Queenston Heights, Battle of.In War of 1812. Brock commanded the British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and 2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods, attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900 and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott.Index:BkAccount of battle, 300-312.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Currie,Battle of Queenston Heights.See alsoWar of 1812.
Quen, Jean de(1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635. Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of the Canadian missions, 1655-1656.Index:ChParish priest of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 238.Bib.:Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites; Charlevoix,History of New France.
Quentin, Barthelemy.ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg.ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Quentin, Father Claude.ChJesuit, visits Miscou, 234.
Quesnel, Frederick A.SyMember of Special Council of Lower Canada, opposes union, 193.PWithdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102.
Quesnel, Jules Maurice.DAccompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the Fraser, 60.MSWith Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river named after, 109.Bib.: Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest.
Queylus, Abbé de.FSulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42; sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43.LHis difficulties with Laval, 7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes authority of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to archbishop of Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and assumes charge of parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to France, 28; later returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, 29; causes chapel to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupré, 101; arrival of, 1668, 105; makes donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's recommendation of, 107, 134; departure of, for France, 134; his great liberality, 135.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime.
Quimper, Manuel.Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West Coast in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to Monterey, Mexico, in September, 1790.Index:DExamines both shores of Juan de Fuca Strait, 1790, 26.Bib.: Walkran,British Columbia Coast-Names.
Quinte, Bay of.An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouvé and Fénelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the bay were made byUnited Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks settled in the township of Tyendenaga—named after Joseph Brant.Index:HdIroquois settlement on, 265.Bib.: Conant,Life in CanadaandUpper Canada Sketches.
Quintin's Bridge.SSkirmish at, 24.
Quinton, James.TCandidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, 109.
Radisson, Pierre Esprit(1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada in 1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois and carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped the following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit to the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake Superior, discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 made another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey by his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company.Index:FProceedings of, in Hudson Bay, 204-205.Bib.:Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson(Prince Society, Boston, 1885);Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson(Canadian ArchivesReport, 1895); Sulte,Radisson in the North-West(R. S. C., 1904);Découverte du Mississippi(R. S. C., 1903); Prud'homme,Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson; Dionne,Chouart et Radisson(R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce,Further History of Pierre Esprit Radisson(R. S. C., 1898) andHudson's Bay Company; Laut,Pathfinders of the WestandThe Conquest of the Great North-West.
Rae, John(1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied Richardson in his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and in 1851 commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land. During an expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of Franklin's death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia.Index:MSJourney in search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his party, 51; chief factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228.Bib.:Expedition to the Shores of the Arctic Sea.
Rae, W. G.DExpedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in charge of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.
Rafeix, Father.LJesuit, comes to Canada, 41.
Rageot, Gilles.FClerk to attorney-general, 106.
Ragueneau, Paul(1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to France, where he acted as agent forthe Canadian missions until his death.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France; Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Raikes, Thomas.SyHis description of Poulett Thomson, 43.
Railways.EHistory of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117.CCartier favours building of, 45.BLEarly charters for, in Canada, 301.BOne from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George Brown, 61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64; Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64.HLine from Halifax to Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in 1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125; transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway Bills passed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147; railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158.TIn New Brunswick, subsidies to, 19-20.See alsoCanadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway; Grand Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern Railway; Northern Railway.
Rainsford, John.FRescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304.
Raisin, Sister Marie.LMember of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.
Ralleau.ChSecretary of De Monts, 33.
Ramesay, De.FCommands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351.
Ramezay, Claude de.WMCommandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219; describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates, 231, 232.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,The Fight for Canada.
Rand, Theodore Harding(1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various professorships in educational institutions; chancellor of McMaster University, Toronto, 1892-1895.Bib.: Works:At Minas Basin, and other Poems;Song Waves and other Poems;Treasury of Canadian Verse. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Randal, Robert.McVirginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his mission, 142, 143.
Randolph, Beverley(1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia Assembly during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia.Index:SAmerican commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Rangers (British).HdEstablished near Cataraqui, 265.WMReëmbark after fall of Quebec, 236.See alsoQueen's Rangers.
Rankin, Colonel.MdChallenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology, and meeting is averted, 81-82.
Rankine, Alexander.TDeserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18.
