Chapter 42

299Qur’ān xxxix. 54.300Qur’ān vii. 142, &c.301Qur’ān xxxiv. 42.302Qur’ān vii. 75; xi. 65-70; xxvi. 142-158. Sālih was sent to the tribe of Thamūd, troglodytes who dwelt in the valleys about half-way between Medīna and the Gulf of Akaba.303Qur’ān xci. 13.304Qur’ān vii. 76, 89; xi. 70, 97; xxix. 36.305Qur’ān vii. 91.306Qur’ān lv. 20.307Qur’ān vi. 2, 60.308Qur’ān xxxviii. 34.309Not textually from the Qur’ān.310Not textually from the Qur’ān.311Qur’ān xxiv. 30.312Qur’ān ii. 23, &c.313Rich Muslims everywhere break their fast in Ramazān with water from the well of Zemzem, in Mekka, if possible.314A pearl is believed to be a special dewdrop, caught by a special oyster, and thence brought to perfection by a special providence. (See Sa’dī’s ode at the end of translator’s preface.)315Qur’ān xciii. 1.316Qur’ān xciii. 10.317Qur’ān cxii. 3.318The world.319The belief is that Jesus was not crucified, but was caught up to the fourth heaven, that of the sun, where he will live until he comes again in glory.320The belief is that Adam plucked an ear of corn, the forbidden fruit, in paradise.321Abbās, Muhammed’s uncle, ancestor of the Abbāsī Caliphs.322Qur’ān li. 9.323Von Hammer, in his History of the Ottoman Empire, so entirely misunderstood this beautiful Arabian proverb, “Es sabru miftāhu ’l faraj,” as to read “farj” (pudendum), for “faraj” (success); and cloaked his blunder by the remark: “Too pungent for literal translation.”324Qur’ān iii. 153.325‘Ali’s title is “The victorious Lion of God.”326This journey is recounted in Qur’ān xviii. 64-81.327Qur’ān xviii. 69.328Qur’ān xviii. 70.329Qur’ān xviii. 73.330Qur’ān xlviii. 10.331Qur’ān xviii. 16.332Qur’ān iii. 153.333Qur’ān xlviii. 6.334Qur’ān xxviii. 88.335Qur’ān lv. 29.336Qur’ān vii. 132.337See Tale iv., dist. 121.338Qur’ān vii. 132. See note, p. 224.339In Semitic and Muslim lore the moon is “he,” the sun “she.“340Qur’ān xlviii. 29.341Qur’ān vi. 94.342Qur’ān li. 17.343Qur’ān li. 18.344Qur’ān iv. 99.345Qur’ān xviii. 8-21.346Qur’ān lxix. 19.347Qur’ān lxix. 25.348The Persian equivalent of our ”carrying coals to Newcastle.”349A metallic mirror, formerly much used.350Qur’ān vii. 11.351I have failed to discover the name and history of the individual here used to point a moral by our great poet. Ibnu-Hishām and Nawawī do not mention him.—Translator.352Osmān.353Qur’ān xxxvi. 7.354Qur’ān xxxvi. 8.355Qur’ān xcix. 1.356In allusion to the Brahminical marks used in India.357The heterodox sects of Islām are commonly said to be seventy-two.358“The Veiler,”i.e., of sin, is one of “the most comely names” of God, but is not found in the Qur’ān. “Yā Sattār!”359Some of the commentators hold that Qur’ān vii. 174, alludes to the opposition of Balaam to Moses and the Israelites.360See Tale iv. dist. 121; and xi. 112.361See Tale ix. 266.362Qur’ān ii. 96.363See Tale iv. dist. 121.364Qur’ān i. 5.365’Ikrima, son of Abū-Jahl, embraced Islām at sea, as he fled from Mekka at its capture by Muhammed. He returned and was pardoned.366Qur’ān xi. 44, 45.367This is a canon of Islām. If a worshipper has no means of knowing the direction of “God’s House” at Mekka, he may face in any direction he judges most probable, and so perform his worship.368The Prophet.369Qur’ān vi. 32; xxix. 64; xxx. 6; xlvii. 38; lvii. 19.370Qur’ān lxx. 4.371Qur’ān x. 37.372Qur’ān lxii. 5.373See, in the author’s own preface, his eulogistic mention of Sheykh Husāmu-’d-Dīn, p. iii., where this saying is also given.374By “Roman,” in the East, is meant what Europeans incorrectly name “Greek.” Since Alexander of Macedon’s time, no “Greeks” have existed. Their very memory is lost in Asia, and Alexander himself is styled there “the Roman.”375Commonly, in Islām, eight paradises, or, properly, eight mansions of Paradise, are reported, mentioned, and believed. Baydhāvī, in Qur’ān ii. 23, gives only seven, and one of those is wrong. Guided by him, however, I have corrected this, and verified the others, besides finding the eighth. Their names, then, are as follows:—1.Jennatu-’l-Khuld, the Paradise (garden) of Eternal Duration; 2.Jennatu ‘Aden, the Garden of Eden; 3.Jennatu-’l-Firdaws, the Garden of Paradise; 4.Jennatu-’l-Me’và, the Garden of the Abode; 5.Jennatu-’n-Na’īm, the Paradise of the Pleasantness; 6.Dāru-’s-Selām, the Home of Security; 7.Dāru-’l-Maqāma, the House of Sojourn; 8.’Illiyūn, the Sublime Heights. Baydhāvī hasDāru-’l-KhuldforJennatu-’l-Khuld; but that is one of the names of Hell, as occurring in Qur’ān xli. 28. There is also aDāru-l-Qarār, Home of Permanence, mentioned in Qur’ān xl. 42; but it applies to Hell and Heaven, as does theDāru-’l-Baqā, Home of Duration, commonly used, but not found in the Qur’ān.376Zeyd, son