VOL. II.
Description of the Frontispiece of Vol. II.p.v.
List of Lignographs in Vol. II.vii.
Contents of Vol. II.ix.
Chapter XII.—Fossil Cephalopoda,447. Fossil Dibranchiate Cephalopods,450. Belemnites,451. Belemnitella,457. Belemnoteuthis,459. Beloptera,463. Geoteuthis,463. Bellerophon and Argonaut,465. Fossil Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods,466. Nautilus,467. Clymenia,473. Orthoceras,474. Ammonitidæ,476. Ammonites,478. Goniatites,482. Ceratites,483. Crioceras,483. Ancyloceras,484. Toxoceras,485. Hamites,485. Ptychoceras,485. Baculites,486. Scaphites,487. Turrilites,489. Aptychus,491. Geological Distribution of the Fossil Cephalopoda,492. On the Collecting British Fossil Cephalopoda,496. British Localities of Fossil Cephalopoda,499.
Chapter XIII.—Fossil Articulata,503. Annelida,503. Serpula,505. Cirripedia,505. Calamy,506. Lepadidæ,508. Crustacea,508. Fossil Crabs,511. Notopocorystes,514. Fossil Lobsters,515. Enoploclytia,516. Isopodous Crustaceans,520. Entomostraca,522. Limulus,522. Eurypterus,524. Pterygotus,525. Dithyrocaris,525. Ceratiocaris,525. Hymenocaris,526. Estheria,526. Leperditia,526. Beyrichia,526. Ostracoda,526. Cypris,527. Cythere,531. Cypridina,532. Trilobites,532. Calymene,535. Homalonotus,536. Asaphus,536. Isotelus,537. Bumastus,537. Ogygia,537. Phacops,538. Trinucleus,538. Paradoxides,538. Brontes,539. Geological Distribution of Crustaceans,542. On Collecting Fossil Crustaceans,544. British Localities of Fossil Crustaceans,546. Fossil Insects, Scorpions, and Spiders,547. Insects,547. Arachnida,550. Fossil Scorpion,550. Fossil Spiders,550. Fossil Insects,551. Neuroptera,551. Libellulidæ,551. Corydalis,552. Panorpa,553. Coleoptera,554. Curculio,555. Purbeck Insects,556. Aix Insects,557. Œningen Insects,559. Fossil Larvæ of Phryganea,559. On Collecting Fossil Insects,560.
Chapter XIV.—Fossil Ichthyology; comprising the Sharks, Rays, and other Placoid Fishes,562. Fishes,562. Scales of Fishes,566. Fins of Fishes,569. Teeth of Fishes,570. Skeletons of Fishes,572. Ichthyodorulites,576. Hybodus subcarinatus,580. Fossil Teeth of Fishes,582. Cestracion,584. Acrodus,584. Ptychodus,585. Psammodus,587. Ceratodus,587. Edaphodon,588. Hybodus,591. Sharks with cutting Teeth,592. Carcharodon,593. Hemipristis,593. Lamna,594. Notidanus,595. Corax,595. Fossil Vertebra of Sharks,596. Squaloraia,596. Pristis,597. Rays,597.
Chapter XV.—Fossil Ichthyology; comprising the Ganoid, Ctenoid, and Cycloid Fishes,600. Amblypterus,601. Palæoniscus,601. Dapedius,603. Lepidotus,604. Pycnodus,607. Gyrodus,608. Cephalaspides,610. Cephalaspis,611. Pterichthys,612. Coccosteus,614. Fossil Sauroid Fishes,615. Lepidostei,616. Sauroidei,617. Cœlacanthi,618. Macropoma,620. Coprolites,621. Cololites,621. Dercetis,622. Fossil Ctenoid Fishes,623. Beryx,624. Smerdis,625. Fossil Cycloid Fishes,625. Osmeroides,626. Saurocephalus and Saurodon,628. Hypsodon,630. Enchodus,630. Ichthyolites of recent Species,631. Ichthyopatolites,632. Geological Distribution of Fishes,632. On Collecting and Developing Fossil Fishes,635. Microscopical Examination,639. British Localities of Fossil Fishes,640. Foreign Localities,641.
Chapter XVI.—Fossil Reptiles; comprising the Enaliosaurians and Crocodiles,643. The Age of Reptiles,644. Classification of Reptiles,646. Teeth of Reptiles,646. Lower Jaw of Reptiles,651. Vertebræ,651. Ribs,656. Extremities,657. Dermal Bones,657. Dermal Bones of Hylæosaurus,659. Dermal Spines of Hylæosaurus,661. Horn of Iguanodon,661. Enaliosaurians,662. Ichthyosaurus,663. Paddle and Skin of Ichthyosaurus,668. Plesiosaurus,671. Pliosaurus,673. Crocodilians,674. Swanage Crocodile,677. Pœcilopleuron,679. Teleosaurus,679. Streptospondylus,680. Cetiosaurus,682. Polyptychodon,683.
