Tonti, Chevalier Henri de(1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands. Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in 1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above Niagara Falls, Tonti built theGriffon, while La Salle went back to Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crèvecœur. In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle.Index:LLeft in charge of Fort Crèvecœur, 149; driven out by Iroquois, 194; La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151.FLa Salle's lieutenant at Fort Crèvecœur, 144, 160; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country withcoureurs de bois, 325.Bib.: Parkman,La Salle; Margry,Relations et Mémoires Inédits.See alsoLa Salle.
Toronto.Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron origin and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouillé was built on the site of the city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793, Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and renamed Toronto.Index:EBecomes joint seat of government with Quebec, 78.BRepresented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of Trade of advocates incorporation of North-West Territories with Canada, 216.BLAttack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, 220-221; aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and Hincks in effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat of government, 338.SName of, officially changed to York, 203; building regulations in, 203.CCity council asks Poulett Thomson to disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99.See alsoYork.Bib.: Robinson,History of Toronto; Robertson,Landmarks of Toronto; Adam,Toronto Old and New; Scadding,Toronto of Old; Mulvany,Toronto Past and Present; Taylor,Toronto Called Back.
Toronto Alliance Society.McSympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.
Toronto University.Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903. Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906.Index:BLBaldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293; terms of the bill, 294-295.EIts history, 93-95.MdFormerly King's College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69.Bib.: Loudon,History of the University of TorontoinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4; Burwash,Founding and Development of University of Toronto(R. S. C., 1905);The University of Toronto and its Colleges, 1827-1906.
Tourmente, Cap.ChChamplain's establishment at, for raising cattle, 171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.
Townshend, Lord Charles.SeeBayning.
Townshend, George, Marquis(1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England, served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to 1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend.Index:WMBrigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his command to join fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the Plains, 189; takes command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, 219; fortifies British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, 223; accepts capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Château St. Louis, 235; returns to England, 235.HdHis lack of interest in Canada, 184; Haldimand's letter to, 188.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,The Fight for Canada; Townshend,Life of Marquess Townshend.
Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de(1603-1670). Served in the French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663 appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30, 1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salières Regiment as his weapon, at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched against the latter, burnt theirvillages, and drove them into the woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France.Index:FAppointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, 54; recalled, 54.LAppointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81; high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81, 82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupré, 102.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime; Charlevoix,History of New France.
Trade.EDepression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86.SExports from Kingston in 1794, 108.
Trading Permits.FIssued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, 116; permitted under limitations, 128.See alsoLiquor question; Brandy question.
Trahan, Joseph.WMHis account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.
Traill, Catherine Parr(1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of Thomas Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an early age, her first volume of stories for children being published in 1818. In 1832 married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch Fusileers, and some months later they removed to Canada. Most of her books were written in Canada, and embody her experiences in the backwoods, and her intimate studies of plant life.Bib.: Works:Plant Life in Canada;Canadian Wild Flowers;Canadian Crusoes;Pearls and Pebbles, with biog. sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog.,seeMorgan,Cel. Can.; MacMurchy,Canadian Literature.
Transcontinental Railway.BMembers of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, 143.See alsoRailways.
Transcript.Newspaper published at Montreal.Index:BOpposes annexation of North-West Territories, 218.BLDenounces La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 141.
Transportation.BRoads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64.SDifficulty and cost of, in early times, 109.BLSteamboat and stage travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337.EVigorous policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-116.See alsoRailways; Canals; Roads.
Trayes.SBaptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.
Traytorrens, Captain.HdCorrespondent of Haldimand's, 315.
Treaties.SeeAix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St. Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon; Washington.
Tregatin.ChIndian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.
Trent Affair.Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamerTrentsailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States seemed imminent, and wasaverted only by the release of the two commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862.Index:CCanada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87.THelped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55.MdStorm aroused by seizure of theTrent, 97-98.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years; Harris,The Trent Affair; King,Turning on the Light; Roberts,History of Canada.
Trenton (New Jersey).DrSurrender of Hessians at, 164.
Trinité.ChFrench vessel, seized by the English, 222.
Trinity College.College with university powers, established at Toronto. Now affiliated with the University of Toronto.Index:EEstablished through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96.BLFounded by Bishop Strachan, 1851, 295-296.MdFounded by Bishop Strachan, 30.Bib.: Clark,The University of Trinity CollegeinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4; Bethune,Memoir of Bishop Strachan.