of Hāritha and father of Usāma, the freedman and adopted son of Muhammed, one of his most devoted disciples.377For the eight paradises, see Tale xiv. dist. 74, p. 253.378The seven hells are:—1. Jahannam; 2. Latzā; 3. Hutama; 4. Sa’īr; 5. Jahīm; 6. Hāwiya; 7. Saqar. All these names for Hell occur in the Qur’ān.379This is predestination indeed. But does not our “vessels of wrath” come to about the same thing, at least in some opinions?380Qur’ān iii. 102.381“Turk and Hindū” is synonymous with “fair and dark.”382“They of the left hand,” Qur’ān lix. 8; xc. 18.383“The seven pits of hell” are named respectively: Jahannam, Latzā, Hutama, Sa’īr, Jahīm, Hāwiya, and Saqar, as above mentioned, p. 254, note 3.384“Al-Kawthar,” Qur’ān cviii. 1, is variously explained, but probably means:the great multitude, scil.,of mankind; not “a fountain.”385Qur’ān ii. 24.386Qur’ān ii. 231; and, indirectly, in many texts.387Qur’ān xvi. 4; xl. 23.388Qur’ān lxxvi. 17, 18.389Michael is mentioned in Qur’ān ii. 92; Gabriel is also there mentioned, and in two other places; but no other angels by name.390Solomon was robbed of his seal by a genie, and temporarily deprived of his kingdom.391Qur’ān xxxi. 12.Lokman, the commonly received orthography, is doubly erroneous; the first vowel of the name isu, the Italianu, the Frenchou, theooof our wordsfoot,good,wood; not ofcoot,moot,root. Ourqis, historically, the only true representative of the Phoenician letter that equally gave rise to the Hebrew ק, to the old Greek Q, to the Latin Q, and to the Arabic ق; as may be seen by comparing the letters in the last element of the Arabian numeral alphabet, قرشت, with the HebrewKoph,Resh,Schin,Tau; with the Greek Q = 90, Ρ = 100, Σ = 200, Τ = 300; and with the Latin Q, R, S, T. The proof is still more conclusive by comparing, in order, the whole alphabets, as to positions, names, shapes, values in sound, and numeral values.392Solomon, when deprived of his kingdom, became a fisherman.393Qur’ān ii. 2. Our: “Credo, quia impossibile.”394Qur’ān lxvii. 3.395Muhammed is reported to have said: “The prince of a people is their servant.” This may be compared with Matt. xx. 26 and 27.396Qur’ān iii. 16.397Qur’ān ii. 256.398Qur’ān xxxv. 4.399Qur’ān xxi. 108.400Qur’ān xx. 4.401Qur’ān xxxvi. 53.402Qur’ān xi. 59.403Qur’ān xxxiv. 12.404See the Translator’s “Turkish Poetry” (p. 32 or 45), 1879; published by Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.405Qur’ān ix. 32; lxi. 8. The expression “polytheist,” generally used by translators to render the meaning of the Arabic “mushrik,” is not correct; to attribute one “partner” to God is as much “shirk” as to attribute many. See note in p. 36, Tale iii.406Qur’ān xxi. 68, 69, alludes to this.407Qur’ān ii. 22; lxvi. 6.408Qur’ān ii. 58.409Qur’ān ix. 130, &c.410Qur’ān lxv. 2.411‘Aliyyu-’l-Murtadzā—“in whom(God)is well pleased”—is the chiefest of the titles of ‘Alī, Prince of Princes, Captain-General of Saints.412Muhammed is reported to have declared: “I am the City of Science, and ‘Alī is the Portal thereof;” alluding to the heavenly secrets he had intrusted to the latter, for communication to the worthy. See Anecdotes, chap, iii., No. 79.413Qur’ān cxii. 4.414“Commander of the Faithful;” but “Commander ofthe Believers” would be more correct.415Qur’ān viii. 17.416‘Umer swore he would kill Muhammed, and went to execute his design. Arrived at the house of his own sister, who was already a secret Muslim, he heard chanted the twentieth chapter of the Qur’ān, and was immediately converted. He then went to Muhammed, and publicly professed the faith.417The shooting stars.418Shanfarà says: “The most excellent is he who confers a favour.”419Qur’ān ii. 100.420Idem.421Qur’ān iii. 163, 164.422Qur’ān ii. 175.423Qur’ān iii. 6.424Qur’ān xxv. 66.425Qur’ān ii. 191.426Qur’ān ii. 149.427Qur’ān ii. 151.428All Muslim poets speak of wounds as “flowers.”429Qur’ān liii. 17. There is a pun here. The Arabic for “swerved” and the Persian for “a crow,” are identical in orthography,—zāg. Muhammed has been called by other Persian poets: “The nightingale of the garden ofmà zāg;” which really means “swerved not,” but may be rendered: “we, the crows.”430The “Limner” is, here, God, of course. He was intoxicated with love, not wine.431Qur’ān ii. 88.432These were the Christian Arabs of Nejrān. They sent an embassy to Muhammed at Medina. He proposed to them a trial by invocation of God’s curse on the liars, their wives, and children. He uttered it; they shrank, and accepted submission to him, on condition of paying tribute.433The “canda draconis” was the “descending node,” one of the ecliptical points. The “forbidden fruit,” in Islām, is held to have beenwheat.

