FOOTNOTES

FOOTNOTES[1]An alphabetical arrangement of all the tables scattered throughout the work may be found under this word in the Index.[2]D’Herbelot,Bibliothèque Orientale, quarto edition, 1779, Tome IV., p. 8. Yule,Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol. I., pp. xxxiv., lxviii. Edkins,Chinese Buddhism, p. 93.[3]Or 21,759,974 sq. km.—Gotha Almanach.[4]Klaproth (Mémoires sur l’Asie, Tome II., p. 295) observes that the name is derived from the abundance of onions found upon these mountains. M. Abel-Rémusat prefers to attribute it to the “bluish tint of onions.”[5]Compare Rémusat,Histoire de la Ville de Khotan, p. 65, ff.[6]One among many native names given to the Kwănlun, or Koulkun Mountains, isTien chu,天柱‘Heaven’s Pillar,’ which corresponds precisely with theAtlasof China.[7]Another interpretation makes Gobi (Kopi) to apply to the stony, while Sha-moh denotes the sandy tracks of this desert, in which case the name would more correctly read, “Great Desert of GobiandSha-moh.”[8]Col. Prejevalsky,Travels in Mongolia, etc. Vol. II., p. 22. London, 1876.[9]Von Richthofen,China. Ergebnisse eigener Reisen, Band I.Berlin, 1877.[10]Report by Dr. W. A. P. Martin inJournal of N. C. Branch of R. A. Society, Vol. III., pp. 33-38; 1866. Same journal, Vol. IV., pp. 80-86; 1867; Notes by Ney Elias. Pumpelly’sResearches, 1866, chap. v., pp. 41-51.[11]See the account of Père Laribe’s voyage on this river in 1843,Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, Tome XVII., pp. 207, 286, ff.Five Months on the Yang-tsze, by Capt. Thos. W. Blakiston; London, 1862. Pumpelly’sResearches, chap. ii., pp. 4-10. Capt. Gill,The River of Golden Sand.[12]Staunton’sEmbassy, Vol. III., p. 233. Blakiston’sYang-tsze, p. 294, etc.Chinese Repository, Vol. II., p. 316.[13]Prejevalsky,From Kulja Across the Tien shan to Lob-nor, p. 99.[14]Chinese Repository, Vol. V., p. 337; Vol. X., pp. 351, 371. Williams’Chinese Commercial Guide, fifth edition, second part, 1863.[15]Rémusat (Nouveaux Mélanges, Tome I., p. 9) adds a fourth basin, that of the Sagalien. The latter, however, scarcely deserves the name, having so many interrupting cross-chains.[16]Penny Cyclopædia, Vol. VII., p. 74. McCulloch’sGeographical Dictionary, Vol. I., p. 596.[17]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 136.[18]Sketches of China, Vol. I., p. 245.[19]Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome III., p. 312sqq.De Guignes’Voyages à Peking, Tome II., p. 195. Davis’sSketches, Vol. I.,passim.[20]Voyages à Peking, Vol. II., p. 214. Compare the letter of a Jesuit missionary (Annales de la Foi, Tome VII., p. 377), who describes houses of rest on the wayside. These singular road-gullies of the loess region have been very thoroughly examined by Baron von Richthofen, from whose work the cutaboveis taken.[21]Penny Cyclopædia, Vol. XXVII., p. 656.[22]Chinese Repository, Vol. XIV., p. 105.Shanghai Journal, No. III., 1859.Journal of Indian Archipelago, 1852.Missionary Recorder, Vol. III., pp. 33, 62, 149, etc. T. T. Cooper,Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, passim.[23]For observations on the Chinese as compared with other nations, see Schlegel’sPhilosophy of History, p. 118, Bohn’s edition.[24]Bridgman’sChinese Chrestomathy, p. 420. Macao, 1841.[25]Compare an article in theChina Reviewfor September-October, 1881, by H. Fritsche:The Amount of Rain and Snow in Peking.[26]Annales de la Foi, Tome XVI., p. 293.[27]Chinese Repository, Vol. VIII., p. 230; Vol. IV., p. 197. See also Fritsche’s paper inJournal of N. C. Branch Royal Asiatic Society, No. XII., 1878, pp. 127-335; also Appendix II. in No. X., containing observations taken at Zi-ka-wei.[28]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 54.[29]This word should not be written Pekin; it is pronouncedPei-chingby the citizens, and by most of the people north of the Great River.[30]“You would think them all made of, or at least covered with, pure gold enamelled in azure and green, so that the spectacle is at once majestic and charming.” Magaillans,Nouvelle Description de la Chine, p. 353.[31]See alsoL’Univers Pittoresque, Chine Moderne, par MM. Pauthier et Bazin, Paris, 1853, for a good map of Peking, with careful descriptions. Yule’sMarco Polo, passim. De Guigues,Voyages, Tome I. Williamson,Journeys in North China, Vol. II. Dr. Rennie,Peking and the Pekingese.Tour du Mondefor 1864, Tome II.[32]Chinese Repository, Vol. IX., p. 259.[33]Dr. Martin,The Chinese(New York, 1881), p. 85.[34]Compare Kircher,China Illustrata, where an engraving of it may be seen. A bell near Mandalay, mentioned by Dr. Anderson, is 12 feet high, 16 feet across the lips, and weighs 90 tons—evidently a heavier monster than this in Peking. (Mandalay to Momien, p. 18.)[35]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 181.