Troop, J. C.HDelegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives thanks of Legislature, 218.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Troop, J. V.TShip-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, Anti-Confederate candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.
Trouvé, Claude.LSulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.
Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de.Born in France. Entered the army, and came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded an expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne family,—Iberville, St. Hélène, and Maricourt. They were successful in surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died there of some malignant disease.Index:FLeads expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at Niagara, 214.LCommands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204,Bib.: Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company; Parkman,Old Régime.
Tryon, William(1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British army. In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs succeeded him as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until 1771, when appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and in 1777 major-general. During his administration of the colony suppressed insurrections and political misdemeanours with great severity. In 1778 resigned the governorship. On his return to England promoted to lieutenant-general, 1782.Index:HdGovernor of New York, 89; his house burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand refuses to send troops to aid of, 197.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.;Cyc. Am. Biog.
Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine.HdMother of Haldimand, 2.
Tucker, R. G.SyAppointed provincial registrar, 332.
Tuffet, Jean.ChDirector of Company of New France, 170.
Tupper, Charles(1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the age of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held charges at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Settled at Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School, 1834. Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851, where he remained until his death.Bib.: Hill,Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada.
Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart.(1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia. Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D., and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed, became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870; minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873; minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals, 1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England, 1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet, 1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until 1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M. Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from active political life.Index:ELeads movement for Imperial Zollverein, 59, 101.BTours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166.CSecures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to Duke of Buckingham, 129.HEstablishes free school system in Nova Scotia, 1864, 80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland County, 1852, 155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in Legislature, 163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a handle to overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial secretary, 167; his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, 168; his retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in Cumberland, 171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe against himself in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union of Maritime Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms provincial government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first Dominion Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole advocate of Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits from the other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, 204-205; his interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; urges Macdonald to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political articles to magazines, 258.MdPremier of Nova Scotia, arranges Conference at Charlottetown, to discuss Confederation, 104; attends Conference at Quebec, 104-114; passes through the House a law establishing compulsory education, 116; Macdonald's first lieutenant, 139; opposes Howe's petition to home government for repeal of British North America Act, 143-144; letter from Macdonald, 184; supports Macdonald and national policy, 220; his co-operation with Macdonald, 269-270; summoned from his post of high commissioner to assist in election campaign of 1891, 315.TFavourable to uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; given a C. B., 132.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Morgan,Can. Men; Thibault,Biography of Sir Charles Tupper; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert(1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper. Educated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and 1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris arbitration, 1892.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Turcotte, J. G.ECommissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.
Turgiss, Father Charles.ChJesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.LDies of plague, 62.
Turner, Philip.Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of aJourney from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back to York Factory, 1790-1792, is preserved in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee'sSearch for the Western Sea. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the western end of the lake as far west as 131°, and so gave rise to the impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean.Index:MSSent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its position, 57.Bib.: Burpee,Search for the Western Sea; Bryce,Hudson's Bay Company.
Tuscarora Indians.A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario.Index:HdIncorporated in Indian confederacy, 148.Bib.:SeeIroquois; Six Nations.
Twelve Resolutions.Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of Nova Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional government for which he so long and strenuously contended.Index:HPresented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly, 42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe, 43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions, 293-298.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.See alsoHowe.
Twiss, Captain.HdOf the Royal Engineers, superintends fortification of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St. Lawrence canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.
Ulloa, Antonia de(1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet. In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval and astronomical objects.Index:HdSpanish governor of Louisiana, 79.
Uniacke, James Boyle.Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in Nova Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to the Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in which he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Died soon after.Index:HVirtual leader of Tory party in Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57; resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership, 74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government, 97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general, 111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145.BSubmits scheme of colonial union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Uniacke, Richard John(1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork, Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland, to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death. Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount Uniacke.Bib.: Power,Richard John Uniacke(N. S. Hist. Soc.Coll., vol. 9); Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia.