299Qur’ān xxxix. 54.

300Qur’ān vii. 142, &c.

301Qur’ān xxxiv. 42.

302Qur’ān vii. 75; xi. 65-70; xxvi. 142-158. Sālih was sent to the tribe of Thamūd, troglodytes who dwelt in the valleys about half-way between Medīna and the Gulf of Akaba.

303Qur’ān xci. 13.

304Qur’ān vii. 76, 89; xi. 70, 97; xxix. 36.

305Qur’ān vii. 91.

306Qur’ān lv. 20.

307Qur’ān vi. 2, 60.

308Qur’ān xxxviii. 34.

309Not textually from the Qur’ān.

310Not textually from the Qur’ān.

311Qur’ān xxiv. 30.

312Qur’ān ii. 23, &c.

313Rich Muslims everywhere break their fast in Ramazān with water from the well of Zemzem, in Mekka, if possible.

314A pearl is believed to be a special dewdrop, caught by a special oyster, and thence brought to perfection by a special providence. (See Sa’dī’s ode at the end of translator’s preface.)

315Qur’ān xciii. 1.

316Qur’ān xciii. 10.

317Qur’ān cxii. 3.

318The world.

319The belief is that Jesus was not crucified, but was caught up to the fourth heaven, that of the sun, where he will live until he comes again in glory.

320The belief is that Adam plucked an ear of corn, the forbidden fruit, in paradise.

321Abbās, Muhammed’s uncle, ancestor of the Abbāsī Caliphs.

322Qur’ān li. 9.

323Von Hammer, in his History of the Ottoman Empire, so entirely misunderstood this beautiful Arabian proverb, “Es sabru miftāhu ’l faraj,” as to read “farj” (pudendum), for “faraj” (success); and cloaked his blunder by the remark: “Too pungent for literal translation.”

324Qur’ān iii. 153.

325‘Ali’s title is “The victorious Lion of God.”

326This journey is recounted in Qur’ān xviii. 64-81.

327Qur’ān xviii. 69.

328Qur’ān xviii. 70.

329Qur’ān xviii. 73.

330Qur’ān xlviii. 10.

331Qur’ān xviii. 16.

332Qur’ān iii. 153.

333Qur’ān xlviii. 6.

334Qur’ān xxviii. 88.

335Qur’ān lv. 29.

336Qur’ān vii. 132.

337See Tale iv., dist. 121.

338Qur’ān vii. 132. See note, p. 224.

