THE SALISH FAMILY.The Salish Familyincludes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead, Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent tribes or bands, of which the most important are the Salish proper, the Kullespelm, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okinakan.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in aboutlatitude 49° 50´; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and south by the Sahaptins or Nez Percés of Oregon.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 73. 'From Thompson's River other septs of this race—the Shuswaps, Skowtous, Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs d'Aleines—occupy the country as far as the Flathead Passes of the Rocky Mountains, where the Saelies or Flatheads form the eastern portion of the race.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 296-7. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 55. Tribes mentioned inLewis and Clarke's Trav., and map: Tushepaw (Kootenai), Hopilpo (Flathead), Micksucksealtom (Pend d'Oreilles), Wheelpo, (Chualpays), Sarlisto and Sketsomish (Spokanes), Hehighenimmo (Sans Poils), according toGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. SeeMorse's Rept., p. 372;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 55. 'Between the two great branches of the Columbia and the Rocky Mountains are only five petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the Okinakans.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.TheFlatheads, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake of the same name. 'Inhabit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valley and the neighborhood of the lake of the same name.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415, and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 207. 'Occupying the valleys between the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead Valley on the Bitter Root.'Sully, inId., 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's River.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. 'East and south-east (of the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 311, and map.De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 31. Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des Montagnes Rocheuses.Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the foot of the mountains.'Ross' Adven., p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of the Rocky Mountains.'Morse's Rept., p. 371. Bitter Root valley.Hutchins, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246;Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borné en arrière par les Monts-Rocailleux.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 43.ThePend d'Oreillesoccupy the vicinity of the lake of the same name. 'On the Flathead or Clarke River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. 'At Clark's Fork.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. Lower Pend d'Oreilles, 'in the vicinity of the St. Ignatius Mission.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 98. 'The Kalispelms or Pend d'Oreilles of the Lower Lake, inhabit the country north of the Coeur d'Alenes and around the Kalispelm lake.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415. Calispels, or Calispellum, 'on Fool's Prairie at the head of Colville Valley, and on both sides of the Pend d'Oreille River, from its mouth to the Idaho line, but principally at the Camas Prairie.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, pp. 22, 25, 192. Situated to the east of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais on their eastern border.Simpson'sOverland Journ., vol. i., p. 146. 'Pend'oreilles ou Kellespem. Au-dessous du fort Colville.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Skatkmlschi, or Pend d'Oreilles of the upper lake. A tribe who, by the consent of the Selish, occupy jointly with them the country of the latter.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415. Kullas-Palus, 'on the Flathead or Clarke River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. Ponderas, 'north of Clarke's river and on a lake which takes its name from the tribe.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 312 and map;De Smet,Voy., p. 32. The Pend'oreilles were probably the Micksucksealtom of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.Tribes baptized by De Smet: Thlishatkmuche, Stietshoi, Zingomenes, Shaistche, Shuyelpi, Tschilsolomi, Siur Poils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceous, Yejak-oun, all of same stock.Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River: Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish.Rept., p. 372.TheCoeurs d'Aléne'live about the lake which takes its name from them.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 209. East of the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the upper part of the Coeur d'Alene river, above the Spokanes, and around the lake of the same name.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415. Their mission is on the river ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 216. Stietshoi, or Coeur d'Alenes on the river, and about the lake.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed Hearts, 'shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 150;Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143;De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.'Mullan's Rept., p. 49.TheColvillesinclude the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the Columbia up to the Arrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Columbia river from Kettle Falls to a point thirty miles below.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 98. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal name is Swielpree, are located in the Colville Valley, on the Kettle River, and on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.'Winans, inId., 1870, p. 22. Colvilles and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82.The Lakes, 'whose tribal name is Senijextee, are located on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.'De Smet,Voy., p. 50.The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the north side just below the fall.'Cox's Advent., vol. i., p. 358. Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.'De Smet,Voy., p. 50. 'Fort Colville is the principal ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls tribe.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudière, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.'Simpson'sOverland Journ., vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap au-dessous des Dalles.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called in their own language, Chualpays.'Kane's Wand., pp. 308-9. 'Called Quiarlpi (Basket People).'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 472. The Chualpays called Wheelpo by Lewis and Clarke, and by Morse.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.THE SPOKANE NATION.TheSpokaneslive on the Spokane river and plateau, along the banks of the Columbia from below Kettle Falls, nearly to the Okanagan. 'The Spokihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Schrooyelpi, and chiefly upon or near the Spokane river. The name applied by the whites to a number of small bands, is that given by the Coeur d'Alene to the one living at the forks. They are also called Sinkoman, by the Kootonies. These bands are eight in number: the Sinslihhooish, on the great plain above the crossings of the Coeur d'Alene river; the Sintootoolish, on the river above the forks; the Smahoomenaish (Spokehnish), at the forks; the Skaischilt'nish, at the old Chemakane mission; the Skecheramouse, above them on the Colville trail; the Scheeetstish, the Sinpoilschne, and Sinspeelish, on the Columbia river; the last-named band is nearly extinct. The Sinpoilschne (N'pochle, or Sans Puelles) have always been included among the Okinakanes, though, as well as the Sinspeelish below them, they are claimed by the Spokanes. The three bands on the Columbia all speak a different language from the rest.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 220, 236; andGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 414-15. 'This tribe claim as their territory the country commencing on the large plain at the head of the Slawntehus—the stream entering the Columbia at Fort Colville; thence down the Spokane to the Columbia, down the Columbia half way to Fort Okinakane, and up the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene, to some point between the falls and the lake, on the latter.'Id., p. 414. 'Inhabit the country on the Spokane river, from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 99. 'At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.'Mullan's Rept., pp. 18, 49. 'Principally on the plains.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort Okanagam à l'Est.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.'De Smet,Voy., p. 31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their chief and permanent place of residence is about forty miles higher up ... where the Pointed-heart River joins the Spokan from the south-east.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 147. 'The Spokanes, whose tribal names are Sineequomenach, or Upper, Sintootoo, or Middle Spokamish, and Chekasschee, or Lower Spokanes, living on the Spokane River, from the Idaho line to its mouth.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 23. Spokane, the Sarlilso and Sketsomish of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.TheSans Poils(Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the Sanpoil, andNespeelum Creeks.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and Okanagan.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish, west of the Kettle Falls Indians.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. 'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières.De Smet,Voy., p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.ThePisquouseinhabit the west bank of the Columbia between the Okanagan and Priest Rapids. Piskwaus, or Piscous; 'name properly belongs to the tribe who live on the small river which falls into the Columbia on the west side, about forty miles below Fort Okanagan. But it is here extended to all the tribes as far down as Priest's Rapids.' The map extends their territory across the Columbia.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 210, and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and Ross Rapids.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 236; andGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. Sur la petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335.The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest Rapids, near the mouth of the Umatilla. Thirty miles distant up the river are the Kewaughtohenemachs.Ross' Adven., pp. 134, 137.'The Mithouies are located on the west side of the Columbia River, from the mouth of the Okanagan down to the Wonatchee, and includes the country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 23.'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.'Ib.SAHAPTIN FAMILY.The Sahaptin Familyis situated immediately south of the Salish. Only six of the eight nations mentioned below have been included in the Family by other authors. 'The country occupied by them extends from the Dalles of the Columbia to the Bitter-Root mountains, lying on both sides of the Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Salmon Forks of Lewis' and Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. 'The first and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the Shahaptan Family, and comprehends three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Hale's map, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 197, divides the territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele. 'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos, Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 435.'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh, E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh, Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of Columbia river, N. side; Chippanchickchicks, 'N. side of Columbia river, in the long narrows, a little below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.'Morse's Rept., pp. 368-70.TheNez Percés'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred miles—together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 212;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 416; andStevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the Salmon river and the Clearwater.'Thompson, inId., p. 282. 