Rattray, William Jordan(1835-1883). Born in London, England. Emigrated to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University, and later entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of books on religious and general subjects; for several years on the editorial staff of the TorontoMail. Contributed to Canadian and American periodicals.Index:McHis opinionof Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12, 26; views on the Rebellion, 26; on destruction of theAdvocate, 115; opinion of Head, 307.Bib.:The Scot in British North America. For biog.,seeRose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Raudot, Antoine-Denis(1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as assistant to the intendant; recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen; also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father as councillor of marine.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).
Raudot, Jacques(1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in 1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711.Bib.: Roy,Intendants de la Nouvelle-France(R. S. C., 1903).
Razilly, Chevalier de.ChOne of the Hundred Associates, 170; ordered to assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with expedition to take possession of Quebec, 213.
Ré, François, Sieur de Gand.ChOne of the Hundred Associates, 171.
Read, David Breakenridge(1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; mayor of Toronto, 1858.Index:McOn Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a reformer, 5; on responsible government, 12.Bib.: Works:The Lives of the Judges of Upper Canada;The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe;The Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock;The Rebellion of 1837;The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and Ontario. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.
Reade, Alfred.WAppointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78; discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.
Rebellion Losses Bill.McFurious debate on, between MacNab and Blake, 489.BLPassed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; its history, 305-334, 335, 336.EHistory of, 63-84; commission appointed by Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; La Fontaine's resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter opposition of Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in opposition to bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities, 70; Elgin gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the Montreal riots, 73-77, 161, 203.BHistory of, 34-38.CJohn A. Macdonald characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32.MdCircumstances leading up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to Legislature, 35; passes the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; cause of unseemly riots, 38; causes division of opinion in British Parliament, 41.See alsoRebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada).Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada.The culmination of a long agitation, on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of popular government. The older and more experienced of their leaders refused to overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but Papineau, Wolfred Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts determined to resort to armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches and demonstrations, in the summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau was the central figure, led to incipient riots in Montreal and elsewhere, and the decision of the authorities to arrest Papineau blew the smouldering embers into a fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered their followers together at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Colonel Gore and Colonel Wetherall were sent to disperse them. Shortly after, Amury Girod raised the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, and Sir John Colborne led a force against him. In every case the rebels were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, Brown, and the other leaders fled. Papineau and Brown escaped over the border. The others were captured and exiled to Bermuda. The next year Robert Nelson and Dr. Côte made a final attempt at Napierville. Nelson managed to escape, but his misguided followers were captured, twelve executed, and eighty-seven transported to Australia.Index:CResponsibility of the government for, 2; Cartier's part in, 7; defence of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of the constitution of 1791, 11; origin of, 121-122.SyIn Lower Canada, 57.BAttributed by Durham to racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12.PResponsibility of the bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in Montreal, 127; Demaray and Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure Viger and party ofPatriotes, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel Wetherall's against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, 130-132; at St. Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight at St. Eustache, 135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of 1838 crushed, 139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's version, 146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153.BLPapineau's connection with, 45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, 287-288.MSGovernor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence strongly against Papineau, 243.HIts effect on popular party in Nova Scotia, 49.EIts causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of the Rebellion, 62-63; contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92.MdCartier involved in, 7; takes advantage of amnesty, 7; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23.See alsoNinety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; Rebellion Losses Bill.Bib.: Christie,History of Lower Canada; Kingsford,History of Canada; Carrier,Les Evénéments de 1837-1838; David,Les Patriotes de 1837; Globensky,La Rebellion de 1837; Theller,Canada in 1837-38.
Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada.Almost the exact counterpart of the revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city, were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements, they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape. Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were made in this and the following years, with the aid of American sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the rebels.Index:McExcuses for, 12; history of, 12-13;Globejustifies, 13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of rebellion, 14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's view, 18, 27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; Chamberlain's view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low murmur of insurrection," 300.BAttributed by Durham to ascendancy of Family Compact, 11.MSResponsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's Bay Company influence supports government, 242.BLMackenzie's and Rolph's connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; attackplanned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, 43; and are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and Lount's connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288.EIts causes, 17, 18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92.RMentioned, 113, 143.MdMilitia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23.See alsoW. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount; Grievances.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Head,Narrative; King,Other Side of the Story; Ryerson,Affairs of the Canadas; Glenelg,Despatches to Sir F. B. Head; Read,Rebellion of 1837; Lizars,Humours of '37.