339In Semitic and Muslim lore the moon is “he,” the sun “she.“

340Qur’ān xlviii. 29.

341Qur’ān vi. 94.

342Qur’ān li. 17.

343Qur’ān li. 18.

344Qur’ān iv. 99.

345Qur’ān xviii. 8-21.

346Qur’ān lxix. 19.

347Qur’ān lxix. 25.

348The Persian equivalent of our ”carrying coals to Newcastle.”

349A metallic mirror, formerly much used.

350Qur’ān vii. 11.

351I have failed to discover the name and history of the individual here used to point a moral by our great poet. Ibnu-Hishām and Nawawī do not mention him.—Translator.

352Osmān.

353Qur’ān xxxvi. 7.

354Qur’ān xxxvi. 8.

355Qur’ān xcix. 1.

356In allusion to the Brahminical marks used in India.

357The heterodox sects of Islām are commonly said to be seventy-two.

358“The Veiler,”i.e., of sin, is one of “the most comely names” of God, but is not found in the Qur’ān. “Yā Sattār!”

359Some of the commentators hold that Qur’ān vii. 174, alludes to the opposition of Balaam to Moses and the Israelites.

360See Tale iv. dist. 121; and xi. 112.

361See Tale ix. 266.

362Qur’ān ii. 96.

363See Tale iv. dist. 121.

364Qur’ān i. 5.

365’Ikrima, son of Abū-Jahl, embraced Islām at sea, as he fled from Mekka at its capture by Muhammed. He returned and was pardoned.

366Qur’ān xi. 44, 45.

367This is a canon of Islām. If a worshipper has no means of knowing the direction of “God’s House” at Mekka, he may face in any direction he judges most probable, and so perform his worship.

368The Prophet.

369Qur’ān vi. 32; xxix. 64; xxx. 6; xlvii. 38; lvii. 19.

370Qur’ān lxx. 4.

371Qur’ān x. 37.

372Qur’ān lxii. 5.

373See, in the author’s own preface, his eulogistic mention of Sheykh Husāmu-’d-Dīn, p. iii., where this saying is also given.

374By “Roman,” in the East, is meant what Europeans incorrectly name “Greek.” Since Alexander of Macedon’s time, no “Greeks” have existed. Their very memory is lost in Asia, and Alexander himself is styled there “the Roman.”

375Commonly, in Islām, eight paradises, or, properly, eight mansions of Paradise, are reported, mentioned, and believed. Baydhāvī, in Qur’ān ii. 23, gives only seven, and one of those is wrong. Guided by him, however, I have corrected this, and verified the others, besides finding the eighth. Their names, then, are as follows:—1.Jennatu-’l-Khuld, the Paradise (garden) of Eternal Duration; 2.Jennatu ‘Aden, the Garden of Eden; 3.Jennatu-’l-Firdaws, the Garden of Paradise; 4.Jennatu-’l-Me’và, the Garden of the Abode; 5.Jennatu-’n-Na’īm, the Paradise of the Pleasantness; 6.Dāru-’s-Selām, the Home of Security; 7.Dāru-’l-Maqāma, the House of Sojourn; 8.’Illiyūn, the Sublime Heights. Baydhāvī hasDāru-’l-KhuldforJennatu-’l-Khuld; but that is one of the names of Hell, as occurring in Qur’ān xli. 28. There is also aDāru-l-Qarār, Home of Permanence, mentioned in Qur’ān xl. 42; but it applies to Hell and Heaven, as does theDāru-’l-Baqā, Home of Duration, commonly used, but not found in the Qur’ān.

376Zeyd, son of Hāritha and father of Usāma, the freedman and adopted son of Muhammed, one of his most devoted disciples.

377For the eight paradises, see Tale xiv. dist. 74, p. 253.

378The seven hells are:—1. Jahannam; 2. Latzā; 3. Hutama; 4. Sa’īr; 5. Jahīm; 6. Hāwiya; 7. Saqar. All these names for Hell occur in the Qur’ān.

379This is predestination indeed. But does not our “vessels of wrath” come to about the same thing, at least in some opinions?

380Qur’ān iii. 102.

381“Turk and Hindū” is synonymous with “fair and dark.”

382“They of the left hand,” Qur’ān lix. 8; xc. 18.

383“The seven pits of hell” are named respectively: Jahannam, Latzā, Hutama, Sa’īr, Jahīm, Hāwiya, and Saqar, as above mentioned, p. 254, note 3.

384“Al-Kawthar,” Qur’ān cviii. 1, is variously explained, but probably means:the great multitude, scil.,of mankind; not “a fountain.”