'The Nez Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are bounded near the line dividing the two Territories.'Craig, inId., 1857, p. 353. The Buffalo, a tribe of the Nez Perces, winter in the Bitter Root Valley.Owen, inId., 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.'Palmer's Jour., p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or Serpent River.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, or Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake.Gass' Jour., p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the Blackfoot country, and across the Rocky Mountains.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 533. 'Près du fort de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches du fleuve.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and Clearwater.Parker's Explor. Tour,Map. Chopunnish.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 331, and map. Copunnish.Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the Nez-Percés proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.'Gairdner, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskee river below the forks, and on Cotter's creek.' Bands of the Chopunnish; Pelloatpallah, Kimmooenim, Yeletpoo, Willewah, Soyennom.Morse's Rept., p. 369.ThePalouse, or 'the Palus, usually written Paloose, live between the Columbia and the Snake.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vi. 'The Peloose tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis River.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.'Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of the Nez Percés. Their residence is along the Nez Percé river and up the Pavilion.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 222-3, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and Snake rivers.'Mullan's Rept., pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des deux rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.'De Smet,Voy., p. 31. Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the Columbia.Lewis and Clarke's Map.Same as the Sewatpalla.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.TheWalla-Wallas'occupy the country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. 'A number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 402. 'Are on a small stream which falls into the Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some distance below along the Columbia.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 535. 'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, north of the former.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 223. 'On both sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort, Walla-Walla.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 374. Walla Wallapum.Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent, sur la rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires de la Colombie, et leur pays s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.'De Smet,Voy., p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at junction with the Columbia.Lewis and Clarke's Map.Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and in winter pass over to the Taptul river.'Morse's Rept., pp. 369-70. 'Country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the junction of the Snake and Columbia. On Walla Walle River.Gass' Jour., pp. 294-8. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Blue Mountains to the Dalles.'Farnham's Trav., p. 151. Wallah Wallah.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 142. 'About the river of that name.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., pp. 143, 151. Wallawallahs, 'reside along the lower part of the Walla Walla, the low bottom of the Umatilla and the Columbia, from the mouth of Lewis River for one hundred miles south.'Palmer's Jour., pp. 58, 124. 'On the borders ofthe Wallahwallah and Columbia.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 64;Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 35.The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia).Hunt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The Sciatogas 'possède le pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par l'Oualamat.'Id., 1821, tom. xii., p. 42.THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.TheCayusesextend from John Day River eastward to Grande Ronde Valley. The Cayuse, Cailloux, Waiilatpu, 'country south of the Sahaptin and Wallawalla. Their head-quarters are on the upper part of Wallawalla River.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 214, map, p. 197. 'The country belonging to the Cayuse is to the south of and between the Nez Perces and Walla-Wallas, extending from the Des Chutes, or Wanwanwi, to the eastern side of the Blue mountains.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 218;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the Columbia river.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.'Dennison, inId., 1857, p. 374;Cain, inId., 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont les Kayuses.'De Smet,Voy., p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the Utalla or Emnutilly River.Townsend's Nar., p. 122. 'West of the Nez Percés.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30. 'Kayouses. Près du grand détour de la Colombie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon, south of the Columbia river.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 199;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. Caäguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains and Grand round.'Palmer's Jour., pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country to the south of Walla Walla.Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244-5. The Skyuses 'dwell about the waters of the Wayleeway and the adjacent country.