Union of 1841.HAct did not concede full measure of responsible government, 53.BLPlanned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in Lower Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of Upper Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of Union enacted—its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight influence on force of racial discussion, 282.PUnion first proposed in 1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44; petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill, 44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53; repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170; protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176; Papineau's criticism of, 181-182.CRecommended by Durham, 12; approved by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 13; terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson secures modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La Fontaine protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97.EUnsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its terms, 22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and despotism," 24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes repeal of clause restricting use of the French language, 55; restrictions removed, 1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; clauses relating to Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to representation, 122-123.SyRecommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; advocated by Constitutional Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; favoured by Legislative Assemblyof Canada on certain conditions, 113, 114; opposed by Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by French Canadians, 117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; Lord John Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; diverse views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council of Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press, 193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against, 207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the country, 283.MdEmbodies theory of responsible government, 17; provides that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24.McBill introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to secure consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years; McMullen,History of Canada; Bourinot,Constitutional History of Canada; Egerton and Grant,Canadian Constitutional Documents; Houston,Constitutional Documents; Turcotte,Canada sous l'Union; Robinson,Canada and the Canada Bill; Bonnycastle,Canada in 1841.
United States.BkPurchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England, 73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida, 139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203, 208.Bib.: Rhodes,History of the United States.
Universities.SeeAcadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill; Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba; Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New Brunswick.
University, Provincial.McMackenzie's views on, 95.
University Endowment.MdScheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.
Unrestricted Reciprocity.MdAdopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign in favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by interprovincial conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; Farrer's pamphlet, 312-314.See alsoReciprocity; Commercial Union.
Upper Canada.The name originally applied by General Murray to the Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of 1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In 1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (q.v.).Index:BFederal union of all British North American provinces not acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173.EFirst railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148.BkPopulation of, 49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50.SyIts political condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203; equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316; its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317.SCondition of, in 1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; population of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoepresents books and premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175.BLComing of the Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, 16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298.SyDefects in administration described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy by reorganization of public departments, 331.RReligious life in pioneer days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil and religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of popular government, 64-66, 120-132.McState of representation in Mackenzie's committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176.See alsoOntario.
Upper Canada Academy.REstablished by Methodists, June, 1836, 135; Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841, 143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155.BLIncorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194.See alsoVictoria College.
Upper Canada College, Toronto.Originally established in 1807 as the Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School." Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to the present building in Deer Park.Index:BLLand grant for, in 1831, 191-192.Bib.: Adam and Dickson,Upper Canada College;Canada: An Ency., vol. 4.
Upper Canada Gazette.McOfficial organ of the house, 38, 109-110.
Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle.SFirst paper published in Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174.BkFirst published at Newark (Niagara), 57.
Urfé, Abbé d'.FHaughtily treated by Frontenac, 110.LSulpician, arrival of, 105.
Ursulines.A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church, founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries. In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of the massive stone convent still occupied by the order.Index:LEstablishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent destroyed by fire, 210.FFoundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite Bourgeoys urged to join, 39.WMTake refuge in general hospital, 115; and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.Bib.:Les Ursulines de Québec.
Usury Laws.SyTheir repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.
Utrecht, Treaty of.Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713. Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape Breton by France.Index:ChDetermines boundaries of Acadia, 18.Bib.: Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Vaccination.HdSubject discussed in QuebecGazette, 228-231.See alsoSmallpox.
Vail, Edwin Arnold(1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.
Vaillant.FJesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.
Valdes, Cayetano.Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West Coast, 1792.Index:DExplores North-West Coast, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; his journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36.Bib.: Bancroft,History of the North-West Coast.
Valinière.HdSulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.
Vallières de St. Réal, Joseph-Remi(1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813 elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828 appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842 chief-justice of Montreal.Index:POpposes Papineau in Lower Canada Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169.EAppointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31.BLColborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Valrennes, De.LCommander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of Schuyler, 232.FCommandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.
Van Buren, Martin(1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States.Index:McAnxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458; his political death-blow, 472.WTSends Winfield Scott to settle Aroostook War, 135.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Vancouver.DHudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.