Reciprocity.Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between the years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year, when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887, 1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to respond.Index:BAdvocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its abrogation, 148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be favourable to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; confederate council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington, 193; reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines scheme, 193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation as against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set aside in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject, 224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown treaty of 1874—history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty, 228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230; treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged against treaty in Canada, 231-232.BLAdvocated by Hincks, 1849, 302; movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338.HHalifax Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United States, 115-116.ETreaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified by MacNab-Morin government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202.MdTreaty negotiated by Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, favouring renewal of, 99; ended in 1866, 166, 215-216.TDiscussed in New Brunswick Assembly, 28; treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33.See alsoElgin; Unrestricted Reciprocity; Commercial Union; Zollverein.Bib.: Derby,Report upon the Treaty of Reciprocity; Griffin,The Provinces and the States; Howe,The Reciprocity Treaty; Haliburton,American Protection and Canadian Reciprocity.
Récollets.A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in 1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of the orderwho came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became famous as the historians of their missions in New France.Index:FBrought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166.DrTheir churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242.LRecommend adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges reopened, 236.ChConsent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; papal brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission a failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225.HdRecommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet imprisoned in house of, 286, 289.Bib.: Le Clerc,First Establishment of the Faith in New France, trans. by Shea; Sagard,Histoire du Canada; Parkman,Pioneers of France, Old Régime, andFrontenac.
Red River.Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was discovered by La Vérendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of the Assiniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles.Bib.: Lovell,Gazetteer of Canada; Hind,Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions.
Red River Colony.Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk Colony; Assiniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (q.v.), in 1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory that year, under the leadership of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys, reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few years, and were constantly harassed by the fur traders of the North West Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the province of Manitoba.Index:MSThe settlers sail from Stornoway, in the Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1, 1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected amile north of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway, 159; ship-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164; winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814, 163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer (Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196; trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble, 246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson, 1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278; population, 1870, 286.BIsbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213.MdPlague of grasshoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand persons at Confederation, 157.See alsoSelkirk; Assiniboia.Bib.: Bryce,Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists; Begg,Creation of Manitoba; Hargrave,Red River; Ross,Red River Settlement; Bell,The Selkirk Settlement; MacBeth,The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life; Selkirk,Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River; Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries.
Red River Rebellion.SeeRiel Rebellion, 1869-1870.
Redistribution Bill.MdBill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to adjust representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274;Globeon, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276.
Redpath, Peter(1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public institutions, and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics, $140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building, besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations of $85,000 to the library.Index:ESigns Annexation Manifesto, 81.Bib.: Dawson,Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill University.
Reed, Joseph.TDeserts his party in New Brunswick, 18.
Reform Alliance.McObjects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death of, 497.
Reform Association.BLFounded in Toronto, with branches throughout Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the people," 238.
Reform, Parliamentary.SyQuestion of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32.
Reform Party.BFight for responsible government, against Metcalfe, 21; under wise leadership of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of 1857recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories, 131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138; leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159; Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry, 208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 262.SyIts support of the policy of union of the provinces acknowledged by Sydenham, 213.See alsoLiberal Party.
Regale.LDispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement, 184, 201.
Regina.Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters of the Royal North-West Mounted Police.Bib.: Powers,History of Regina: its Foundation and Growth.
Regiopolis College.Established at Kingston.Index:BLEstablished by Roman Catholics, 194.RIncorporated March 4, 1837, 147.
Registration.SOf deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94, 102.SyOf titles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, passed by Special Council, 278, 279.
Reid, Stuart J.McOn colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on the Duke of Wellington, 17; on authorship of Durham's Report, 82, 83.Bib.:Life and Letters of Durham;Lord John Russell.
Renaud.CDemands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 73.
Repentigny.On the St. Lawrence, north bank.FBand of Iroquois surprised and destroyed at, 308.
Repentigny, Captain de.WMWith Canadians, guards fords of Montmorency, 112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered with his reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.
Representation Bill, 1853.ESir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133.
Representation by Population.BAdvocated by George Brown, 71, 75, 82, 142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by Upper Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127; growth in sentiment for, 142.MdNot an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty caused by working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George Brown's solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed to, 89; solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America Act, 141.TMovement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68.
Representative Government.DrLittle interest felt in, by French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their petition to the king, 61.See alsoResponsible government.
Representative Institutions.FComplete absence of, in New France, 131-132.
