To theNorthern Californians, whose territory extends from Rogue River on the north to Eel River south, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary east, including the Klamath, and other lakes, are assigned, according to the authorities, the following tribal boundaries: There are 'the Hoopahs, and the Ukiahs of Mendocino;' 'the Umpquas, Kowooses or Cooses, Macanootoony's of the Umpqua river section, Nomee Cults, and Nomee Lacks of Tehama County; the Copahs, Hanags, Yatuckets, Terwars and Tolowas, of the lower Klamath river; the Wylaks and Noobimucks of Trinity county mountains west from Sacramento plains; the Modocs of Klamath Lake, the Ylackas of Pitt River, the Ukas and Shastas of Shasta county.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,June 8, 1860.'TheTototinsare divided into twelve bands; eight of them are located on the coast, one on the forks of the Coquille, and three on Rogue river.' 'The Tototins, from whom is derived the generic name of the whole people speaking the language, reside on the north bank of the Tototin river, about four miles from its mouth. Their country extends from the eastern boundary of the Yahshutes, a short distance below their village, up the stream about six miles, where the fishing-grounds of the Mackanotins commence.' 'The country of the Euquachees commences at the "Three Sisters," and extends along the coast to a point about three miles to the south of their village, which is on a stream which bears their name. The mining town of Elizabeth is about the southern boundary of the Euquachees, and is called thirty miles from Port Orford. Next southward of the Euquachees are the Yahshutes, whose villages occupy both banks of the Tototin or Rogue river, at its mouth. These people claim but about two and a half miles back from the coast, where the Tototin country commences. The Yahshutes claim the coast to some remarkable headlands, about six miles south of Rogue river. South of these headlands are the Chetlessentuns. Their village is north of, but near, the mouth of a stream bearing their name, but better known to the whites as Pistol river. The Chetlessentuns claim but about eight miles of the coast; but as the country east of them is uninhabited, like others similarly situated, their lands are supposed to extend to the summit of the mountains. Next to the Chetlessentuns on the south are the Wishtenatins, whose village is at the mouth of a small creek bearing their name.They claim the country to a small trading-post known as the Whale's Head, about twenty-seven miles south of the mouth of Rogue River. Next in order are the Cheattee or Chitco band, whose villages were situated on each side of the mouth, and about six miles up a small river bearing their name.... The lands of these people extend from Whale's Head to the California line, and back from the coast indefinitely.... The Mackanotin village is about seven miles above that of the Tototins, and is on the same side of the river. They claim about twelve miles of stream. The Shistakoostees succeed them (the Mackanotins). Their village is on the north bank of Rogue river, nearly opposite the confluence of the Illinois. These are the most easterly band within my district in the South.'Parrish, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 283-9. 'Dr. Hubbard, in his notes (1856) on the Indians of Rogue River and South Oregon, on the ocean, before alluded to, gives the following list of names of Rancherias and clans of the Lototen or Tutatamys tribe. Masonah Band, location, Coquille river; Chockrelatan Band, location, Coquille forks; Quatomah Band, location, Flore's creek; Laguaacha Band, location, Elk river; Cosulhenten Band, location, Port Orford; Yuquache Band, location, Yugua creek; Chetlessenten Band, location, Pistol river; Yah Shutes Band, location, Rogue river; Wishtanatan Band, location, Whale's head; Cheahtoc Band, location, Chetko; Tototen Band, location, six miles above the mouth of Rogue river; Sisticoosta Band, location, above Big Bend, of Rogue river; Maquelnoteer Band, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of Rogue river.'Cal. Farmer,June 18, 1860. The Tutotens were a large tribe, numbering thirteen clans, inhabiting the southern coast of Oregon.Golden Era,March, 1856. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the lower part of the Clamet River are the Totutune, known by the unfavorable soubriquet of the Rogue, or Rascal Indians.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221. The bands of the Tootooton tribe 'are scattered over a great extent of country—along the coast and on the streams from the California line to twenty miles north of the Coquille, and from the ocean to the summit of the coast range of mountains.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 259. Taylor places the Tutunahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County.MS. Map.TheHunaslive in California a little south of Rogue River, on the way north from Crescent City.Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 314.Modoc, by someMoädoc, is a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies. 'Their proper habitat is on the southern shore of Lower Klamath Lake, on Hot Creek, around Clear Lake, and along Lost River in Oregon.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 535. They own the Klamath River from the lake 'to where it breaks through the Siskiyou range to the westward.'Id., vol. xi., p. 21. In the northern part of Siskiyou County.MS. Map.'The Modocs of the Klamath Lake were also called Moahtockna.'Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. East of the Klamaths, whose eastern boundary is twenty-five or thirty miles east of the Cascade Range, along the southern boundary of Oregon, 'and extending some distance into California, is a tribe known as the Modocks. East of these again, but extending farther south, are the Moetwas.' 'The country round Ancoose and Modoc lakes, is claimed and occupied bythe Modoc Indians.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 262-3. 'The Modocs (or Moadoc, as the word is pronounced) known in their language as the Okkowish, inhabit the Goose lake country, and are mostly within the State of California.... The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in early days from hearing the Shastas speak of them.' SeeSteele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 121.TheOukskenahs, in the north-western part of Siskiyou County.MS. Map.THE TRINITY RIVER TRIBES.TheKlamathsorLutuami—'Lutuami, or Tlamatl, or Clamet Indians. The first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them to the whites. They live on the head waters of the river and about the lake, which have both received from foreigners the name of Clamet.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. That portion of the eastern base of the Cascade Range, south of the forty-fourth parallel, 'extending twenty-five or thirty miles east, and south to the California line, is the country of the Klamath Indians.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 262. The Tlameths 'inhabit the country along the eastern base of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and south to the Great Klameth Lake.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283. The Clamets inhabit 'Roquas River, near the south boundary' (of Oregon).Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 81. 'Lutuami, Clamets; also Tlamatl—Indians of southwestern Oregon, near the Clamet Lake.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.'De Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Clamet: on the upper part of the river, and sixty miles below the lake so named.Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. 'Next east of the Shastas are the Klamath Lake Indians, known in their language as the Okshee, who inhabit the country about the Klamath lakes, and east about half way to the Goose Lake, to Wright Lake, and south to a line running about due east from Shasta Butte.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, pp. 120-1. 'The name of Klamath or Tlamath, belonging to the tribes on the lake where the river rises, is not known among those farther down.... Thus, at the forks, the Weitspeks call the river below Pohlik, signifying down; and that above Pehtsik, or up; giving, moreover, the same name to the population in speaking of them collectively. Three distinct tribes, speaking different languages, occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, of which the lowest extends up to Bluff Creek, a few miles above the forks. Of these there are, according to our information, in all, thirty-two villages.... The names of the principal villages ... are the Weitspek (at the forks), Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, Kauweh, Wauhtecq, Scheperrh, Oiyotl, Naiagutl, Schaitl, Hopaiuh, Rekqua, and Weht'lqua, the two last at the mouth of the river.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 138.TheEurocsinhabit 'the lower Klamath from Weitspeck down, and along the coast for about twenty miles.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 530. The Eurocs 'inhabit the banks of the Klamath from the junction ofthe Trinity to the mouth, and the sea coast from Gold Bluff up to a point about six miles above the mouth of the Klamath.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheCahrocslive between the Eurocs and the foot of the Klamath Mountains, also a short distance up Salmon River. 'On the Klamath River there live three distinct tribes, called the Eurocs, Cahrocs, and Modocs; which names mean respectively, "down the river," "up the river," and "head of the river."'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. Speaking of Indians at the junction of Salmon and Klamath Rivers, Mr. Gibbs says: 'they do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Pehtsik," and "Pohlik."'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 151.TheTolewahsare the first tribe on the coast north of Klamath River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139. The Tahlewahs are a 'tribe on the Klamath River.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 179. 'In the vicinity of Crescent City and Smith's River there are the ... Lopas, Talawas, and Lagoons.'Heintzelman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, pp. 391-2. 'In Del Norte County ... the Haynaggis live along Smith River, the Tolowas on the Lagoon, and the Tahatens around Crescent City.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Cops, Hanags, Yantuckets, and Tolawas, are 'Indian tribes living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers.'Crescent City Herald,Aug. 1857. The Tolowas at the meeting point of Trinity, Humboldt, and Klamath counties.MS. Map.TheTerwars, north-west of the Tolowas.MS. Map.TheWeitspeksare the 'principal band on the Klamath, at the junction of the Trinity.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 200.TheOppegachsare a tribe at Red-Cap's Bar, on the Klamath River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 148.TheHoopahslive 'am unteren Rio de la Trinidad, oder Trinity River.'Buschmann,Das Apache als eine Athhapask. Spr., p. 218. 'Indian tribe on the lower part of the Trinity River.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 82. The Hoopas live 'in Hoopa Valley, on the lower Trinity River.'Power's Pomo, MS., p. 85. 'The lower Trinity tribe is, as well as the river itself, known to the Klamaths by the name of Hoopah.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139; see also p. 422. In the northern part of Klamath County.MS. Map.'Upon the Trinity, or Hoopah, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahweiaket, there are said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Agaraits, Uplegoh, Olleppauh'lkahtehtl and Pephtsoh; ... and the Haslintah, Aheltah, Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the Méyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139.TheCopahs, in the extreme north of Klamath county, north of the Hoopahs.MS. Map.The Cops are mentioned as 'living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers,' in theCrescent City Herald,Aug., 1857.TheKailtaslive on the south fork of Trinity River.Powers' Pomo, MS.ThePatawaysoccupy the banks of the Trinity, from the vicinity of Big Bar to South Fork.Powers' Pomo, MS.TheChimalquayslived on New River, a tributary of the Trinity.Powers' Pomo, MS.TheSiahs'occupied the tongue of land jutting down between Eel River, and Van Dusen's Fork.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Sians or Siahs lived on the headwaters of Smith River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139.TheEhneks, Eenahs, or Eenaghs, lived above the Tolewas on Smith River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139. 'Ehnek was the name of a band at the mouth of the Salmon or Quoratem River.'Id., p. 422;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 67.Wishosk'is the name given to the Bay (Humboldt) and Mad River Indians by those of Eel River.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 201.TheWeeyotsare 'a band on the mouth of Eel River and near Humboldt Bay.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 200. The Humboldt Bay Indians call themselves Wishosk; and those of the hills Teokawilk; 'but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel River, Weyot, or Walla-walloo.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.'ThePatawatslive on the lower waters of Mad River, and around Humboldt Bay, as far south as Arcata, perhaps originally as far down as Eureka.'Powers' Pomo, MS.Ossegonis the name given to the Indians of Gold Bluff, between Trinidad and the Klamath.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.'TheLassicsformerly dwelt in Mad River Valley, from the head waters down to Low Gap, or thereabout, where they borrowed on the Wheelcuttas.'Powers' Pomo, MS.Choriwas the name given to the Indians of Trinidad by the Weeyots.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.TheChillulahs'occupied the banks of Redwood Creek, from the coast up about twenty miles.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Oruk, Tchololah, or Bald Hill Indians, lived on Redwood Creek.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139.TheWalliesoccupy the sandy country north of Humboldt Bay.Overland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536.'TheWheelcuttashad their place on the Upper Redwood Creek, from the land of the Chillulahs up to the mountains. They ranged across southward by the foot of the Bald Hills, which appear to have marked the boundary between them and the Chillulahs in that direction; and penetrated to Van Dusen's Fork, anent the Siahs and Lassics, with whom they occasionally came in bloody collision.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheVeeards'live around lower Humboldt Bay, and up Eel River to Eagle Prairie.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheShastaslive to the south-west of the Lutuamis or Klamaths.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans l'intérieur au Nord de la Californie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Shasta Indians, known in their language as Weohow—it meaning stone house, from the large cave in their country—occupy the land east of Shasta river, and south of the Siskiyou mountains, and west of the lower Klamath lake.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120. The Shastas occupy the centre of the county of thatname.MS. Map.'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 168. Watsahewah is the name 'of one of the Scott River bands of the Shasta family.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422. The name is spelled variously as Shasty, Shaste, Sasté, &c.ThePalaikslive to the southeast of the Lutuamis or Klamaths.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 145.On the Klamath are the Odeeilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarucks, Kosetahs, and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 171.'TheHamburg Indians, known in their language as the Tka, inhabit immediately at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as the Ottetiewa river.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120.'TheScott's Valley Indians, known in their language as the Iddoa, inhabit Scott's Valley above the cañon.'Ib.'TheYreka(a misnomer for Yeka—Shasta Butte) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of Klamath river, and west of Shasta river.'Ib.TheYukaor Uka tribe 'inhabited the Shasta Mountains in the vicinity of McCloud's fork of Pitt River.'Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. The Ukas are directly south of the Modocs.MS. Map.'The Yukeh, or as the name is variously spelt, Yuka, Yuques, and Uca, are the original inhabitants of the Nome-Cult, or Round Valley, in Tehama County ... and are not to be confounded with the Yukai Indians of Russian River.'Gibbs, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 123.'TheNoserorNozaIndians ... live in the vicinity of Lassen's Butte.'Siskiyou Chronicle,May, 1859.TheYlakasare to the southeast of the Ukas.MS. Map.TheCentral Californiansoccupy the whole of that portion of California extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally divided as follows:'TheMattoleshave their habitat on the creek which bears their name, and on the still smaller stream dignified with the appellation of Bear River. From the coast they range across to Eel River, and by immemorial Indian usage and prescriptive right, they hold the western bank of this river from about Eagle Prairie, where they border upon the Veeards, up southward to the mouth of South Fork.