385Qur’ān ii. 24.

386Qur’ān ii. 231; and, indirectly, in many texts.

387Qur’ān xvi. 4; xl. 23.

388Qur’ān lxxvi. 17, 18.

389Michael is mentioned in Qur’ān ii. 92; Gabriel is also there mentioned, and in two other places; but no other angels by name.

390Solomon was robbed of his seal by a genie, and temporarily deprived of his kingdom.

391Qur’ān xxxi. 12.Lokman, the commonly received orthography, is doubly erroneous; the first vowel of the name isu, the Italianu, the Frenchou, theooof our wordsfoot,good,wood; not ofcoot,moot,root. Ourqis, historically, the only true representative of the Phoenician letter that equally gave rise to the Hebrew ק, to the old Greek Q, to the Latin Q, and to the Arabic ق; as may be seen by comparing the letters in the last element of the Arabian numeral alphabet, قرشت, with the HebrewKoph,Resh,Schin,Tau; with the Greek Q = 90, Ρ = 100, Σ = 200, Τ = 300; and with the Latin Q, R, S, T. The proof is still more conclusive by comparing, in order, the whole alphabets, as to positions, names, shapes, values in sound, and numeral values.

392Solomon, when deprived of his kingdom, became a fisherman.

393Qur’ān ii. 2. Our: “Credo, quia impossibile.”

394Qur’ān lxvii. 3.

395Muhammed is reported to have said: “The prince of a people is their servant.” This may be compared with Matt. xx. 26 and 27.

396Qur’ān iii. 16.

397Qur’ān ii. 256.

398Qur’ān xxxv. 4.

399Qur’ān xxi. 108.

400Qur’ān xx. 4.

401Qur’ān xxxvi. 53.

402Qur’ān xi. 59.

403Qur’ān xxxiv. 12.

404See the Translator’s “Turkish Poetry” (p. 32 or 45), 1879; published by Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill, London, E.C.

405Qur’ān ix. 32; lxi. 8. The expression “polytheist,” generally used by translators to render the meaning of the Arabic “mushrik,” is not correct; to attribute one “partner” to God is as much “shirk” as to attribute many. See note in p. 36, Tale iii.

406Qur’ān xxi. 68, 69, alludes to this.

407Qur’ān ii. 22; lxvi. 6.

408Qur’ān ii. 58.

409Qur’ān ix. 130, &c.

410Qur’ān lxv. 2.

411‘Aliyyu-’l-Murtadzā—“in whom(God)is well pleased”—is the chiefest of the titles of ‘Alī, Prince of Princes, Captain-General of Saints.

412Muhammed is reported to have declared: “I am the City of Science, and ‘Alī is the Portal thereof;” alluding to the heavenly secrets he had intrusted to the latter, for communication to the worthy. See Anecdotes, chap, iii., No. 79.

413Qur’ān cxii. 4.

414“Commander of the Faithful;” but “Commander ofthe Believers” would be more correct.

415Qur’ān viii. 17.

416‘Umer swore he would kill Muhammed, and went to execute his design. Arrived at the house of his own sister, who was already a secret Muslim, he heard chanted the twentieth chapter of the Qur’ān, and was immediately converted. He then went to Muhammed, and publicly professed the faith.

417The shooting stars.

418Shanfarà says: “The most excellent is he who confers a favour.”

419Qur’ān ii. 100.

420Idem.

421Qur’ān iii. 163, 164.

422Qur’ān ii. 175.

423Qur’ān iii. 6.

424Qur’ān xxv. 66.

425Qur’ān ii. 191.

426Qur’ān ii. 149.

427Qur’ān ii. 151.

428All Muslim poets speak of wounds as “flowers.”

429Qur’ān liii. 17. There is a pun here. The Arabic for “swerved” and the Persian for “a crow,” are identical in orthography,—zāg. Muhammed has been called by other Persian poets: “The nightingale of the garden ofmà zāg;” which really means “swerved not,” but may be rendered: “we, the crows.”

430The “Limner” is, here, God, of course. He was intoxicated with love, not wine.

431Qur’ān ii. 88.

432These were the Christian Arabs of Nejrān. They sent an embassy to Muhammed at Medina. He proposed to them a trial by invocation of God’s curse on the liars, their wives, and children. He uttered it; they shrank, and accepted submission to him, on condition of paying tribute.

433The “canda draconis” was the “descending node,” one of the ecliptical points. The “forbidden fruit,” in Islām, is held to have beenwheat.

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