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 388.The Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, which falls into the Lewis river on the S.W. side, below the forks.'Morse's Rept., p. 369. In Grande Ronde Valley.Lewis and Clarke's Map;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.The Umatillas 'live near the junction of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 97. Umatallow River and country extending thence westward to Dalles.Tolmie, inId., p. 245. 'The Utillas occupy the country along the river bearing that name.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 374.The Wahowpum live 'on the N. branch of the Columbia, in different bands from the Pishquitpahs; as low as the river Lapage; the different bands of this nation winter on the waters of Taptul and Cataract rivers.'Morse's Rept., p. 370;Lewis and Clarke's Map.On John Day's River.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.TheWascosinclude all the tribes between the Cascade Range and John Day River, south of the Columbia. 'They are known by the name of Wasco Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wascopam. They claim the country extending from the cascades up to the falls of theColumbia, the distance of about fifty miles.'Hines' Voy., p. 159. 'The Wascos occupy a small tract of country near to and adjoining the Dalles.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 372. On both sides of the Columbia about the Dalles are the Wascopams.Map, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots, Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, onLewis and Clarke's Map;Morse's Rept., p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick, Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 26;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.'The residence of the Molele is (or was) in the broken and wooded country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 214. The Mollales have their home in the Willamette Valley.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492.'The Tairtla, usually called Taigh, belong ... to the environs of the Des-Chutes River.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii.'The Des Chutes ... formerly occupied that section of country between the Dalles and the Tyich river.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 373.'The Tyichs ... formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in its vicinity, which lies about 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.'Ib.'The John Day Rivers occupy the country in the immediate vicinity of the river bearing that name.'Ib.'The Dog River, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream called Dog river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the Cascades and Dalles.'Id., p. 371. The Cascades dwell 'on the river of that name.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143.TheYakimasoccupy the valley of the Yakima River and its branches. 'The upper Yakimas occupy the country upon the Wenass and main branch of the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its tributaries, below the forks and along the Columbia from the mouth of the Yakima to a point three miles below the Dalles.'Robie, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 350. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien, along the Columbia.Id., p. 352. 'The Pshwanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas, inhabit the Yakama River.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. Lewis and Clarke's Chanwappan, Shaltattos, Squamaross, Skaddals, and Chimnahpum, on the Yakima River.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas 'are divided into two principal bands, each made up of a number of villages, and very closely connected; one owning the country on the Nahchess and Lower Yakima, the other are upon the Wenass and main branch above the forks.'Id., p. 407. Yackamans, northern banks of the Columbia and on the Yackamans river.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima.Hale's Ethnog.,U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. 'South of the Long Rapids, to the confluence of Lewis' river with the Columbia, are the Yookoomans.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. Pishwanwapum (Yakima), in Yakimaw or Eyakema Valley.Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244-7. Called Stobshaddat by the Sound Indians.Id., p. 245.The Chimnapums are 'on the N.W. side of Col. river, both above and below the entrance of Lewis' r. and the Taptul r.'Morse's Rept., p. 370;Lewis and Clarke's Map.The 'Chunnapuns and Chanwappans are between theCascade Range and the north branch of the Columbia.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143.The Pisquitpahs, 'on the Muscleshell rapids, and on the N. side of the Columbia, to the commencement of the high country; this nation winter on the waters of the Taptul and Cataract rivers.'Morse's Rept., p. 370.The Sokulks dwell north of the confluence of the Snake and Columbia.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 351, and map;Morse's Rept., p. 369. At Priest Rapids.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.THE KLIKETATS.TheKliketatslive in the mountainous country north of the Cascades, on both sides of the Cascade Range, and south of the Yakimas. Klikatats 'inhabit, properly, the valleys lying between Mounts St. Helens and Adams, but they have spread over districts belonging to other tribes, and a band of them is now located as far south as the Umpqua.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 403. 'Roilroilpam is the Klikatat country, situated in the Cascade mountains north of the Columbia and west of the Yakamas.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats. 'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. OnLewis and Clarke's Mapthe Kliketat territory is occupied by the Chanwappan, Shallatos, Squamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas. Also inMorse's Rept., p. 372. Whulwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the wooded and prairie country between Vancouver and the Dalles.'Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 245.The Weyehhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusattes River. (Kliketat.)Gass' Jour., p. 288.
THE SALISH FAMILY.