Chapter XVII.—Fossil Reptiles; comprising the Dinosaurians, Lacertians, Pterodactyles, Turtles, Serpents, and Batrachians,684. Dinosauria,684. Megalosaurus,686. Hylæosaurus,688. Iguanodon,691. Jaw and Teeth of Iguanodon,693. Vertebra: of Iguanodon,698. Extremities of Iguanodon,700. Length of Iguanodon,702. Lacertian Reptiles,705. Mosasaurus,705. Leiodon,709. Geosaurus,711. Raphiosaurus,711. Delicious,711. Rhynchosaurus,712. Thecodontosaurus and Palæosaurus,713. Dicynodon,714. Telerpeton,720. Pterosauria,723. Chelonia,726. Fossil Turtles and Tortoises,729. Fossil Marine Turtles,732. Chelone Benstedi,732. Chelone Bellii,734. Fossil Fresh-water Tortoises,736. Ophidia, or Serpents,738. Batrachia,739. Batracholites,740. Labyrinthodon,741. Archegosaurus,745. Parabatrachus,746. Dendrerpeton,746. Ichnolites,749. On collecting the Fossil Remains of Reptiles,753. British Localities of Fossil Reptiles,756.
Chapter XVIII.—Ornitholites, or Fossil Birds,759. Osteological Characters of Birds,760. Fossil Birds of the Pleistocene Epoch,763. Fossil Birds of the Older Tertiary Deposits,765. Fossil Birds of the Wealden,768. Ornithoidichnites,768. On collecting the Fossil Remains of Birds,773.
Chapter XIX.—Fossil Mammalia,775. Classification of Mammalia,776. Fossil Cetacea,777. Otolithes of Whales,778. Brighton Fossil Whale,778. Zeuglodon Cetoides,779. Fossil Ruminants,782. Pachydermata,785. Fossil Elephants and Mastodons,785. Dinotherium,787. Cuvierian Pachydermata,789. Teeth of Mammalia,793. Fossil Horse,796. Fossil Edentata,798. Megatherium,798. Glyptodon,799. Mylodon,800. Fossil Rodents,802. Fossil Marsupials,803. Triassic Mammalian Teeth,805. Fossil Mammalia of Stonesfield,805. Fossil Carnivora,807. Kent’s Hole,810. Fossil Seals,812. Fossil Insectivora.812. Fossil Bats,813. Fossil Quadrumana, or Monkeys,813. Fossil Ape of France,814. Fossil Monkey of the Sub-Himalayas,814. Fossil Monkey of South America,814. Fossil British Monkeys,815. Fossil Human Bones,815. On collecting and developing Fossil Remains of Mammalia,815. British Localities of Fossil Mammalia,818. Bone-caves in Franconia,820. Retrospect,822.
Appendix to Part III.,826.
PART IV.—Notes of Excursions, in Illustration of the Mode of Investigating Geological Phenomena, and of Collecting Organic Remains,827.
Chapter XX.—General Instructions for the Collection of Specimens of Rocks and Fossils,831.
Chapter XXI.—Excursions illustrative of the Geological Character and Organic Remains of the Tertiary Deposits of the London Basin,837. Excursion to the Isle of Sheppey,838. Excursion to Bracklesham Bay,844. Notes for an Excursion to examine the Tertiary Strata of the Isle of Wight,847.
Chapter XXII.—Notes for a Geological Excursion from London to Brighton,849. A Stroll from Brighton to Rottingdean,852.
Chapter XXIII.—Geological Notes of various Places on the Line of the Great Western Railway; illustrative of the Oolite, Lias, &c. from London to Clifton,859. Farringdon,859. Swindon,862. Caine and Chippenham,863. Bath and Bristol,864. Clifton,864.
Chapter XXIV.—Excursion to Matlock and its Vicinity,867. Geological Position of Matlock Dale,871. A Walk to the Incrusting Springs,872. Visit to the Cavern of the High Tor,875. Geological Formations of Derbyshire,878. Excursion to Crich Hill,880. Notes for a Geological Excursion by Bonsal Valley, and Wirksworth, to Middleton Moor and Stonnis,894.
Chapter XXV.—Notes for a Geological Excursion to Charnwood Forest; by Leicester, Mount Sorel, Swithland and Woodhouse, and Bardon Hill to Whitwick,898.
List of Dealers in Fossils and Minerals, &c.904.
General Index,909.
THE
MEDALS OF CREATION.
FOSSIL CEPHALOPODA; COMPRISING THE BELEMNITIDÆ, NAUTILIDÆ, AND AMMONITIDÆ.
Lign. 140.Fossil Sepia or Cuttle-Fish:1/3nat.(M. D’Orbigny.)Solenhofen.(Kelæno[398]speciosa.Count Münster.)The impression of the body, head, and arms, with their clasps.
Lign. 140.Fossil Sepia or Cuttle-Fish:1/3nat.(M. D’Orbigny.)Solenhofen.(Kelæno[398]speciosa.Count Münster.)The impression of the body, head, and arms, with their clasps.
[398]Kelæno(one of the Furies) = Acanthoteuthis (Wagner); probably identical with Belemnoteuthis, which also has ten sub-equal arms.—Mr. Woodward.
[398]Kelæno(one of the Furies) = Acanthoteuthis (Wagner); probably identical with Belemnoteuthis, which also has ten sub-equal arms.—Mr. Woodward.
FOSSIL CEPHALOPODA
Themolluscous animals namedCephalopoda(from their organs of prehension being arranged around the upper partof the body) are the most ancient, numerous, and interesting of this division of animated nature; and their fossil remains comprehend the most varied and striking forms of extinct beings that occur in the sedimentary strata, from the earliest Secondary to the latest Tertiary formations. The living species are but a feeble representation of the countless myriads which swarmed in the ancient seas; yet they afford important assistance in developing the characters of the numerous extinct genera, whose relics abound in the strata, and will continually be presented to the observation of the collector. It is therefore necessary to enter somewhat in detail on the structure of these beings, that the student may obtain a correct idea of the nature of the curious fossils to which the mineralized remains of the durable parts of these animals have given rise, and whose origin has but lately been correctly ascertained. The body of these mollusca is either enclosed in a shell, as in theNautilus, or contains a calcareous or cartilaginous part, as in theSepia, or cuttle-fish; they have a distinct head, and eyes as perfect as in the vertebrate animals; complicated organs of hearing; and a powerful manducatory apparatus, surrounded by arms serving for prehension. They have below the head a tube which acts as a locomotive instrument to propel the animal backwards, by the forcible ejection of the water that has served the purposes of respiration, and which can be thrown out with considerable force by the contraction of the body. The figures 1 and 6,Lign.142, are views of a naked (that is,shell-less) cephalopod, showing the arms, eyes, and a pair of fins, for swimming. The Cephalopoda, thus endowed with powerful organs of locomotion, traverse the seas unrestricted, and are seen in groups of myriads in the midst of the ocean, and only appear periodically near the shores. Their fossil remains consist of—
1st. The external shells; which are generally symmetrical, and either straight (as inOrthoceras,Lign.155); arched orbent (as inCrioceras,Lign.160); spiral (as inTurrilites,Lign.163); or involute,[399]and simple (as in theArgonaut), or divided, by smooth or foliaceous partitions, into chambers or air-cells, connected by a hydraulic tube or siphuncle (as inNautilus,Lign.149and150, andAmmonites,Lign.156 and 157).
[399]Involute, as applied to the shells of Cephalopoda, implies that the inner whorls are embraced by the outer turn or whorl;convolute, the inner turns apparent, or exposed;evolute, the whorls coiled in one plane, but not touching each other;revolute, the extremities bent inwards.
[399]Involute, as applied to the shells of Cephalopoda, implies that the inner whorls are embraced by the outer turn or whorl;convolute, the inner turns apparent, or exposed;evolute, the whorls coiled in one plane, but not touching each other;revolute, the extremities bent inwards.
2dly. The internal horny or calcareous support, calledosselet, and its appendages.[400](Lign.143.)
[400]Theboneorshellof the Cuttle-fish, the friable part of which, reduced to powder, formspounce, is theosseletof that cephalopod.
[400]Theboneorshellof the Cuttle-fish, the friable part of which, reduced to powder, formspounce, is theosseletof that cephalopod.
3dly. The ink-bladder, with its inspissated contents, termedsepia.
4thly. The mandibles of the mouth, or beaks, calledRhyncholites. (Lign.150,fig.1.)
5thly. The soft parts of the animal in the state of molluskite; impressions of the head and tentacula, and remains of the clasps or curved hooks of the arms of some species (seeLign.140and145).
These several parts are generally found separate, but they sometimes occur in their proper relative position, and from such examples the nature of the original may be determined.
The Cephalopoda[401]are divided into two orders, according to the number of their organs of respiration, or gills; namely, theDibranchiata, or those which have two gills, (called alsoAcetabulifera, from their arms being furnished with rows of little cups or suckers;) and theTetrabranchiata, which have four gills, or branchiæ, and very numerous arms without suckers.