[36]Compare theAnnales de la Foi, Tome X., p. 100, for interesting details concerning the Romish missionaries in Peking. Also Pauthier’sChine Moderne, pp. 8-36 (Paris, 1852), containing an excellent map. Bretschneider’sArcheological and Historical Researches on Peking, etc., published in theChinese Recorder, Vol. VI. (1875, passim).Mémoires concernant l’Histoire, les Sciences, les Arts, les Moeurs, les Usages, etc., des Chinois, par les Missionnaires de Pekin; 16 vols., Paris, 1797-1814. N. B. Dennys,Notes for Tourists in the North of China; Hongkong, 1866.[37]Journal of Lord Amherst’s Embassy to China, 2d ed., p. 22. London, 1840.[38]Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China, Vol. I., p. 293. London, 1827.[39]Williamson,Journeys in North China, Vol. II., p. 90.[40]Journal of the Roy. Geog. Soc., 1874. Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. I., pp. 263-268.Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol. I., p. 134. Gerbillon,Mémoires concernant les Chinois(Astley’s ed.), Vol. IV., pp. 701-716.Journal Asiatique, Ser. II., Tome XI., p. 345. Huc,Tartary, etc., Vol. I., p. 34, 2d ed., London.[41]Sir G. L. Staunton,Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. 2 vols. Lond., 1796.[42]Annales de la Foi, 1844, Tome XVI., p. 421.[43]Sketches of China, Vol. I., p. 257.[44]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., pp. 308-335. W. H. Medhurst’sChina, chaps. xv.-xix.[45]Richthofen,China. Band I. S. 68. Rev. Arthur Smith,Glimpses of Travel in the Middle Kingdom. Shanghai, 1875.[46]The curious reader can consult the article by Mayer, in Vol. XII. of theNorth China Branch Royal Asiatic Society’s Journal, 1878, for the meaning of these various objects.[47]Five Years in China, Nashville, Tenn., 1860. See alsoVoyages of the Nemesis, pp. 450-452, for further details of this city in 1842; theChinese Repository, Vols. I., p. 257, and XIII., p. 261, contain more details on the Pagoda.[48]Travels in China.[49]Capt. G. G. Loch,Events in China, p. 74.[50]Mentioned by Marco Polo. Yule’s edition, Vol. II., p. 137.[51]Fortune’sWanderings in China, p. 120.[52]Davis’sSketches, Vol. II., p. 55.[53]SeeChinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 488;Journal of N. C. Br. R. A. Society, Vol. VI., pp. 123-128; andChinese Recorder, Vol. I., 1869, pp. 241-248. These people are relics of tribes of Miaotsz’.[54]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 145.[55]Travels in China, p. 522.[56]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 146.[57]De Guignes,Voyages à Peking, Vol. II., pp. 65-77.[58]Compare R. M. Martin’sChina(Vol. II., p. 304), who gives considerable miscellaneous information about the open ports, previous to 1846; also Dennys’Treaty Ports of China, 1867, pp. 326-349; Richthofen’sLetters, No. 5, 1871; Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 181;Missionary Recorder, 1869, pp. 156, 177.[59]Milne, inChinese Repository, Vol. XIII., p. 22, and in hisLife in China, part second. London, 1857.[60]Medhurst’sChina, its State and Prospects, p. 393.[61]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 149.Cathay and the Way Thither, p. cxciii. Reinaud,Relations des Voyages faits par les Arabes dans l’Inde et à la Chine, etc.(Paris, 1845), Tome I., p. 19.[62]Borget,La Chine Ouverte, p. 126.[63]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 92.[64]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., pp. 183-185, etc. A Turkish geography, printed at Constantinople, describes this port under the name ofZeitoun. Compare Klaproth,Mémoires sur l’Asie, Tome II., p. 208. See further,Chinese Recorder, Vol. III., p. 87; Vol. IV., p. 77; Vol. V., p. 327, and Vol. VI., p. 31, sqq.[65]Chinese Repository, Vol. XV., pp. 185, 225.[66]TheBoston Missionary Heraldfor 1845 (p. 87) contains a notice of the “White Deer Cavern,” in the neighborhood.[67]Chinese Repository, Vol. XI., p. 506.[68]Chinese Repository, Vol. XII., p. 530; Fortune’sTea Districts, chaps. xiv. and xv.[69]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 186.[70]Commercial Relations between the U. S. and Foreign Nations.1869.[71]“An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island subject to the Emperor of Japan,” etc. Klaproth (Mémoires sur l’Asie, Tome I., p. 321) translates an account of this island from Chinese sources. E. C. Taintor,The Aborigines of Northern Formosa—Shanghai, 1874—read before the North China branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.Chinese Repository, Vol. II., p. 408, and Vol. V., p. 480.[72]Annales de la Foi, 1845, Tome XVII., pp. 287, 290. See also Huc’sTravels in the Chinese Empire, Harper’s Ed., 1855, Vol. II., pp. 142-144. Pumpelly, pp. 224-226; Blakiston’sYangtsze, p. 65;Treaty Ports of China, 1867, Art.Hankow.