The Salish Familyincludes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°. The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead, Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent tribes or bands, of which the most important are the Salish proper, the Kullespelm, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okinakan.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in aboutlatitude 49° 50´; northward by the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and south by the Sahaptins or Nez Percés of Oregon.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 73. 'From Thompson's River other septs of this race—the Shuswaps, Skowtous, Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs d'Aleines—occupy the country as far as the Flathead Passes of the Rocky Mountains, where the Saelies or Flatheads form the eastern portion of the race.'Mayne's B. C., pp. 296-7. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 55. Tribes mentioned inLewis and Clarke's Trav., and map: Tushepaw (Kootenai), Hopilpo (Flathead), Micksucksealtom (Pend d'Oreilles), Wheelpo, (Chualpays), Sarlisto and Sketsomish (Spokanes), Hehighenimmo (Sans Poils), according toGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. SeeMorse's Rept., p. 372;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 55. 'Between the two great branches of the Columbia and the Rocky Mountains are only five petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the Okinakans.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.
TheFlatheads, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake of the same name. 'Inhabit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valley and the neighborhood of the lake of the same name.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415, and inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 207. 'Occupying the valleys between the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead Valley on the Bitter Root.'Sully, inId., 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's River.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. 'East and south-east (of the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 311, and map.De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 31. Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des Montagnes Rocheuses.Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the foot of the mountains.'Ross' Adven., p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of the Rocky Mountains.'Morse's Rept., p. 371. Bitter Root valley.Hutchins, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246;Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borné en arrière par les Monts-Rocailleux.'Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 43.
ThePend d'Oreillesoccupy the vicinity of the lake of the same name. 'On the Flathead or Clarke River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. 'At Clark's Fork.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 490. Lower Pend d'Oreilles, 'in the vicinity of the St. Ignatius Mission.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 98. 'The Kalispelms or Pend d'Oreilles of the Lower Lake, inhabit the country north of the Coeur d'Alenes and around the Kalispelm lake.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415. Calispels, or Calispellum, 'on Fool's Prairie at the head of Colville Valley, and on both sides of the Pend d'Oreille River, from its mouth to the Idaho line, but principally at the Camas Prairie.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, pp. 22, 25, 192. Situated to the east of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais on their eastern border.Simpson'sOverland Journ., vol. i., p. 146. 'Pend'oreilles ou Kellespem. Au-dessous du fort Colville.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Skatkmlschi, or Pend d'Oreilles of the upper lake. A tribe who, by the consent of the Selish, occupy jointly with them the country of the latter.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415. Kullas-Palus, 'on the Flathead or Clarke River.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82. Ponderas, 'north of Clarke's river and on a lake which takes its name from the tribe.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 312 and map;De Smet,Voy., p. 32. The Pend'oreilles were probably the Micksucksealtom of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
Tribes baptized by De Smet: Thlishatkmuche, Stietshoi, Zingomenes, Shaistche, Shuyelpi, Tschilsolomi, Siur Poils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceous, Yejak-oun, all of same stock.
Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River: Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish.Rept., p. 372.
TheCoeurs d'Aléne'live about the lake which takes its name from them.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 209. East of the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the upper part of the Coeur d'Alene river, above the Spokanes, and around the lake of the same name.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 415. Their mission is on the river ten miles above the lake and thirty miles from the mountains.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 216. Stietshoi, or Coeur d'Alenes on the river, and about the lake.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed Hearts, 'shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan House.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 150;Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143;De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.'Mullan's Rept., p. 49.
TheColvillesinclude the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of the Columbia up to the Arrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the Columbia river from Kettle Falls to a point thirty miles below.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 98. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal name is Swielpree, are located in the Colville Valley, on the Kettle River, and on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down to the mouth of the Spokane.'Winans, inId., 1870, p. 22. Colvilles and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.'Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hud. B., p. 82.
The Lakes, 'whose tribal name is Senijextee, are located on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.'De Smet,Voy., p. 50.
The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the north side just below the fall.'Cox's Advent., vol. i., p. 358. Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.'De Smet,Voy., p. 50. 'Fort Colville is the principal ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls tribe.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudière, whose territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.'Simpson'sOverland Journ., vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap au-dessous des Dalles.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called in their own language, Chualpays.'Kane's Wand., pp. 308-9. 'Called Quiarlpi (Basket People).'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 472. The Chualpays called Wheelpo by Lewis and Clarke, and by Morse.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
THE SPOKANE NATION.