Responsible Government.The period of responsible government in Canada dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of 1774, the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of 1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham'sReport, were mile-stones on the road to responsible government.Index:McRattray on, 5, 6; Lord John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, passed by Imperial House, 20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on, 22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy," 61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273; Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409; May on value of, 490.MdIts principles accepted in Act of Union in 1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50.WHistory of movement for, in New Brunswick, 99-130.SyEffects of its introduction foreseen, 81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of committees of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; Sydenham's great tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of its more ardent advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, 105-107; advocated by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically solved, 108; responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; opposed by English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform party in Upper Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George Arthur opposes, 125; inhabitants of Gore district pass resolutions in favour of, 125; Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; misunderstood by Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; absence of, in Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office brings it nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, 185; could be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in Durham's Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject diminishing, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of, 227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions on, adopted by Legislative Assembly, 310, 311.BExplained in theBanner, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67.CLa Fontaine's fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98.HFight for, in Nova Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53; triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on, 112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for.SeeHowe.BLBaldwin's "one idea," ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of, in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the root of both constitutional and armed movements in Canada, 52; recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in theExaminer, 58; Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history of, 137-143.See alsoBrown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert; Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.; Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions; Representative government; Constitutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840.Bib.: Bourinot,Constitutional History of Canada; Shortt and Doughty,Constitutional Documents of Canada; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dent,Last Forty Years; Durham,Report; Kingsford,History of Canada.
Revenue.McCasual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, 54-55; subject of contention, 55.SyControl of, contended for by provincial Assemblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, gives rise to dispute, 93.WDisputes over disposition of, in New Brunswick, 16-30, 35-39, 44-47, 92.
Revue Canadienne.Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half century.
Reye, Pierre.ChSides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.
Rhéaume, Colonel.WMKilled in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.
Rhodes, Cecil John(1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England. Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in the diamond mines. Entered the Assembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholarships at Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British colonies, the United States, and Germany.Index:MdLetter from, to Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343.Bib.: Hensman,Cecil Rhodes: a Study of a Career; Scholz,Oxford and the Rhodes Scholarships.
Riall, Sir Phineas.Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806; saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825; knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Rice, Spring.SeeMonteagle, Lord.
Richard, Father.ChJesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.
Richards, Sir William Buell(1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a member of the Upper Canada Assembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868; arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885.Index:EReturned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.
Richardson, James(1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, and served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of theChristian Guardian, 1832, and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1837. Consecrated bishop, 1858.Index:BAsked to enter religious controversy in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor ofChristian Guardian, 94; in the internal troubles among the Methodists, 105.Bib.: Webster,Life of Rev. James Richardson; Dent,Can. Por.
Richardson, John(1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1812 served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British army.Index:BLCited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on Bagot, 153.BkHisWar of 1812quoted, 236; describes encounter at Maguaga, 238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254.Bib.: Works:War of 1812, 1842; new ed., edited by Casselman, 1902;Wacousta; Ecarté;The Canadian Brothers. For biog.,seeDict. Nat. Biog.See alsointroduction toWar of 1812, ed. by Casselman.
Richardson, Sir John(1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as assistant surgeon, and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846 knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the explorer.Bib.: Works:Arctic Searching Expedition;Fauna Boreali Americana. For biog.,see Dict. Nat. Biog.
Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de(1585-1642). Born in France. In 1607 bishop of Luçon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624 councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy.Index:EIntroduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175.LProvides for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen royal power, 18.FCreates Company of New France, 19.ChFounder of the Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170.Bib.:Correspondence and State Papers, 1853-1877.Seelives or political biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, Fagniez, Lodge.
Richelieu District.In the Province of Quebec.Index:DrParishes in, show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.
Richelieu Islands.Near mouth of Richelieu River.Index:ChA trading place, 120, 245.
Richelieu River.Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into the St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain in 1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was at first known as the Rivière des Iroquois, and has at different times borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel.Index:FHighway to Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51.CScenes of patriarchal life along, 118-121.PIn Rebellion of 1837, 128-134.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France; White,Atlas of Canada.
Richer, Jean.ChInterpreter, 144.
Richibucto.ChJesuit mission at, 234.
Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of(1735-1806). Graduated at Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden, 1759; ambassador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783.Index:DrCarleton appointed as preceptor to, 30.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of(1764-1819). Entered Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland, 1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died near Richmond, Upper Canada.Index:EAn unsuccessful governor, 2; his death at Richmond, 2.PQuiet rule of, 39.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Kingsford,History of Canada.
Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel.WMWolfe's letter to, 72.
Riddell, Robert.BLDefeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's petition against his election refused, 253.
Rideau Canal.Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the canal in May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the Great Lakes. This, with the other canals then built, remained under the control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of the Dominion government.Index:EIts origin as a military work, and importance to Upper Canada, 98.BLIts importance from a military point of view, 74.Bib.: Billings,The Rideau Canal(Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of OttawaTrans., vol. 2).
