Brock, John.BkBrother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, 70.
Brock, John.BkFather of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.
Brock, Mary.BkSister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.
Brock, Savery.BkYounger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of at Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with Sir John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure, 161, 166.
Brock, William.BkBrother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70; disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.
Brock, William.BkGrandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.
Brock's Battery.BkName at first given to king's battery in Quebec citadel, 94.
Brockville.Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St. Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name shortly after the death of Brock.Index:BLEarly municipal government of, 298.
Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, Duc de(1785-1870). Foreign secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister, 1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851.Index:SyPoulett Thomson (Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20.Bib.:Écrits et Discours;Souvenirs.
Brooke, Frances.HdHer novel of Canadian life, 222.Bib.:History of Emily Montague, London, 1777.
Brouage.ChIn Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.
Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron(1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent on a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received the great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University.Index:SSecretary to the Portugal Commission, 220.WHis sarcastic reference to Glenelg, 42.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Broughton, William Robert(1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790 explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809; at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811.Index:DSails a hundred miles up the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, 34.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Brouillan, De.Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia, and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year.Index:FFrench governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France.
Brouse, W. H.RGraduate of Victoria College, 144.
Brown, George(1818-1880).BHis place as a Maker of Canada, ix; complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2; views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2; establishes theBritish Chronicleat New York, with his father, 4; comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5; establishes theBannerat Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of theBanner, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10; establishes theGlobe, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent—his platform, 61; advocates free schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent, 64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population, 71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada, 71; tribute of the CobourgStar, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young, 73-74; growth of theGlobe—its declaration of principles, 74-75; in favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77; the alliance with theRouges, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion, 80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated and he forms administration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head, 103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle," 106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862; interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144; reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in theGlobe, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146; his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada, 211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233; attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party, 237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May 6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247; relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate, December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge Wilson in theGlobe, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880, 258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a journalist, 265.CCauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99.EArrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians, 112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals, 138; his warm support of Confederation, 225.ROpposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with Ryerson over separate schools, 233.BLHis speech before Reform Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishesGlobe, March 5, 1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224, 342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343.TMakes overtures to government, looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128.McDefeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487; Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496.MdMacdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51;pre-eminent as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds theGlobe, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54; first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55; his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81; opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion—the "Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89; opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89; proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Taché ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102; delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition, 136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Mackenzie,Life and Speeches of the Hon. George Brown.
Brown, George Mackenzie(1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada. Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900 elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh.Index:BOnly son of George Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, 244.Bib.:Who's Who, 1910.
Brown, Henry.WMLieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, 200.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec.
Brown, James.WRepresents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88.TSurveyor-general in Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Brown, John Gordon(1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the TorontoGlobe; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882 retired from theGlobe; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of Toronto, 1883.Index:BConsulted by George Brown on political situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; entersGlobeoffice—his connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of, 245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245.Bib.: Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Brown, John Storrow.PWith Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; preaches rebellion, 126; heads thePatriotesat St. Charles, 128, 133; charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133.Bib.: Christie,History of Lower Canada.
Brown, Peter(1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in 1838; was owner and editor of theBritish Chronicle. Removed to Toronto, 1843, and founded theBanner, a Free-Church Presbyterian organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the TorontoGlobe, and contributed to it for some years.Index:BFather of George Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, 2; contributes toAlbion, 2; publishesThe Fame and Glory of England Vindicated, 2; establishes theBritish Chronicle, New York, 4; removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes theBanner, 5; on committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on theGlobe, 243-244; his death, 1863, 244.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.
Brown's Point.BkOn Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.
Bruey.FAgent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.
Brûlé, Étienne.A famouscoureur de boiswho accompanied Champlain on his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made extensive explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois (1615-1618). Treacherously murdered near the present town of Penetanguishene by a party of Hurons in 1632.Index:ChInterpreter, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa River, 88; at Cap de la Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent on mission to Three Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in the Huron country, 202; his death, 203, 246.Bib.: Champlain,Voyages; Sagard,Voyage du Pays des Hurons; Parkman,Pioneers of France; Butterfield,History of Brûlé's Discoveries and Explorations; Sulte,Étienne Brûlé(R. S. C., 1907).
Brulon, Jean Gauthier de.LCanon and confessor of chapter of Quebec, 197.
Bruyères, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E.BkReports on condition of forts in Upper Canada, 157.
Bryce, George(1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford, Ontario. Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in the skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903. President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910.Index:MdOn causes of Riel Rebellion, 158.Bib.: Works:Manitoba;Short History of the Canadian People;Apostle of Red River;Hudson's Bay Company;Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists. For biog.,seeMorgan,Can. Men.;Canadian Who's Who.
Bryce, James(1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities of Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886 under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British ambassador at Washington.Index:EOn the disadvantages of congressional government, 255-257.Bib.: Works:Holy Roman Empire;American Commonwealth. For biog.,seeWho's Who, 1910.
Brymner, Douglas(1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857. For some time editor of thePresbyterian, and associate editor of the MontrealDaily Herald. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the history of Canada.Index:HdHis services as Dominion Archivist, 319; his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's diary, 321.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.
Buade, Antoine de.FGrandfather of Frontenac, 61.
Buade, Henri de.FFather of Frontenac, 61.
Buade, Louis de.SeeFrontenac.
Buchanan, Isaac(1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of 1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864 appointed president of the Council in the Taché-Macdonald ministry, retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator.Index:HJoseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190.BLOn responsible government, 90; in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters against the Baldwin Faction," 239-240.BRetires from government with Foley and Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159.McUrges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Last Forty Years.
Buchanan, James(1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States.Index:EHis tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of(1823-1889). Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852; and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880.Index:MdReferred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with Confederation negotiations, 128-129.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Budé, General de.HdHaldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191, 222; Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted on housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331; Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333; mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342.
Bulkeley, Richard.Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749. Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800.Bib.: Campbell,History of Nova Scotia.
Buller, Charles(1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in 1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner.Index:BLHis connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government, 235.SyLord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to Upper Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union resolutions, 122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123.McCredited with authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Strachey,Charles Buller: Bradshaw,Self-Government in Canada.
Bullion.ChNegotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.
Bullion, Mme. de.FBenefactress of Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29.
Bulyea, George Headley Vickers.Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and public works in the Territorial government; appointed first lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905.Bib.:Canadian Who's Who.
Bunker Hill.HdBattle of, 108.
Burel, Brother Gilbert.ChJesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.
Burgoyne, John(1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster, and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans, defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in Ireland.Index:DrArrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returnsto Canada, haying been promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182.HdA court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous campaign, 113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Burk, Rev. J.SCensured by Simcoe, 190.
Burke, Edmund(1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New York province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In 1782 paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of Warren Hastings, 1788-1795.Index:DrWants more information on Quebec Act, 67; discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265.SSupports division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Burlamaché.ChCommissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caën, 217, 218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French possessions, 220.Bib.: Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Burlington Bay Canal.An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841.Index:BLProvision made for by government in 1841, 98.
Burns.SPresbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167.
Burns, Edward.SClerk of Crown and Pleas, 178.
Burns, Robert Easton(1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and Hamilton. Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the Home District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850.Bib.: Read,Lives of the Judges.
Burpee, Isaac(1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick. Represented city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister of customs, 1873-1878. Died in New York.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.
Burr, Aaron(1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec. In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.Index:DrAide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Jenkinson,Aaron Burr; Todd,The True Aaron Burr.
Burton, Sir Francis.PLieutenant-governor of Lower Canada—meets views of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by Dalhousie, 61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70.
Burton, Ralph.Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec after the capture of the city.Index:WMOf the 48th, in action at Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189; Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258.HdGovernor of Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at Montreal, 53.Bib.: Doughty,Siege of Quebec; Wood,The Fight for Canada.
Buteux, Jacques(1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior of the missionsfrom 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652.Index:ChStationed at Three Rivers, 256.Bib.: Charlevoix,History of New France.
Butler, John.Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition. During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara, 1794.Index:HdOf Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value of his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers, 172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256; entertained by Haldimand, 327.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Butterfield, Major.DrSurrenders post at Cedars to British force, 142.
Buttes-à-Neveu.WMName given to rising ground extending to city walls, Quebec, 186, 256.
By, John(1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In 1802 came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in the spring of 1832.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa,Trans., vol. 1.
Byng, John(1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In 1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate. Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757.Index:WMHis reserve at Minorca, 33.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Bytown.Former name of the city of Ottawa.Index:MdChosen by the queen as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85; opposition to decision in Parliament, 85.BLAn all-water route between Montreal and Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital, 1843, 181.EWater communication established with Montreal, 98.See alsoOttawa.Bib.: Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa,Trans., vols. 1 and 3.
Cabir-Coubat.ChIndian name of St. Charles River, 148.
Cables.The first submarine cables in America were those laid between New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New Zealand and Australia.See alsoGisborne; Fleming.Bib.: Bright,Submarine Telegraphs; Johnson,The All Red Line.
Cabot, John.Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice, March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he ever returned from this second voyage.Bib.: Beazley,John and Sebastian Cabot; Dawson,The Voyages of the Cabots(R. S. C., 1894, 1896, 1897); Deane,Voyages of the Cabots, in Winsor,Nar. & Cr. Hist. of America, vol. 3; Harrisse,John Cabot, the Discoverer of North America; Weare,Cabot's Discovery of North America; Ober.John and Sebastian Cabot.Cabot, Sebastian(1477?-1557?). Son of John Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of England.Bib.: Biddle,Memoir of Sebastian Cabot; Nicholls,Life of Sebastian Cabot; Tarducci,John and Sebastian Cabot. These are favourable to Sebastian's claims.Seereferences under preceding entry for the other side of the controversy.
Cadboro.DFirst sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built 1824, destroyed 1862, 180.
Cadet, Joseph Michel.Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of the intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his infamous schemes for plundering the colony.Index:WMCommissary of stores, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry with grain, while the people starve, 88.SeeBigot.
Cadieux.A Frenchcoureur de bois, whose tragic death forms the subject of one of the popularchansonsof Quebec. His reputed grave is at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa.Bib.: Le Moine,Legends of the St. Lawrence; Bourinot,The Ottawa Valleyin theCanadian Monthly, January, 1875; Gagnon,Chansons Populaires.
Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte.Came to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana. Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime;Cadillac Papers(Michigan Pion. & Hist.Coll., vol. 33).
Cadot, Jean-Baptiste.Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is said to have been still alive in 1812.Bib.: Henry,Travels and Adventures in Canada; Carver,Travels through the Interior Parts of North America; Morice,Dict.
Caën, Emery de.ChNephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of colony, 141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke; returns to France, 185; his ship theHélènerestored to him, 221.FTakes over Quebec from the English, 23.Bib.: Douglas,Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Caën, Ezechiel de.ChBrother of Guillaume, 137.
Caën, Guillaume de.ChHead of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, 132; difficulties with the old Company, 133et seq.; returns to France, 136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives with supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian, 161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222.FHead of trading Company, 23.Bib.: Douglas,Quebec in Seventeenth Century;Biggar,Early Trading Companies of New France; Kirke,The First English Conquest of Canada.
Cæsar, Sir Julius(1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; chancellor of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636.Index:ChEnglish commissioner in matter of Canada, 214.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cahaigué.ChLargest of the Huron villages, 89.
Caire, M. de.WMEngineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, 86.
Caldwell, Henry.DrHis house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands British militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121.Bib.: Lemoine,The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec.
Caldwell, Sir John.Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third baronet. Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower Canada, and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made restoration afterwards of the greater part of the amount. Died in England, 1830.Index:PReceiver-general, Lower Canada,—misappropriates public funds, 56; government fails to prosecute him, 57.Bib.: Christie,History of Lower Canada; Morgan,Cel. Can.
Caledonia.BkBrig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, 289.
Callicum.Indian chief.DHis relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.
Callières, Louis-Hector de(1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of Jacques de Callières, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the colony. Died at Quebec.Index:FMemorandum by, on French claims in Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 362.LPlaced in charge of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as governor, 235; death of, 235.Bib.: Sulte,La Famille de Callières(R. S. C., 1890); Parkman,Half Century of Conflict.
Calvinistic Agents.ChFanaticism of, 86.
Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault).ChCousin of Champlain, contests his will, 265.
Cameron, David.Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies, where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852 superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858. Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872.Index:DFirst chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges preferred against, 200.Bib.: Bancroft,History of British Columbia.
Cameron, Duncan.Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady, on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in 1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814 sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada.Index:MSSent by NorthWest Company to Red River to break up Red River Colony, 173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; takes them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York Factory, and finally to England, 178.Bib.: Bryce,ManitobaandHudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Masson,Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest. Cameron'sSketch of the Customs, etc., of the Natives in the Nipigon Country, andNipigon Journal, 1804-1805, are in Masson, vol. 2.
Cameron, James. McAttempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.
Cameron, John Hillyard(1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada, 1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and 1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876.Index: EElected 1848, 50.BOpposes Confederation scheme, his motion for an appeal to the people defeated, 185.BLDefeated in elections of 1848, 279.Bib.:Dent,Last Forty Years.
Cameron, Malcolm(1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat, to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in Dominion House, 1874-1876.Index: BOpposes George Brown in Kent and Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77.BLOpens discussion on responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head—held minor office under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a leader of the Radicals, 341.EElected 1847, 50; becomes assistant commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112; president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves, 163.ROpposes separate schools, 224.Bib.:Rose,Cyc. Can. Biog.; Dent,Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Morgan,Cel. Can.
Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks(1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario. Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871; commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice, 1884.Index: BSeconds motion to submit Confederation scheme to the people, 185.Bib.:Dent,Can. Por.; Rattray,The Scot in British North America; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Cameronians.Bk26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.
Camosun. DIndian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of name, 175.
Campbell, Captain. DrAccused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38.
Campbell, General. DrCommissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.
Campbell, Sir Alexander(1821-1892). Studied law under John A. Macdonald,with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; and Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866; postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general, 1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880; minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death.Index:MdEnters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian Pacific Railway syndicates, 200.TDelegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129.Bib.: Dent,Can. Por.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Read,Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada.
Campbell, Sir Archibald(1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 commanded a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, governor of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick.Index:WLieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, correspondence with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same subject, 25; addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses to lay before Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; dissolves the Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; refuses to assent to Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Campbell, Sir Colin(1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon, 1840-1847.Index:HLieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58; antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by Lord Falkland, 69.Bib.: Howe,Letters and Speeches;Dict. Nat. Biog.; Chisholm,Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe; Campbell,History of Nova Scotia; Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.See alsoJoseph Howe.
Campbell, Robert(1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852 made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing, Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and retired from the service of the Company, 1871.Index:DBuilds Fort Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124; crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124; descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125.MSAscends Liard River and discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer of Upper Yukon, 228.Bib.:Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon River.For biog.,seeBryce,Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of Robert CampbellandHudson's Bay Company; Laut,Conquest of the Great North-West; Burpee,Search for the Western Sea.
Campbell, Stewart.HChosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in Nova Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, 194; elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports Confederation, 203.Bib.: Saunders,Three Premiers of Nova Scotia.
Campbell, Major William.DrHis correspondence with General Wayne, 286.SPlaced in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to evacuate fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly approved by Simcoe, 140.
Campbell, Sir William(1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; knighted, 1829.Bib.: Morgan,Cel. Can.; Read,Lives of the Judges.
Camperdown.BkNaval victory of, 12.
Canada.Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, 1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act, 1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of 1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, 1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, 1905.Index:DrSurrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3; ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.BParty government—origin of the double ministries, 81-82; election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion—Confederation and after, 264.EFirst railway in, 99; early political conditions in, 17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; principles of responsible government, 228; her political system contrasted with that of United States, 241et seq.WMInterests French commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war, 24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24.SyRapid progress made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate change of policy regarding, 64.FPopulation of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, 148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, 58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion, 193; real character of the people, 193-195;state of depression throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after departure of New England fleet, 305, 317.See alsoNew France; Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.
Canada Act.SeeConstitutional Act.
Canada Company.Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in existence.Index:EAn agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its unpopularity, 145.ROffers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50.BRecommends whiskey to intending immigrants, 75.See alsoGalt, John; Dunlop, William; Talbot, Thomas.Bib.: Lizars,In the Days of the Canada Company; Strickland,Twenty-seven Years in Canada West; Galt,Autobiography; Jameson,Winter Sketches; Talbot,Six Years in the Canadas; McTaggart,Three Years in Upper Canada; Dunlop,The Backwoodsman.
Canada Corn Act, 1843.CBuilds up flour industry in Canada, 43.
Canada First Association.BPlatform, 235; criticized by theGlobe, 236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith, leader of party, attacked byGlobe, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility to movement, 240-242.MdFormed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226.Bib.: Dent,Last Forty Years;Canada First: A Memorial of the Late William A. Foster; Denison,The Struggle for Imperial Unity.
Canada Trade Act.Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval of the Imperial Parliament.Bib.: Kingsford,History of Canada.
Canadian Alliance Society.McFounded, December, 1834, 258; its objects, 258.BLFounded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.
Canadian Contingents in the Boer War(1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery, and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent, which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320. These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540 officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final attack on Cronje's position.Bib.: Evans,The Canadian Contingents; Marquis,Canada's Sons on Kopje and Veldt; Doyle,The Great Boer War.
Canadian Freeman.McNewspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.
Canadian Institute.Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford Fleming, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with theCanadian Journal, 1852, and have been continued, asProceedings, Transactions, etc., to the present time.Bib.:The Canadian Journal, 1852-1878;Proceedings, 1879-1890;Transactions, 1890- . A semi-centennial memorial volume, published 1899, containsEarly Days of the Canadian Instituteby Sir Sandford Fleming.
Canadian Magazines.Among the earliest magazines published in what is now Canada were theNova Scotia Magazine, Halifax, 1789; theQuebec Magazine, Quebec, 1791-1793;L'Abeille Canadienne, Quebec, 1818-1819; theCanadian Review, 1824-1826; theBibliothéque Canadienne, Montreal, 1825;Literary Garland, Montreal, 1838;Acadian Magazine, Halifax, 1826; and theRevue Canadienne, 1845. There have been several periodicals bearing the name ofCanadian Magazine, the earliest published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, theLiterary Garlandand theRevue Canadiennealone lived for any considerable time, the former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter still survives.Bib.: Hopkins,Canada: An Ency., vol. 5.
Canadian Northern Railway.The first link in this transcontinental railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches.Bib.:Historical Sketch of the Canadian Northern RailwayinCanadian Annual Review, 1906.
Canadian Pacific Railway.The contract for construction of the railway was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project will be found in Johnson'sFirst Things in Canada.Index:MdCompact with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal, 200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233; Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233; Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, 234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake attacks railway policy, 235;Globecriticizes, and British financiers pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, 236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, 239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, 284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301.CFirst charter engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in Parliament, 131.BIts building approved by country as a measure of nationalgrowth and expansion, 241.DRevolutionizes old conditions of trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to guarantee its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement for a transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326; completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327.Bib.: Hopkins,Canada: An Ency., vol. 2; Parkin,The Great Dominion; Begg,History of the North-West; Fleming,Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, 1880.
Canadian Sharpshooters.WMIn battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.
Canadien.BkNewspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92; claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on the rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147.Bib.: Dionne,Pierre Bédard et Son Temps(R. S. C., 1898).
Canals.The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as 1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion government.Index:BkFirst in American continent made in Canada, 48.BLConstruction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98; completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287.BImprovement of, advocated by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166; enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in 1874, 227.SFour made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112.POpposed by Papineau, 172.See alsoWaterways; and under names of individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc.Bib.: Keefer,Canals of Canada(R. S. C., 1893);Waterways of Canada(Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa,Trans., vol. 2); Kingsford,Canadian Canals;Report of Royal Commission on Canals, 1871;Annual Reports on Railways and Canals, Ottawa.
Cânanée.ChFamous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspé, 141; the Turks capture his ship, theSte. Madeleine, on the coast of Bretagne, and put him to death, 141.
Canard River.A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into the Detroit River.Index:BkAmericans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.
Candiac, Chateau of.WMBirthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, still remains, 5.
Canning, Charles John, Viscount(1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through the period of the Indian Mutiny.Index:EHis record in India, 217.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Canning, George(1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles.Index:SyForeign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death of, 16.BkSecretary of war, 81; deals with matter ofLeopardandChesapeake, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign secretary, 120.Bib.: Canning,Speeches; Stapleton,Political Life of George Canning; Stapleton,George Canning and His Times;Dict. Nat. Biog.
Cannon, Captain.WMRepulses landing of English, 107.
Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount(1814-1877). Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to 1846 in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor of Victoria.Index:TDissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.; Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
"Canvas House."SPurchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as winter residence at York, 204.
Cap de la Victoire.On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu.Index:ChFur trade carried on at, 119, 139.
Cap du Ciel.ChFrench vessel seized by English, 222.
Cap Rouge.On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec.Index:WMVaudreuil orders posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters at, 163; difficulty of crossing the river, 248.
Cape Breton.An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745; restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded 1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia.Index:ChNamed St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit mission at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237.See alsoLouisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia.Bib.: Brown,History of Cape Breton; Bourinot,Cape Breton and its Memorials; Grant,Cape Breton, Past and Present.
Cape Diamond, Quebec.ChFortified, 157.
Cape St. Vincent.BkBritish naval victory of, 10.
Car Brigade.BkFormed, 196.
Carden, Major.DrKilled in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.
Cardinal Joseph.PAt meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88.
Carey.SyMade deputy inspector-general, 333.
Carheil, Étienne de.A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668 for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec, where he died.Bib.: Campbell,Pioneer Priests of North America;Jesuit Relations, ed. by Thwaites.
Cariboo Gold-fields.DHistory of, 284-289.
Carignan-Salières.The first regiment of regular troops sent to America from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; employed for some years in the service of the king of France, and after the peace of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French army. Fought against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the following year. With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment of a regiment of Germans, the whole under thecommand of Colonel de Salières. The regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, when it was ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, remained in the colony, where they were given generous grants of land. The regiment was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the Regiment of Lorraine existed until 1794.Index:LGives strength to the colony, 53; discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further detachment of, arrives, 79.EOfficers settle on lands along the Richelieu, 178-179, 181.FSent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become seigneurs, 57.Bib.: Parkman,Old Régime; Susane,Ancienne Infanterie Française, vol. 5.
Carillon, Fort.HdRepulse of British forces at, 18-21.WMThe fort defended by Montcalm with De Lévis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked by the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61; Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146.See alsoTiconderoga.Bib.: Parkman,Montcalm and Wolfe.
Carion, Philippe de.LLays second foundation stone of church at Montreal, 88.FOfficer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's order for arrest ofcoureurs de bois, 91.
Carleton, Christopher.DrFather of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow marries Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.
Carleton, Sir Guy.SeeDorchester.
Carleton, Lady Maria.DrGains social popularity at Quebec, 162; lives to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.
Carleton, Thomas(1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755; quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed governor.Index:DrNephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 249.WFirst governor of New Brunswick, 5; his Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants charter to Fredericton Academy, 86.HdDevastates country bordering on Lake Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281.Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.; Bradley,The Making of Canada.
Carleton Island.HdIndians of, 148; projects of Americans against, 150; reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great cost of transporting provisions to, 184.
Carling, Sir John(1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.
Carlton House.Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks; the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established about the end of the eighteenth century.Index:MSBuilt by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.
Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of(1831-1890). Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884.Index:MdPresident of Westminster Conference in London, 126; effect of his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, on the franchise, 259.TConference with, on Confederation scheme, 122.Bib.:Dict. Nat. Biog.
Caroline.McSteamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out of, 420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423.Bib.: Drew and Wood,The Burning of the Caroline; Dent,Upper Canadian Rebellion.
Caroline Almanac.McMackenzie publishes, 459.
Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Réné Adolphe(1843-1908). Born in Quebec. Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892.Bib.: Morgan,Can. Men; Dent,Can. Por.
Caron, Réné Édouard(1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne, Lower Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor of Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not take his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841; Speaker, 1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench and judge of the Seigniorial Court.Index:BLMayor of Quebec, and member of Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83; member of La Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative Council—acts as go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263; president of Legislative Council, 284.ERefuses to enter Draper ministry, 43; becomes president of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; leading member of Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109; president of Council in Hincks-Morin government, 113; raised to Bench, 126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187.Bib.: Turcotte,R. E. Caron; Morgan,Cel. Can.; Taylor,Brit. Am.; Dent,Last Forty YearsandCan. Por.
Carondelet.SSpanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to Simcoe to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136.
Carroll, Charles(1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence. Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate.Index:DrAccompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.:Cyc. Am. Biog.
Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington(1819-1900). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland, 1842; appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1855-1878; Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878; knighted, 1878; chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented Newfoundland at the Quebec Conference, 1864.Index:TSpeaker of Newfoundland Assembly, delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.Bib.: Taylor,Brit. Am.; Morgan,Can. Men.
Carter, Sir James(1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in England.Index:WAppointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75.TAppointed to New Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93.Bib.: Hannay,History of New Brunswick.
Cartier, Sir Georges Étienne(1814-1873).MdAssociated with Macdonald in MacNab-Taché ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88; member of mission to England to confer with British government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of North-West Territories, 156-157; supports demand of Red River for self-government, 160; takes advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt to forestall the Wolseley expedition, 161-162; leads the House during Macdonald's absence in Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his influence weakened in Quebec, 195; his early life and alliance with Macdonald, 266; his splendid work for Confederation and its inadequate recognition, 267; the C. B. replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in Montreal East, 1872, 268; his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's tribute to, on unveiling of his statue, 268.TDelegate to England in union negotiations, 63; at Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; in first Confederation ministry, 129.PA man of action, 1; lacking hi personal magnetism, 2; compared with Papineau, 2; blames Papineau and his friends for expelling Mondelet from Assembly, 72.EOn Papineau's responsibility for amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected to Legislature in 1849—government candidate for speakership in 1854, defeated, 135,136; his statue, 226.CFollows Papineau, 1; subsequent loyalty to British constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the Richelieu, 3; a descendant of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3; education, 3-5; Papineau's influence, 5; studies law with Édouard Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7; the poet ofLes Fils de la Liberté, 7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7, 8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the field against D. B. Viger, 17; his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness against Papineau, 18; enters the Assembly, 1849, for Verchères, 21; a born leader, 21; offered seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet, 1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes of his success as a political leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28; helped by Radicalism of Liberals, 29; defeated at general election, 1872, byLe Parti National, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31; alliance with Sir Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33; defends alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly attacked in Verchères election, 34; breadth of his political activities, 35; reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests of Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence, 40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation, 45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord Monck to intrust Taché with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Taché's warning as to trouble in North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76; loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East, 84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87; reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country, 99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103; his character and policy,105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed, 115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128; quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132.BAnd the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150; meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153; suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191; asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204.HAccompanies Sir John Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210.Bib.: Author ofSpeeches on the Militia Bill, and of the popular song,O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes Amours!For biog.,seeDavid,Esquisse Biographique; Morgan,Cel. Can.: Taylor,Brit. Am.: Dent.Can. Por.andLast Forty Years; Turcotte,Sir G. E. Cartier.