TheSpokaneslive on the Spokane river and plateau, along the banks of the Columbia from below Kettle Falls, nearly to the Okanagan. 'The Spokihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Schrooyelpi, and chiefly upon or near the Spokane river. The name applied by the whites to a number of small bands, is that given by the Coeur d'Alene to the one living at the forks. They are also called Sinkoman, by the Kootonies. These bands are eight in number: the Sinslihhooish, on the great plain above the crossings of the Coeur d'Alene river; the Sintootoolish, on the river above the forks; the Smahoomenaish (Spokehnish), at the forks; the Skaischilt'nish, at the old Chemakane mission; the Skecheramouse, above them on the Colville trail; the Scheeetstish, the Sinpoilschne, and Sinspeelish, on the Columbia river; the last-named band is nearly extinct. The Sinpoilschne (N'pochle, or Sans Puelles) have always been included among the Okinakanes, though, as well as the Sinspeelish below them, they are claimed by the Spokanes. The three bands on the Columbia all speak a different language from the rest.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 220, 236; andGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 414-15. 'This tribe claim as their territory the country commencing on the large plain at the head of the Slawntehus—the stream entering the Columbia at Fort Colville; thence down the Spokane to the Columbia, down the Columbia half way to Fort Okinakane, and up the Spokane and Coeur d'Alene, to some point between the falls and the lake, on the latter.'Id., p. 414. 'Inhabit the country on the Spokane river, from its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.'Paige, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1865, p. 99. 'At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.'Mullan's Rept., pp. 18, 49. 'Principally on the plains.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort Okanagam à l'Est.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.'De Smet,Voy., p. 31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their chief and permanent place of residence is about forty miles higher up ... where the Pointed-heart River joins the Spokan from the south-east.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 147. 'The Spokanes, whose tribal names are Sineequomenach, or Upper, Sintootoo, or Middle Spokamish, and Chekasschee, or Lower Spokanes, living on the Spokane River, from the Idaho line to its mouth.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 23. Spokane, the Sarlilso and Sketsomish of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
TheSans Poils(Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the Sanpoil, andNespeelum Creeks.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and Okanagan.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish, west of the Kettle Falls Indians.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. 'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières.De Smet,Voy., p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
ThePisquouseinhabit the west bank of the Columbia between the Okanagan and Priest Rapids. Piskwaus, or Piscous; 'name properly belongs to the tribe who live on the small river which falls into the Columbia on the west side, about forty miles below Fort Okanagan. But it is here extended to all the tribes as far down as Priest's Rapids.' The map extends their territory across the Columbia.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 210, and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and Ross Rapids.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 236; andGibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. Sur la petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335.
The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest Rapids, near the mouth of the Umatilla. Thirty miles distant up the river are the Kewaughtohenemachs.Ross' Adven., pp. 134, 137.
'The Mithouies are located on the west side of the Columbia River, from the mouth of the Okanagan down to the Wonatchee, and includes the country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.'Winans, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 23.
'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests' Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.'Ib.
SAHAPTIN FAMILY.
The Sahaptin Familyis situated immediately south of the Salish. Only six of the eight nations mentioned below have been included in the Family by other authors. 'The country occupied by them extends from the Dalles of the Columbia to the Bitter-Root mountains, lying on both sides of the Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Salmon Forks of Lewis' and Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the Snakes on the south.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. 'The first and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the Shahaptan Family, and comprehends three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River and its tributaries.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. Hale's map, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 197, divides the territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele. 'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos, Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés, Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 435.'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh, E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes. On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh, Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of Columbia river, N. side; Chippanchickchicks, 'N. side of Columbia river, in the long narrows, a little below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.'Morse's Rept., pp. 368-70.
