TABLE XIXCOMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON GREEN MATERIALSpeciesCompression parallel to grainCompression perpendicular to grainShearSize of specimenNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at E. L. per square inchM. of E. per square inchCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchStress areaHeightNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchNo. of testsPer cent of moistureShear strength per square inchInchesLbs.1,000lbs.Lbs.InchesInchesLbs.Lbs.Longleaf pine4 by 44626.33,4804,8004 by 442225.35684421.89732 by 21434.74,400Douglas fir6 by 651530.72,7801,1813,5004 by 81625930.357053129.77655 by 617030.92,7202,1233,4902 by 290229.83,5001,9254,030Douglas fir (fire-killed)6 by 610834.82,6201,8013,2906 by 8162433.73687735.86312 by 220437.93,430Shortleaf pine6 by 69541.22,5141,5653,4365 by 8161237.736117947.07045 by 82343.52,2411,5293,4235 by 8141242.83662 by 228151.43,5705 by 8122453.03255 by 582447.03442 by 2227748.5400Western larch6 by 610749.12,6751,5753,5106 by 8162243.641717940.77002 by 249150.63,0261,5453,6966 by 8122040.24164 by 665352.84784 by 443050.4472Loblolly pine8 by 81463.41,5603652,1408 by 481667.239212183.26304 by 81860.02,4306913,5604 by 483844.65462 by 25374.03,240Tamarack6 by 7449.92,3321,4323,0322439.26684 by 7627.72,4441,3343,3602 by 216536.83,190Western hemlock6 by 68246.62,9051,6173,3556 by 463048.74345465.76302 by 213155.62,9381,7373,392Redwood6 by 63483.63,1941,2403,8826 by 8161386.747314884.27422 by 214336.83,4901,2223,9806 by 6121483.04246 by 791374.74776 by 3141375.64116 by 2121266.54306 by 2101155.04236 by 281256.73962 by 2218675.5569Norway pine6 by 7529.01,9289052,4042026.75894 by 7828.42,1541,0632,6522 by 217826.82,504Red spruce2 by 25835.42,7502 by 224331.83103032.0758White spruce2 by 28461.02,3702 by 224650.42704058.0651Note.—Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit.M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity.M. of R. = Modulus of rupture.Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit.Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load.
TABLE XIXCOMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON GREEN MATERIALSpeciesCompression parallel to grainCompression perpendicular to grainShearSize of specimenNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at E. L. per square inchM. of E. per square inchCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchStress areaHeightNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchNo. of testsPer cent of moistureShear strength per square inchInchesLbs.1,000lbs.Lbs.InchesInchesLbs.Lbs.Longleaf pine4 by 44626.33,4804,8004 by 442225.35684421.89732 by 21434.74,400Douglas fir6 by 651530.72,7801,1813,5004 by 81625930.357053129.77655 by 617030.92,7202,1233,4902 by 290229.83,5001,9254,030Douglas fir (fire-killed)6 by 610834.82,6201,8013,2906 by 8162433.73687735.86312 by 220437.93,430Shortleaf pine6 by 69541.22,5141,5653,4365 by 8161237.736117947.07045 by 82343.52,2411,5293,4235 by 8141242.83662 by 228151.43,5705 by 8122453.03255 by 582447.03442 by 2227748.5400Western larch6 by 610749.12,6751,5753,5106 by 8162243.641717940.77002 by 249150.63,0261,5453,6966 by 8122040.24164 by 665352.84784 by 443050.4472Loblolly pine8 by 81463.41,5603652,1408 by 481667.239212183.26304 by 81860.02,4306913,5604 by 483844.65462 by 25374.03,240Tamarack6 by 7449.92,3321,4323,0322439.26684 by 7627.72,4441,3343,3602 by 216536.83,190Western hemlock6 by 68246.62,9051,6173,3556 by 463048.74345465.76302 by 213155.62,9381,7373,392Redwood6 by 63483.63,1941,2403,8826 by 8161386.747314884.27422 by 214336.83,4901,2223,9806 by 6121483.04246 by 791374.74776 by 3141375.64116 by 2121266.54306 by 2101155.04236 by 281256.73962 by 2218675.5569Norway pine6 by 7529.01,9289052,4042026.75894 by 7828.42,1541,0632,6522 by 217826.82,504Red spruce2 by 25835.42,7502 by 224331.83103032.0758White spruce2 by 28461.02,3702 by 224650.42704058.0651Note.—Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit.M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity.M. of R. = Modulus of rupture.Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit.Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load.
TABLE XXBENDING TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIALSpeciesSizesNumber of testsPer cent of moistureRings per inchF.S. at E.L.M. of R.M. of E.Calculated shearCross SectionSpanAverage per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"Average per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"Average per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"Average per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"InchesIns.Lbs.Lbs.1,000lbs.Lbs.Longleaf pine8 by 16180522.216.03,3900.504,2740.371,7471.002880.756 by 16132123.417.13,470.516,610.571,501.863881.016 by 10177219.08.84,560.687,880.681,722.99214.564 by 11180118.423.93,078.468,000.691,660.95251.666 by 8177620.013.74,227.638,196.711,634.94177.462 by 2301715.913.96,7501.0011,5201.001,7401.003831.00Douglas fir8 by 161809120.813.14,563.686,372.611,549.91269.645 by 81803014.912.25,065.766,777.651,8531.09218.522 by 22421119.016.46,6861.0010,3781.001,6951.004191.00Shortleaf pine8 by 16180317.012.34,220.546,030.501,517.85398.988 by 14180316.012.34,253.555,347.441,757.98307.768 by 12180716.012.45,051.657,331.601,8031.01361.895 by 8180612.222.57,123.929,373.771,9851.11301.742 by 2306714.213.77,7801.0012,1201.001,7921.004041.00Western larch8 by 161802318.321.93,343.575,440.531,409.90349.968 by 121802917.823.43,631.626,186.601,549.99295.815 by 81801013.627.64,730.807,258.711,6201.04221.612 by 23024016.126.85,8801.0010,2541.001,5641.003641.00Loblolly pine8 by 161801420.57.44,195.816,734.721,6191.104621.456 by 16126420.25.02,432.474,295.461,324.90266.846 by 10174321.34.73,100.606,167.661,449.99173.544 by 12174419.84.72,713.525,745.611,249.85185.588 by 8180922.94.92,903.564,557.481,136.7793.296 by 7144221.15.02,990.584,968.531,286.88116.364 by 8132819.59.13,384.656,194.661,200.82196.622 by 23012317.66.65,1701.009,4001.001,4671.003181.00Tamarack6 by 12162523.015.13,434.455,640.431,330.82318.754 by 10162414.49.74,100.545,320.411,386.84252.592 by 2304711.316.27,6301.0013,0801.001,6201.004251.00Western hemlock8 by 161804417.717.84,398.696,420.621,7371.044061.062 by 22831117.919.46,3331.0010,3691.001,6661.003821.00Redwood8 by 16180626.322.43,797.794,428.571,107.962941.056 by 12180616.117.73,175.663,353.43728.64167.607 by 9180615.915.23,280.694,002.511,104.96147.533 by 14180613.124.45,033.642911.042 by 12180513.814.43,928.825,336.681,2491.09260.932 by 10180513.824.83,757.794,606.591,1981.05186.672 by 8180613.720.74,314.905,050.651,3131.15166.602 by 22812215.218.84,7771.007,7981.001,1461.002791.00Norway pine6 by 12162516.78.12,968.565,204.611,123.972861.024 by 10162513.712.05,170.986,904.821,7121.483171.132 by 2306014.911.25,2801.008,4701.001,1581.002811.00Note.—Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit.M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity.M. of R. = Modulus of rupture.Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit.Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load.
TABLE XXBENDING TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIALSpeciesSizesNumber of testsPer cent of moistureRings per inchF.S. at E.L.M. of R.M. of E.Calculated shearCross SectionSpanAverage per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"Average per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"Average per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"Average per sq. inchRatio to 2" by 2"InchesIns.Lbs.Lbs.1,000lbs.Lbs.Longleaf pine8 by 16180522.216.03,3900.504,2740.371,7471.002880.756 by 16132123.417.13,470.516,610.571,501.863881.016 by 10177219.08.84,560.687,880.681,722.99214.564 by 11180118.423.93,078.468,000.691,660.95251.666 by 8177620.013.74,227.638,196.711,634.94177.462 by 2301715.913.96,7501.0011,5201.001,7401.003831.00Douglas fir8 by 161809120.813.14,563.686,372.611,549.91269.645 by 81803014.912.25,065.766,777.651,8531.09218.522 by 22421119.016.46,6861.0010,3781.001,6951.004191.00Shortleaf pine8 by 16180317.012.34,220.546,030.501,517.85398.988 by 14180316.012.34,253.555,347.441,757.98307.768 by 12180716.012.45,051.657,331.601,8031.01361.895 by 8180612.222.57,123.929,373.771,9851.11301.742 by 2306714.213.77,7801.0012,1201.001,7921.004041.00Western larch8 by 161802318.321.93,343.575,440.531,409.90349.968 by 121802917.823.43,631.626,186.601,549.99295.815 by 81801013.627.64,730.807,258.711,6201.04221.612 by 23024016.126.85,8801.0010,2541.001,5641.003641.00Loblolly pine8 by 161801420.57.44,195.816,734.721,6191.104621.456 by 16126420.25.02,432.474,295.461,324.90266.846 by 10174321.34.73,100.606,167.661,449.99173.544 by 12174419.84.72,713.525,745.611,249.85185.588 by 8180922.94.92,903.564,557.481,136.7793.296 by 7144221.15.02,990.584,968.531,286.88116.364 by 8132819.59.13,384.656,194.661,200.82196.622 by 23012317.66.65,1701.009,4001.001,4671.003181.00Tamarack6 by 12162523.015.13,434.455,640.431,330.82318.754 by 10162414.49.74,100.545,320.411,386.84252.592 by 2304711.316.27,6301.0013,0801.001,6201.004251.00Western hemlock8 by 161804417.717.84,398.696,420.621,7371.044061.062 by 22831117.919.46,3331.0010,3691.001,6661.003821.00Redwood8 by 16180626.322.43,797.794,428.571,107.962941.056 by 12180616.117.73,175.663,353.43728.64167.607 by 9180615.915.23,280.694,002.511,104.96147.533 by 14180613.124.45,033.642911.042 by 12180513.814.43,928.825,336.681,2491.09260.932 by 10180513.824.83,757.794,606.591,1981.05186.672 by 8180613.720.74,314.905,050.651,3131.15166.602 by 22812215.218.84,7771.007,7981.001,1461.002791.00Norway pine6 by 12162516.78.12,968.565,204.611,123.972861.024 by 10162513.712.05,170.986,904.821,7121.483171.132 by 2306014.911.25,2801.008,4701.001,1581.002811.00Note.—Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit.M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity.M. of R. = Modulus of rupture.Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit.Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load.
TABLE XXICOMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIALSpeciesCompression parallel to grainCompression perpendicular to grainShearSize of specimenNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at E. L. per square inchM. of E. per square inchCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchStress areaHeightNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchNo. of testsPer cent of moistureShear strengthInchesLbs.1,000lbs.Lbs.InchesInchesLbs.Lbs.Longleaf pine4 by 54626.33,4804,8004 by 542225.15725220.2984Douglas fir6 by 625920.33,2711,0384,2584 by 8164420.873246522.18222 by 224718.73,8421,0845,0024 by 8103218.15844 by 485120.26384 by 464924.06134 by 442924.8603Shortleaf pine6 by 62915.74,0701,9516,0308 by 516417.8725851,1352 by 25714.26,3808 by 514316.37578 by 512515.17305 by 58613.09182 by 225713.9926Western larch6 by 611216.05,4458 by 6161718.849119315.09054 by 48114.76,1618 by 6121817.65262 by 227014.85,9345 by 482213.3735Loblolly pine6 by 6233,3571,6935,0058 by 5161219.860215611.31,1155 by 51022.42,2175452,9508 by 58722.96794 by 8819.43,0106333,9204 by 58819.57152 by 2695,547Tamarack6 by 7315.72,2571,0423,3232 by 225716.26976014.08794 by 7313.63,7801,3014,8234 by 45714.93,3861,3534,3462 by 26614.64,790Western hemlock6 by 610218.64,8402,1405,8147 by 6152518.251413117.79242 by 246317.04,5601,9235,4036 by 662616.84314 by 44615.9488Redwood6 by 61816.94,2768 by 616525.45489512.46712 by 211514.65,1196 by 612614.76107 by 69514.85003 by 614212.64702 by 612216.24982 by 610414.35112 by 68213.24292 by 2214513.8564Norway pine6 by 7415.22,6701,1824,2122 by 223610.09244411.91,1454 by 7222.23,2751,7244,5754 by 45516.63,0481,3674,2172 by 24411.27,550Note.—Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit.M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity.M. of R. = Modulus of rupture.Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit.Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load.
TABLE XXICOMPRESSION AND SHEAR TESTS ON AIR-SEASONED MATERIALSpeciesCompression parallel to grainCompression perpendicular to grainShearSize of specimenNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at E. L. per square inchM. of E. per square inchCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchStress areaHeightNo. of testsPer cent of moistureCr. str. at max. ld., per square inchNo. of testsPer cent of moistureShear strengthInchesLbs.1,000lbs.Lbs.InchesInchesLbs.Lbs.Longleaf pine4 by 54626.33,4804,8004 by 542225.15725220.2984Douglas fir6 by 625920.33,2711,0384,2584 by 8164420.873246522.18222 by 224718.73,8421,0845,0024 by 8103218.15844 by 485120.26384 by 464924.06134 by 442924.8603Shortleaf pine6 by 62915.74,0701,9516,0308 by 516417.8725851,1352 by 25714.26,3808 by 514316.37578 by 512515.17305 by 58613.09182 by 225713.9926Western larch6 by 611216.05,4458 by 6161718.849119315.09054 by 48114.76,1618 by 6121817.65262 by 227014.85,9345 by 482213.3735Loblolly pine6 by 6233,3571,6935,0058 by 5161219.860215611.31,1155 by 51022.42,2175452,9508 by 58722.96794 by 8819.43,0106333,9204 by 58819.57152 by 2695,547Tamarack6 by 7315.72,2571,0423,3232 by 225716.26976014.08794 by 7313.63,7801,3014,8234 by 45714.93,3861,3534,3462 by 26614.64,790Western hemlock6 by 610218.64,8402,1405,8147 by 6152518.251413117.79242 by 246317.04,5601,9235,4036 by 662616.84314 by 44615.9488Redwood6 by 61816.94,2768 by 616525.45489512.46712 by 211514.65,1196 by 612614.76107 by 69514.85003 by 614212.64702 by 612216.24982 by 610414.35112 by 68213.24292 by 2214513.8564Norway pine6 by 7415.22,6701,1824,2122 by 223610.09244411.91,1454 by 7222.23,2751,7244,5754 by 45516.63,0481,3674,2172 by 24411.27,550Note.—Following is an explanation of the abbreviations used in the foregoing tables:F.S. at E.L. = Fiber stress at elastic limit.M. of E. = Modulus of elasticity.M. of R. = Modulus of rupture.Cr. str. at E.L. = Crushing strength at elastic limit.Cr. str. at max. ld. = Crushing strength at maximum load.
TABLE XXII[b]WORKING UNIT-STRESSES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER[c]EXPRESSED IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH(From Manual of the American Railway Engineering Assn., 1911, p. 153)NOTE.—The working unit-stresses given in the table are intended for railroad bridges and trestles. For highway bridges and trestles the unit-stresses may be increased twenty-five (25) per cent. For buildings and similar structures, in which the timber is protected from the weather and practically free from impact, the unit-stresses may be increased fifty (50) per cent. To compute the deflection of a beam under long-continued loading instead of that when the load is first applied, only fifty (50) per cent of the corresponding modulus of elasticity given in the table is to be employed.KIND OF TIMBERBENDINGSHEARINGCOMPRESSIONRatio of length of stringer to depthExtreme fibre stressModulus of elasticityParallel to the grainLongitudinal shear in beamsPerpendicular to the grainParallel to the grainFor columns under 15 diameters working stressFormulæ for working stress in long columns over 15 diametersAverage ultimateWorking stressAverageAverage ultimateWorking stressAverage ultimateWorking stressElastic limitWorking stressAverage ultimateWorking stressDouglas fir610012001,510,000690170270110630310360012009001200 (1 -l/ 60d)10Longleaf pine650013001,610,000720180300120520260380013009801300 (1 -l/ 60d)10Shortleaf pine560011001,480,000710170330130340170340011008301100 (1 -l/ 60d)10White pine44009001,130,00040010018070290150300010007501000 (1 -l/ 60d)10Spruce480010001,310,00060015017070370180320011008301100 (1 -l/ 60d)Norway pine42008001,190,000590[d]1302501001502600[d]800600800 (1 -l/ 60d)Tamarack46009001,220,0006701702601002203200[d]10007501000 (1 -l/ 60d)Western hemlock580011001,480,000630160270[d]100440220350012009001200 (1 -l/ 60d)Redwood5000900800,000300804001503300900680900 (1 -l/ 60d)Bald cypress48009001,150,000500120340170390011008301100 (1 -l/ 60d)Red cedar4200800800,0004702302800900680900 (1 -l/ 60d)White oak570011001,150,000840210270110920450350013009801300 (1 -l/ 60d)12These unit-stresses are for a green condition of timber and are to be used without increasing the live load stresses for impact.l= Length in inches.d= Least side in inches.[Footnote b: Adopted, Vol. 1909, pp. 537, 564, 609-611.][Footnote c: Green timber in exposed work.][Footnote d: Partially air-dry]
TABLE XXII[b]WORKING UNIT-STRESSES FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER[c]EXPRESSED IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH(From Manual of the American Railway Engineering Assn., 1911, p. 153)NOTE.—The working unit-stresses given in the table are intended for railroad bridges and trestles. For highway bridges and trestles the unit-stresses may be increased twenty-five (25) per cent. For buildings and similar structures, in which the timber is protected from the weather and practically free from impact, the unit-stresses may be increased fifty (50) per cent. To compute the deflection of a beam under long-continued loading instead of that when the load is first applied, only fifty (50) per cent of the corresponding modulus of elasticity given in the table is to be employed.KIND OF TIMBERBENDINGSHEARINGCOMPRESSIONRatio of length of stringer to depthExtreme fibre stressModulus of elasticityParallel to the grainLongitudinal shear in beamsPerpendicular to the grainParallel to the grainFor columns under 15 diameters working stressFormulæ for working stress in long columns over 15 diametersAverage ultimateWorking stressAverageAverage ultimateWorking stressAverage ultimateWorking stressElastic limitWorking stressAverage ultimateWorking stressDouglas fir610012001,510,000690170270110630310360012009001200 (1 -l/ 60d)10Longleaf pine650013001,610,000720180300120520260380013009801300 (1 -l/ 60d)10Shortleaf pine560011001,480,000710170330130340170340011008301100 (1 -l/ 60d)10White pine44009001,130,00040010018070290150300010007501000 (1 -l/ 60d)10Spruce480010001,310,00060015017070370180320011008301100 (1 -l/ 60d)Norway pine42008001,190,000590[d]1302501001502600[d]800600800 (1 -l/ 60d)Tamarack46009001,220,0006701702601002203200[d]10007501000 (1 -l/ 60d)Western hemlock580011001,480,000630160270[d]100440220350012009001200 (1 -l/ 60d)Redwood5000900800,000300804001503300900680900 (1 -l/ 60d)Bald cypress48009001,150,000500120340170390011008301100 (1 -l/ 60d)Red cedar4200800800,0004702302800900680900 (1 -l/ 60d)White oak570011001,150,000840210270110920450350013009801300 (1 -l/ 60d)12These unit-stresses are for a green condition of timber and are to be used without increasing the live load stresses for impact.l= Length in inches.d= Least side in inches.[Footnote b: Adopted, Vol. 1909, pp. 537, 564, 609-611.][Footnote c: Green timber in exposed work.][Footnote d: Partially air-dry]