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheBetumkeslive on the South Fork of Eel River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 634. In the northern part of Mendocino County.MS. Map.TheChoweshakslive on the head of Eel river.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421. Tribes living on the Middle Fork of Eel River, in the valley called by the Indians Betumki were the Naboh Choweshak, Chawteuh Bakowa, and Samunda.Id., p. 116. The Choweshaks lived on the head of Eel River.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 48.'TheLoloncookslive on Bull Creek and the lower South Fork of EelRiver, owning the territory between those streams and the Pacific.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheBatemdakaieeslive in the valley of that name on the head of Eel River.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 17.RUSSIAN RIVER AND COAST TRIBES.ThePomosconsist of 'a great number of tribes or little bands, sometimes one in a valley, sometimes three or four, clustered in the region where the headwaters of Eel and Russian rivers interlace, along the estuaries of the coast and around Clear Lake. Really, the Indians all along Russian river to its mouth are branches of this great family, but below Calpello they no longer call themselves Pomos.... The broadest and most obvious division of this large family is, into Eel river Pomos and Russian river Pomos.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., pp. 498-9.The Castel Pomos 'live between the forks of the river extending as far south as Big Chamise and Blue Rock.'Id., p. 499.The Ki-Pomos 'dwell on the extreme headwaters of South Fork, ranging eastward to Eel River, westward to the ocean and northward to the Castel Pomos.'Ib.,MS. Map.'The Cahto Pomos (Lake people) were so called from a little lake which formerly existed in the valley now called by their name.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., p. 500.The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley.Id., p. 504.The Matomey Ki Pomos (Wooded Valley People) live about Little Lake.Ib.The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek.Ib.The Shebalne Pomos (Neighbor People) live in Sherwood Valley.Ib.The Pome Pomos (Earth People) live in Potter Valley. Besides the Pome Pomos there are two or three other little rancherias in Potter Valley, each with a different name; and the whole body of them are called Ballo Ki Pomos (Oat Valley People).Id.The Camalel Pomos, Yonsal Pomos, and Bayma Pomos live on Ten Mile, and the country just north of it, in Mendocino County.Tobin, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 405.'The Salan Pomas are a tribe of Indians inhabiting a valley called Potter's Valley.'Ford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 257.TheNiahbella Pomoslive in the north-west of Mendocino County.MS. Map.TheUkiahslive on Russian River in the vicinity of Parker's Ranch.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112, 421. 'The Yuka tribe are those mostly within and immediately adjoining the mountains.'Mendocino Herald,March, 1871. The Yukai live on Russian River.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 285. The Ukias are in the south-eastern part of Mendocino County.MS. Map.TheSoteomellosor Sotomieyos 'lived in Russian River valley.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.TheShumeias'lived on the extreme upper waters of Eel River, opposite Potter Valley.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheTahtoos'live in the extreme upper end of Potter Valley.'Ib.TheYeeathslive at Cape Mendocino.Tobin, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 406.TheKushkishIndians live at Shelter Cove.Id., p. 405.TheComachoslive in Russian River Valley, in Rancheria and Anderson Valleys.Powers' Pomo, MS.TheKajatschims,Makomas, andJapiamslive in the Russian River Valley, north of Fort Ross.Baer,Stat. und Ethno., p. 80.TheGallinomerosoccupy Dry Creek Valley and Russian River Valley below Healdsburg.Powers' Pomo, MS.TheMasalla Magoons'live along Russian river south of Cloverdale.'Id.TheRinconslive south of the Masalla Magoons.Id.TheGualalaslive on Gualala or Wallalla Creek.Id.The Nahlohs, Carlotsapos, Chowechaks, Chedochogs, Choiteeu, Misalahs, Bacowas, Samindas, and Cachenahs, Tuwanahs, lived in the country between Fort Ross and San Francisco Bay.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 634.Chwachamaju(Russian Severnovskia) or Northerners, is the name of one of the tribes in the vicinity of Fort Ross.Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. und Ethno., p. 80. 'Severnovskia, Severnozer, or "Northerners." Indians north of Bodega Bay. They call themselves Chwachamaja.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 170.TheOlamentkeslive at Bodega.Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. und Ethnog., p. 80;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 20.TheKainamaresor Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far back as Santa Rosa, down Russian River, about three leagues to Cooper's Ranch, and thence across the coast at Fort Ross, and for twenty-five miles above.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 102. 'The Kanimares had rancherias at Santa Rosa, Petaluma, or Pataloma, and up to Russian river.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. 'The proper name of Russian river in Sonoma valley is Canimairo after the celebrated Indians of those parts.'Id.,June 8, 1860. The Indians of the plains in vicinity of Fort Ross, call themselves Kainama.Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. und Ethno., p. 80. The Kyanamaras 'inhabit the section of country between the cañon of Russian river and its mouth.'Ford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 257.TheTumalehniaslive on Bodega Bay.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 102.TheSocoas,Lamas, andSeacos, live in Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanél.Powers' Pomo, MS.TheSonomas, Sonomis, or Sonomellos, lived at the embarcadero of Sonoma.Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. The Sonomas lived in the south-eastern extremity of what is now the county of Sonoma.MS. Map.TheTchokoyemslived in Sonoma valley.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421. The Chocuyens lived in the region now called Sonoma county, and from their chief the county takes its name.Cronise's Nat. Wealth, p. 22. The word Sonoma means 'Valley of the Moon.'Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 301. The Tchokoyems live in Sonoma Valley.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 184.'TheTimbalakeeslived on the west side of Sonoma valley.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.TheGuillicaslived 'northwest of Sonoma,' on the old Wilson ranch of 1846.Ib.;MS. Map.TheKinklaslive in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 201. The Klinkas are a 'tribu fixée au nord du Rio del Sacramento.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 358. South of the Rogue River Indians 'the population is very scanty until we arrive at the valley of the Sacramento, all the tribes of which are included by the traders under the general name of Kinklá, which is probably, like Tlamatl, a term of Chinook origin.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221.The Talatui live 'on the Kassima River, a tributary to the Sacramento, on the eastern side, about eighty miles from its mouth.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 631.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 180.TheOleepaslive on the Feather River, twenty miles above Marysville.Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 293.'The Nemshous, as stated by General Sutter, roamed (prior to 1846) between the Bear and American rivers; across the Sacramento were the Yolos and Colusas; north of the American Fork were the Bashones. On the banks of the river north of Fort Helvetia, roamed the Veshanacks, the Touserlemnies and Youcoolumnies; between the American (plain and hills) and the Mokalumne roamed the Walacumnies, Cosumnies, Solumnees, Mokelumnees, Suraminis, Yosumnis, Lacomnis, Kis Kies and Omochumnies.'Cal. Farmer,June 8, 1860. The Colusas live in the north-eastern corner of Colusa County. The Yolos, in the northern part of the county of that name. West of them the Olashes. The Bushones in the south of Yolo County. The Nemshoos in the eastern part of Placer County. The Yukutneys north of them. The Vesnacks south-west of the Nemshoos, and north of the Pulpenes. The Youcoulumnes and Cosumnes are in the eastern part of Amador county. The Mokelumnes south of them. The Yachachumnes west of the Mokelumnes.MS. Map.'Yolo is a corruption of the Indian Yoloy, which signified a region thick with rushes, and was the name of the tribe owning the tule lands west of the Sacramento and bordering on Cache Creek.'Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 301. The following are names of rancherias of tame Indians or Neophytes in the Sacramento Valley; Sakisimme, Shonomnes, Tawalemnes, Seywamenes, Mukelemnes, Cosumne. Rancherias of wild Indians or Gentiles, are: Sagayacumne, Socklumnes, Olonutchamne, Newatchumne, Yumagatock, Shalachmushumne, Omatchamne, Yusumne, Yuleyumne, Tamlocklock, Sapototot, Yalesumne, Wapoomne, Kishey, Secumne, Pushune, Oioksecumne, Nemshan, Palanshan, Ustu, Olash, Yukulme, Hock, Sishu, Mimal, Yulu, Bubu, Honcut.Indian Tribes of the Sacramento Valley, MS.Tame Indians or Neophites: Lakisumne, Shonomne, Fawalomnes, Mukeemnes, Cosumne. Wild Indians or Gentiles: Sagayacumne, Locklomnee, Olonutchamne, Yumagatock, Shalachmushumne, Omutchamne, Yusumne, Yaleyumne, Yamlocklock, Lapototot, Yalesumne, Wajuomne, Kisky, Secumne, Pushune, Oioksecumne, Nemshaw, Palanshawl Ustu, Olash, Yukulme, Hock, Lishu, Mimal, Ubu, Bubu, Honcut.Sutter's Estimate of Indian Population, 1847, MS.The Ochecamnes, Servushamnes, Chupumnes, Omutchumnes, Sicumnes, Walagumnes, Cosumnes, Sololumnes, Turealemnes, Saywamines, Nevichumnes, Matchemnes, Sagayayumnes, Muthelemnes, and Lopstatimnes, lived on the eastern bank of the Sacramento. The Bushumnes (or Pujuni), (or Sekomne) Yasumnes, Nemshaw, Kisky, Yaesumnes, Huk, andYucal, lived on the western bank of the Sacramento.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 630, 631.TheYubasorYuvaslived on Yuva River, a tributary to the Sacramento.Fremont's Geog. Memoir, p. 22.TheMeidoosandNeeshenamsare on the Yuba and Feather Rivers. 'As you travel south from Chico the Indians call themselves Meidoo until you reach Bear River; but below that it is Neeshenam, or sometimes mana or maidec, all of which denote men or Indians.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. xii., p. 21.TheCushnaslive near the south fork of the Yuba River.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., 506;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 59. Taylor also mentions the Cushnas south of the Yuba.Cal. Farmer,May 31, 1861.CLEAR LAKE TRIBES.TheGuenocksandLocollomilloslived between Clear Lake and Napa.Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.TheLopillamillosor Lupilomis lived on the borders of Clear lake.Ib.;MS. Map.TheMayacmasandTyugasdwell about Clear Lake.San Francisco Herald,June, 1858. The Mayacmas and Tyugas 'inhabited the vicinity of Clear lake and the mountains of Napa and Mendocino counties.'Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860;MS. Map.TheWi-Lackees'live along the western slope of the Shasta mountains from round Valley to Hay Fork, between those mountains on one side and Eel and Mad Rivers on the other, and extending down the latter stream about to Low Gap.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Wye Lakees, Nome Lackees, Noimucks, Noiyucans and Noisas, lived at Clear Lake.Geiger, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 438.Napobatin, meaning 'many houses,' was the collective name of six tribes living at Clear Lake: their names were Hulanapo, Habenapo or stone house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 109.TheShanelkayasandBedahmareks, or lower people, live on the east fork of Eel River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 109.'TheSanélslive at Clear lake.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112. 'The Sanels occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the American village of Sanel.'Powers' Pomo, MS.TheBochheafs,Ubakheas,Tabahteas, and theMoiyas, live between Clear Lake and the coast.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112.TheSocoas,Lamas, andSeacos, occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanel.Powers' Pomo, MS.TheNapas'inhabited the Salvador Vallejo ranch of Entre-Napa—that is the place between Napa river and Napa creek.'Hittell, inHesperian Mag., vol. iv., p. 56;Cal. Farmer,June 7, 1861. 'The Napa Indians lived near that town and near Yount's ranch.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.'TheCaymustribe occupied the tract now owned by G. C. Yount.'Hittell, inHesperian Mag., vol. iv., p. 55.'TheCalajomanashad their home on the land now known as the Bale ranche.'Ib.TheMayacomasdwelt in the vicinity of the hot springs in the upper end of Napa Valley.Ib.TheUlucaslived on the east of the river Napa, near the present townsite.Id., p. 56.'TheSuscolslived on the ranch of that name, and between Napa and Benicia.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. 'The former domain of the Suscol Indians was afterwards known as Suscol ranch.'Hittel, inHesperian Mag., vol. iv., p. 56;MS. Map.TheTulkayslived 'below the town of Napa.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.TheCanaumanoslived on Bayle's ranch in Napa valley.Ib.TheMutistulslive 'between the heads of Napa and Putos creeks.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 111.TheYachimesesoriginally occupied the ground upon which the city of Stockton now stands.Cal. Farmer,Dec. 7, 1860.TheYachichumnes'formerly inhabited the country between Stockton and Mt. Diablo.'San Francisco Evening Bulletin,Sept. 9, 1864.TheSuisuneslive in Suisun valley.Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. Solano County was named from their chief.Cronise's Nat. Wealth, p. 22;Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 301.TheUllulatas'lived on the north side of Suisun Valley.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.ThePulpeneslived on the eastern side of Suisun Valley.Ib.TheTolenoslived on the north side of Suisun Valley.Ib.TheKarquineslived on the straits of that name.Ib.TheTomales, Tamales, Tamallos, or Tamalanos, and Bollanos, lived between Bodega Bay and the north shore of San Francisco Bay.Id.,March 2, 1860,March 30, 1860.TheSocoisukas,Thamiens, andGerguensensor Gerzuensens 'roamed in the Santa Clara valley, between the Coyote and Guadalupe rivers, and the country west of San Jose city to the mountains.'Id.,June 22, 1860.TheLecatuittribe occupied Marin county, and it is from the name of their chief that the county takes its name.Cronise's Nat. Wealth, p. 22.'ThePetalumasor theYolhioslived near or around that town.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.TheTulares, so called by the Spaniards, lived between the northern shore of the bay of San Francisco and San Rafael.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421.TheWaposinhabited 'the country about the Geysers.'Ford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 257.TheYosemitesinhabited the valley of the same name. The Tosemiteiz are on the headwaters of the Chowchilla.Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.TheAhwahnacheesare the inhabitants of Yosemite Valley.Hittel's Yosemite, p. 42.TRIBES NEAR THE MISSION DOLORES.The following names of rancherías which formerly existed in the vicinity of the Mission Dolores, are taken from the Mission Books: Abmoctac, Amutaja, Altanui, Aleytac, Anchin, Aleta, Aramay, Altajumo, Aluenchi, Acnagis, Assunta, Atarpe, Anamás, Acyum, Anamon, Cachanegtac, Caprup, Cazopo, Carascan, Conop, Chutchin, Chagunte, Chapugtac, Chipisclin, Chynau,Chipletac, Chuchictac, Chiputca, Chanigtac, Churmutcé, Chayen, Chupcan, Elarroyde, Flunmuda, Génau, Guloismistac, Gamchines, Guanlen, Hunctu, Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Itáes, Juniamuc, Josquigard, Juchium, Juris, Joquizará, Luidneg, Luianeglua, Lamsim, Livangelva, Livangebra, Libantone, Macsinum, Mitliné, Malvaitac, Muingpe, Naig, Naique, Napa, Ompivromo, Ousint, Oturbe, Olestura, Otoacte, Petlenum, or Petaluma, Pruristac, Puichon, Puycone, Patnetac, Pructaca, Purutea, Proqueu, Quet, Sitlintaj, Suchni, Subchiam, Siplichiquin, Siscastac, Ssiti, Sitintajea, Ssupichum, Sicca, Soisehme, Saturaumo, Satumuo, Sittintac, Ssichitca, Sagunte, Ssalayme, Sunchaque, Ssipudca, Saraise, Sipanum, Sarontac, Ssogereate, Sadanes, Tuzsint, Tatquinte, Titmictac, Tupuic, Titiyú, Timita, Timsim, Tubisuste, Timigtac, Torose, Tupuinte, Tuca, Tamalo, or Tomales, Talcan, Totola, Urebure, Uturpe, Ussete, Uchium, Véctaca, Vagerpe, Yelamú, Yacmui, Yacomui, Yajumui, Zomiomi, Zucigin ... Aguasajuchium, Apuasto, Aguasto, Carquin, (Karquines), Cuchian, Chaclan, Chiguau, Cotejen, Chuscan, Guylpunes, Huchun, Habasto, Junatca, Jarquin, Sanchines, Oljon, Olpen, Olemos, Olmolococ, Quemelentus, Quirogles, Salzon, Sichican, Saucon, Suchigin, Sadan, Uquitinac, Volvon (or Bolbon). 