TheNez Percés'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred miles—together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to the foot of the Rocky Mountains.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 212;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 416; andStevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the Salmon river and the Clearwater.'Thompson, inId., p. 282. 'The Nez Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are bounded near the line dividing the two Territories.'Craig, inId., 1857, p. 353. The Buffalo, a tribe of the Nez Perces, winter in the Bitter Root Valley.Owen, inId., 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and mountainous parts of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.'Palmer's Jour., p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or Serpent River.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, or Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.'Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway, Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake.Gass' Jour., p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the Blackfoot country, and across the Rocky Mountains.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 533. 'Près du fort de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches du fleuve.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and Clearwater.Parker's Explor. Tour,Map. Chopunnish.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 331, and map. Copunnish.Bulfinch's Oregon, p. 144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the Nez-Percés proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.'Gairdner, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskee river below the forks, and on Cotter's creek.' Bands of the Chopunnish; Pelloatpallah, Kimmooenim, Yeletpoo, Willewah, Soyennom.Morse's Rept., p. 369.
ThePalouse, or 'the Palus, usually written Paloose, live between the Columbia and the Snake.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vi. 'The Peloose tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis River.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.'Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of the Nez Percés. Their residence is along the Nez Percé river and up the Pavilion.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River.Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 222-3, and inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and Snake rivers.'Mullan's Rept., pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des deux rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.'De Smet,Voy., p. 31. Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the Columbia.Lewis and Clarke's Map.Same as the Sewatpalla.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
TheWalla-Wallas'occupy the country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. 'A number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 402. 'Are on a small stream which falls into the Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some distance below along the Columbia.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.'Brownell's Ind. Races, p. 535. 'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, north of the former.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 223. 'On both sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort, Walla-Walla.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 374. Walla Wallapum.Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les Walla-walla habitent, sur la rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires de la Colombie, et leur pays s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.'De Smet,Voy., p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at junction with the Columbia.Lewis and Clarke's Map.Wollaolla and Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and in winter pass over to the Taptul river.'Morse's Rept., pp. 369-70. 'Country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the junction of the Snake and Columbia. On Walla Walle River.Gass' Jour., pp. 294-8. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Blue Mountains to the Dalles.'Farnham's Trav., p. 151. Wallah Wallah.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 142. 'About the river of that name.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., pp. 143, 151. Wallawallahs, 'reside along the lower part of the Walla Walla, the low bottom of the Umatilla and the Columbia, from the mouth of Lewis River for one hundred miles south.'Palmer's Jour., pp. 58, 124. 'On the borders ofthe Wallahwallah and Columbia.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 64;Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 35.
The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia).Hunt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The Sciatogas 'possède le pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par l'Oualamat.'Id., 1821, tom. xii., p. 42.
THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.
TheCayusesextend from John Day River eastward to Grande Ronde Valley. The Cayuse, Cailloux, Waiilatpu, 'country south of the Sahaptin and Wallawalla. Their head-quarters are on the upper part of Wallawalla River.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 214, map, p. 197. 'The country belonging to the Cayuse is to the south of and between the Nez Perces and Walla-Wallas, extending from the Des Chutes, or Wanwanwi, to the eastern side of the Blue mountains.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 218;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the Columbia river.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.'Dennison, inId., 1857, p. 374;Cain, inId., 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont les Kayuses.'De Smet,Voy., p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the Utalla or Emnutilly River.Townsend's Nar., p. 122. 'West of the Nez Percés.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 30. 'Kayouses. Près du grand détour de la Colombie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon, south of the Columbia river.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 199;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. Caäguas 'inhabit the country bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains and Grand round.'Palmer's Jour., pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country to the south of Walla Walla.Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244-5. The Skyuses 'dwell about the waters of the Wayleeway and the adjacent country.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 388.
The Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, which falls into the Lewis river on the S.W. side, below the forks.'Morse's Rept., p. 369. In Grande Ronde Valley.Lewis and Clarke's Map;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
The Umatillas 'live near the junction of the Umatilla and Columbia rivers.'Lord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 97. Umatallow River and country extending thence westward to Dalles.Tolmie, inId., p. 245. 'The Utillas occupy the country along the river bearing that name.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 374.