[73]Usually known as the Ta-pa ling; but Baron von Richthofen found that the natives of that region “call those mountains the Kiu-tiao shan, that is the ‘nine mountain ridges,’ designating therewith the fact that the range is made up of a number of parallel ridges. This name should be retained in preference to the other.”Letter on the Provinces of Chihlí, Shansí, Shensí, etc. Shanghai, 1872. See also hisChina, Band II. S. 563-576; Alex. Wylie,Notes of a Journey from Chingtoo to Hankow,Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc.Vol. XIV., p. 168.[74]See Kreitner,Im fernen Osten, p. 504. Wien, 1881.[75]Prejevalsky’sTravels in Mongolia, Vol. II., pp. 256-266.[76]Dip. Cor., 1874, p. 251.[77]That this insurrection was not unprecedented we learn from a notice of a similar Mohammedan revolt here in 1784.Nouvelles Lettres Edifiantes des Missions de la Chine, Tome II., p. 23.[78]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 23.[79]Chinese Repository, Vol. XIX., pp. 317 and 394.Annales de la Foi, Tome III., pp. 369-381, and Tome IV., pp. 409-415.Letterby Baron Richthofenon the Provinces of Chihlí, Shansí, Shensí, Sz’chuen, etc. Shanghai, 1872. Kreitner,Im fernen Osten, pp. 780-829.[80]French bishop Palafox gives still another account of the capture of Canton; his statement contains, however, one or two glaring errors. Vid.Histoire de la Conquête de la Chine par les Tartares, pp. 150 ff.[81]Dr. Kerr,Canton Guide.[82]Chinese Repository, Vol. II., pp. 145, 191, &c.[83]This word is derived from the Chinesehongorhang, meaning a row or series, and is applied to warehouses because these consist of a succession of rooms. The foreign factories were built in this manner, and therefore the Chinese called each block a hong; the old security-merchants were dubbedhong-merchants, because they lived in such establishments.[84]Chinese Repository, passim.An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China.By Sir A. Ljungstedt. Boston, 1836.[85]Palafox,Conquête de la Chine, p. 172.[86]Embassy(of Lord Amherst)to China, Moxon’s ed., 1840, p. 98.[87]E. C. Taintor,Geographical Sketch of the Island of Haïnan, with map. Canton, 1868.Journal N. C. Br. R. A. S., No. VII., Arts. I., II., and III.China Review, Vols. I., p. 124, and II., p. 332. N. B. Dennys,Report on the newly-opened ports of Kiungchow (Hoihau) in Hainan, and Haiphong in Tonquin. Hongkong, 1878.[88]Chinese Repository, Vol. XIV., pp. 171 ff.[89]Chinese Repository, Vol. I., p. 29; Vol. XIV., pp. 105-117; G. T. Lay,Chinese as They Are, p. 316;Journal of N. C. Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, No. III., 1859, and No. VI., 1869.Chinese Recorder, Vols. II., p. 265, and III., pp. 33, 74, 96, 134 and 147.Peking Gazettefor 1872.China Review, Vol. V., p. 92.[90]Known asWidiharitin Pali records.Chinese Recorder, Vol. III., pp. 33, 74, sqq.; see also pp. 62, 93, 126, for the record of a visit.[91]Annales de la Foi, Tome VIII., p. 87.[92]Two thousand Chinese families live in Amerapura.[93]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II. Anderson,Mandalay to Momien.[94]Proced. Roy. Geog. Soc., Vols. XIII., p. 392, XIV., p. 335, XV., pp. 163 and 343. Col. Yule,Trade Routes to Western China—The Geographical Magazine, April, 1875. Richthofen,Recent Attempts to find a direct Trade-Road to Southwestern China—Shanghai Budget, March 26, 1874.Journey of A. R. Margary from Shanghae to Bhamo.London, 1875. Col. H. Browne inBlue Books, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 (1876-77).[95]Klaproth (Mémoires Relatifs à l’Asie, Tome I., Paris, 1824) has translated from the Manchu a narrative of a visit made in 1677 by one of the grandees of Kanghí’s court to a summit in this range.Chinese Repository, Vol. XX., p. 296.[96]Voyage Down the Amur, by Perry McD. Collins, in 1857. New York, 1860, chaps. xxxii.-lx., passim. Ravenstein’sAmur.Chinese Repository, Vol. XIX., p. 289. Rev. A. Williamson,Journeys in North China, Vol. II., chaps. x.-xiii.[97]The Chinese and their Rebellions.London, 1856.[98]Also calledYenden; Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome I., p. 446. Rémusat informs us that this name formerly included all of Kirin, or that which was placed under it.[99]Voyages Along the Coast of China.New York, 1833.[100]Annales de la Foi, Tome XVIII., 1846, p. 302.[101]Annales de la Foi, Tome XVI., p. 359.[102]The inhabitants of ancient Gedrosia, now Beloochistan, are said to have clothed themselves in fish-skins. Heeren,Historical Researches among Asiatic Nations, Vol. I., p. 175.[103]Rev. Alex. Williamson,Travels in Northern China. London, 1870. Vol. II., Chaps. I. to XIV.;Chinese Repository, Vols. IV., p. 57; XV., p. 454;Chinese Recorder, Vol. VII., 1876, “The Rise and Progress of the Manjows,” by J. Ross, pp. 155, 235, and 315.[104]Compare Niebuhr’sHistory of Rome, Vol. II, Sect. “Of the Colonies,” where can be observed the essential differences between Roman settlements abroad and those of the Chinese; and still greater differences will be found in contrasting these with the offsets of Grecian States.