'The tribes of Indians upon the Bay of San Francisco, and who were, after its establishment, under the supervision of the Mission of Dolores, were five in number; the Ahwashtees, Ohlones (called in Spanish Costanos, or Indians of the Coast), Altahmos, Romanons, and Tuolomos. There were, in addition to these, a few small tribes, but all upon the land extending from the entrance to the head of San Francisco Bay, spoke the same language.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,May 31, 1861. The tribes mentioned by Adam Johnston in Schoolcraft, who lived around the Missions of Dolores and Yerba Buena, were the 'Ahwashtes, Ohlones, Altahmos, Romanans, and Tulomos. The Ohlones were likely the same called by the old priests, Sulones, Solomnies, the Sonomis were another.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 506. 'The following races of Californians were named to us living within the precincts of the Mission of San Francisco; Guymen, Utschim, Olumpali, Soclan, Sonomi, Chulpun, Umpin, Kosmitas, Bulbones, Tchalabones, Pitem, Lamam, Apalamu, Tcholoones, Suysum, Numpali, Tamal, and Ululato.'Chamisso, inKotzebue's Voy., vol. iii., p. 51. 'On compte dans cette seul mission (San Francisco) plus de quinze différentes tribus d'Indiens: les Khoulpouni; les Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les Lamanès; les Bolbonès; les Pitemèns; les Khalalons; les Apatamnès, ils parlent la même langue et habitent le long des bords du Rio Sacramento; les Guimen; les Outchioung; les Olompalis; les Tamals; les Sonons ils parlent la même langue; ces tribus sont les plus nombreuses dans la mission de San Francisco; les Saklans; les Ouloulatines; les Noumpolis; les Souissouns; ils parlent des langues différentes.'Choris,Voy. Pitt., pt. iii., pp. 5, 6. 'California Indians on the Bay of San Francisco, and formerly under the supervisions of the Mission Dolores. There were five tribes: Ashwashtes, Olhones (called by the Spaniards Costanos, or Indians of the coast), Altahmos, Romonans, and Tulomos. A few other small tribes round the bay speak the same language.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 53. 'Um die Bai von San Francisco die Matalánes, Salses und Quiróles, deren Sprachen, eine gemeinsame Quelle haben.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. The Olchones 'inhabitthe seacoast between San Francisco and Monterey.'Beechey's Voy., vol. ii., p. 78. The Salsonas, 'viven unas seis leguas distantes rumbo al Sueste (of San Francisco Bay) por las cercanias del brazo de mar.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 214.TheKorekinsformerly lived at the mouth of the San Joaquin.Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 141.'The rancherias of Indians near this Mission, all within eight or ten miles of Santa Cruz, ... were: Aulintac, the rancheria proper to the Mission; Chalumü, one mile north-west of the Mission; Hottrochtac, two miles north-west; ... Wallanmai; Sio Cotchmin; Shoremee; Onbi; Choromi; Turami; Payanmin; Shiuguermi; Hauzaurni. The Mission also had neophytes of the rancherias of Tomoy, Osacalis (Souquel), Yeunaba, Achilla, Yeunata, Tejey, Nohioalli, Utalliam, Locobo, Yeunator, Chanech, Huocom, Chicutae, Aestaca, Sachuen, Hualquilme, Sagin, Ochoyos, Huachi, Apil, Mallin, Luchasmi, Coot, and Agtism, as detailed in a letter from Friar Ramon Olbez to Governor de Sola, in November, 1819, in reply to a circular from him, as to the native names, etc., of the Indians of Santa Cruz, and their rancherias.'Cal. Farmer,April 5, 1860.TheMutsunesare the natives of the Mission of San Juan Baptista.Cal. Farmer,Nov. 23, andJune 22, 1860;Hist. Mag., vol. i., p. 205.TheAnsaymaslived in the vicinity of San Juan Bautista.Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. 'Four leagues (twelve miles) southeast of the Mission (Monterey), inside the hills eastward, was the rancheria of Echilat, called San Francisquita. Eslanagan was one on the east side of the river and Ecgeagan was another; another was Ichenta or San Jose; another Xaseum in the Sierra, ten leagues from Carmelo; that of Pachhepes was in the vicinity of Xaseum, among the Escellens. That of the Sargentarukas was seven leagues south and east of the river in a Canaditta de Palo Colorado.'Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860.TheRunsieneslive near Monterey.Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860. The Rumsen or Runsienes are 'Indians in the neighbourhood of Monterey, California. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 163. 'Um den Hafen von Monterey leben die Rumsen oder Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und Achastliés.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux nations des Rumsen et Escelen.... Elles forment la population du preside et du village de Monterey. Dans la baie de S. Francisco, on distingue les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes.'Humboldt,Pol., p. 321. 'Eslen y Runsien que ocupan toda la California septentrional.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 167. 'Um Monterey wohnen zwey Völker ... die Rumsen, und im Osten von diesen die Escelen.'Vater,Mithridates, p. 202. 'The Eslenes clan roamed over the present ranchos San Francisquito, Tallarcittos, and up and down the Carmelo Valley.' 'The rancheriaper seof the Escellens was named by the priests, Santa Clara; Soccorondo was across the river a few miles. Their other little clans or septs were called Coyyo, Yampas, Fyules, Nennequi, Jappayon, Gilimis, and Yanostas.'Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860. The Eskelens are 'California Indians, east of Monterey. The Ekklemaches are said to be a tribe of the Eskelen,and to speak the richest idiom of all the California Indians.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 68. The country of the Ecclemachs extends more than twenty leagues east of Monterey.Cal. Farmer,Oct. 17, 1862.TheKatlendarucasseem 'to have been situated near the Esteros or Lagoons about the mouth of the Salinas river, or in the words of the old priest, "en los Esteros de la entrada al mar del Rio de Monterey, o reversa de esta grande Ensenada." Their rancherias were Capanay, Lucayasta, Paysim, Tiubta, Culul, Mustac, Pytogius, Animpayamo, Ymunacam, and all on the Pajaro river, or between it and the Salinas.'Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860;MS. Map.TheSakhoneshad rancherias near Monterey 'on the ranchos now known as Loucitta, Tarro, National Buena Esperanza, Buena Vista, and lands of that vicinity.'Ib.;MS. Map.'TheWallalshimmezlive on Tuolumne River.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.'ThePotoanciesclaim the Merced river as their homes.'Ib.The Potaaches occupy the same region on theMS. Map.'TheNootchoos... live on the headwaters of Chowchilla.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399. The Nootchoos live on the south fork of the Merced.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325.'ThePohoneecheslive on the headwaters of Fresno.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399. The Pohoneeches live on the north bank of the Fresno.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325.ThePitcatches, theTallenches, and theCoswas, live on the San Joaquin.Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.KING'S RIVER AND TULARE LAKE TRIBES.'TheWattokes, a nation of Indians, consisting of the Wattokes, Ituchas, Chokemnies, and Wechummies, live high up on King's river.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.TheWatches, theNotonotoos, and theWemelches, live in the neighborhood of King's River Farm.Ib.'TheTalchesand Woowells live on Tulare Lake.'Ib.TheChowchillas,Choocchancies, andHowachez, are mentioned as living at Fresno River Farm.Id., p. 399. The Chowchillas inhabit 'from the Kern River of the Tulare deltas to the Feather river.'Taylor, inBancroft's Hand Book Almanac, 1864, p. 32.TheWallaslive in Tuolumne county.Patrick, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 240. There has been much discussion about the word Wallie, or Walla. Powers asserts that it is derived from the word 'wallim,' which means 'down below', and was applied by the Yosemite Indians to all tribes living below them. The Wallies live on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325.The Mewahs live in Tuolumne county.Jewett, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 244.TheMeewocnation 'extended from the snow-line of the Sierra to the San Joaquin River, and from the Cosumnes to the Fresno.... North of the Stanislaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the Merced, Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced river is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus andMokelumne, Wakalumytoh.... As to tribal distribution, the Meewocs north of the Stanislaus, like the Neeshenams, designate principally by the points of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and ólowit (north, south, east, and west), from which are formed various tribal names—as Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits, Choomedocs, or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas, etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains, as far west as Stockton. But there are several names which are employed absolutely, and without any reference to direction. On the south bank of the Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne the extensive tribe of Wallies; in Yosemite, the Awánees, on the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle Merced, the Choomtéyas, on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the middle Chowchilla the tribe that named the stream; and on the north bank of the Fresno the Pohoneechees.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., pp. 322-5;MS. Map.TheCoitchtribe live one hundred and fifty miles east of the Vegas of Santa Clara.Los Angeles Star,May 18, 1861.TheNotonatoslived on King's river.Maltby's MS. Letter.TheKahweahslived on Four Creeks.Ib.TheYolanchaslived on Tule river.Ib.ThePokoninoslived on Deer creek.Ib.ThePoloyamaslived on Pasey creek.Ib.ThePolokawynahslived on Kern river.Ib.TheYmithcesandCowiahslive on Four Creeks.Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 303.TheWaches,Notoowthas,Ptolmes, andChunemneslive on King river.Ib.TheCostrowers,Pitiaches,Talluches,LoomnearsandAmonceslive on the San Joaquin.Id., p. 304.TheChowclas,Chookchaneys,Phonechas,Nookchues, andHowetsers, live on the Fresno river.Ib.TheCoconoonslive on the Merced river.Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 413.TheMonosliving west of the Sierra Nevada, live on Fine Gold Gulch and the San Joaquin river.Ib.East of the Sierra Nevada they occupy the country south of Mono Lake.MS. Map.'The Monos, Cosos, and some other tribes, occupy the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.'Cal. Farmer,May 8, 1863. 'The Olanches, Monos, Siqiurionals, Wasakshes, Cowhuillas, Chokiamauves, Tenisichs, Yocolles, Paloushiss, Wikachumnis, Openoches, Taches, Nutonetoos and Choemimnees, roamed from the Tuolumne to Kings river and the Tejon, on the east of the San Joaquin, the Tulare lakes and in the Sierra Nevada, as stated by Lieut. Beale, in 1856.'Cal. Farmer,June 8, 1860.TheTulareñoslive in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, Porsiuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander thence towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neighborhood of the Cahuillas. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican times and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags).Hayes' MS.'Tulareños,Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la Californie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335.'TheYocutdominion includes the Kern and Tulare basins and the middle of San Joaquin, stretching from Fresno to Kern River Falls.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. xi., p. 105.Cumbatwas on Pitt river.Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.Shastas, in Shasta and Scott valleys.Ib.SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS.TheSouthern Californians, whose territory lies south of the thirty-fifth parallel, are, as far as is known, tribally distributed as follows:TheCahuillos'inhabit principally a tract of country about eighty miles east from San Bernardino, and known as the Cabeson Valley, and their villages are on or near the road leading to La Paz on the Colorado River.... Another branch of this tribe numbering about four hundred occupy a tract of country lying in the mountains about forty miles southeast from San Bernardino, known as the Coahuila Valley.'Stanley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, pp. 194-5. 'The Coahuillas are scattered through the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains and eastward in the Cabesan Valley.'Whiting, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 691. The Coahuilas live in the San Jacinto Mountains.Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 17. The Cohuillas reside in the northern half of the country, commencing on the coast, and extending to within fifty miles of the Colorado river, following the eastern base of the mountains.San Francisco Herald,June, 1853. The Cahuillos or Cawios reside 'near the Pacific, between the sources of the San Gabriel and Santa Anna.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of the San Luiseños, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening valleys to the east and southeast of Mount San Bernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that borders the river Colorado, the nation of Mohavas lying between them and these rivers. I am unable just now to give the number and names of all their villages. San Gorgonio, San Jacinto, Coyote, are among those best known, though others even nearer the desert, are more populous.'Hayes' MS.The Cohuillas occupy the southwestern part of San Bernardino County, and the northwestern part of San Diego county.MS. Map.'The Carvilla Indians occupy the Country from San Gorgonio Pass to the Arroyo Blanco.'Cram's Topog. Memoir, p. 119. 'TheCowillersandTelemnieslive on Four Creeks.'Id., p. 400. 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah tribes appear to have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the Tulare lakes of the south.'Cal. Farmer,May 25, 1860.TheDiegeños'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hundred miles into the interior.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. The Dieguinos are in the southern part of San Diego County, and extend from the coast to the desert.Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 240. The Dieguinas reside in the southern part of the country watered by the Colorado, and claim the land from a point on the Pacific to the eastern part of the mountains impinging on the desert.San Francisco Herald,June, 1853. The Comeyas or Diegenos 'occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and extendabout a hundred miles into the interior.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 7. 'The Indians round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, and their language almost unknown. Bartlett says that they are also called Comeya; but Whipple asserts that the Comeya, a tribe of the Yumas, speak a different language.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 62. On page 220 Ludewig says that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there is no such name as Deguinos. 'The villages of the Dieguinos, wherever they live separately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas. Indeed, under this appellation they extend a hundred miles into Lower California, in about an equal state of civilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecaté valley over the entire desert on the west side of New River.... Their villages known to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls), San Diego Mission, San Pasqual, Camajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca, Valle de las Viejas.'Hayes' MS.TheMissouris'are scattered over San Bernardino, San Diego and other counties in the southern part of the State.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 17.TheKechiinhabit the country about Mission San Luis Rey.