The Wahowpum live 'on the N. branch of the Columbia, in different bands from the Pishquitpahs; as low as the river Lapage; the different bands of this nation winter on the waters of Taptul and Cataract rivers.'Morse's Rept., p. 370;Lewis and Clarke's Map.On John Day's River.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
TheWascosinclude all the tribes between the Cascade Range and John Day River, south of the Columbia. 'They are known by the name of Wasco Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wascopam. They claim the country extending from the cascades up to the falls of theColumbia, the distance of about fifty miles.'Hines' Voy., p. 159. 'The Wascos occupy a small tract of country near to and adjoining the Dalles.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 372. On both sides of the Columbia about the Dalles are the Wascopams.Map, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots, Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, onLewis and Clarke's Map;Morse's Rept., p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick, Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles.Stuart, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. xii., p. 26;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
'The residence of the Molele is (or was) in the broken and wooded country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 214. The Mollales have their home in the Willamette Valley.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 492.
'The Tairtla, usually called Taigh, belong ... to the environs of the Des-Chutes River.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii.
'The Des Chutes ... formerly occupied that section of country between the Dalles and the Tyich river.'Dennison, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 373.
'The Tyichs ... formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in its vicinity, which lies about 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.'Ib.
'The John Day Rivers occupy the country in the immediate vicinity of the river bearing that name.'Ib.
'The Dog River, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream called Dog river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the Cascades and Dalles.'Id., p. 371. The Cascades dwell 'on the river of that name.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143.
TheYakimasoccupy the valley of the Yakima River and its branches. 'The upper Yakimas occupy the country upon the Wenass and main branch of the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its tributaries, below the forks and along the Columbia from the mouth of the Yakima to a point three miles below the Dalles.'Robie, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 350. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien, along the Columbia.Id., p. 352. 'The Pshwanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas, inhabit the Yakama River.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. Lewis and Clarke's Chanwappan, Shaltattos, Squamaross, Skaddals, and Chimnahpum, on the Yakima River.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas 'are divided into two principal bands, each made up of a number of villages, and very closely connected; one owning the country on the Nahchess and Lower Yakima, the other are upon the Wenass and main branch above the forks.'Id., p. 407. Yackamans, northern banks of the Columbia and on the Yackamans river.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima.Hale's Ethnog.,U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. 'South of the Long Rapids, to the confluence of Lewis' river with the Columbia, are the Yookoomans.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 313. Pishwanwapum (Yakima), in Yakimaw or Eyakema Valley.Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 244-7. Called Stobshaddat by the Sound Indians.Id., p. 245.
The Chimnapums are 'on the N.W. side of Col. river, both above and below the entrance of Lewis' r. and the Taptul r.'Morse's Rept., p. 370;Lewis and Clarke's Map.The 'Chunnapuns and Chanwappans are between theCascade Range and the north branch of the Columbia.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 143.
The Pisquitpahs, 'on the Muscleshell rapids, and on the N. side of the Columbia, to the commencement of the high country; this nation winter on the waters of the Taptul and Cataract rivers.'Morse's Rept., p. 370.
The Sokulks dwell north of the confluence of the Snake and Columbia.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 351, and map;Morse's Rept., p. 369. At Priest Rapids.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 417.
THE KLIKETATS.
TheKliketatslive in the mountainous country north of the Cascades, on both sides of the Cascade Range, and south of the Yakimas. Klikatats 'inhabit, properly, the valleys lying between Mounts St. Helens and Adams, but they have spread over districts belonging to other tribes, and a band of them is now located as far south as the Umpqua.'Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 403. 'Roilroilpam is the Klikatat country, situated in the Cascade mountains north of the Columbia and west of the Yakamas.'Gibbs, inPandosy's Gram., p. vii. 'Wander in the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.'Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats. 'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.'Scouler, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 225. OnLewis and Clarke's Mapthe Kliketat territory is occupied by the Chanwappan, Shallatos, Squamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas. Also inMorse's Rept., p. 372. Whulwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the wooded and prairie country between Vancouver and the Dalles.'Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., p. 245.
The Weyehhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusattes River. (Kliketat.)Gass' Jour., p. 288.