[105]Abulgasi-Bayadur-chan (Histoire Genéalogique des Tatars, traduite du Manuscript Tartare; Leyde: 1726), gives another derivation for these two names. “Alänzä-chan eut deux fils jumeaux l’un appelle Tatar and l’autre Mogull ou pour bien dire Mung’l, entre les quels il partagea ses Estates lorsqu’il se vit sur la fin de sa vie.” It is the first prince, he adds, from whom came the nameTartar—not from a river called Tata, as some have stated—while of the second: “Le terme Mung’l a esté changé par une corruption generale en Mogull;Mung veut dire triste ou un homme triste, et parceque ce prince estoit naturellement d’une humeur fort triste, il porta ce nom dans la verité”—(pp. 27-29). But Visdelon (D’Herbelot, ed. 1778, Tome IV., p. 327) shows more acquaintance with their history in producing proofs that the nameTatarwas applied in the eighth century by the Chinese to certain tribes living north of the Ín shan, Ala shan, and River Liau. In the dissensions following upon the ruin of the Tang dynasty, some of them migrated eastwards beyond the Songari, and there in time rallied to subdue the northern provinces, under the name ofNu-chih. These are the ancestors of the Manchus. Another fraction went north to the marshy banks of Lakes Hurun and Puyur, where they received the name ofMoungul Tahtsz’,i.e., Marsh Tatars. This tribe and name it was that the warlike Genghis afterwards made conspicuous. The soundMogulused in India is a dialectal variation.[106]Abulgasi(p. 83) furnishes a notice of theseaimaksand their origin.[107]Mémoires, Tome I., p. 2.[108]Prejevalsky,Mongolia, Vol. I.; Pumpelly,Across America, pp. 382-385; Michie,Across Siberia.[109]Cottrell’sRecollections of Siberia, Chap. IX., p. 314; Timkowski’sTravels, Vol. I., pp. 4-91, 1821; Pumpelly,Across America and Asia, p. 387, 1871; Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome I., p. 63; Ritter,Die Erdkunde von Asien, Bd. II., pp. 198-226.[110]Compare Richthofen,China, Band I., 2er Theil.; Yule,Cathay and the Way Thither, passim.[111]The wild ass is called by Prejevalsky the most remarkable animal of these steppes. Compare Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. I., p. 220 (2d edition).[112]For a notice of theOuigours, who formerly ruled Tangout, consult Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome II., p. 301, ff. See also Rémusat,Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques, Tome II., p. 61, for a notice of theTa-ta-tung’o, who applied their letters to write Mongolian.[113]Chinese Repository, Vol. IX., p. 113; Vol. I., p. 118.Penny Cyclopædia, Arts.Bayan Kara, Tangut.Kreitner,Im fernen Osten, p. 702. Huc,Travels, passim.[114]Lieut. Kreitner,Im fernen Osten.[115]In Rémusat’sHistoire de la Ville de Khotan(p. 76) there is an account of a journey made in the 10th century between Kanchan and Khoten.[116]Rémusat calls itPentalope.Nouveaux Mélanges, Tome I., p. 5.[117]The recent treaty between Russia and China (ratified in 1881), marks the boundaries between Ílí and Russian territory in the following sections:Art. VII. A tract of country in the west of Ílí is ceded to Russia, where those who go over to Russia and are thereby dispossessed of their land in Ílí may settle. The boundary line of Chinese Ílí and Russian territory will stretch from the Pieh-chên-tao [Bedschin-tau] Mountains along the course of the Ho-êrh-kwo-ssü [Yehorsos] River, to its junction with the Ílí River, thence across the Ílí River, and south to the east of the village of Kwo-li-cha-tê [Kaldschat] on the Wu-tsung-tau range, and from this point south along the old boundary line fixed by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend] in the year 1864.Art. VIII. The boundary line to the east of the Chi-sang lake, fixed in the year 1864 by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend], having proved unsatisfactory, high officers will be specially deputed by both countries jointly to examine and alter it so that a satisfactory result may be attained. That there may be no doubt what part of the Khassak country belongs to China and what to Russia, the boundary will consist of a straight line drawn from the Kwei Tung Mountains across the Hei-i-êrh-te-shih River to the Sa-wu-êrh range, and the high officers deputed to settle the boundary will fix the new boundary along such straight line which is within the old boundary.Art. IX. As to the boundary on the west, between the Province of Fei-êrh-kan [Ferghana], which is subject to Russia, and Chinese Kashgar, officials will be deputed by both countries to examine it, and they will fix the boundary line between the territories at present actually under the jurisdiction of either country, and they will erect boundary stones thereon.

[1]An alphabetical arrangement of all the tables scattered throughout the work may be found under this word in the Index.

[2]D’Herbelot,Bibliothèque Orientale, quarto edition, 1779, Tome IV., p. 8. Yule,Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol. I., pp. xxxiv., lxviii. Edkins,Chinese Buddhism, p. 93.

[3]Or 21,759,974 sq. km.—Gotha Almanach.

[4]Klaproth (Mémoires sur l’Asie, Tome II., p. 295) observes that the name is derived from the abundance of onions found upon these mountains. M. Abel-Rémusat prefers to attribute it to the “bluish tint of onions.”

[5]Compare Rémusat,Histoire de la Ville de Khotan, p. 65, ff.

[6]One among many native names given to the Kwănlun, or Koulkun Mountains, isTien chu,天柱‘Heaven’s Pillar,’ which corresponds precisely with theAtlasof China.

[7]Another interpretation makes Gobi (Kopi) to apply to the stony, while Sha-moh denotes the sandy tracks of this desert, in which case the name would more correctly read, “Great Desert of GobiandSha-moh.”

[8]Col. Prejevalsky,Travels in Mongolia, etc. Vol. II., p. 22. London, 1876.

[9]Von Richthofen,China. Ergebnisse eigener Reisen, Band I.Berlin, 1877.

[10]Report by Dr. W. A. P. Martin inJournal of N. C. Branch of R. A. Society, Vol. III., pp. 33-38; 1866. Same journal, Vol. IV., pp. 80-86; 1867; Notes by Ney Elias. Pumpelly’sResearches, 1866, chap. v., pp. 41-51.

[11]See the account of Père Laribe’s voyage on this river in 1843,Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, Tome XVII., pp. 207, 286, ff.Five Months on the Yang-tsze, by Capt. Thos. W. Blakiston; London, 1862. Pumpelly’sResearches, chap. ii., pp. 4-10. Capt. Gill,The River of Golden Sand.

[12]Staunton’sEmbassy, Vol. III., p. 233. Blakiston’sYang-tsze, p. 294, etc.Chinese Repository, Vol. II., p. 316.

[13]Prejevalsky,From Kulja Across the Tien shan to Lob-nor, p. 99.

[14]Chinese Repository, Vol. V., p. 337; Vol. X., pp. 351, 371. Williams’Chinese Commercial Guide, fifth edition, second part, 1863.

[15]Rémusat (Nouveaux Mélanges, Tome I., p. 9) adds a fourth basin, that of the Sagalien. The latter, however, scarcely deserves the name, having so many interrupting cross-chains.

[16]Penny Cyclopædia, Vol. VII., p. 74. McCulloch’sGeographical Dictionary, Vol. I., p. 596.

[17]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 136.

[18]Sketches of China, Vol. I., p. 245.

[19]Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome III., p. 312sqq.De Guignes’Voyages à Peking, Tome II., p. 195. Davis’sSketches, Vol. I.,passim.

[20]Voyages à Peking, Vol. II., p. 214. Compare the letter of a Jesuit missionary (Annales de la Foi, Tome VII., p. 377), who describes houses of rest on the wayside. These singular road-gullies of the loess region have been very thoroughly examined by Baron von Richthofen, from whose work the cutaboveis taken.

[21]Penny Cyclopædia, Vol. XXVII., p. 656.

[22]Chinese Repository, Vol. XIV., p. 105.Shanghai Journal, No. III., 1859.Journal of Indian Archipelago, 1852.Missionary Recorder, Vol. III., pp. 33, 62, 149, etc. T. T. Cooper,Travels of a Pioneer of Commerce, passim.

[23]For observations on the Chinese as compared with other nations, see Schlegel’sPhilosophy of History, p. 118, Bohn’s edition.

[24]Bridgman’sChinese Chrestomathy, p. 420. Macao, 1841.

[25]Compare an article in theChina Reviewfor September-October, 1881, by H. Fritsche:The Amount of Rain and Snow in Peking.

[26]Annales de la Foi, Tome XVI., p. 293.

[27]Chinese Repository, Vol. VIII., p. 230; Vol. IV., p. 197. See also Fritsche’s paper inJournal of N. C. Branch Royal Asiatic Society, No. XII., 1878, pp. 127-335; also Appendix II. in No. X., containing observations taken at Zi-ka-wei.

[28]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 54.

[29]This word should not be written Pekin; it is pronouncedPei-chingby the citizens, and by most of the people north of the Great River.

[30]“You would think them all made of, or at least covered with, pure gold enamelled in azure and green, so that the spectacle is at once majestic and charming.” Magaillans,Nouvelle Description de la Chine, p. 353.

[31]See alsoL’Univers Pittoresque, Chine Moderne, par MM. Pauthier et Bazin, Paris, 1853, for a good map of Peking, with careful descriptions. Yule’sMarco Polo, passim. De Guigues,Voyages, Tome I. Williamson,Journeys in North China, Vol. II. Dr. Rennie,Peking and the Pekingese.Tour du Mondefor 1864, Tome II.

[32]Chinese Repository, Vol. IX., p. 259.

[33]Dr. Martin,The Chinese(New York, 1881), p. 85.

[34]Compare Kircher,China Illustrata, where an engraving of it may be seen. A bell near Mandalay, mentioned by Dr. Anderson, is 12 feet high, 16 feet across the lips, and weighs 90 tons—evidently a heavier monster than this in Peking. (Mandalay to Momien, p. 18.)

[35]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 181.

[36]Compare theAnnales de la Foi, Tome X., p. 100, for interesting details concerning the Romish missionaries in Peking. Also Pauthier’sChine Moderne, pp. 8-36 (Paris, 1852), containing an excellent map. Bretschneider’sArcheological and Historical Researches on Peking, etc., published in theChinese Recorder, Vol. VI. (1875, passim).Mémoires concernant l’Histoire, les Sciences, les Arts, les Moeurs, les Usages, etc., des Chinois, par les Missionnaires de Pekin; 16 vols., Paris, 1797-1814. N. B. Dennys,Notes for Tourists in the North of China; Hongkong, 1866.

[37]Journal of Lord Amherst’s Embassy to China, 2d ed., p. 22. London, 1840.

[38]Travels of the Russian Mission through Mongolia to China, Vol. I., p. 293. London, 1827.

[39]Williamson,Journeys in North China, Vol. II., p. 90.

[40]Journal of the Roy. Geog. Soc., 1874. Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. I., pp. 263-268.Cathay and the Way Thither, Vol. I., p. 134. Gerbillon,Mémoires concernant les Chinois(Astley’s ed.), Vol. IV., pp. 701-716.Journal Asiatique, Ser. II., Tome XI., p. 345. Huc,Tartary, etc., Vol. I., p. 34, 2d ed., London.

[41]Sir G. L. Staunton,Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. 2 vols. Lond., 1796.

[42]Annales de la Foi, 1844, Tome XVI., p. 421.

[43]Sketches of China, Vol. I., p. 257.

[44]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., pp. 308-335. W. H. Medhurst’sChina, chaps. xv.-xix.

[45]Richthofen,China. Band I. S. 68. Rev. Arthur Smith,Glimpses of Travel in the Middle Kingdom. Shanghai, 1875.

[46]The curious reader can consult the article by Mayer, in Vol. XII. of theNorth China Branch Royal Asiatic Society’s Journal, 1878, for the meaning of these various objects.

[47]Five Years in China, Nashville, Tenn., 1860. See alsoVoyages of the Nemesis, pp. 450-452, for further details of this city in 1842; theChinese Repository, Vols. I., p. 257, and XIII., p. 261, contain more details on the Pagoda.

[48]Travels in China.

[49]Capt. G. G. Loch,Events in China, p. 74.

[50]Mentioned by Marco Polo. Yule’s edition, Vol. II., p. 137.

[51]Fortune’sWanderings in China, p. 120.

[52]Davis’sSketches, Vol. II., p. 55.

[53]SeeChinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 488;Journal of N. C. Br. R. A. Society, Vol. VI., pp. 123-128; andChinese Recorder, Vol. I., 1869, pp. 241-248. These people are relics of tribes of Miaotsz’.

[54]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 145.

[55]Travels in China, p. 522.

[56]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 146.

[57]De Guignes,Voyages à Peking, Vol. II., pp. 65-77.

[58]Compare R. M. Martin’sChina(Vol. II., p. 304), who gives considerable miscellaneous information about the open ports, previous to 1846; also Dennys’Treaty Ports of China, 1867, pp. 326-349; Richthofen’sLetters, No. 5, 1871; Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 181;Missionary Recorder, 1869, pp. 156, 177.

[59]Milne, inChinese Repository, Vol. XIII., p. 22, and in hisLife in China, part second. London, 1857.

[60]Medhurst’sChina, its State and Prospects, p. 393.

[61]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 149.Cathay and the Way Thither, p. cxciii. Reinaud,Relations des Voyages faits par les Arabes dans l’Inde et à la Chine, etc.(Paris, 1845), Tome I., p. 19.

[62]Borget,La Chine Ouverte, p. 126.

[63]Chinese Repository, Vol. IV., p. 92.

[64]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., pp. 183-185, etc. A Turkish geography, printed at Constantinople, describes this port under the name ofZeitoun. Compare Klaproth,Mémoires sur l’Asie, Tome II., p. 208. See further,Chinese Recorder, Vol. III., p. 87; Vol. IV., p. 77; Vol. V., p. 327, and Vol. VI., p. 31, sqq.

[65]Chinese Repository, Vol. XV., pp. 185, 225.

[66]TheBoston Missionary Heraldfor 1845 (p. 87) contains a notice of the “White Deer Cavern,” in the neighborhood.

[67]Chinese Repository, Vol. XI., p. 506.

[68]Chinese Repository, Vol. XII., p. 530; Fortune’sTea Districts, chaps. xiv. and xv.

[69]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 186.

[70]Commercial Relations between the U. S. and Foreign Nations.1869.

[71]“An Historical and Geographical Description of Formosa, an Island subject to the Emperor of Japan,” etc. Klaproth (Mémoires sur l’Asie, Tome I., p. 321) translates an account of this island from Chinese sources. E. C. Taintor,The Aborigines of Northern Formosa—Shanghai, 1874—read before the North China branch of the Royal Asiatic Society.Chinese Repository, Vol. II., p. 408, and Vol. V., p. 480.

[72]Annales de la Foi, 1845, Tome XVII., pp. 287, 290. See also Huc’sTravels in the Chinese Empire, Harper’s Ed., 1855, Vol. II., pp. 142-144. Pumpelly, pp. 224-226; Blakiston’sYangtsze, p. 65;Treaty Ports of China, 1867, Art.Hankow.

[73]Usually known as the Ta-pa ling; but Baron von Richthofen found that the natives of that region “call those mountains the Kiu-tiao shan, that is the ‘nine mountain ridges,’ designating therewith the fact that the range is made up of a number of parallel ridges. This name should be retained in preference to the other.”Letter on the Provinces of Chihlí, Shansí, Shensí, etc. Shanghai, 1872. See also hisChina, Band II. S. 563-576; Alex. Wylie,Notes of a Journey from Chingtoo to Hankow,Journ. Roy. Geog. Soc.Vol. XIV., p. 168.

[74]See Kreitner,Im fernen Osten, p. 504. Wien, 1881.

[75]Prejevalsky’sTravels in Mongolia, Vol. II., pp. 256-266.

[76]Dip. Cor., 1874, p. 251.

[77]That this insurrection was not unprecedented we learn from a notice of a similar Mohammedan revolt here in 1784.Nouvelles Lettres Edifiantes des Missions de la Chine, Tome II., p. 23.

[78]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II., p. 23.

[79]Chinese Repository, Vol. XIX., pp. 317 and 394.Annales de la Foi, Tome III., pp. 369-381, and Tome IV., pp. 409-415.Letterby Baron Richthofenon the Provinces of Chihlí, Shansí, Shensí, Sz’chuen, etc. Shanghai, 1872. Kreitner,Im fernen Osten, pp. 780-829.

[80]French bishop Palafox gives still another account of the capture of Canton; his statement contains, however, one or two glaring errors. Vid.Histoire de la Conquête de la Chine par les Tartares, pp. 150 ff.

[81]Dr. Kerr,Canton Guide.

[82]Chinese Repository, Vol. II., pp. 145, 191, &c.

[83]This word is derived from the Chinesehongorhang, meaning a row or series, and is applied to warehouses because these consist of a succession of rooms. The foreign factories were built in this manner, and therefore the Chinese called each block a hong; the old security-merchants were dubbedhong-merchants, because they lived in such establishments.

[84]Chinese Repository, passim.An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China.By Sir A. Ljungstedt. Boston, 1836.

[85]Palafox,Conquête de la Chine, p. 172.

[86]Embassy(of Lord Amherst)to China, Moxon’s ed., 1840, p. 98.

[87]E. C. Taintor,Geographical Sketch of the Island of Haïnan, with map. Canton, 1868.Journal N. C. Br. R. A. S., No. VII., Arts. I., II., and III.China Review, Vols. I., p. 124, and II., p. 332. N. B. Dennys,Report on the newly-opened ports of Kiungchow (Hoihau) in Hainan, and Haiphong in Tonquin. Hongkong, 1878.

[88]Chinese Repository, Vol. XIV., pp. 171 ff.

[89]Chinese Repository, Vol. I., p. 29; Vol. XIV., pp. 105-117; G. T. Lay,Chinese as They Are, p. 316;Journal of N. C. Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, No. III., 1859, and No. VI., 1869.Chinese Recorder, Vols. II., p. 265, and III., pp. 33, 74, 96, 134 and 147.Peking Gazettefor 1872.China Review, Vol. V., p. 92.

[90]Known asWidiharitin Pali records.Chinese Recorder, Vol. III., pp. 33, 74, sqq.; see also pp. 62, 93, 126, for the record of a visit.

[91]Annales de la Foi, Tome VIII., p. 87.

[92]Two thousand Chinese families live in Amerapura.

[93]Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. II. Anderson,Mandalay to Momien.

[94]Proced. Roy. Geog. Soc., Vols. XIII., p. 392, XIV., p. 335, XV., pp. 163 and 343. Col. Yule,Trade Routes to Western China—The Geographical Magazine, April, 1875. Richthofen,Recent Attempts to find a direct Trade-Road to Southwestern China—Shanghai Budget, March 26, 1874.Journey of A. R. Margary from Shanghae to Bhamo.London, 1875. Col. H. Browne inBlue Books, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 (1876-77).

[95]Klaproth (Mémoires Relatifs à l’Asie, Tome I., Paris, 1824) has translated from the Manchu a narrative of a visit made in 1677 by one of the grandees of Kanghí’s court to a summit in this range.Chinese Repository, Vol. XX., p. 296.

[96]Voyage Down the Amur, by Perry McD. Collins, in 1857. New York, 1860, chaps. xxxii.-lx., passim. Ravenstein’sAmur.Chinese Repository, Vol. XIX., p. 289. Rev. A. Williamson,Journeys in North China, Vol. II., chaps. x.-xiii.

[97]The Chinese and their Rebellions.London, 1856.

[98]Also calledYenden; Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome I., p. 446. Rémusat informs us that this name formerly included all of Kirin, or that which was placed under it.

[99]Voyages Along the Coast of China.New York, 1833.

[100]Annales de la Foi, Tome XVIII., 1846, p. 302.

[101]Annales de la Foi, Tome XVI., p. 359.

[102]The inhabitants of ancient Gedrosia, now Beloochistan, are said to have clothed themselves in fish-skins. Heeren,Historical Researches among Asiatic Nations, Vol. I., p. 175.

[103]Rev. Alex. Williamson,Travels in Northern China. London, 1870. Vol. II., Chaps. I. to XIV.;Chinese Repository, Vols. IV., p. 57; XV., p. 454;Chinese Recorder, Vol. VII., 1876, “The Rise and Progress of the Manjows,” by J. Ross, pp. 155, 235, and 315.

[104]Compare Niebuhr’sHistory of Rome, Vol. II, Sect. “Of the Colonies,” where can be observed the essential differences between Roman settlements abroad and those of the Chinese; and still greater differences will be found in contrasting these with the offsets of Grecian States.

[105]Abulgasi-Bayadur-chan (Histoire Genéalogique des Tatars, traduite du Manuscript Tartare; Leyde: 1726), gives another derivation for these two names. “Alänzä-chan eut deux fils jumeaux l’un appelle Tatar and l’autre Mogull ou pour bien dire Mung’l, entre les quels il partagea ses Estates lorsqu’il se vit sur la fin de sa vie.” It is the first prince, he adds, from whom came the nameTartar—not from a river called Tata, as some have stated—while of the second: “Le terme Mung’l a esté changé par une corruption generale en Mogull;Mung veut dire triste ou un homme triste, et parceque ce prince estoit naturellement d’une humeur fort triste, il porta ce nom dans la verité”—(pp. 27-29). But Visdelon (D’Herbelot, ed. 1778, Tome IV., p. 327) shows more acquaintance with their history in producing proofs that the nameTatarwas applied in the eighth century by the Chinese to certain tribes living north of the Ín shan, Ala shan, and River Liau. In the dissensions following upon the ruin of the Tang dynasty, some of them migrated eastwards beyond the Songari, and there in time rallied to subdue the northern provinces, under the name ofNu-chih. These are the ancestors of the Manchus. Another fraction went north to the marshy banks of Lakes Hurun and Puyur, where they received the name ofMoungul Tahtsz’,i.e., Marsh Tatars. This tribe and name it was that the warlike Genghis afterwards made conspicuous. The soundMogulused in India is a dialectal variation.