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 92.TheChumas, orKachumaslive three miles from the Mission of Santa Inez.Cal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861.Los Cayoteswas the name given by the Spaniards to the tribe which originally inhabited San Diego county.Hoffman, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 147.TheNew River Indians'live along New River, sixty miles west from Fort Yuma, and near San Diego.'Jones, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 216.TheSierras, or Caruanas, theLagunas, or Tataguas, and theSurillosor Cartakas are mentioned as living on the Tejon reservation.Wentworth, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, pp. 324-6.TheSerranoslived in the vicinity of San Bernardino.Reid, inLos Angeles Star, Letter I., inHayes Col.Mr Taylor claims to have discovered the exact positions of many of the places mentioned. His statement, for the accuracy of which I by no means vouch, is as follows: 'Xucu, or Shucu, on the Ortega farm, near Rincon Point; Missisissepono on Rafel Gonzale's rancho on Saticoy river, near sea, sometimes called Pono; Coloc, near Carpentaria beach. Mugu, below Saticoy some thirty miles, near the sea; Anacbuc or Anacarck, near the islet of La Patera, near the sea shore. Partocac or Paltocac, the Indian cemetery on the Mesa of La Patera, near sea; Aguin at the beach of Los Llagos Canada; Casalic, at the Refugio Playa and Canada; Tucumu or playa of Arroyo Honda. Xocotoc, Cojo, or Cojotoc, near Pt. Concepcion; Pt. Concepcion, Cancac or Caacac, or Cacat.'Cal. Farmer,Aug. 21, 1863.SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.The following names of rancherías were taken from the archives of the various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, Silimastus, Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Huasna, Estait, Esmischue, Ausion, Esnispele, Silisne, Sacspili, Estait, Huenejel, Husistaic, Silimi, Suntaho, Alacupusyuen, Espiiluima, Tutachro, Sisolop, Naila, Tutachro, Paxpili, or Axpitil, Silino, Lisahuato, Guaslaique, Pacsiol, Sihimi, Huenepel Ninyuelgual, Lompoc,Nahuey, or Nahajuey, Sipuca, Stipu, Ialamma, Huasna, Sacsiol, Kachisupal, Salachi, Nocto, Fax, Salachi, Sitolo, or Sautatho, Omaxtux. Near Santa Inez, were: Sotomoenu, Katahuac, Asiuhuil, Situchi, Kulahuasa, Sisuchi, Kuyam, or Cuyama, Ionata, Tekep, Kusil, Sanchu, Sikitipuc, Temesathi, Lujanisuissilac, Tapanissilac, Ialamne, Chumuchn, Suiesia, Chumuchu, Tahijuas, Tinachi, Lompoe, Ionata, Aguama, Sotonoemu, Guaislac, Tequepas, Matiliha, Stucu, Aketsum, or Kachuma, Ahuamhoue, Geguep, Achillimo, Alizway, Souscoc, Talaxano, Nutonto, Cholicus. Near Santa Barbara were Guainnonost, Sisabanonase, Huelemen, Inoje, Luijta, Cajpilili, Missopeno (Sopono), Inajalayehua, Huixapa, Calahuassa, Snihuax, Huililoc, Yxaulo, Anijue, Sisuch, Cojats, Numguelgar, Lugups, Gleuaxcuyu, Chiuchin, Ipec, Sinicon, Xalanaj, Xalou, Sisahiahut, Cholosoc, Ituc, Guima, Huixapapa, Eleunaxciay, Taxlipu, Elmian, Anajue, Huililic, Inajalaihu, Estuc, Eluaxcu. Sihuicom, Liam. Some of these were from rancherias of the valleys east of the range on the coast. Some of these Taylor locates as follows: 'Janaya, above the Mission, Salpilil on the Patera; Aljiman, near the windmill of La Patera; Geliec, near islet of La Patera; Tequepes, in Santa Ynez Valley; Cascili, in the Refugio playa; Miguihui, on the Dos Pueblos; Sisichii, in Dos Pueblos; Maschal, on Santa Cruz Island; Gelo, the islet of La Patera; Cuyamu on Dos Pueblos also Cinihuaj on same rancho; Coloc, at the Rincon; Alcax in La Goleta; Allvatalama, near the La Goleta Estero; Sayokenek, on the Arroyo Burro; Partocac Cemetery, near Sea Bluffs of La Goleta; Humaliju, of San Fernando Mission; Calla Wassa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez Mission; Sajcay in Los Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lucuyumu, in the same Island, dated November, 1816; Nanahuani and Chalosas were also on same Island; Eljman was on San Marcos, Xexulpituc and Taxlipu, were camps of the Tulares.'Cal. Farmer,Aug. 21, 1863.Near San Buenaventura Mission were: 'Miscanaka, name of the Mission site. Ojai or Aujay, about ten miles up San Buenavent river. Mugu, on the coast near sea on Guadalasca rancho, not far from the point so called. Matillija up the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which mission also had Matilija Indians. The Matillija Sierra separates the valleys of S. Buenaventa and S. Inez. Sespe was on the San Cayetano rancho of Saticoy river, twenty miles from the sea. Mupu and Piiru were on the arroyos of those names which came into the Saticoy near Sespe. Kamulas was higher up above Piiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish name as spelt on some maps) on rancho of that name. Somes or Somo near hills of that name. Malico, range of hills south of Somo. Chichilop, Lisichi, Liam, Sisa, Sisjulcioy, Malahue, Chumpache, Lacayamu, Ypuc, Lojos Aogni, Luupsch, Miguigui, and Chihucchihui were names of other rancherias.... Ishgua or Ishguaget, was a rancheria near the mouth of the Saticoy river and not far from the beach.... Hueneme was a rancheria on the ocean coast a few miles south of Saticoy river. Tapo and Simi were rancherias on the present Noriega rancho of Simi. Saticoy is the name of the existing rancheria ... on the lower part of the Santa Paula or Saticoy rancho, about eight miles from the sea, near some fine springs of water, not far from the river, and near the high road going up the valleys.'Cal. Farmer,July 24, 1863. 'The site of San Fernando was a rancheria called Pasheckno. Other clans were Okowvinjha, Kowanga and SawayYanga. The Ahapchingas were a clan or rancheria between Los Angeles and San Juan Capistrano, and enemies of the Gabrielenos or those of San Gabriel.... The following are the names of the rancherias, or clans, living in the vicinity of San Luis Rey Mission: Enekelkawa was the name of one near the mission-site, Mokaskel, Cenyowpreskel, Itukemuk, Hatawa, Hamechuwa, Itaywiy, Milkwanen, Ehutewa, Mootaeyuhew, and Hepowwoo, were the names of others. At the Aquas Calientes was a very populous rancheria, called Hakoopin.'Id.,May 11, 1860.In Los Angeles county, the following are the principal lodges or rancherias, with their corresponding present local names: Yangna, Los Angeles; Sibag-na, San Gabriel; Isanthcagna, Mision Vieja; Sisitcanogna, Pear Orchard; Sonagna, Mr White's farm; Acuragua, The Presa; Asucsagna, Azuza; Cucomogna, Cucamonga Farm; Pasinogna, Rancho del Chino; Awigna, La Puente; Chokishgna, The Saboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Farm; Pineugna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Rancho de los Ybarras; Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa Anita; Maugna, Rancho de los Felis; Hahamogna, Rancho de los Verdugas; Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fernando; Houtgna, Ranchito de Lugo, Suangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alamitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Chowig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Harasgna.Reid, inLos Angeles Star, Letter I., inHayes Collection.TheSan Luisieñosinhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the coast east, including the mountains.Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 240. 'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of country adjacent to the Cahuillas, between 40 and 70 miles in the mountainous interior from San Diego; they are known as Las Flores, Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey Mission, Wahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two villages), La Joya, Potrero, and Bruno's and Pedro's villages within five or six miles of Aqua Caliente; they are all in San Diego County.'Hayes' MS.TheNochesare settled along the rivers which flow between the Colorado and the Pacific Ocean.Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 45. Garces mentions the western Noches inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., vol. i., p. 299.TheTejonIndians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare valley.Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., p. 83.ThePlayanoswere Indians who came to settle in the valley of San Juan Capistrano.Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 249.TheShoshones, whose territory spreads over south-eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and the whole of Utah and Nevada, extending into Arizona and New Mexico, and the eastern border of California, I divide into two great nations, the Snakes or Shoshones, proper, and the Utahs, with their subdivisions. Wilson divides the Shoshones into the Shoshones and Bannacks, and the Utahs; the latter he subdivides into seven bands, which will be seen under Utahs. He adds: 'Among the Shoshonies there are only two bands properly speaking. The principal or better portion are called Shoshonies, or Snakes ... the others the Shoshocoes.... Their claim of boundary is to the east, from the red Buttes on the North fork of the Platte, to its head in the Park, Decayaque, or Buffalo Bull-pen, in the Rocky Mountains; to thesouth across the mountains, over to the Yanpapa, till it enters Green, or Colorado river, and then across to the backbone or ridge of mountains called the Bear river mountains running nearly due west towards the Salt Lake, so as to take in most of the Salt Lake, and thence on to the sinks of Marry's or Humboldt's river; thence north to the fisheries, on the Snake river, in Oregon; and thence south (their northern boundary), to the Red Buttes, including the source of Green River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 697. 'Under various names ... the great race of Shoshones, is found scattered over the boundless wilderness, from Texas to the Columbia. Their territory is bounded on the north and west by ... the Blackfeet and Crows.'Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 537-8.THE SNAKES.TheSnakes, or Shoshones proper, although they form a part only of the great Shoshone family, are usually termed 'the Shoshones' by the authorities. They are divided by Dr Hurt into 'Snakes, Bannacks, Tosiwitches, Gosha Utes, and Cumumpahs, though he afterwards classes the last two divisions as hybrid races between the Shoshones and the Utahs.... The Shoshones claim the northeastern portion of the territory for about four hundred miles west, and from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five miles south from the Oregon line.'Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 46. 'The great Snake nation may be divided into three divisions, namely, the Shirrydikas, or dog-eaters; the Wararereekas, or fish-eaters; and the Banattees, or robbers. But, as a nation, they all go by the general appellation of Shoshones, or Snakes.... The Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes 'is bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the Spanish waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Umpqua River, in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of the Pacific); and on the north by another line, running due east from the said spur of the Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south branch, or Lewis River, at the Dalles, till it strikes the Rocky Mountains 200 miles north of the three pilot knobs, or the place thereafter named the 'Valley of Troubles.''Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 249, 251. 'They embrace all the territory of the Great South Pass, between the Mississippi valley and the waters of the Columbia.... Under the name of Yampatickara or Root-eaters and Bonacks they occupy with the Utahs the vast elevated basin of the Great Salt Lake, extending south and west to the borders of New Mexico and California.'Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 533-7, 540. 'The hunters report, that the proper country of the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of the Snake or Lewis river; but they are found in many detached places. The largest band is located near Fort Boise, on the Snake river to the north of the Bonacks.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 501. The Shoshones 'occupy the centre and principal part of the great Basin.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. 'Inhabit that part of the Rocky Mountains which lies on the Grand and Green River branches of the Colorado of the West, the valley of Great Bear River, the habitable shores of the Great Salt Lake, a considerable portion of country on Snake River above and below Fort Hall,and a tract extending two or three hundred miles to the west of that post.'Farnham's Trav., p. 61. The Shoshones inhabit about one third of the territory of Utah, living north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Humboldt or Mary River, some 400 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the Oregon line. The Yuta claim the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Nevada, New Mexico and the Oregon frontier.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 575. 'Les Soshonies, c'est-à-dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les Serpents, ... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon, dans le voisinage de la haute Californie.'De Smet,Voy., p. 24. 'Their country lies south-west of the south-east branch of the Columbia, and is said to be the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 83. 'On the south part of the Oregon Territory, adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake Indians.'Ib., p. 308. 'Serpents ou Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtas toutes les branches du Rio Colombia ou Sud-Est et les environs du lac Salé an Timpanogos.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snake River, and east of the Salt Lake. There is, however one detached band, known as the Wihinasht, or Western Snakes, near Fort Boirie, separated from the main body by the tribe of Bonnaks.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 219. 'The Shoshones are a small tribe of the nation called Snake Indians, a vague denomination, which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern part of the Rocky mountains, and of the plains on each side.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 305. The Snakes or Shothoucs 'formerly occupied the whole of that vast territory lying between the Rocky and the Blue Mountains, and extending northward to the lower fork of the Columbia, and to the south as far as the basin of the Great Salt Lake.'Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 275. 'They occupy southern and western Nevada.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 18. 'They inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each side.'Bulfinch's Ogn., p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern branches of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatullum to the E. side of the Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to 47° N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri.'Morse's Rept., p. 369. 'The Shoshones dwell between the Rocky and blue mountain ranges.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 151. 'The aboriginees of the Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation, divided into many subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name, and occupying a tract of country varying from 20 to 50 miles square. Their country is bordered on the west by the Pi-Utes, the Edwards Creek mountains some 20 miles west of Reese River, being the dividing line. On the east it extends to Ruby Valley, where it joins on the territory of the Goshoots, the Bannocks being their neighbors on the northeast.'Cal. Farmer,June 26, 1863. 'The Snake tribe, inhabit the country bordering on Lewis and Bear Rivers, and their various tributaries.'Palmer's Jour., p. 43. 'The Snake Indians, who embrace many tribes, inhabit a wide extent of country at the head of Snake River above and below Fort Hall, and the vicinity of Great Bear River and Great Salt Lake. They are a migratory race, and generally occupy the south-easternportion of Oregon.'Dunn's Ogn., p. 325. The Shoshones inhabit the great plains to the southward of the Lewis River.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 143. The Shoshones occupy 'almost the whole eastern half of the State (Nevada). The line separating them from the Pai-Utes on the east and south is not very clearly defined.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 114. 'The western bands of Shoshones ... range from the Idaho boundary north, southward to the thirty-eighth parallel; their western limit is the line passing through the Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Steptoe and Great Salt Lake Valleys.'Ind. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 95. The Snakes inhabit 'the plains of the Columbia between the 43d and 44th degrees of latitude.'Franchère's Nar., p. 150. The Washakeeks or Green River Snakes inhabit the country drained by Green River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain sheep-eaters, 'occupy the Salmon river country and the upper part of Snake River Valley, and Coiners' Prairie, near the Boise mines.' These two bands are the genuine Snakes; other inferior bands are the Hokandikahs or Salt Lake Diggers who 'inhabit the region about the great lake.' The Aggitikkahs or Salmon-eaters who 'occupy the region round about Salmon falls, on Snake river.'Stuart's Montana, p. 80.
