander.McCharged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial and acquittal, 424.
McLeod, Alexander Norman.Of the North West Company.Index:MSAssociated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182; arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183.
McLeod, Archibald Norman.Entered the service of the North West Company some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan River, 1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and remained there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had already become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 as such.
McLeod, Donald(1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army, 1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication of theGrenville Gazette.Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where he died.Index:McOccupies Point Pelee Island, 430.Bib.:History of the Canadian Insurrection. For biog.,seeDent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
McLeod, John(1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce'sHudson's Bay Company. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of his days on the banks of the Ottawa.Index:MSLeads the Selkirk colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds, 175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176.DAscends upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
McLoughlin, John(1784-1857). Born at Rivière du Loup. Studied medicine in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for several years in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in 1821, when the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, and appointed to take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. Built Fort Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole territory west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to strengthen the hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific coast. Through misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American settlers on the Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and spent the rest of his life in Oregon City.Index:MSEdward Ellice on, 220; impresses Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221.DFirst great Hudson's Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, 84, 86; takes Douglas under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort William, 93; persuades Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his friendship for Douglas, 94; born, 1784, at Rivière du Loup, 94; grandson of Malcolm Fraser, 94; his early home and training, 94-95; studies medicine in Edinburgh, 95;returns to Canada and enters North West Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste. Marie, 95; there when post burned in War of 1812, 95; marries widow of Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver, his practically absolute rule, 111; ambitious plans for development of western department, 114; sends expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115; builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, 116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116; builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, 117; sends Douglas to receive Fort Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; expedition to Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes agricultural possibilities of Oregon, 128; organizes Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude towards Oregon settlers, 144; forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145; Douglas and Ogden associated with him in management of western department, 187; resigns from Hudson's Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by American settlers, 187; his death, 187; his character contrasted with that of Douglas, 351-353.Bib.: Holman,Dr. John McLoughlin: the Father of Oregon; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
McLoughlin, John.DSon of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas to Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842, 122-123.
McMaster University.Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection.
McMillan, John(1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick, 1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867; surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of Confederation.Index:TElected for Restigouche, 89; postmaster-general in Mitchell ministry, 105.
MacNab, Sir Allan Napier(1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara), Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and resigned, 1856.Index:HEntertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138.BLBrings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under Mackenzie, 44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his exploits in 1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in Legislature, 1841, 82; proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, 88; his faction welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises racial question, 178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; Baldwin on, 183; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to by George Brown, 224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; warns ministry of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; proposed for Speaker, Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin elected in his stead, 283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353.EHispart in suppressing Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; defeated for speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; nominal leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for advice, 137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government with Morin, 140; his last resting-place, 224.BAnd the old Tory party, 69; his farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms coalition ministry with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, 89.CHis alliance with Quebec Liberals, 33.McCommitted to gaol by Speaker, 152; moves Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads forces against Navy Island, 417; orders cutting out ofCaroline, 420; knighted, 423; goes to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, 426; goes to Sandwich, 427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489.MdCalled upon to form an administration, 61; forms government with A. N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns and he forms a new administration with Colonel Taché, 74; his ideal of government, 76; problem of superseding him, 76, 77; resigns, 80; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
MacNab, James.HMember of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration as to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; offered seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; elected for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes receiver-general, 112.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
McPhelim, Francis.TDeserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18; postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41.
McPherson, Charles.TMember of Executive Council, New Brunswick, 41.
Macpherson, Sir David Lewis(1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and associated with the construction of other lines; formed the Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker, 1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior, 1883-1885; knighted, 1884.Index:MdHeads the Inter-Oceanic Company which received charter from government, 200.ESigns Annexation Manifesto, 81.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
McTavish, Dugald.DMember of Victoria board of management, 265; becomes president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265.
McTavish, Simon(1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man of "enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal. Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England, and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784. Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal.Index:MSA leader in the fur trade, 10; known asle Marquisandle Premier, 23, 91; his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death, 1804, 99.BkAnd McGillivray of North West Company, sendnews of declaration of war, 203.Bib.: Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
McTavish, William.MSChief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228.
Madison, James(1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States.Index:DrHis hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281.BkMaintains non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships, 192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Madocawando.FAbenaquis chief, 329.
Madras Schools.WFounded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system described, 86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87.TAt Gagetown, 5; system popular, 5.
Magdalen Islands.In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles Ramées, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of hisVoyages. It was afterwards applied to the whole group.Bib.: Ganong,Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence(R. S. C., 1889).
Magistrates.DrPoor character and scandalous methods of many of them, 52; some of them most worthy men, 55.
Magnan, Pierre.ChGoes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, 164.
Maguaga.BkAmericans successful in skirmish at, 238-243.
Mahicanaticouche.ChMontagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been guilty of murder, 165.
Mail.Newspaper published at Niagara.Index:BRidiculesGlobe'sproposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218.
Maillard, Antoine Simon.Missionary to the Indians and French of Acadia and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several years. Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, 1759. At first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong supporter of the government. Died in Halifax, 1768.Bib.:Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins.
Mair, Charles(1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869; condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge district, Southern Alberta.Index:MdComes to Ottawa from Prince Albert to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241.Bib.: Works:Dreamland and other Poems;Tecumseh: a Drama. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de.In this "devout and valiant gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed fromRochelle, in 1641, with a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mésy, governor-general of Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office and resigned in 1669; died in 1676.Index:FConducts mission colony to Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39; removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54.LGovernor of Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177.ChComes out in 1613 with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in his ship, 79.BkFounder of Montreal, 99.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North AmericaandOld Régime; Faillon,La Colonie Française; Dollier de Casson,Histoire de Montreal.
Maitland, Sir Peregrine(1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. Entered the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 and 1812; promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of Waterloo and made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834. Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852.Index:EGrants charter to King's College, 93.BLDismisses Willis from office, 28.RFavours encouragement to British Methodists in Canada, 87-88.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Read,The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Maizerets, Louis Ange de.LComes to Canada, 41; director of the Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243.
Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de(1730-1800). Born in France. In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major. In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the War of Independence.Index:WMAnxious as to line of defence above the city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's conversation with, 269.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Doughty,Siege of Quebec.
Malaspina.DrIn search for Strait of Anian, 26.
Malot, Louis.ChJesuit, drowned, 200.
Mance, Jeanne(1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640 journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At Rochelle met Dauversière and others interested in the project of a missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river, having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mancewas put in charge, and devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as well as white.Index:FEstablishes Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death of, 78.LFounder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague on board theSt. André, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of Montreal church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.Bib.: Parkman,Jesuits in North America; Faillon,Vie de Mlle. Mance.
Manchester.In England.Index:SyPoulett Thomson elected for, 31; his free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, 37.
Manet, Jean.ChInterpreter, 144.
Manitoba.Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870, the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree wordManitowaban. La Vérendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in 1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin.See alsoRed River Colony; Winnipeg.Index:CBill creating province introduced by Cartier, 71; meaning of name,The God That Speaks, 71.MdBill passed for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against rival lines to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary dispute, 256; its connection with commercial union, 298.Bib.: Bryce,Manitoba; Gunn and Tuttle,History of Manitoba; Begg,History of the North-West; Bryce,Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Hargrave,Red River; Ross,Red River Settlement.
Manson, Donald.Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, west of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to Langley on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace.Index:DAt Fort McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118.
Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de(1663-1709). In 1689 defeated the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St. Anne, Hudson Bay.Index:FOne of the leaders of war party against Schenectady, 235.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Maquinna.DHis relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps armourer and sailmaker of theBostonin slavery four years, 37.
Marcel, Captain.WMThird aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours, 219; informs Lévis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238.
Marcet, Mrs.HdGrand-niece of Haldimand, 343.
Marchand, Étienne(1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792.Index:DExplores North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25.Bib.:Voyage autour du Monde, ed. by Fleurien. For biog.,see Cyc. Am. Biog.
Marchand, Félix Gabriel(1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. Educated at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, 1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown lands, 1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, 1897. For manyyears proprietor and editor ofLe Franco-Canadien.Bib.: Works:Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat;Fatenville;Erreur n'est pas Compte;Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre;Les Faus Brillants. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Marché, Charles de.ChJesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.
Marcy, William Learned(1786-1857).McGovernor of New York, declines to surrender Mackenzie, 414.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Mariana.ChJesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153.
Marie.WMA storeship launched at Montreal, 244.
Marie Antoinette(1755-1793). Queen of France.Index:SPublic mourning in Upper Canada for death of, 193.
Marie de l'Incarnation(Marie Martin,néeGuyart) (1599-1672). Born at Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two years, with an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his education; and then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 accompanied Madame de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first superior of the Ursuline convent at Quebec. HerLettres Historiques, written for the edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the most valuable sources of information on the history of the period. Composed a catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of French and Algonquian.Index:FArrival of, at Quebec, 28; onJesuit Relations, 30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid decline of Indian population, 168.LOn the devotion of Laval to the sick, 33; on his saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the earthquake, 45; mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the soldiery, 79; her piety, 92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbé Ferland's account of, 93; on the zeal of Fénelon and Trouvé, 109; on the sale of brandy to the Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, 119; on education of Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character and influence, 155.ChPraises virtues of early settlers, 258.Bib.:Lettres de la Vénérable Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Martin,La Vie de la Vénérable Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Charlevoix,Vie de Mère Marie de l'Incarnation; Casgrain,Vie; Life, by a Religious of the Ursuline Community.
Marion, Nicholas.ChCaptain of theLevrier, one of the two vessels of Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40.
Maritime Provinces.BMovement for union of, 161, 186; Taché argues advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170, 174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187; involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194.MdTheir determined opposition to Confederation, 116-118.THistory of union movement in, 69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75.See alsoNew Brunswick; Nova Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton.Bib.:Seeunder foregoing titles.
Markland, George H.RMember of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, and of Board of Education, 58.
Marquette, Jacques(1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France. Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666. Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf ofCalifornia, but into the Gulf of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette remained at the mission of De Père until 1675, when he established a mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried there.Index:FAccompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155.LOne of the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course of Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; his death, 146.WMDescends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19.Bib.: Shea,Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley; Griffin,Discovery of the Mississippi; Parkman,La Salle; Breese,Early History of Illinois; Sparks,American Biography, ser. 1, vol. 10.
Marriages.WDissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in New Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question settled in 1834, 16.FStimulated by civil authorities, 57.SQuestion of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161.
Marriott, Sir James(1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764; vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and 1796-1802.Index: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Marshall, John George(1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax.Bib.:Brief History of Events in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century.
Marsolet, Nicolas(1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608, and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English.Index:ChAccompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to learn their language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides with the Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Marteilhe.DrAppointed judge, 183.
Martial Law.BkQuestion respecting, 226.HdCanada under, for four years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion of, for Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by Haldimand, 275.
Martin, Abraham(1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614, having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from Adrien Duchesne.Index:WMFirst proprietor of Plains of Abraham, 186.ChEarly settler, 145, 146; his property, 147.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,Fight for Canada.
Martin, Anne.ChDaughter of Abraham Martin, 146.
Martin, Charles Amador.ChPriest, 146.
Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry(1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese, 1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France, 1629-1630.Index:ChEnglish commissioner in matter of Canada, 214.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Martin, Joseph(1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 1882, and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the Manitoba Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried through the Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 contested Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for Winnipeg, 1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; elected to the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909, and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London, 1910.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who; Ewart,The Manitoba School Question.
Martin, Marguerite.ChDaughter of Abraham Martin, 146.
Martinez, Estévan José.Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 as pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians; the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of thePrincessa. Seized theIphigeniaat Nootka, but afterwards released it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to Mexico.Index:DAsserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at Nootka, 28; seizesIphigeniaandNorth-West America, and claims Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28;Iphigeniareleased, butNorth-West Americaretained, 29; seizesPrincess RoyalandArgonaut, 29.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Marylanders.DrLoyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202.
Mascarene, Paul(1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France. Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706. Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in Boston until his death.Bib.:Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.See alsoAcadians, Expulsion of the.
Mascouten Indians.An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie people." They were known to the French asNation du feu. First mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in 1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared entirely before the end of the eighteenth century.Bib.: Hodge,Handbook of American Indians.
Masères, Francis(1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. In 1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until 1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer, 1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court, London.Index:DrAttorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts prosecution inWalker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68.HdSupports Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of Mabane, 315.Bib.: Works:Account of the Proceedings of the British and other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to Obtain an House of Assembly;Additional Papers Concerning the Province of Quebec;Canadian Freeholder;Collection of Commissions, etc., Relating to the Province of Quebec;Occasional Essays. For biog.,see Dict. Nat. Biog.; Bradley,The Making of Canada.
Massachusetts.FCharter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in expedition against Quebec, 277.BkWar of 1812 unpopular in, 208.
Massé, Enemond(1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613 Captain Samuel Argall (q.v.), attacked the fort, and Massé and most of the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in 1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but afterwards released.Index:ChJesuit, 152; returns to college of La Flèche, 207; returns to Canada, 228.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France; Parkman,Old Régime; Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia.
Masson, Louis François Rodrigue(1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. Entered Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia and defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate, 1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate, 1890.Bib.:Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Mather, Cotton(1663-1728).FOn failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Matheron.LSteward of abbey of Maubec, 137.
Mathews, Peter.McExecuted, 435; monument to, 436.
Mathews, Robert.HdEnglish secretary to Haldimand, 245, 305; signs order for arrest of Du Calvet, 286; sails for England with Haldimand, 309; on Mrs. Fairchild, 314; Haldimand's interest in, 331; returns to Canada as aide-de-camp to Lord Dorchester, 332; sent to Detroit as lieutenant-governor, 332; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342.
Maubec, Abbey of.LRevenues of, assigned to bishopric of Quebec, 131, 132, 136, 137.
Maupassant.FRécollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165.
Maurelle, Francisco Antonio.Sailed to the North-West Coast with Quadra in 1775, and again in 1779. Embodied the results of the explorations in several charts of the coast with explanatory text, which were published in Mexico and also in London. His journal of the 1775 expedition published in Barrington'sMiscellany, 1781. Commanded thePrincessa, 1781-1782, on a voyage from Manilla to San Bias.Index:DOn North-West Coast, 15.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names; Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Maxwell, Colonel.WSent to frontier with troops in 1839, 135.
May, Sir Humphrey(1573-1630). Born in England. Educated at Oxford. In 1604 groom of the King's privy chamber; in 1618 surveyor of the Court of Wards, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1625 privy councillor; in 1629 one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a settlement in North American affairs between England and France.Index:ChEnglish commissioner in matter of Canada, 214.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
May, Sir Thomas Erskine.SeeFarnborough.
Meade, George Gordon(1815-1872). In 1865-1866 commanded the military division of the Atlantic, during which period prevented the Fenians from making Eastport, Maine, the base of operations against New Brunswick.Index:TSent to check Fenians, 107.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Meares, John(1756-1809). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1776, and served against the French until 1783. Entered the merchant service, 1783, and explored the coast of Alaska, 1786. Explored and surveyed the north-west coast of America, 1789.Index:DWinters 1786-1787 in Prince William Sound, 22; half his crew die of scurvy, 22; voyage of 1788, and his connection with "Nootka Affair," 26; at Canton, 1788, 27; expedition to North-West Coast, 27; at Nootka, 27; purchases land from Maquinna for fur-trading post, 27; buildsNorth-West America, at Nootka,—first ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; explores coast southwards, 28; enters and examines Strait of Juan de Fuca, and takes possession for Great Britain, 28; sails for China, 28.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Medley, John(1804-1892). Born in London, England. Graduated at Oxford, 1826; ordained priest, 1829; vicar of St. John's, Truro, 1831; of St. Thomas, Exeter, 1838, and prebendary of Exeter cathedral, 1842. Elected first bishop of Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1845; metropolitan of Canada, 1879.Bib.: Mockridge,The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland; Dent,Can. Por.
Meech, Lieutenant.WMMakes reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 92.
Meilleur, Jean Baptiste(1795-1878). Born in St. Laurent, near Montreal. Educated at the College of St. Sulpice, Montreal; studied law, and, later, medicine. Elected to the Assembly, 1834, and appointed superintendent of public instruction by Sir Charles Bagot, 1842. Held this position for fifteen years, during which time forty-five educational institutions were established. In 1862 appointed postmaster of Montreal. One of the founders of the College of L'Assomption.Index:BLAppointed superintendent of public instruction by Bagot, 115.Bib.: Bibaud,Dict. Hist.andPan. Can.
Melbourne, William Lamb, second Viscount(1779-1848). Born in London, England. Educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow. Entered Parliament, 1805; Irish secretary under Canning, 1827, and under Wellington, 1828; and in 1830-1834 home secretary under Grey; for a few months in 1834, prime minister. In 1835 again became prime minister and retained office for six years; from 1837 to 1841 acted as adviser to the young Queen Victoria.Index:SyBecomes prime minister, 45; dismissed by the king, 45; recalled to power, 46; weakness of his government, 47; his estimate of Poulett Thomson, 6; resigns, 56; returns to office, 57; Cabinet reorganized, 57.WNegotiationsreNew Brunswick crown lands, 37.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.;Letters of Queen Victoria.
Melville, Henry Dundas, first Viscount(1742-1811). Sat for Midlothian, 1774-1790, and for Edinburgh, 1790-1802; home secretary, 1791-1794; secretary of war, 1794-1801; first lord of admiralty, 1804-1805.Index:SSecretary of state, thought Simcoe's educational schemes premature, 169.DrColonial secretary, disapproves of Dorchester's speech to Miami Indians, 283.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Melville, Henry Dundas, third Viscount(1801-1876). Served through Rebellion of 1837. General, 1868.Index:McDefends Windmill Point, 443; accepts Van Schoultz's surrender, 444.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Membertou, Henry(1510?-1611). Micmac sagamore; became a convert to Christianity in extreme old age. In 1604 De Monts and his band of colonists landed in Acadia, and the chief received them hospitably. Assisted the French against hostile Indians, and in 1607 with a force of Micmacs defeated the Armouchiquois Indians. In 1610 baptized, with his family and other Indians; and was counted a zealous son of the church. Is reputed to have been over a hundred years of age at his death.Index:ChAged Indian who claimed to have known Jacques Cartier, 36.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Membré, Zenobius(1645-1687). Born in France. The first novice in the Récollet province of St. Anthony. In 1675 came to Canada; in 1679 a member of La Salle's expedition to the West; and in 1682 accompanied La Salle on his voyage down the Mississippi. In 1684 again associated with La Salle on his second expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. Killed at Fort St. Louis, in an Indian attack.Index:LRécollet missionary, 149, 150.Bib.: Parkman,La Salle.
Menneval, Robineau de.Governor of Acadia in 1689, with headquarters at Port Royal. In 1690 Port Royal was attacked by the English, and after vainly attempting to defend it, captured and sent as prisoner to England.Index:FGovernor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, 274; carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France; Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia.
Mercier, Honoré(1840-1894). Born at Ste. Athanase, Quebec. Educated at the Jesuit College, Montreal. In 1865 called to the Quebec bar; and in 1872 elected to the Dominion Parliament for Rouville. In 1879 appointed solicitor-general in the Quebec provincial Assembly; and in 1883 elected member for St. Hyacinthe, and liberal leader in the House. In 1887 premier of Quebec and held office until Dec. 15, 1891, when the ministry was dismissed because of the Baie de Chaleur Railway scandal. Introduced the Jesuits' Estates Act in the Quebec Legislature.Index:COne of the founders ofLe Parti Nationaland its organLe National, 30; eulogizes the clergy, 30.MdHeads an agitation in favour of Riel, 243; incorporates the Society of Jesus, 286; introduces and passes the Jesuits' Estates Act in Quebec Legislature, 186, 287.Bib.: Legendre,Honoré MercierinMen of the Day; Willison,Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party.
Mercury.Newspaper of Quebec, established, 1805.Index:BLVoices sentiments of dominant faction in Lower Canada, 20.PAntagonistic attitude to French-Canadians, 28; makes merry at expense of Papineau's followers, 122-123.BkEditor of, forced to apologize to Legislative Assembly, 93; opinions expressed in, 93, 116.
Meredith, Sir William Collis(1812-1894). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Emigrated to Canada; in 1836 called to the bar of Montreal, and in 1844 appointed Q. C. From 1849 to 1859 a judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec; in 1859-1866 judge of the Queen's Bench; in 1866 chief justice of the Superior Court; retired in 1884. During Lord Elgin's administration as governor-general of Canada (1847-1854), one of the judges of the Seigniorial Court. In 1886 knighted.Index:EMember of Seigniorial Court, 187.
Meredith, Sir William Ralph(1840- ). Born in the county of Middlesex, Ontario. Educated at the London District Grammar School, and at the University of Toronto. Studied law, and called to the bar, 1861. Sat in the Ontario Assembly, 1872-1894; leader of the opposition, 1878-1894. Appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1894. Knighted, 1896. Chancellor of the University of Toronto.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Merritt, William Hamilton(1793-1862). Born in Westchester County, New York. Came to Canada with his parents, 1796. Served during the war of 1812-1814; took part in the capture of Detroit and the battles of Queenston Heights, Stony Creek, and Lundy's Lane. The principal promoter of the Welland Canal, opened in 1830. In 1832 elected to the Legislative Assembly; and in 1845 projected the Niagara Falls suspension bridge. In 1848 president of the Council in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration; in 1850 commissioner of public works; and in 1860 member of the Legislative Council.Index:BkCommands troop of cavalry at Queenston Heights, 310.EElected in 1848, 50; Welland Canal due to his enterprise, 97; a member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 97.McPresident of Welland Canal, 265; sues Mackenzie for libel, 265.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Merritt,Hon. W. H. Merritt.
Mesnard, Father.LDeath of, 11.
Mesnu, Peuvret de.LClerk of the Sovereign Council, 158, 167.
Mesplet, Fleury.HdPublisher of first books printed in Canada, 276; founder of MontrealGazette, 276; publishes scurrilous sheet in French, and is arrested, 277.SPrints Simcoe's first proclamation, 80, 173.
Metaberoutin.SeeSt. Maurice River.
Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron(1785-1846). Born in Calcutta, India. Educated at Eton. Resident of Delhi, 1811-1820; in 1820-1827 resident of Hyderabad; and member of the Supreme Council of India, 1827. Provisional governor-general, 1835-1836; and lieutenant-governor of the North-West Provinces, 1836-1838; governor of Jamaica, 1839-1842. In 1843 appointed governor-general of Canada, and held the position until 1845.Index:SyDid not believe that Sydenham was really in favour of responsible government, 312; his reactionary policy, 313.COn the union of 1841, 14-15; his high-handedness, 17; his political schemes, 18; constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97.RRyerson's defence of, 126, 129-130, 163; opposition to, 126-131; confers with Ryerson on popular education, 163.BReasons for his selection as governor, 18-19; Hincks on, 18-19; rupture with his advisers, 19; his character and attitude towards responsible government, 19-20, 23, 24; defended by Ryerson, 22; wins elections, 26; leaves Canada, 27; his death, 27; Brown refuses to drink his health, 27-28.HHis narrow views and arbitrary conduct, delays full development of responsible government, 55.BLThe great political controversy during his administration, x; on responsible government, 138; his arrival in Kingston, reception, and appearance, 155; his character and views on representative government, 156-166; his birth, 158; difficulties of his position, 166-168; relations with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 169-176; 199-214; defended by Daly and MacNab, 214-215; forms provisional government, 216; defended by Wakefield, 219, 220; agitation of the Reform Association, 221-223; attacked by theGlobe, 224, 225; public addresses, 226-228; supported by Stanley, the colonial secretary, in his quarrel with the Reformers, 230-234; and by Lord John Russell, Peel, and Buller, 234-235; attempts to form a Cabinet, 235-236; defended by Ryerson, 240-242; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; Ryerson's rejoinder, 245-246; forms Cabinet, 246-247; uses personal influence in elections, 1844, 249-250; wins the election, 250; elevation to peerage, 256-257; his recall, 263, 265; his illness and death,265; succeeded by Cathcart, 265; his mistaken policy, 272, 274, 285; refuses La Fontaine's request for amnesty, 288, 291; and Baldwin's University Bill, 293; and the Indemnification Bill, 308; La Fontaine's reference to, in his farewell speech, 356.ESucceeds Bagot as governor-general, 32; his defects as governor, 32, 33, 39; comes into conflict with La Fontaine and Baldwin, 33-34; his views on patronage, 34-35; attempts to form a ministry, 35-36, 66, 119; and Ryerson, 36, 90; Kaye's views on, 36; raised to peerage, 37; his death, 37; Macaulay on, 37-38; Hincks on, 38; succeeded by Cathcart, 38; and the Rebellion Losses question, 64; rebels allowed to return from exile, 91.MdSucceeds Sir Charles Bagot as governor-general of Canada, 18; previous appointments, 18; disagrees with Baldwin and La Fontaine on question of patronage, 18, 19; difficulty in forming administration, 19; his high-handed policy, 20; carries on government with three ministers, 20; his administration sustained in general election, 21; resigns, 24; leaves Canada, 24, 25.WNew Brunswick House of Assembly presents address to, 74; attacked by Wilmot and Fisher, 74; addresses from St. John and county of York, 74-75; his unconstitutional attitude, 75, 76.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Kaye,Life and Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe; Ryerson,Story of my Life; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Methodist Church in Canada.Can be traced back to 1772, when a party of Yorkshire Methodists settled in Nova Scotia. The first provincial Methodist Conference was held at Halifax in 1786. In 1814 the British Conference appointed missionaries to Quebec and Montreal; and in 1807 the first Methodist Conference was held at Elizabethtown (Brockville). In 1828 the Canada Conference became independent of the Methodist Episcopal Church of the United States; and in 1833 the Canada Methodist Episcopal Church united with the British Wesleyans. In 1874 the Wesleyan Methodist Conference of Canada, the Canadian Wesleyan New Connexion Conference, and the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America became one as the Methodist Church of Canada. The first session of the General Conference was held the same year. In 1883 the Primitive Methodist Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church also became part of the Methodist Church in Canada.Index:RHistory of church in Canada, 38; without civil rights, 40; independent Canadian church established, 81; English Methodism in Canada, 87; Wesleyan missionaries, 89; Canadian bodies united, 287-288.SBishop Mountain's low opinion of Methodist preachers in Upper Canada, 159; their earnest labours, 162-164.Bib.: Sanderson,The First Century of Methodism in Canada; Ryerson,Canadian Methodism; Carman,Historical Sketch of Canadian MethodisminCanada: An Ency., vol. 2.
Methye Portage.Also known as Portage La Loche. Named after the methye or loche (Lota maculosa), which has always been abundant in neighbouring waters. This portage was an important point in the palmy days of the fur trade. It leads from the Churchill to the Clearwater, and so to the Athabaska and the immense systems of northern and western waterways that lie beyond. It was noted for its beautiful scenery, which has been described or mentioned by Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and other northern travellers. It was first crossed by Peter Pond in 1778. The route has now been abandoned for some years, supplies for the northern posts of the Hudson's Bay Company being transported overland from Edmonton to Athabaska Landing, and thence down the Athabaska.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.