Vancouver, George(1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in theResolutionwith Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and in theDiscoveryon his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on theMartin, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part in the battle of 1782. Appointed to theEurope, 1784; and to theCourageux, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command of theDiscovery, to survey the coast from lat. 30° N. to Cook's River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life preparing his journals for publication.Index:DOutline of his voyages to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes thorough exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to Bering Sea, 1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, 1794, 15; meets Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35.MSMackenzie hears of, from Coast Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time of Mackenzie's journey, 86.Bib.: Works:Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, 1790-1795.See alsoBancroft,History of North-West Coast;Begg,History of British Columbia; Laut,Vikings of the Pacific; Meany,Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Vancouver Island.The largest island on the west coast of North America. Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast in the years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver in honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry out the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing on the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787. Captain James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in 1788. From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or less time at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun. The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856; and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government.Index:DOrganic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13, 1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195; first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198; quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature, 210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327.Bib.: Begg,History of British Columbia; Bancroft,History of British Columbia; Macdonald,British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; MacFie,Vancouver Island and British Columbia.See alsoBritish Columbia.
Van Egmond, Anthony.Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America, settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo; in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but died early in 1838 from disease and exposure.Index:McCommander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured, 382; dies in prison, 382.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Read,Rebellion of 1837.
Vanelly.ChMerchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.
Vanfelson, Judge.EMember of Seigniorial Court, 187.
Van Horne, Major.American officer.Index:BkForce of, dispersed by Tecumseh's Indians, 237.
Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius(1843- ). Born in Will County, Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway service astelegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888; chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G.Index:MdMade president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men;Canadian Who's Who.
Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott(1823-1869). Born in Cornwall, Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council, and minister of agriculture, in the Taché administration, and in November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From 1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of selling townshipsen bloc, and the opening up and improvement of roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada.Index:TDelegate to England on Intercolonial matter, 55.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Read,Lives of the Judges; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer(1802-1850). Son of General S. Van Rensselaer of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the post office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west for theAlbany Daily Advertiser, came in contact with the Canadian revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839, and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250. After serving the six months, the fine was remitted.Index:McFights under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives there, 415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on Kingston, 429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates Mackenzie, 430.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Van Rensselaer, Solomon(1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at Albany, 1822-1839.Index:BkAide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer, 284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Van Rensselaer, Stephen(1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789 elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795; lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and 1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from1823 to 1829 served in Congress.Index:BkIn command on Niagara frontier, 284; correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Varin, J. B.ECommissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.
Vauban, De.FFrench engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, 326.
Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de(1698-1778). Born at Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (q.v.). Entered the army at an early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana, 1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of Canada, but released after trial before the Châtelet de Paris.Index:WMGovernor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the sending out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, 29; his inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; his military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Lévis on victory of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, 145; thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; writes Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives orders for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness about Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and British fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs Montcalm not to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, 201; prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate capitulation, 208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to Jacques Cartier, 212; his letter to Lévis on loss of battle, 212; letter to Montcalm, 214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, 214; his lack of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226; Quebec having fallen, he marches with Lévis to retake it, 241-242; maintains spies in Quebec, 243; congratulates Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267.PExtent of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, 143.BLHis capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1.HdLast French governor of Canada, 36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,The Fight for Canada; Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Bradley,The Fight with France.
Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de.Came to Canada, 1687, in command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696 commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal, 1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725.Index:LActing governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callières as governor, 235.FActs as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny, 308.Bib.: Parkman,FrontenacandHalf Century of Conflict.
Vauquelin, Jean(1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, and in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In 1754 did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and subsequently given command of theArethuse. In 1758 despatched to Louisbourg withreinforcements and stores for the French troops and got into the harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In 1759, with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On his release returned to France, and was arrested.Index:WMHero of Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigatesAtalanteandPomone, 243.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec.
Vaux, Mme. de.WMGrandmother of Montcalm, 4.
Vendremur, Corneille de.ChClerk, returns to France, 209.
Ventadour, Henri de Lévy, Duc de(1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada, 1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De Ventadour. Pointe Lévy, or Lévis, opposite Quebec, was named after him.Index:FLieutenant-general of New France, 17.ChAppointed viceroy of New France, 151; resigns, 168.Bib.: Parkman,Pioneers of France.
Verchères, Marie-Madeleine Jarret.Born in 1678 in the fort on her father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers, demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudière; and in 1722 De la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date of her death is not known.Index:FDefends fort against Iroquois, 319.Bib.: Parkman,Frontenac; Richard,Supplement to Report on Canadian Archives, 1899.
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de(1717-1787). Born in Dijon. Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria, Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768 ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774 appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778.Index:DrHis letter in regard to Asgill, 199.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Vergor, Duchambon de.In command of Fort Beauséjour, 1745. A confederate of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder both the people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and compelled to surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and censured for his actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the siege by Wolfe, 1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces.Index:WMPlaced by Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously censured for giving up Fort Beauséjour, 178; roused from sleep by Wolfe's soldiers, 181; wounded, 181.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe; Murdoch,History of Nova Scotia;Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia, ed. by Akins; Doughty,Siege of Quebec.See alsoSiege of Quebec, 1759.
Vermont.DrPeople of, anxious for canal communication with St. Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245; annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial reasons, 299;HdInhabitants of, claim separation from New York, 197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217; emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.
Verrazano, Giovanni du.Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America, and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's report of his voyage.SeeBacchiani's article, with facsimile, in theBollettianoof the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909.Index:ChHis discovery of the coast of North America, 211.Bib.: Murphy,Voyage of Verrazano; De Costa,Verrazano, the Explorer.
Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste(1828-1901). Born at L'Islet, Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848. In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Thérèse College. In 1851 ordained priest. In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a member of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the Société des Arcadem of Rome.Index:LOn educational work of Marguerite Bourgeoys, 127.FOn attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; on character of Frontenac, 360.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Versailles, Treaty of.Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern Townships.Index:WMConcluded in 1783, 269; assured the independence of the thirteen colonies, 269.SIts provisions for protection of Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the united colonies, 118.Bib.: Hertslet,Treaties and Conventions.
Vesey, Colonel.BkQuestion of land grant for, 138; letters to Brock, 153, 154, 157.
Vicaille.ChVessel of David Kirke, 178.
Victoria(1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg 1840.Index:SyAccession of, 48.MdSelects Ottawa (Bytown) as seat of government, 85; jubilee address to, 283.Bib.: Works:Leaves from a Journal of our Life in the Highlands;Letters of Queen Victoria;Royal Correspondence. For biog.,seeFawcett,Life of Queen Victoria; Gurney,Childhood of Queen Victoria; Holmes,Queen VictoriaLee,Queen Victoria: a Biography; Oliphant,Queen Victoria: a Personal Sketch.
Victoria.Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864.Index:DFounded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of Indian village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; Sir George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines locality, 1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at Camosun approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March 1, 1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, 177; lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations begun, 178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command with Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182; early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit of frigateAmerica, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184; H.M.S.Constancearrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigateFisguard, 184; surveying shipsHeraldandPandora, 184; trade gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations, 185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of 1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189; effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks, building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper,British Colonist, 1858, 271.Bib.: Walbran,British Columbia Coast Names; Begg,History of British Columbia.
Victoria Bridge.At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of $6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897.Index:EBuilt by Grand Trunk Railway, 115.MdOpened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87.Bib.:Ency. Brit.
Victoria University.In affiliation with the University of Toronto. Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in 1830; opened 1836.Index:BLRefuses to come into the provincial university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295.RFounded, 86; Ryerson president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum, 144; legislative grant, 148.EProposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94.Bib.: Burwash,Historical Sketch of Victoria UniversityinCanada: An Ency., vol. 4.
Vidal, Alexander(1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England. Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with hisparents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873 appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the Suppression of the Liquor Traffic.Index:BHis resolution in favour of prohibition, 249.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men.
Viel, Father Nicolas.ChRécollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; drowned, 209.LMissionary labours of, 3.
Vieux-Pont, Father.ChJesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked at Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.
Viger, Denis Benjamin(1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808 elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and 1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848.Index:BLMember for Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261.CIn Draper government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St. Hyacinthe, 18.PDelegate to England to present grievances of French Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; ridiculed by theMercury, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125.MdRepresents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19.Bib.: Bibaud,Pan. Can.; Dent,Last Forty Years; Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Viger, Louis Michel.ECalled to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66; receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of theParti Rouge, 108.BLReceiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years.
Vignal.LSulpician, comes out inSt. André, 31; ministers to those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.
Ville Marie.LName given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants of, all aspired to martyrdom, 90.BkFormer name of Montreal, 99.See alsoMontreal.
Villebon, Chevalier de.Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691, received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec, and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel, with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696, captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon afterwards. Died July 5, 1700.Index:FGovernor of Acadia, mentions burning of prisoners, 328.Bib.: Hannay,History of Acadia; Parkman,Frontenac.
Villieu, De.FLeads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330.
Vimont, Barthelemy.Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal, accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the land."Index:CJesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of Cape Breton mission, 237.FJesuit father, celebrates first mass at Montreal, 34.Bib.:Jesuit Relations, 1640-1645; Parkman,Jesuits in North America.
Vincennes.HdHaldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93; occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.
Vincent, John(1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army as ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in 1795 major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In 1841 reached the grade of general.Index:BkOf the 49th, his military service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Vincent de Paul, Saint(1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St. Lazare in Paris, 1632.Index:LOlier a pupil of, 24.
Vindicator.Newspaper published at Montreal.Index:PEdited by Dr. O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of thePatriotes, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127.Bib.: Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Virginia.ChGrant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.
Vitelleschi, Father.ChGeneral of Jesuits, accepts donation of Marquis de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.
Vitré Charles Denis de.FMember of Sovereign Council, 106.LAppointed to Sovereign Council, 166.
Vitré, Jean Denis de.WMPilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's fleet, 78.
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de(1694-1778). French writer.Index:WMSpeaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11.LOn men and empires, 123.Bib.: For biog. and bib. of his works,seeLarousse,Dict. Univ.
Voltigeurs.BkCorps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, 189, 191.
Volunteer.McNewspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.
Volunteers at Quebec.DrOn conclusion of siege, dismissed and thanked, 144.
Von Shoultz.A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten others were tried by court martial and hanged.Index:McPlans attack on Prescott, 442; officers oppose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, 443; engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444.MdWith rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald counsel for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9.Bib.: Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion; Pope,Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald.
Vorhees.SRebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.
Voyageurs.DCharacter of, 52.BkOf the Hudson's Bay Company, assist in capture of Michilimackinac, 210.
Voyer, Colonel.DrCommands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.
Vrooman's Point.BkOn Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.
Wadsworth, William(1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the War of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe.Index:BkCommanding United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with nine hundred men at Queenston Heights, 312.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Lucas,Canadian War of 1812.
Wages.SRate of, 113.
Wake, Sir Isaac(1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire, England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609 secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons; and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632.Index:ChEnglish ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between Kirke and De Caën, 218.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Wakefield, Edward Gibbon(1796-1862). Born in London, England. Educated at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the National Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham (q.v.) to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up theReport on the Affairs of British North America. In 1843 elected to the Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert Wynyard.Index:BLPrivate adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; attacked by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178; attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Garnett,Edward Gibbon Wakefield; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Walcheren Expedition.BkFailure of, 119.
Walker, Sir Hovenden(1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England. Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of theVulturefireship; in 1695 in command of theForesight, and in 1696, when in charge of convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive expedition to Canada.Index:WMLoss of his fleet at Seven Islands, 83.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Walker, Thomas.DrMagistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18; assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in court, 38.DrAgitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol, American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136.Bib.: Bradley,The Making of Canada.
Wallace, Hugh.HdHaldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.
Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke(1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario. Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over twenty years.Bib.: Dent,Can. Men.
Walley, John(1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded expedition against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689. In 1690 sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a failure. Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston. In 1687, being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected a member of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery Company of Boston.Index:FSecond in command to Phipps, 281; lands with troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of expedition, 300.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Walpole, Horace.SeeOrford.
Walrond, Theodore.EOn British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's work there, 215.Bib.:Life of Elgin.
Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron(1719-1781).DrSolicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
War of 1812.Declared by the United States against Great Britain in June,1812. The president in his message to Congress specified the grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council; interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports; impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the northern border, and several of the most important engagements were fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to the war were left unsettled by the treaty.Index:RLoyalty of Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41.PServices rendered by Papineau, 5.BLStills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9.See alsoStoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Châteauguay; Chrystler's Farm; Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull.Bib.: Lucas,Canadian War of 1812; Richardson,War of 1812; Cruikshank,Documentary History of the CampaignandRecord of the Services of Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812; Roosevelt,Naval War of 1812; Auchinleck,War between Great Britain and the United States; Coffin,1812: the War and its Moral; Lossing,Pictorial Field Book of the War of 1812; Irving,Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the War of 1812-14; Mahan,Naval War of 1812; Hannay,War of 1812-14.See alsoother references inLit. Am. Hist.