To theNorthern Californians, whose territory extends from Rogue River on the north to Eel River south, and from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary east, including the Klamath, and other lakes, are assigned, according to the authorities, the following tribal boundaries: There are 'the Hoopahs, and the Ukiahs of Mendocino;' 'the Umpquas, Kowooses or Cooses, Macanootoony's of the Umpqua river section, Nomee Cults, and Nomee Lacks of Tehama County; the Copahs, Hanags, Yatuckets, Terwars and Tolowas, of the lower Klamath river; the Wylaks and Noobimucks of Trinity county mountains west from Sacramento plains; the Modocs of Klamath Lake, the Ylackas of Pitt River, the Ukas and Shastas of Shasta county.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,June 8, 1860.
'TheTototinsare divided into twelve bands; eight of them are located on the coast, one on the forks of the Coquille, and three on Rogue river.' 'The Tototins, from whom is derived the generic name of the whole people speaking the language, reside on the north bank of the Tototin river, about four miles from its mouth. Their country extends from the eastern boundary of the Yahshutes, a short distance below their village, up the stream about six miles, where the fishing-grounds of the Mackanotins commence.' 'The country of the Euquachees commences at the "Three Sisters," and extends along the coast to a point about three miles to the south of their village, which is on a stream which bears their name. The mining town of Elizabeth is about the southern boundary of the Euquachees, and is called thirty miles from Port Orford. Next southward of the Euquachees are the Yahshutes, whose villages occupy both banks of the Tototin or Rogue river, at its mouth. These people claim but about two and a half miles back from the coast, where the Tototin country commences. The Yahshutes claim the coast to some remarkable headlands, about six miles south of Rogue river. South of these headlands are the Chetlessentuns. Their village is north of, but near, the mouth of a stream bearing their name, but better known to the whites as Pistol river. The Chetlessentuns claim but about eight miles of the coast; but as the country east of them is uninhabited, like others similarly situated, their lands are supposed to extend to the summit of the mountains. Next to the Chetlessentuns on the south are the Wishtenatins, whose village is at the mouth of a small creek bearing their name.They claim the country to a small trading-post known as the Whale's Head, about twenty-seven miles south of the mouth of Rogue River. Next in order are the Cheattee or Chitco band, whose villages were situated on each side of the mouth, and about six miles up a small river bearing their name.... The lands of these people extend from Whale's Head to the California line, and back from the coast indefinitely.... The Mackanotin village is about seven miles above that of the Tototins, and is on the same side of the river. They claim about twelve miles of stream. The Shistakoostees succeed them (the Mackanotins). Their village is on the north bank of Rogue river, nearly opposite the confluence of the Illinois. These are the most easterly band within my district in the South.'Parrish, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 283-9. 'Dr. Hubbard, in his notes (1856) on the Indians of Rogue River and South Oregon, on the ocean, before alluded to, gives the following list of names of Rancherias and clans of the Lototen or Tutatamys tribe. Masonah Band, location, Coquille river; Chockrelatan Band, location, Coquille forks; Quatomah Band, location, Flore's creek; Laguaacha Band, location, Elk river; Cosulhenten Band, location, Port Orford; Yuquache Band, location, Yugua creek; Chetlessenten Band, location, Pistol river; Yah Shutes Band, location, Rogue river; Wishtanatan Band, location, Whale's head; Cheahtoc Band, location, Chetko; Tototen Band, location, six miles above the mouth of Rogue river; Sisticoosta Band, location, above Big Bend, of Rogue river; Maquelnoteer Band, location, fourteen miles above the mouth of Rogue river.'Cal. Farmer,June 18, 1860. The Tutotens were a large tribe, numbering thirteen clans, inhabiting the southern coast of Oregon.Golden Era,March, 1856. 'Toutounis ou Coquins, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'On the lower part of the Clamet River are the Totutune, known by the unfavorable soubriquet of the Rogue, or Rascal Indians.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221. The bands of the Tootooton tribe 'are scattered over a great extent of country—along the coast and on the streams from the California line to twenty miles north of the Coquille, and from the ocean to the summit of the coast range of mountains.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 259. Taylor places the Tutunahs in the northwest corner of Del Norte County.MS. Map.
TheHunaslive in California a little south of Rogue River, on the way north from Crescent City.Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 314.
Modoc, by someMoädoc, is a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies. 'Their proper habitat is on the southern shore of Lower Klamath Lake, on Hot Creek, around Clear Lake, and along Lost River in Oregon.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 535. They own the Klamath River from the lake 'to where it breaks through the Siskiyou range to the westward.'Id., vol. xi., p. 21. In the northern part of Siskiyou County.MS. Map.'The Modocs of the Klamath Lake were also called Moahtockna.'Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. East of the Klamaths, whose eastern boundary is twenty-five or thirty miles east of the Cascade Range, along the southern boundary of Oregon, 'and extending some distance into California, is a tribe known as the Modocks. East of these again, but extending farther south, are the Moetwas.' 'The country round Ancoose and Modoc lakes, is claimed and occupied bythe Modoc Indians.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 262-3. 'The Modocs (or Moadoc, as the word is pronounced) known in their language as the Okkowish, inhabit the Goose lake country, and are mostly within the State of California.... The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in early days from hearing the Shastas speak of them.' SeeSteele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 121.
TheOukskenahs, in the north-western part of Siskiyou County.MS. Map.
THE TRINITY RIVER TRIBES.
TheKlamathsorLutuami—'Lutuami, or Tlamatl, or Clamet Indians. The first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them to the whites. They live on the head waters of the river and about the lake, which have both received from foreigners the name of Clamet.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. That portion of the eastern base of the Cascade Range, south of the forty-fourth parallel, 'extending twenty-five or thirty miles east, and south to the California line, is the country of the Klamath Indians.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 262. The Tlameths 'inhabit the country along the eastern base of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and south to the Great Klameth Lake.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283. The Clamets inhabit 'Roquas River, near the south boundary' (of Oregon).Warre and Vavasour, inMartin's Hudson's Bay, p. 81. 'Lutuami, Clamets; also Tlamatl—Indians of southwestern Oregon, near the Clamet Lake.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la rivière de ce nom et dans l'intérieur des terres.'De Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. Clamet: on the upper part of the river, and sixty miles below the lake so named.Framboise, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. xi., p. 255. 'Next east of the Shastas are the Klamath Lake Indians, known in their language as the Okshee, who inhabit the country about the Klamath lakes, and east about half way to the Goose Lake, to Wright Lake, and south to a line running about due east from Shasta Butte.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, pp. 120-1. 'The name of Klamath or Tlamath, belonging to the tribes on the lake where the river rises, is not known among those farther down.... Thus, at the forks, the Weitspeks call the river below Pohlik, signifying down; and that above Pehtsik, or up; giving, moreover, the same name to the population in speaking of them collectively. Three distinct tribes, speaking different languages, occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shasté, of which the lowest extends up to Bluff Creek, a few miles above the forks. Of these there are, according to our information, in all, thirty-two villages.... The names of the principal villages ... are the Weitspek (at the forks), Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Méhteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, Kauweh, Wauhtecq, Scheperrh, Oiyotl, Naiagutl, Schaitl, Hopaiuh, Rekqua, and Weht'lqua, the two last at the mouth of the river.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 138.
TheEurocsinhabit 'the lower Klamath from Weitspeck down, and along the coast for about twenty miles.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 530. The Eurocs 'inhabit the banks of the Klamath from the junction ofthe Trinity to the mouth, and the sea coast from Gold Bluff up to a point about six miles above the mouth of the Klamath.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheCahrocslive between the Eurocs and the foot of the Klamath Mountains, also a short distance up Salmon River. 'On the Klamath River there live three distinct tribes, called the Eurocs, Cahrocs, and Modocs; which names mean respectively, "down the river," "up the river," and "head of the river."'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. Speaking of Indians at the junction of Salmon and Klamath Rivers, Mr. Gibbs says: 'they do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Pehtsik," and "Pohlik."'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 151.
TheTolewahsare the first tribe on the coast north of Klamath River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139. The Tahlewahs are a 'tribe on the Klamath River.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 179. 'In the vicinity of Crescent City and Smith's River there are the ... Lopas, Talawas, and Lagoons.'Heintzelman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, pp. 391-2. 'In Del Norte County ... the Haynaggis live along Smith River, the Tolowas on the Lagoon, and the Tahatens around Crescent City.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Cops, Hanags, Yantuckets, and Tolawas, are 'Indian tribes living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers.'Crescent City Herald,Aug. 1857. The Tolowas at the meeting point of Trinity, Humboldt, and Klamath counties.MS. Map.
TheTerwars, north-west of the Tolowas.MS. Map.
TheWeitspeksare the 'principal band on the Klamath, at the junction of the Trinity.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 200.
TheOppegachsare a tribe at Red-Cap's Bar, on the Klamath River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 148.
TheHoopahslive 'am unteren Rio de la Trinidad, oder Trinity River.'Buschmann,Das Apache als eine Athhapask. Spr., p. 218. 'Indian tribe on the lower part of the Trinity River.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 82. The Hoopas live 'in Hoopa Valley, on the lower Trinity River.'Power's Pomo, MS., p. 85. 'The lower Trinity tribe is, as well as the river itself, known to the Klamaths by the name of Hoopah.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139; see also p. 422. In the northern part of Klamath County.MS. Map.
'Upon the Trinity, or Hoopah, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahweiaket, there are said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Agaraits, Uplegoh, Olleppauh'lkahtehtl and Pephtsoh; ... and the Haslintah, Aheltah, Sokéakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the Méyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139.
TheCopahs, in the extreme north of Klamath county, north of the Hoopahs.MS. Map.The Cops are mentioned as 'living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers,' in theCrescent City Herald,Aug., 1857.
TheKailtaslive on the south fork of Trinity River.Powers' Pomo, MS.
ThePatawaysoccupy the banks of the Trinity, from the vicinity of Big Bar to South Fork.Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheChimalquayslived on New River, a tributary of the Trinity.Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheSiahs'occupied the tongue of land jutting down between Eel River, and Van Dusen's Fork.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Sians or Siahs lived on the headwaters of Smith River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139.
TheEhneks, Eenahs, or Eenaghs, lived above the Tolewas on Smith River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139. 'Ehnek was the name of a band at the mouth of the Salmon or Quoratem River.'Id., p. 422;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 67.
Wishosk'is the name given to the Bay (Humboldt) and Mad River Indians by those of Eel River.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 201.
TheWeeyotsare 'a band on the mouth of Eel River and near Humboldt Bay.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 200. The Humboldt Bay Indians call themselves Wishosk; and those of the hills Teokawilk; 'but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel River, Weyot, or Walla-walloo.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.
'ThePatawatslive on the lower waters of Mad River, and around Humboldt Bay, as far south as Arcata, perhaps originally as far down as Eureka.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
Ossegonis the name given to the Indians of Gold Bluff, between Trinidad and the Klamath.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.
'TheLassicsformerly dwelt in Mad River Valley, from the head waters down to Low Gap, or thereabout, where they borrowed on the Wheelcuttas.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
Choriwas the name given to the Indians of Trinidad by the Weeyots.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.
TheChillulahs'occupied the banks of Redwood Creek, from the coast up about twenty miles.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Oruk, Tchololah, or Bald Hill Indians, lived on Redwood Creek.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 139.
TheWalliesoccupy the sandy country north of Humboldt Bay.Overland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536.
'TheWheelcuttashad their place on the Upper Redwood Creek, from the land of the Chillulahs up to the mountains. They ranged across southward by the foot of the Bald Hills, which appear to have marked the boundary between them and the Chillulahs in that direction; and penetrated to Van Dusen's Fork, anent the Siahs and Lassics, with whom they occasionally came in bloody collision.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheVeeards'live around lower Humboldt Bay, and up Eel River to Eagle Prairie.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheShastaslive to the south-west of the Lutuamis or Klamaths.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastés, dans l'intérieur au Nord de la Californie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Shasta Indians, known in their language as Weohow—it meaning stone house, from the large cave in their country—occupy the land east of Shasta river, and south of the Siskiyou mountains, and west of the lower Klamath lake.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120. The Shastas occupy the centre of the county of thatname.MS. Map.'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 168. Watsahewah is the name 'of one of the Scott River bands of the Shasta family.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 422. The name is spelled variously as Shasty, Shaste, Sasté, &c.