Ridout, George.McDismissed by Head, 306.
Ridout, Thomas.A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780; became registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper Canada.Index:RSurveyor-general, and member of Board of Education, 58.BkOn administrative energy of Brock, 168.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Edgar,Ten Years of Upper Canada.
Ridout, Thomas G.(1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his family to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed deputy assistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became cashier of the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his death.Index:BkLetter from, describing condition of affairs in England in 1811, 167; on the political situation in England in 1812, 192-193.Bib.: Edgar,Ten Years of Upper Canada.
Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa(1746-1808). Wife of Baron Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war.Index:DrHer journal, 145, 159.HdHer Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240, 299-304, 345.
Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron(1738-1800). German officer. Born in Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794.Index:DrCommands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns, 147; his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174.HdCommands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and Canadians, 114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297, 299, 302; on Washington's methods, 298.Bib.: Bradley,The Making of Canada;History of Canada.See alsoHaldimand.
Riel, Louis(1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at the Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870; organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan, captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged.Index:CLeads revolt in North-West, 69;establishes provisional government, 69.MdSets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas Scott to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's plan of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics, 162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162; invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of 1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his execution debated in Parliament, 280.Bib.:The Queenvs.Louis Riel;Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest; Begg,History of the North-West; Morice,Dict.See alsoRiel Rebellion.
Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and assume control. The French half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured. Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug. 24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue, had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed.Index:CIts causes, 69.HJoseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228.See alsoRiel.Bib.: Huyshe,Red River Expedition; Boulton,Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions; Bryce,Manitoba; McArthur,Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement(Man. Hist. and Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison,Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869andSoldiering in Canada.
Riel Rebellion, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the Red River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the Saskatchewan Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue patents to the half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became convinced that their lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for, and an agitation worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly moving towards violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and deliberately inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western tribes. A small detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked at Duck Lake, and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke to the seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent west under General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three columns; one under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the neighbourhood of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve Battleford, which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which he himself took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the rebels at Fish Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove them back to Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for three days, but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had encountered Poundmaker at Cut KnifeCreek, and after a desperate fight had been forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar experience with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear gave himself up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid the penalty of his crimes on the scaffold.Index:See alsoRiel.Bib.: Boulton,Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions;Report upon the Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West; Denison,Soldiering in Canada.
Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of(1782-1859). Born in London. Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809 appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823, and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount Goderich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl of Ripon.Index:McColonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into Upper Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the post-office department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to Mackenzie, 227; relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops free gifts of public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be disqualified from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228; orders account of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of ecclesiastics as legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of elections, 229; favours independent judiciary, 229; differs from Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and Boulton, 231, 232; resigns, 235; disallows Bank Acts, 237.SyResigns, 16.BLHis despatch to the colony of Upper Canada, 15; petition and correspondence as to affairs in Upper Canada, 30.POffers Papineau and his friends control of revenue in exchange for a civil list, 76-79.WViews on crown lands, New Brunswick, 23.SyLiberal statesman, 15; becomes prime minister as Lord Goderich, 16; resigns, 16.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess(1827- ). Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884.Index:BExplains proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to Confederation and defence, 186.Bib.:Who's Who.
Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone(1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the Legislative Assembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada, 1879; knighted, 1881.Index:TElected for St. John County, 10, 12-13; afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to address, 18; condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned for St. John County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made chief-justice, New Brunswick, 94.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.
Rivière aux Raisins.SBoundary of territory dependent on Detroit during British occupation, 145.
Rivière Ouelle.South shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec.Index:FAlleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291.
Roads.BLGovernment makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter roads at Quebec, 146-147.See alsoYonge Street; Dundas Street; Baldoon Road.
Roberts, Captain.BkCommands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210; instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from Prévost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227.
Robertson.TAnti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109.
Robertson, Colin.MSBrings Selkirk settlers back to Red River, 165, 177; captures Fort Gibraltar, 178; takes Duncan Cameron to York Factory, 178; tried at Montreal, 198; his character, 220.See alsoRed River Colony.Bib.: Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West.
Robertson, James(1839-1902). Born in Scotland. Removed to Canada and educated at the University of Toronto, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and Princeton University. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church, 1869; settled at Winnipeg as pastor of Knox Church, 1874. Appointed superintendent of western missions of the Presbyterian Church, 1881.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Gordon,Life of James Robertson.
Robertson, Thomas Jaffray.RFirst principal of Toronto Normal School, 173; his methods and influence, 173-174; inspector of schools, 253.
Robertson, William.SAppointed member of Legislative Council, but did not come to Canada, 79.
Roberval, Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de.A gentleman of Picardy, born about the year 1500. By a commission dated Jan. 15, 1541, Francis I gave him the command of the expedition planned by Jacques Cartier, and made him his viceroy and lieutenant-general in the new lands discovered by Cartier. The commission granted to the latter in 1540 was revoked, and Cartier sailed as Roberval's lieutenant. Cartier left St. Malo in May, 1541, and Roberval did not follow until April, 1542. His ships entered the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, June 8, and there he met Cartier on his way home. Sailing on into the gulf, and up the St. Lawrence, he reached Charlesbourg Royal, where Cartier had wintered, and set his men to work erecting forts and other buildings. Here he wintered; explored the river in the spring; and sailed back to France with his colonists in the autumn of 1543. Despite the failure of his colonizing venture, commissioned by the king in 1544 to rebuild the fortifications of Senlis; and in 1548 made controller of all mines in France. Lost sight of about the year 1560. One story has it that he was murdered in the streets of Paris; and another that he died at sea; but both lack confirmation. There is reason to believe that he died in 1560, or early in 1561.Index:ChRavages of scurvy in his expedition, 23.Bib.: Hakluyt,Principall Navigations; Harrisse,Notes sur la Nouvelle France; Dawson,The St. Lawrence Basin; Dionne,Jean-François de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval(R. S. C., 1899).
Robie, Simon Bradstreet.HMember of Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 1838, 56-57.
Robineau de Becancour, Réné.EHis seigniory of Portneuf made a barony, 181.
Robineau de Portneuf, Pierre.Son of Réné Robineau, Baron de Becancour, a lieutenant in the regiment of Robineau de Menneval, 1690. Served in Acadia, 1691.Index:ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Robinson, Major.TMakes survey for Intercolonial, 53.
Robinson, Colonel Beverley(1723-1792). Born in Thornbury, England. Entered the army; took part as a major, under Wolfe, in the attack on Quebec, 1759. Opposed the measures that led to the separation of the Americancolonies from the motherland, but joined the Loyalists when independence was declared; raised the Loyal American Regiment, of which he was colonel, and on several occasions conducted matters on behalf of the Loyalists. At the end of the war came to New Brunswick, and was a member of the first Council of that colony.Index:HdOf Royal Regiment of New York, his negotiations with Ethan Allen of Vermont, 201-203.DrCommanded Loyal Americans, 202.WCommands Loyal American Regiment, 3.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Robinson, Frederick John.SeeRipon.
Robinson, F. P.WAuditor of king's casual revenue, 34; resigns, 72.
Robinson, John.WMHis impression of Wolfe's conversation on night before battle, 179.
Robinson, Sir John Beverley(1791-1863). Educated at Dr. Strachan's school, Kingston; studied law and became acting attorney-general in 1812, before he had been called to the bar. Played a distinguished part as a volunteer during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of the so-called Family Compact; represented York in the Assembly, 1821, and for several years thereafter; appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1829, and the following year nominated Speaker of the Executive Council; upon the union of the provinces in 1841, retired from political life, but retained his office as chief-justice; in 1850 created a baronet of the United Kingdom.Index:SyOpposes union of the provinces, 211; goes to England in hope of defeating measure, 230.BLHis character, 12; pupil of Dr. Baldwin, 24; becomes chief-justice, 31; opposes union of the Canadas, 61; his pamphlet, 62.BHis part in movement towards Confederation, 129.EReceives baronetcy, 105.RMember of Board of Education, 58; his connection with university scheme, 153.BkAs acting attorney-general gives opinion on Michigan question, 260; letter of, describing battle of Queenston Heights, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306.McProsecutes Gourlay, 92; reports on union of provinces, 105; denies existence of ministry, 274.Bib.:Canada and the Canada Bill. For biog.,seeRobinson,Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart.; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Dent,Can. Por.; Read,Lives of the Judges; Edgar,Ten Years of Upper Canada.
Robinson, John Beverley(1820-1896). Second son of Sir John Beverley Robinson; born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College; appointed aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head; saw active service during the Rebellion of 1837. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1844. Served as alderman in Toronto for six years; elected mayor, 1857. Elected to the Assembly for one of the divisions of Toronto, 1858; president of the Council in the Macdonald-Cartier administration, 1862. Elected to the House of Commons for Algoma, 1872, and for Toronto West, 1878. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1880-1887.Bib.: Read,The Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada; Dent,Can. Por.; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Robinson, W. B.BLBrother of Sir J. B. Robinson, appointed inspector-general, 1844, 247; elected in elections of 1844, 252.
Roblin, Rodmond Palen(1853- ). Born in Sophiasburg, Ontario. Educated at Albert College, Belleville. Removed to Manitoba and settled at Carman, 1880. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly for Dufferin, 1888; premier, 1900; also holds offices of minister of agriculture and railway commissioner.Bib.:Canadian Who's Who.
Rochemonteix, Camille.A member of the Society of Jesus.Index:FOn theJesuit Relations, 30.Bib.;Les Jésuites et le Nouvelle France au XVIIeSiècle.
Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of(1730-1782). Born in Yorkshire, England. Educated at Westminster School and St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1746 served as a volunteer against the Jacobites. In 1765 premier of a coalition ministry opposed to royal grants and general warrants; from 1768 to 1781 leader of the opposition in the House of Lords, during which time supported the proposals to grant independence to the American colonies. In 1782 again became prime minister. Throughout his political career upheld the contentions of the American colonists, and opposed to royal encroachments.Index:DrForms Cabinet, 192.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Rocky Mountain Fur Company.Founded at St. Louis, in 1822, by William H. Ashley. The field of its operations was the Upper Missouri country. After an adventurous career of twelve years, in which Ashley, Andrew Henry, M. G. Sublette, and other well-known western American traders took a leading part, the company was disbanded at the annual rendezvous in Green River Valley, in the summer of 1834.Index:DMade famous by the enterprise of the trader Ashley, 134; re-establishes commercial communication between United States and Oregon, 134.Bib.: Chittenden,History of the American Fur Trade.
Rocky Mountain Portage.Leads across an elbow of the Peace River, in the mountains, about long. 122°, to avoid a series of dangerous rapids. First used by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, on his expedition to the Pacific. The North West Company had a trading post here for many years; and one was afterwards maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, but has long since been abandoned.Index:DSimon Fraser's first post built in 1805, 97.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Rocky Mountains.Commence in New Mexico, and extend north to the Arctic coast, west of the Mackenzie River. The highest known peaks in the Canadian Rockies are Mount Brown (16,000 feet) and Mount Hooker (15,690 feet). The general altitude of the range varies from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. The following are the principal passes in Canada: Boundary, 6030 feet above the sea; Kootenay, 5960 feet; Crow's Nest, 4845 feet; Kananaski, 5985 feet; Vermillion, 4947 feet; Kicking Horse, 5420 feet; Howse, 6347 feet; Athabaska, 7300 feet; Yellowhead, 3760 feet; Peace, 2000 feet.Index:WMDiscovered by La Vérendrye, 19.DCrossed by Mackenzie, 54; by David Thompson, 58; by Simon Fraser, 59; by Lewis and Clarke, 67.Bib.: White,Atlas of Canada; Lovell,Gazetteer of Canada.
Rodier, Édouard.CAs an orator, 7; influence on Cartier, 7.
Rodney, George Brydges, Baron(1718-1792). Born in Walton-upon-Thames, England. Educated at Harrow School. Entered the navy; promoted lieutenant, 1739, and captain, 1742. In 1748 appointed governor and commander-in-chief of the station of Newfoundland; in 1759 rear-admiral; in 1761 commander-in-chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and captured St. Pierre, Grenada, and St. Lucia; vice-admiral, 1762; made a baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; admiral, 1779. On Jan. 16, 1780, won the battle of St. Vincent.Index:HdHis victory over French and Spanish fleets, 189.DrHis great victory in West Indies, 195.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Roebuck, John Arthur(1801-1879). Born in Madras, India. Brought to Canada at an early age, and educated here. Went to England in 1824 to study law, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1832-1837 member of Parliament for the city of Bath, and in 1835 agent in England for the House ofAssembly of Lower Canada. Again member for Bath, 1841-1847, and in 1849-1868 member for Sheffield. In 1855 moved in the House of Commons for a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War, and on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen's government, elected chairman of the Sebastopol Committee appointed by Palmerston. In 1856 appointed chairman of the Administrative Reform Association. In 1874 re-elected member for Sheffield, which he represented until his death.Index:BLCorrespondence with Papineau and Mackenzie, 229; speech on affairs in Canada, 231, 233; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 325, 327.BAttacks Metcalfe's policy, 23.WOn responsible government, 110.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Rogers, Sir F.SeeBlachford.
Rogers, Robert(1727-1800). Born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. In the War of 1755-1760 with the French, commanded Rogers's Rangers and distinguished himself in several engagements. Sent by Amherst in 1759 to destroy the Indian village of St. Francis near the St. Lawrence River. In 1760 took possession of Detroit and other western posts ceded by the French after the fall of Quebec. In 1765 George III appointed him governor of Mackinaw, Mich.; subsequently accused of intriguing with the Spaniards and tried by court-martial in Montreal, but released. Became colonel in the British army in North America, and commanded the Queen's Rangers. In 1777 went to England. Proscribed by the provincial Congress of New Hampshire, 1778.Bib.: Works:Concise Account of North America, 1765;Journals during the Late War, 1765. For biog.,seeDict. Nat. Biog.
Rohault, de.FEstablishes college for boys at Quebec, 28.
Rolette, Lieutenant.BkCaptures schoonerCayahogawith stores and baggage of General Hull, 218, 243; in command of brigDetroitcaptured by Americans, 292.
Rollet, Marie.ChWife of Louis Hébert, 112, 146.
Rolph, John(1792-1870). Born in Thornbury, England. Emigrated to Canada. Practised as a physician in Toronto, and in 1837 took part in the Rebellion. Connected with Mackenzie in the attempt to capture Toronto. After the collapse of the movement fled to the United States, where he practised for some years. Pardoned and returned to Canada, 1843; settled in Toronto. Joined with Lesslie, Perry, and others in forming the Clear Grit party; founded a medical school in Toronto; commissioner of crown lands in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; resigned from the government, 1854, and joined the opposition; retired from public life, 1857.Index:McDefends Judge Willis, 133; moves address, 151; brings Gurnett to bar, 152; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; prepares answer to Governor Head, 298; exposes opposition to Mackenzie's petition, 311; prevented from speaking in the House, 319; speech ridiculing Governor Head's exculpation by House, 323; pens "Declaration of Independence," 330; does not sign, 331; to be "sole executive" of Rebellion movement, 350; changes day of rising, 361; meets Mackenzie, 362; accompanies flag of truce, 368; advises Lount to advance, 371; second flag of truce, 371; leaves for the United States, 375; on Navy Island, 413; declines treasurership, 416; amnestied, 474.BLFight for reform, 13; appointed to Executive Council by Head, 38-39; joint organizer of Rebellion of 1837, with Mackenzie, 43; changes date of rising, 43; sent by Head to the rebels, 44; tells Lount to pay no attention to Head's message, 44-45; his exile and return, a leader of the new Radicalism, 340-341.EOne of the leaders of the movement that ended in the Rebellion of 1837, 110; a conspicuous member of the Clear Grit party, 110; invited by Hincks to a seat in Cabinet, 1851, 112; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 113; president of Executive Council, 1863, 126; votes against his colleagues, 136.BA leader of the Clear Grits, 39; plays a leading part in movement for reform before the Rebellion, 39.RMember for Middlesex in Upper Canada Assembly, 65-66.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian RebellionandLast Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.See alsoRebellion of 1837, Upper Canada.
Roman Catholic Church. The first authentic landmark in the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is the arrival of several Jesuit missionaries in Acadia in 1611. The Récollets first came to Quebec in 1615, and the Jesuits in 1625. In 1657 the Sulpicians arrived in Montreal, and the following year Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic. The Jesuit missionaries explored the most distant parts of the continent, in labouring among the Indians. Laval, the first vicar-apostolic of New France, arrived in Quebec in 1659. In 1674 Quebec was made a diocese, and Laval became the first bishop. After 1818 Canada was divided into the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Upper Canada, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and the North-West. In 1841 the chapter of Montreal was established, and in 1874 the diocese of Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. The first cardinal of Canada was Archbishop Taschereau.Index:SyIts members excluded from certain civil privileges, 63.DrAttitude of British government towards, 21, 57, 58; full privileges conceded to, by Quebec Act, 64.SFree exercise of religion guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 12.WMImportant part played by Roman Catholicism in Quebec, 16.BkFaithful to British rule, 47.BRelations with George Brown, x, 44-46; 48-49, 61, 121-128; position and political sympathies in Upper Canada, 125.Bib.: O'Leary,Roman Catholic Church in Quebec; Harris,Roman Catholic Church in Ontario; Cameron,Catholic Church in Maritime ProvincesinCanada: An Ency., vol. 2.