[106]Abulgasi(p. 83) furnishes a notice of theseaimaksand their origin.

[107]Mémoires, Tome I., p. 2.

[108]Prejevalsky,Mongolia, Vol. I.; Pumpelly,Across America, pp. 382-385; Michie,Across Siberia.

[109]Cottrell’sRecollections of Siberia, Chap. IX., p. 314; Timkowski’sTravels, Vol. I., pp. 4-91, 1821; Pumpelly,Across America and Asia, p. 387, 1871; Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome I., p. 63; Ritter,Die Erdkunde von Asien, Bd. II., pp. 198-226.

[110]Compare Richthofen,China, Band I., 2er Theil.; Yule,Cathay and the Way Thither, passim.

[111]The wild ass is called by Prejevalsky the most remarkable animal of these steppes. Compare Yule’sMarco Polo, Vol. I., p. 220 (2d edition).

[112]For a notice of theOuigours, who formerly ruled Tangout, consult Klaproth,Mémoires, Tome II., p. 301, ff. See also Rémusat,Nouveaux Mélanges Asiatiques, Tome II., p. 61, for a notice of theTa-ta-tung’o, who applied their letters to write Mongolian.

[113]Chinese Repository, Vol. IX., p. 113; Vol. I., p. 118.Penny Cyclopædia, Arts.Bayan Kara, Tangut.Kreitner,Im fernen Osten, p. 702. Huc,Travels, passim.

[114]Lieut. Kreitner,Im fernen Osten.

[115]In Rémusat’sHistoire de la Ville de Khotan(p. 76) there is an account of a journey made in the 10th century between Kanchan and Khoten.

[116]Rémusat calls itPentalope.Nouveaux Mélanges, Tome I., p. 5.

[117]The recent treaty between Russia and China (ratified in 1881), marks the boundaries between Ílí and Russian territory in the following sections:Art. VII. A tract of country in the west of Ílí is ceded to Russia, where those who go over to Russia and are thereby dispossessed of their land in Ílí may settle. The boundary line of Chinese Ílí and Russian territory will stretch from the Pieh-chên-tao [Bedschin-tau] Mountains along the course of the Ho-êrh-kwo-ssü [Yehorsos] River, to its junction with the Ílí River, thence across the Ílí River, and south to the east of the village of Kwo-li-cha-tê [Kaldschat] on the Wu-tsung-tau range, and from this point south along the old boundary line fixed by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend] in the year 1864.Art. VIII. The boundary line to the east of the Chi-sang lake, fixed in the year 1864 by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend], having proved unsatisfactory, high officers will be specially deputed by both countries jointly to examine and alter it so that a satisfactory result may be attained. That there may be no doubt what part of the Khassak country belongs to China and what to Russia, the boundary will consist of a straight line drawn from the Kwei Tung Mountains across the Hei-i-êrh-te-shih River to the Sa-wu-êrh range, and the high officers deputed to settle the boundary will fix the new boundary along such straight line which is within the old boundary.Art. IX. As to the boundary on the west, between the Province of Fei-êrh-kan [Ferghana], which is subject to Russia, and Chinese Kashgar, officials will be deputed by both countries to examine it, and they will fix the boundary line between the territories at present actually under the jurisdiction of either country, and they will erect boundary stones thereon.

[117]The recent treaty between Russia and China (ratified in 1881), marks the boundaries between Ílí and Russian territory in the following sections:

Art. VII. A tract of country in the west of Ílí is ceded to Russia, where those who go over to Russia and are thereby dispossessed of their land in Ílí may settle. The boundary line of Chinese Ílí and Russian territory will stretch from the Pieh-chên-tao [Bedschin-tau] Mountains along the course of the Ho-êrh-kwo-ssü [Yehorsos] River, to its junction with the Ílí River, thence across the Ílí River, and south to the east of the village of Kwo-li-cha-tê [Kaldschat] on the Wu-tsung-tau range, and from this point south along the old boundary line fixed by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend] in the year 1864.

Art. VIII. The boundary line to the east of the Chi-sang lake, fixed in the year 1864 by the agreement of Ta-Chêng [Tashkend], having proved unsatisfactory, high officers will be specially deputed by both countries jointly to examine and alter it so that a satisfactory result may be attained. That there may be no doubt what part of the Khassak country belongs to China and what to Russia, the boundary will consist of a straight line drawn from the Kwei Tung Mountains across the Hei-i-êrh-te-shih River to the Sa-wu-êrh range, and the high officers deputed to settle the boundary will fix the new boundary along such straight line which is within the old boundary.

Art. IX. As to the boundary on the west, between the Province of Fei-êrh-kan [Ferghana], which is subject to Russia, and Chinese Kashgar, officials will be deputed by both countries to examine it, and they will fix the boundary line between the territories at present actually under the jurisdiction of either country, and they will erect boundary stones thereon.

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