ThePalaikslive to the southeast of the Lutuamis or Klamaths.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 145.
On the Klamath are the Odeeilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarucks, Kosetahs, and Idakariúkes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 171.
'TheHamburg Indians, known in their language as the Tka, inhabit immediately at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as the Ottetiewa river.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1864, p. 120.
'TheScott's Valley Indians, known in their language as the Iddoa, inhabit Scott's Valley above the cañon.'Ib.
'TheYreka(a misnomer for Yeka—Shasta Butte) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of Klamath river, and west of Shasta river.'Ib.
TheYukaor Uka tribe 'inhabited the Shasta Mountains in the vicinity of McCloud's fork of Pitt River.'Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. The Ukas are directly south of the Modocs.MS. Map.'The Yukeh, or as the name is variously spelt, Yuka, Yuques, and Uca, are the original inhabitants of the Nome-Cult, or Round Valley, in Tehama County ... and are not to be confounded with the Yukai Indians of Russian River.'Gibbs, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., p. 123.
'TheNoserorNozaIndians ... live in the vicinity of Lassen's Butte.'Siskiyou Chronicle,May, 1859.
TheYlakasare to the southeast of the Ukas.MS. Map.
TheCentral Californiansoccupy the whole of that portion of California extending north and south, from about 40° 30´ to 35°, and east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally divided as follows:
'TheMattoleshave their habitat on the creek which bears their name, and on the still smaller stream dignified with the appellation of Bear River. From the coast they range across to Eel River, and by immemorial Indian usage and prescriptive right, they hold the western bank of this river from about Eagle Prairie, where they border upon the Veeards, up southward to the mouth of South Fork.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheBetumkeslive on the South Fork of Eel River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 634. In the northern part of Mendocino County.MS. Map.
TheChoweshakslive on the head of Eel river.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421. Tribes living on the Middle Fork of Eel River, in the valley called by the Indians Betumki were the Naboh Choweshak, Chawteuh Bakowa, and Samunda.Id., p. 116. The Choweshaks lived on the head of Eel River.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 48.
'TheLoloncookslive on Bull Creek and the lower South Fork of EelRiver, owning the territory between those streams and the Pacific.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheBatemdakaieeslive in the valley of that name on the head of Eel River.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 17.
RUSSIAN RIVER AND COAST TRIBES.
ThePomosconsist of 'a great number of tribes or little bands, sometimes one in a valley, sometimes three or four, clustered in the region where the headwaters of Eel and Russian rivers interlace, along the estuaries of the coast and around Clear Lake. Really, the Indians all along Russian river to its mouth are branches of this great family, but below Calpello they no longer call themselves Pomos.... The broadest and most obvious division of this large family is, into Eel river Pomos and Russian river Pomos.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., pp. 498-9.
The Castel Pomos 'live between the forks of the river extending as far south as Big Chamise and Blue Rock.'Id., p. 499.
The Ki-Pomos 'dwell on the extreme headwaters of South Fork, ranging eastward to Eel River, westward to the ocean and northward to the Castel Pomos.'Ib.,MS. Map.
'The Cahto Pomos (Lake people) were so called from a little lake which formerly existed in the valley now called by their name.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. ix., p. 500.
The Choam Chadéla Pomos (Pitch Pine People) live in Redwood Valley.Id., p. 504.
The Matomey Ki Pomos (Wooded Valley People) live about Little Lake.Ib.
The Camalèl Pomos (Coast People) or Usals live on Usal Creek.Ib.
The Shebalne Pomos (Neighbor People) live in Sherwood Valley.Ib.
The Pome Pomos (Earth People) live in Potter Valley. Besides the Pome Pomos there are two or three other little rancherias in Potter Valley, each with a different name; and the whole body of them are called Ballo Ki Pomos (Oat Valley People).Id.
The Camalel Pomos, Yonsal Pomos, and Bayma Pomos live on Ten Mile, and the country just north of it, in Mendocino County.Tobin, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 405.
'The Salan Pomas are a tribe of Indians inhabiting a valley called Potter's Valley.'Ford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 257.
TheNiahbella Pomoslive in the north-west of Mendocino County.MS. Map.
TheUkiahslive on Russian River in the vicinity of Parker's Ranch.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112, 421. 'The Yuka tribe are those mostly within and immediately adjoining the mountains.'Mendocino Herald,March, 1871. The Yukai live on Russian River.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 285. The Ukias are in the south-eastern part of Mendocino County.MS. Map.
TheSoteomellosor Sotomieyos 'lived in Russian River valley.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
TheShumeias'lived on the extreme upper waters of Eel River, opposite Potter Valley.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheTahtoos'live in the extreme upper end of Potter Valley.'Ib.
TheYeeathslive at Cape Mendocino.Tobin, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 406.
TheKushkishIndians live at Shelter Cove.Id., p. 405.
TheComachoslive in Russian River Valley, in Rancheria and Anderson Valleys.Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheKajatschims,Makomas, andJapiamslive in the Russian River Valley, north of Fort Ross.Baer,Stat. und Ethno., p. 80.
TheGallinomerosoccupy Dry Creek Valley and Russian River Valley below Healdsburg.Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheMasalla Magoons'live along Russian river south of Cloverdale.'Id.
TheRinconslive south of the Masalla Magoons.Id.
TheGualalaslive on Gualala or Wallalla Creek.Id.
The Nahlohs, Carlotsapos, Chowechaks, Chedochogs, Choiteeu, Misalahs, Bacowas, Samindas, and Cachenahs, Tuwanahs, lived in the country between Fort Ross and San Francisco Bay.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 634.
Chwachamaju(Russian Severnovskia) or Northerners, is the name of one of the tribes in the vicinity of Fort Ross.Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. und Ethno., p. 80. 'Severnovskia, Severnozer, or "Northerners." Indians north of Bodega Bay. They call themselves Chwachamaja.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 170.
TheOlamentkeslive at Bodega.Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. und Ethnog., p. 80;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 20.
TheKainamaresor Kainaméahs are at Fitch's Ranch, extending as far back as Santa Rosa, down Russian River, about three leagues to Cooper's Ranch, and thence across the coast at Fort Ross, and for twenty-five miles above.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 102. 'The Kanimares had rancherias at Santa Rosa, Petaluma, or Pataloma, and up to Russian river.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. 'The proper name of Russian river in Sonoma valley is Canimairo after the celebrated Indians of those parts.'Id.,June 8, 1860. The Indians of the plains in vicinity of Fort Ross, call themselves Kainama.Kostromitonow, inBaer,Stat. und Ethno., p. 80. The Kyanamaras 'inhabit the section of country between the cañon of Russian river and its mouth.'Ford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 257.
TheTumalehniaslive on Bodega Bay.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 102.
TheSocoas,Lamas, andSeacos, live in Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanél.Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheSonomas, Sonomis, or Sonomellos, lived at the embarcadero of Sonoma.Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. The Sonomas lived in the south-eastern extremity of what is now the county of Sonoma.MS. Map.
TheTchokoyemslived in Sonoma valley.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421. The Chocuyens lived in the region now called Sonoma county, and from their chief the county takes its name.Cronise's Nat. Wealth, p. 22. The word Sonoma means 'Valley of the Moon.'Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 301. The Tchokoyems live in Sonoma Valley.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 184.
'TheTimbalakeeslived on the west side of Sonoma valley.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
TheGuillicaslived 'northwest of Sonoma,' on the old Wilson ranch of 1846.Ib.;MS. Map.
TheKinklaslive in 39° 14´ north lat. and 122° 12´ long.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 201. The Klinkas are a 'tribu fixée au nord du Rio del Sacramento.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 358. South of the Rogue River Indians 'the population is very scanty until we arrive at the valley of the Sacramento, all the tribes of which are included by the traders under the general name of Kinklá, which is probably, like Tlamatl, a term of Chinook origin.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 221.
The Talatui live 'on the Kassima River, a tributary to the Sacramento, on the eastern side, about eighty miles from its mouth.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 631.Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 180.
TheOleepaslive on the Feather River, twenty miles above Marysville.Delano's Life on the Plains, p. 293.
'The Nemshous, as stated by General Sutter, roamed (prior to 1846) between the Bear and American rivers; across the Sacramento were the Yolos and Colusas; north of the American Fork were the Bashones. On the banks of the river north of Fort Helvetia, roamed the Veshanacks, the Touserlemnies and Youcoolumnies; between the American (plain and hills) and the Mokalumne roamed the Walacumnies, Cosumnies, Solumnees, Mokelumnees, Suraminis, Yosumnis, Lacomnis, Kis Kies and Omochumnies.'Cal. Farmer,June 8, 1860. The Colusas live in the north-eastern corner of Colusa County. The Yolos, in the northern part of the county of that name. West of them the Olashes. The Bushones in the south of Yolo County. The Nemshoos in the eastern part of Placer County. The Yukutneys north of them. The Vesnacks south-west of the Nemshoos, and north of the Pulpenes. The Youcoulumnes and Cosumnes are in the eastern part of Amador county. The Mokelumnes south of them. The Yachachumnes west of the Mokelumnes.MS. Map.'Yolo is a corruption of the Indian Yoloy, which signified a region thick with rushes, and was the name of the tribe owning the tule lands west of the Sacramento and bordering on Cache Creek.'Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 301. The following are names of rancherias of tame Indians or Neophytes in the Sacramento Valley; Sakisimme, Shonomnes, Tawalemnes, Seywamenes, Mukelemnes, Cosumne. Rancherias of wild Indians or Gentiles, are: Sagayacumne, Socklumnes, Olonutchamne, Newatchumne, Yumagatock, Shalachmushumne, Omatchamne, Yusumne, Yuleyumne, Tamlocklock, Sapototot, Yalesumne, Wapoomne, Kishey, Secumne, Pushune, Oioksecumne, Nemshan, Palanshan, Ustu, Olash, Yukulme, Hock, Sishu, Mimal, Yulu, Bubu, Honcut.Indian Tribes of the Sacramento Valley, MS.Tame Indians or Neophites: Lakisumne, Shonomne, Fawalomnes, Mukeemnes, Cosumne. Wild Indians or Gentiles: Sagayacumne, Locklomnee, Olonutchamne, Yumagatock, Shalachmushumne, Omutchamne, Yusumne, Yaleyumne, Yamlocklock, Lapototot, Yalesumne, Wajuomne, Kisky, Secumne, Pushune, Oioksecumne, Nemshaw, Palanshawl Ustu, Olash, Yukulme, Hock, Lishu, Mimal, Ubu, Bubu, Honcut.Sutter's Estimate of Indian Population, 1847, MS.The Ochecamnes, Servushamnes, Chupumnes, Omutchumnes, Sicumnes, Walagumnes, Cosumnes, Sololumnes, Turealemnes, Saywamines, Nevichumnes, Matchemnes, Sagayayumnes, Muthelemnes, and Lopstatimnes, lived on the eastern bank of the Sacramento. The Bushumnes (or Pujuni), (or Sekomne) Yasumnes, Nemshaw, Kisky, Yaesumnes, Huk, andYucal, lived on the western bank of the Sacramento.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 630, 631.
TheYubasorYuvaslived on Yuva River, a tributary to the Sacramento.Fremont's Geog. Memoir, p. 22.
TheMeidoosandNeeshenamsare on the Yuba and Feather Rivers. 'As you travel south from Chico the Indians call themselves Meidoo until you reach Bear River; but below that it is Neeshenam, or sometimes mana or maidec, all of which denote men or Indians.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. xii., p. 21.
TheCushnaslive near the south fork of the Yuba River.Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., 506;Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 59. Taylor also mentions the Cushnas south of the Yuba.Cal. Farmer,May 31, 1861.
CLEAR LAKE TRIBES.
TheGuenocksandLocollomilloslived between Clear Lake and Napa.Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
TheLopillamillosor Lupilomis lived on the borders of Clear lake.Ib.;MS. Map.
TheMayacmasandTyugasdwell about Clear Lake.San Francisco Herald,June, 1858. The Mayacmas and Tyugas 'inhabited the vicinity of Clear lake and the mountains of Napa and Mendocino counties.'Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860;MS. Map.
TheWi-Lackees'live along the western slope of the Shasta mountains from round Valley to Hay Fork, between those mountains on one side and Eel and Mad Rivers on the other, and extending down the latter stream about to Low Gap.'Powers' Pomo, MS.The Wye Lakees, Nome Lackees, Noimucks, Noiyucans and Noisas, lived at Clear Lake.Geiger, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1859, p. 438.
Napobatin, meaning 'many houses,' was the collective name of six tribes living at Clear Lake: their names were Hulanapo, Habenapo or stone house, Dahnohabe, or stone mountain, Möalkai, Shekom, and Howkuma.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 109.
TheShanelkayasandBedahmareks, or lower people, live on the east fork of Eel River.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 109.
'TheSanélslive at Clear lake.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112. 'The Sanels occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the American village of Sanel.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheBochheafs,Ubakheas,Tabahteas, and theMoiyas, live between Clear Lake and the coast.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 112.
TheSocoas,Lamas, andSeacos, occupy Russian River Valley in the vicinity of the village of Sanel.Powers' Pomo, MS.
TheNapas'inhabited the Salvador Vallejo ranch of Entre-Napa—that is the place between Napa river and Napa creek.'Hittell, inHesperian Mag., vol. iv., p. 56;Cal. Farmer,June 7, 1861. 'The Napa Indians lived near that town and near Yount's ranch.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
'TheCaymustribe occupied the tract now owned by G. C. Yount.'Hittell, inHesperian Mag., vol. iv., p. 55.
'TheCalajomanashad their home on the land now known as the Bale ranche.'Ib.
TheMayacomasdwelt in the vicinity of the hot springs in the upper end of Napa Valley.Ib.
TheUlucaslived on the east of the river Napa, near the present townsite.Id., p. 56.
'TheSuscolslived on the ranch of that name, and between Napa and Benicia.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. 'The former domain of the Suscol Indians was afterwards known as Suscol ranch.'Hittel, inHesperian Mag., vol. iv., p. 56;MS. Map.
TheTulkayslived 'below the town of Napa.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
TheCanaumanoslived on Bayle's ranch in Napa valley.Ib.
TheMutistulslive 'between the heads of Napa and Putos creeks.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 111.
TheYachimesesoriginally occupied the ground upon which the city of Stockton now stands.Cal. Farmer,Dec. 7, 1860.
TheYachichumnes'formerly inhabited the country between Stockton and Mt. Diablo.'San Francisco Evening Bulletin,Sept. 9, 1864.
TheSuisuneslive in Suisun valley.Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860. Solano County was named from their chief.Cronise's Nat. Wealth, p. 22;Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 301.
TheUllulatas'lived on the north side of Suisun Valley.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
ThePulpeneslived on the eastern side of Suisun Valley.Ib.
TheTolenoslived on the north side of Suisun Valley.Ib.
TheKarquineslived on the straits of that name.Ib.
TheTomales, Tamales, Tamallos, or Tamalanos, and Bollanos, lived between Bodega Bay and the north shore of San Francisco Bay.Id.,March 2, 1860,March 30, 1860.
TheSocoisukas,Thamiens, andGerguensensor Gerzuensens 'roamed in the Santa Clara valley, between the Coyote and Guadalupe rivers, and the country west of San Jose city to the mountains.'Id.,June 22, 1860.
TheLecatuittribe occupied Marin county, and it is from the name of their chief that the county takes its name.Cronise's Nat. Wealth, p. 22.
'ThePetalumasor theYolhioslived near or around that town.'Cal. Farmer,March 30, 1860.
TheTulares, so called by the Spaniards, lived between the northern shore of the bay of San Francisco and San Rafael.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 421.
TheWaposinhabited 'the country about the Geysers.'Ford, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 257.
TheYosemitesinhabited the valley of the same name. The Tosemiteiz are on the headwaters of the Chowchilla.Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.
TheAhwahnacheesare the inhabitants of Yosemite Valley.Hittel's Yosemite, p. 42.
TRIBES NEAR THE MISSION DOLORES.
The following names of rancherías which formerly existed in the vicinity of the Mission Dolores, are taken from the Mission Books: Abmoctac, Amutaja, Altanui, Aleytac, Anchin, Aleta, Aramay, Altajumo, Aluenchi, Acnagis, Assunta, Atarpe, Anamás, Acyum, Anamon, Cachanegtac, Caprup, Cazopo, Carascan, Conop, Chutchin, Chagunte, Chapugtac, Chipisclin, Chynau,Chipletac, Chuchictac, Chiputca, Chanigtac, Churmutcé, Chayen, Chupcan, Elarroyde, Flunmuda, Génau, Guloismistac, Gamchines, Guanlen, Hunctu, Halchis, Horocroc, Huimen, Itáes, Juniamuc, Josquigard, Juchium, Juris, Joquizará, Luidneg, Luianeglua, Lamsim, Livangelva, Livangebra, Libantone, Macsinum, Mitliné, Malvaitac, Muingpe, Naig, Naique, Napa, Ompivromo, Ousint, Oturbe, Olestura, Otoacte, Petlenum, or Petaluma, Pruristac, Puichon, Puycone, Patnetac, Pructaca, Purutea, Proqueu, Quet, Sitlintaj, Suchni, Subchiam, Siplichiquin, Siscastac, Ssiti, Sitintajea, Ssupichum, Sicca, Soisehme, Saturaumo, Satumuo, Sittintac, Ssichitca, Sagunte, Ssalayme, Sunchaque, Ssipudca, Saraise, Sipanum, Sarontac, Ssogereate, Sadanes, Tuzsint, Tatquinte, Titmictac, Tupuic, Titiyú, Timita, Timsim, Tubisuste, Timigtac, Torose, Tupuinte, Tuca, Tamalo, or Tomales, Talcan, Totola, Urebure, Uturpe, Ussete, Uchium, Véctaca, Vagerpe, Yelamú, Yacmui, Yacomui, Yajumui, Zomiomi, Zucigin ... Aguasajuchium, Apuasto, Aguasto, Carquin, (Karquines), Cuchian, Chaclan, Chiguau, Cotejen, Chuscan, Guylpunes, Huchun, Habasto, Junatca, Jarquin, Sanchines, Oljon, Olpen, Olemos, Olmolococ, Quemelentus, Quirogles, Salzon, Sichican, Saucon, Suchigin, Sadan, Uquitinac, Volvon (or Bolbon). 'The tribes of Indians upon the Bay of San Francisco, and who were, after its establishment, under the supervision of the Mission of Dolores, were five in number; the Ahwashtees, Ohlones (called in Spanish Costanos, or Indians of the Coast), Altahmos, Romanons, and Tuolomos. There were, in addition to these, a few small tribes, but all upon the land extending from the entrance to the head of San Francisco Bay, spoke the same language.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,May 31, 1861. The tribes mentioned by Adam Johnston in Schoolcraft, who lived around the Missions of Dolores and Yerba Buena, were the 'Ahwashtes, Ohlones, Altahmos, Romanans, and Tulomos. The Ohlones were likely the same called by the old priests, Sulones, Solomnies, the Sonomis were another.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. ii., p. 506. 'The following races of Californians were named to us living within the precincts of the Mission of San Francisco; Guymen, Utschim, Olumpali, Soclan, Sonomi, Chulpun, Umpin, Kosmitas, Bulbones, Tchalabones, Pitem, Lamam, Apalamu, Tcholoones, Suysum, Numpali, Tamal, and Ululato.'Chamisso, inKotzebue's Voy., vol. iii., p. 51. 'On compte dans cette seul mission (San Francisco) plus de quinze différentes tribus d'Indiens: les Khoulpouni; les Oumpini; les Kosmiti; les Lamanès; les Bolbonès; les Pitemèns; les Khalalons; les Apatamnès, ils parlent la même langue et habitent le long des bords du Rio Sacramento; les Guimen; les Outchioung; les Olompalis; les Tamals; les Sonons ils parlent la même langue; ces tribus sont les plus nombreuses dans la mission de San Francisco; les Saklans; les Ouloulatines; les Noumpolis; les Souissouns; ils parlent des langues différentes.'Choris,Voy. Pitt., pt. iii., pp. 5, 6. 'California Indians on the Bay of San Francisco, and formerly under the supervisions of the Mission Dolores. There were five tribes: Ashwashtes, Olhones (called by the Spaniards Costanos, or Indians of the coast), Altahmos, Romonans, and Tulomos. A few other small tribes round the bay speak the same language.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 53. 'Um die Bai von San Francisco die Matalánes, Salses und Quiróles, deren Sprachen, eine gemeinsame Quelle haben.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. The Olchones 'inhabitthe seacoast between San Francisco and Monterey.'Beechey's Voy., vol. ii., p. 78. The Salsonas, 'viven unas seis leguas distantes rumbo al Sueste (of San Francisco Bay) por las cercanias del brazo de mar.'Palou,Vida de Junípero Serra, p. 214.
TheKorekinsformerly lived at the mouth of the San Joaquin.Kotzebue's New Voy., vol. ii., p. 141.
'The rancherias of Indians near this Mission, all within eight or ten miles of Santa Cruz, ... were: Aulintac, the rancheria proper to the Mission; Chalumü, one mile north-west of the Mission; Hottrochtac, two miles north-west; ... Wallanmai; Sio Cotchmin; Shoremee; Onbi; Choromi; Turami; Payanmin; Shiuguermi; Hauzaurni. The Mission also had neophytes of the rancherias of Tomoy, Osacalis (Souquel), Yeunaba, Achilla, Yeunata, Tejey, Nohioalli, Utalliam, Locobo, Yeunator, Chanech, Huocom, Chicutae, Aestaca, Sachuen, Hualquilme, Sagin, Ochoyos, Huachi, Apil, Mallin, Luchasmi, Coot, and Agtism, as detailed in a letter from Friar Ramon Olbez to Governor de Sola, in November, 1819, in reply to a circular from him, as to the native names, etc., of the Indians of Santa Cruz, and their rancherias.'Cal. Farmer,April 5, 1860.
TheMutsunesare the natives of the Mission of San Juan Baptista.Cal. Farmer,Nov. 23, andJune 22, 1860;Hist. Mag., vol. i., p. 205.
TheAnsaymaslived in the vicinity of San Juan Bautista.Cal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. 'Four leagues (twelve miles) southeast of the Mission (Monterey), inside the hills eastward, was the rancheria of Echilat, called San Francisquita. Eslanagan was one on the east side of the river and Ecgeagan was another; another was Ichenta or San Jose; another Xaseum in the Sierra, ten leagues from Carmelo; that of Pachhepes was in the vicinity of Xaseum, among the Escellens. That of the Sargentarukas was seven leagues south and east of the river in a Canaditta de Palo Colorado.'Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860.
TheRunsieneslive near Monterey.Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860. The Rumsen or Runsienes are 'Indians in the neighbourhood of Monterey, California. The Achastliers speak a dialect of the same language.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 163. 'Um den Hafen von Monterey leben die Rumsen oder Runsien, die Escelen oder Eslen, die Ecclemáches, und Achastliés.'Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, vol. ii., pt. ii., p. 454. 'La partie septentrionale de la Nouvelle-Californie est habitée par les deux nations des Rumsen et Escelen.... Elles forment la population du preside et du village de Monterey. Dans la baie de S. Francisco, on distingue les tribus des Matalans, Salsen et Quirotes.'Humboldt,Pol., p. 321. 'Eslen y Runsien que ocupan toda la California septentrional.'Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 167. 'Um Monterey wohnen zwey Völker ... die Rumsen, und im Osten von diesen die Escelen.'Vater,Mithridates, p. 202. 'The Eslenes clan roamed over the present ranchos San Francisquito, Tallarcittos, and up and down the Carmelo Valley.' 'The rancheriaper seof the Escellens was named by the priests, Santa Clara; Soccorondo was across the river a few miles. Their other little clans or septs were called Coyyo, Yampas, Fyules, Nennequi, Jappayon, Gilimis, and Yanostas.'Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860. The Eskelens are 'California Indians, east of Monterey. The Ekklemaches are said to be a tribe of the Eskelen,and to speak the richest idiom of all the California Indians.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 68. The country of the Ecclemachs extends more than twenty leagues east of Monterey.Cal. Farmer,Oct. 17, 1862.
TheKatlendarucasseem 'to have been situated near the Esteros or Lagoons about the mouth of the Salinas river, or in the words of the old priest, "en los Esteros de la entrada al mar del Rio de Monterey, o reversa de esta grande Ensenada." Their rancherias were Capanay, Lucayasta, Paysim, Tiubta, Culul, Mustac, Pytogius, Animpayamo, Ymunacam, and all on the Pajaro river, or between it and the Salinas.'Cal. Farmer,April 20, 1860;MS. Map.
TheSakhoneshad rancherias near Monterey 'on the ranchos now known as Loucitta, Tarro, National Buena Esperanza, Buena Vista, and lands of that vicinity.'Ib.;MS. Map.
'TheWallalshimmezlive on Tuolumne River.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.
'ThePotoanciesclaim the Merced river as their homes.'Ib.The Potaaches occupy the same region on theMS. Map.
'TheNootchoos... live on the headwaters of Chowchilla.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399. The Nootchoos live on the south fork of the Merced.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325.
'ThePohoneecheslive on the headwaters of Fresno.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399. The Pohoneeches live on the north bank of the Fresno.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325.
ThePitcatches, theTallenches, and theCoswas, live on the San Joaquin.Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.
KING'S RIVER AND TULARE LAKE TRIBES.
'TheWattokes, a nation of Indians, consisting of the Wattokes, Ituchas, Chokemnies, and Wechummies, live high up on King's river.'Lewis, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 399.
TheWatches, theNotonotoos, and theWemelches, live in the neighborhood of King's River Farm.Ib.
'TheTalchesand Woowells live on Tulare Lake.'Ib.
TheChowchillas,Choocchancies, andHowachez, are mentioned as living at Fresno River Farm.Id., p. 399. The Chowchillas inhabit 'from the Kern River of the Tulare deltas to the Feather river.'Taylor, inBancroft's Hand Book Almanac, 1864, p. 32.
TheWallaslive in Tuolumne county.Patrick, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 240. There has been much discussion about the word Wallie, or Walla. Powers asserts that it is derived from the word 'wallim,' which means 'down below', and was applied by the Yosemite Indians to all tribes living below them. The Wallies live on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 325.
The Mewahs live in Tuolumne county.Jewett, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 244.
TheMeewocnation 'extended from the snow-line of the Sierra to the San Joaquin River, and from the Cosumnes to the Fresno.... North of the Stanislaus they call themselves Meewoc (Indians); south of it, to the Merced, Meewa; south of that to the Fresno, Meewie. On the upper Merced river is Wakâlla; on the upper Tuolumne, Wakalumy; on the Stanislaus andMokelumne, Wakalumytoh.... As to tribal distribution, the Meewocs north of the Stanislaus, like the Neeshenams, designate principally by the points of the compass. These are toomun, choomuch, háyzooit, and ólowit (north, south, east, and west), from which are formed various tribal names—as Toomuns, Toomedocs, and Tamolécas, Choomuch, Choomwits, Choomedocs, or Chimedocs, and Choomtéyas; Olowits, Olówedocs, Oloweéyas, etc. Olówedocs is the name applied to all Indians living on the plains, as far west as Stockton. But there are several names which are employed absolutely, and without any reference to direction. On the south bank of the Cosumnes are the Cawnees; on Sutter Creek, the Yulónees; on the Stanislaus and Tuolumne the extensive tribe of Wallies; in Yosemite, the Awánees, on the south fork of Merced, the Nootchoos; on the middle Merced, the Choomtéyas, on the upper Chowchilla, the Héthtoyas; on the middle Chowchilla the tribe that named the stream; and on the north bank of the Fresno the Pohoneechees.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., pp. 322-5;MS. Map.
TheCoitchtribe live one hundred and fifty miles east of the Vegas of Santa Clara.Los Angeles Star,May 18, 1861.
TheNotonatoslived on King's river.Maltby's MS. Letter.
TheKahweahslived on Four Creeks.Ib.
TheYolanchaslived on Tule river.Ib.
ThePokoninoslived on Deer creek.Ib.
ThePoloyamaslived on Pasey creek.Ib.
ThePolokawynahslived on Kern river.Ib.
TheYmithcesandCowiahslive on Four Creeks.Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 303.
TheWaches,Notoowthas,Ptolmes, andChunemneslive on King river.Ib.
TheCostrowers,Pitiaches,Talluches,LoomnearsandAmonceslive on the San Joaquin.Id., p. 304.
TheChowclas,Chookchaneys,Phonechas,Nookchues, andHowetsers, live on the Fresno river.Ib.
TheCoconoonslive on the Merced river.Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 413.
TheMonosliving west of the Sierra Nevada, live on Fine Gold Gulch and the San Joaquin river.Ib.East of the Sierra Nevada they occupy the country south of Mono Lake.MS. Map.'The Monos, Cosos, and some other tribes, occupy the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevadas.'Cal. Farmer,May 8, 1863. 'The Olanches, Monos, Siqiurionals, Wasakshes, Cowhuillas, Chokiamauves, Tenisichs, Yocolles, Paloushiss, Wikachumnis, Openoches, Taches, Nutonetoos and Choemimnees, roamed from the Tuolumne to Kings river and the Tejon, on the east of the San Joaquin, the Tulare lakes and in the Sierra Nevada, as stated by Lieut. Beale, in 1856.'Cal. Farmer,June 8, 1860.
TheTulareñoslive in the mountain wilderness of the Four Creeks, Porsiuncula (or Kerns or Current) river and the Tejon; and wander thence towards the headwaters of the Mohave and the neighborhood of the Cahuillas. Their present common name belongs to the Spanish and Mexican times and is derived from the word Tularé (a swamp with flags).Hayes' MS.'Tulareños,Habitant la grande vallée de los Tulares de la Californie.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335.
'TheYocutdominion includes the Kern and Tulare basins and the middle of San Joaquin, stretching from Fresno to Kern River Falls.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. xi., p. 105.
Cumbatwas on Pitt river.Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.
Shastas, in Shasta and Scott valleys.Ib.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS.
TheSouthern Californians, whose territory lies south of the thirty-fifth parallel, are, as far as is known, tribally distributed as follows:
TheCahuillos'inhabit principally a tract of country about eighty miles east from San Bernardino, and known as the Cabeson Valley, and their villages are on or near the road leading to La Paz on the Colorado River.... Another branch of this tribe numbering about four hundred occupy a tract of country lying in the mountains about forty miles southeast from San Bernardino, known as the Coahuila Valley.'Stanley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, pp. 194-5. 'The Coahuillas are scattered through the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains and eastward in the Cabesan Valley.'Whiting, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1871, p. 691. The Coahuilas live in the San Jacinto Mountains.Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 17. The Cohuillas reside in the northern half of the country, commencing on the coast, and extending to within fifty miles of the Colorado river, following the eastern base of the mountains.San Francisco Herald,June, 1853. The Cahuillos or Cawios reside 'near the Pacific, between the sources of the San Gabriel and Santa Anna.'Ludewig's Ab. Lang., p. 26. 'The Cahuillas are a little to the north of the San Luiseños, occupying the mountain ridges and intervening valleys to the east and southeast of Mount San Bernadino, down towards the Mohava river and the desert that borders the river Colorado, the nation of Mohavas lying between them and these rivers. I am unable just now to give the number and names of all their villages. San Gorgonio, San Jacinto, Coyote, are among those best known, though others even nearer the desert, are more populous.'Hayes' MS.The Cohuillas occupy the southwestern part of San Bernardino County, and the northwestern part of San Diego county.MS. Map.'The Carvilla Indians occupy the Country from San Gorgonio Pass to the Arroyo Blanco.'Cram's Topog. Memoir, p. 119. 'TheCowillersandTelemnieslive on Four Creeks.'Id., p. 400. 'The limits of the Kahweyah and Kahsowah tribes appear to have been from the Feather river in the northern part of the State, to the Tulare lakes of the south.'Cal. Farmer,May 25, 1860.
TheDiegeños'are said to occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and to extend about a hundred miles into the interior.'Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept., inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. iii. The Dieguinos are in the southern part of San Diego County, and extend from the coast to the desert.Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 240. The Dieguinas reside in the southern part of the country watered by the Colorado, and claim the land from a point on the Pacific to the eastern part of the mountains impinging on the desert.San Francisco Herald,June, 1853. The Comeyas or Diegenos 'occupy the coast for some fifty miles above, and about the same distance below San Diego, and extendabout a hundred miles into the interior.'Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 7. 'The Indians round San Diego, Deguinos, Diegeños, were in a savage state, and their language almost unknown. Bartlett says that they are also called Comeya; but Whipple asserts that the Comeya, a tribe of the Yumas, speak a different language.'Ludewig,Ab. Lang., p. 62. On page 220 Ludewig says that as the name Diegeños means the Indians round San Diego, there is no such name as Deguinos. 'The villages of the Dieguinos, wherever they live separately, are a little to the south of the Cahuillas. Indeed, under this appellation they extend a hundred miles into Lower California, in about an equal state of civilization, and thence are scattered through the Tecaté valley over the entire desert on the west side of New River.... Their villages known to me are San Dieguito (about twenty souls), San Diego Mission, San Pasqual, Camajal (two villages), Santa Ysabel, San José, Matahuay, Lorenzo, San Felipe, Cajon, Cuyamaca, Valle de las Viejas.'Hayes' MS.
TheMissouris'are scattered over San Bernardino, San Diego and other counties in the southern part of the State.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 17.
TheKechiinhabit the country about Mission San Luis Rey.Bartlett's Pers. Nar., vol. ii., p. 92.
TheChumas, orKachumaslive three miles from the Mission of Santa Inez.Cal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861.
Los Cayoteswas the name given by the Spaniards to the tribe which originally inhabited San Diego county.Hoffman, inSan Francisco Medical Press, vol. v., p. 147.
TheNew River Indians'live along New River, sixty miles west from Fort Yuma, and near San Diego.'Jones, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 216.
TheSierras, or Caruanas, theLagunas, or Tataguas, and theSurillosor Cartakas are mentioned as living on the Tejon reservation.Wentworth, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1862, pp. 324-6.
TheSerranoslived in the vicinity of San Bernardino.Reid, inLos Angeles Star, Letter I., inHayes Col.
Mr Taylor claims to have discovered the exact positions of many of the places mentioned. His statement, for the accuracy of which I by no means vouch, is as follows: 'Xucu, or Shucu, on the Ortega farm, near Rincon Point; Missisissepono on Rafel Gonzale's rancho on Saticoy river, near sea, sometimes called Pono; Coloc, near Carpentaria beach. Mugu, below Saticoy some thirty miles, near the sea; Anacbuc or Anacarck, near the islet of La Patera, near the sea shore. Partocac or Paltocac, the Indian cemetery on the Mesa of La Patera, near sea; Aguin at the beach of Los Llagos Canada; Casalic, at the Refugio Playa and Canada; Tucumu or playa of Arroyo Honda. Xocotoc, Cojo, or Cojotoc, near Pt. Concepcion; Pt. Concepcion, Cancac or Caacac, or Cacat.'Cal. Farmer,Aug. 21, 1863.
SOUTHERN MISSION INDIANS.
The following names of rancherías were taken from the archives of the various missions; in the vicinity of La Purissima: Lajuchu, Silimastus, Sisolop, Jlaacs, or Slacus, Huasna, Estait, Esmischue, Ausion, Esnispele, Silisne, Sacspili, Estait, Huenejel, Husistaic, Silimi, Suntaho, Alacupusyuen, Espiiluima, Tutachro, Sisolop, Naila, Tutachro, Paxpili, or Axpitil, Silino, Lisahuato, Guaslaique, Pacsiol, Sihimi, Huenepel Ninyuelgual, Lompoc,Nahuey, or Nahajuey, Sipuca, Stipu, Ialamma, Huasna, Sacsiol, Kachisupal, Salachi, Nocto, Fax, Salachi, Sitolo, or Sautatho, Omaxtux. Near Santa Inez, were: Sotomoenu, Katahuac, Asiuhuil, Situchi, Kulahuasa, Sisuchi, Kuyam, or Cuyama, Ionata, Tekep, Kusil, Sanchu, Sikitipuc, Temesathi, Lujanisuissilac, Tapanissilac, Ialamne, Chumuchn, Suiesia, Chumuchu, Tahijuas, Tinachi, Lompoe, Ionata, Aguama, Sotonoemu, Guaislac, Tequepas, Matiliha, Stucu, Aketsum, or Kachuma, Ahuamhoue, Geguep, Achillimo, Alizway, Souscoc, Talaxano, Nutonto, Cholicus. Near Santa Barbara were Guainnonost, Sisabanonase, Huelemen, Inoje, Luijta, Cajpilili, Missopeno (Sopono), Inajalayehua, Huixapa, Calahuassa, Snihuax, Huililoc, Yxaulo, Anijue, Sisuch, Cojats, Numguelgar, Lugups, Gleuaxcuyu, Chiuchin, Ipec, Sinicon, Xalanaj, Xalou, Sisahiahut, Cholosoc, Ituc, Guima, Huixapapa, Eleunaxciay, Taxlipu, Elmian, Anajue, Huililic, Inajalaihu, Estuc, Eluaxcu. Sihuicom, Liam. Some of these were from rancherias of the valleys east of the range on the coast. Some of these Taylor locates as follows: 'Janaya, above the Mission, Salpilil on the Patera; Aljiman, near the windmill of La Patera; Geliec, near islet of La Patera; Tequepes, in Santa Ynez Valley; Cascili, in the Refugio playa; Miguihui, on the Dos Pueblos; Sisichii, in Dos Pueblos; Maschal, on Santa Cruz Island; Gelo, the islet of La Patera; Cuyamu on Dos Pueblos also Cinihuaj on same rancho; Coloc, at the Rincon; Alcax in La Goleta; Allvatalama, near the La Goleta Estero; Sayokenek, on the Arroyo Burro; Partocac Cemetery, near Sea Bluffs of La Goleta; Humaliju, of San Fernando Mission; Calla Wassa and Anijue, of Santa Ynez Mission; Sajcay in Los Cruces; Sasaguel, in Santa Cruz Island; Lucuyumu, in the same Island, dated November, 1816; Nanahuani and Chalosas were also on same Island; Eljman was on San Marcos, Xexulpituc and Taxlipu, were camps of the Tulares.'Cal. Farmer,Aug. 21, 1863.
Near San Buenaventura Mission were: 'Miscanaka, name of the Mission site. Ojai or Aujay, about ten miles up San Buenavent river. Mugu, on the coast near sea on Guadalasca rancho, not far from the point so called. Matillija up the S. B. river towards Santa Inez, which mission also had Matilija Indians. The Matillija Sierra separates the valleys of S. Buenaventa and S. Inez. Sespe was on the San Cayetano rancho of Saticoy river, twenty miles from the sea. Mupu and Piiru were on the arroyos of those names which came into the Saticoy near Sespe. Kamulas was higher up above Piiru. Cayeguas (not a Spanish name as spelt on some maps) on rancho of that name. Somes or Somo near hills of that name. Malico, range of hills south of Somo. Chichilop, Lisichi, Liam, Sisa, Sisjulcioy, Malahue, Chumpache, Lacayamu, Ypuc, Lojos Aogni, Luupsch, Miguigui, and Chihucchihui were names of other rancherias.... Ishgua or Ishguaget, was a rancheria near the mouth of the Saticoy river and not far from the beach.... Hueneme was a rancheria on the ocean coast a few miles south of Saticoy river. Tapo and Simi were rancherias on the present Noriega rancho of Simi. Saticoy is the name of the existing rancheria ... on the lower part of the Santa Paula or Saticoy rancho, about eight miles from the sea, near some fine springs of water, not far from the river, and near the high road going up the valleys.'Cal. Farmer,July 24, 1863. 'The site of San Fernando was a rancheria called Pasheckno. Other clans were Okowvinjha, Kowanga and SawayYanga. The Ahapchingas were a clan or rancheria between Los Angeles and San Juan Capistrano, and enemies of the Gabrielenos or those of San Gabriel.... The following are the names of the rancherias, or clans, living in the vicinity of San Luis Rey Mission: Enekelkawa was the name of one near the mission-site, Mokaskel, Cenyowpreskel, Itukemuk, Hatawa, Hamechuwa, Itaywiy, Milkwanen, Ehutewa, Mootaeyuhew, and Hepowwoo, were the names of others. At the Aquas Calientes was a very populous rancheria, called Hakoopin.'Id.,May 11, 1860.
In Los Angeles county, the following are the principal lodges or rancherias, with their corresponding present local names: Yangna, Los Angeles; Sibag-na, San Gabriel; Isanthcagna, Mision Vieja; Sisitcanogna, Pear Orchard; Sonagna, Mr White's farm; Acuragua, The Presa; Asucsagna, Azuza; Cucomogna, Cucamonga Farm; Pasinogna, Rancho del Chino; Awigna, La Puente; Chokishgna, The Saboneria; Nacaugna, Carpenter's Farm; Pineugna, Santa Catalina Island; Pimocagna, Rancho de los Ybarras; Toybipet, San José; Hutucgna, Santa Ana (Yorbes); Aleupkigna, Santa Anita; Maugna, Rancho de los Felis; Hahamogna, Rancho de los Verdugas; Cabuegna, Caliuenga; Pasecgna, San Fernando; Houtgna, Ranchito de Lugo, Suangna, Suanga; Pubugna, Alamitos; Tibahagna, Serritos; Chowig-na, Palos Verdes; Kinkipar, San Clemente Island, Harasgna.Reid, inLos Angeles Star, