T
OWNSEND
, M
RS
. J
ULIA
C.,
1316 R Street.
T
OWSON
, R. M.,
a
,
Geological Survey.
T
URNER
, J. H
ENRY
,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
T
WEEDY
, F
RANK
,
a
,
Geological Survey.
U
RQUHART
, C
HAS
. F.,
a
,
Geological Survey.
V
AN
H
ISE
, P
ROF
. C. R.,
l
,
U. S. Geological Survey, Madison, Wis.
V
ASEY
, D
R
. G
EORGE
,
a
,
Department of Agriculture.
V
ERGES
, L. F.,
c
,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass.
V
INAL
, W. I
RVING
,
a
,
1106 A Street NE.
V
IVIAN
, T
HOMAS
J.,
212 New Jersey Avenue.
W
ADDEY
, J
OHN
A.,
Hydrographic Office.
W
ADHAMS
, L
IEUT
. A. V., U. S. N.,
c
,
Andover, Mass.
W
ALCOTT
, C
HAS
. D.,
a
,
National Museum.
W
ALKER
, E
LTON
D.,
c
,
Fort Sheridan, Ill.
W
ALLACE
, H
AMILTON
S.,
a
,
Geological Survey.
W
ANAMAKER
, H
ON
. J
OHN
,
1731 I Street.
W
ARD
, P
ROF
. H
ENRY
A.,
c
,
10 College Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.
W
ARD
, L
ESTER
F.,
a
,
1464 Rhode Island Avenue.
W
ARD
, R
OBERT
D
E
C.,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
W
ARDER
, B. H.,
1515 K Street.
W
ARTEGG
, E
RNST VON
H
ESSE
,
c
,
Bern, Switzerland.
W
EED
, W
ALTER
H
ARVEY
,
a
,
Geological Survey.
W
EIR
, J
OHN
B.,
a
,
The Fredonia.
W
ELD
G
EO
. F.,
Metropolitan Club.
W
ELLING
, D
R
. J
AMES
C.,
a
,
1302 Connecticut Avenue.
W
ELLS
, E. H
AZARD
,
The "Post," Cincinnati, O.
W
EST
, P
RESTON
C. F.,
c
,
Calumet, Mich.
W
HITE
, D
R
. C. H., U. S. N.,
In care A. B. Gilman, Haverhill, Mass.
W
HITE
, D
AVID
,
Geological Survey.
W
HITING
, H
ENRY
L.,
U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, West Tisbury, Mass.
W
ILDER
, G
EN
. J. T.,
a
,
l
,
Johnson City, Tenn.
W
ILDER
, M
ISS
M
ARY
,
Johnson City, Tenn.
W
ILLENBÜCHER
, E
UGENE
,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
W
ILLENBÜCHER
, W. C.,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
W
ILLIAMS
, C
HARLES
A
UGUSTUS
,
1301 Eighteenth Street.
W
ILLIAMS
, D
R
. G
EO
. H.,
803 Cathedral Street, Baltimore, Md.
W
ILLIAMS
, P
ROF
. H. S.,
c
,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
W
ILLIAMS
, W
ILLIAM
,
c
,
University Club, New York, N. Y.
W
ILLIS
, B
AILEY
,
a
,
Geological Survey.
W
ILLIS
, M
RS
. B
AILEY
,
1006 Twenty-second Street.
W
ILLITS
, H
ON
. E
DWIN
,
Department of Agriculture.
W
ILSON
, H. M.,
a
,
Geological Survey.
W
ILSON
, T
HOMAS
,
1218 Connecticut Avenue.
W
INCHELL
, P
ROF
. N. H.,
c
,
120 State Street, Minneapolis, Minn.
W
INES
, M. W.,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
W
INSLOW
, P
ROF
. A
RTHUR
,
State Geological Survey, Jefferson City, Mo.
W
INSTON
, I
SAAC
,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
W
INTER
, D
R
. J
OHN
T.,
1528 Ninth Street.
*W
OODWARD
, A. E.,
W
OODWARD
, R. S.,
a
,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
W
RIGHT
, E
NS
. B
ENJAMIN
, U. S. N.,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Y
EATES
, C
HAS
. M.,
a
,
c
,
404½ Liberty Street, Winston, N. C.
Y
OUNG
, F. A.,
Coast and Geodetic Survey.
Summary.
Summary.
VOL. III, PP 1–30, PL 1 MARCH28, 1891.
VOL. III, PP 1–30, PL 1 MARCH28, 1891.
(Presented to the Society December 19, 1890.)
(Presented to the Society December 19, 1890.)
Two years ago I selected for my annual addressAfrica, or the Dark Continent;last yearAsia, the Land of Mountains and Deserts;this year I have chosenSouth America, the Land of Rivers and Pampas.
The recent meeting of the Pan-American Congress has called attention to South America, a part of our continent under republican forms of government and rich in products which we lack, while it relies mainly on other foreign countries for goods which we manufacture. North America and South America should be more closely united, for the one is the complement of the other.
The prominent features of South America are its long ranges of mountains—next to the Himalayas the highest in the world,—its great valley, and its immense plateau extending from the Straits of Magellan to the Caribbean sea.
THEMOUNTAINS.
THEMOUNTAINS.
The Andes rise in the extreme south at Cape Horn, run in a northerly course through Patagonia and southern Chili; thence continuing in three nearly parallel ranges, the western chain called the Andes, the others known as the Cordilleras, through Peru,Bolivia and Ecuador to Colombia. The Cordilleras and the Andes are connected in several places by knots or cross-chains of mountains. In Colombia the Andes turn to the northwest, reaching their lowest elevation at the Panama canal, and continue thence, through Central America and North America as the Rocky Mountains, to the Arctic ocean. Near the source of the Magdalena and Cauca rivers in Colombia, the eastern range is deflected to the east along the northern coast of South America. The central range disappears between the Magdalena and Cauca rivers.
The Andes form the water-shed of the continent. The waters on the western slope flow into the Pacific ocean. The rivers that rise on the eastern slope, in northern Peru and Ecuador, force their way through the Cordilleras and at their foot drain the montaña of Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. In the southern part of Peru and upper Chili there is a broad sierra or plateau, at an elevation of from twelve to fourteen thousand feet. The streams that rise in this sierra either empty into salt or alkaline lakes or sink into the ground.
Unlike all other long ranges of mountains, the continental or eastern side of the Cordilleras is nearly as precipitous as that extending to the Pacific. Craters of extinct volcanoes and volcanoes now in eruption are found in all parts of the chain. In Ecuador there are fifty-two volcanoes, and twenty of these, covered with perpetual snow and presided over by Chimborazo and Cotopaxi, rise out of a group of mountains encircling the valley of Quito, and are all visible from a single point. Three are active and five others have been in eruption at one or more times since the conquest. One of these, Sangai, is the most active volcano on the globe: it sends forth a constant stream of fire, water, mud and ashes, and some assert that it has done so without intermission for 300 years; 267 explosions have been counted in one hour. This is also the land of earthquakes: in 1868, 50,000 lives, we are told, were lost in one day; the tremor was felt over four countries and from the Andes to the Sandwich Islands. The tidal wave washed a gunboat of the United States on shore at Arica in lower Peru, 1000 miles to the south, and sixteen hours later the wave was felt across the Pacific at New Zealand.
A range of mountains separates Eastern Venezuela and Guiana from the valley of the Amazon. Other ranges south of the Amazon run southwestwardly, following the Atlantic coast line from Cape St. Roque to the Rio de la Plata.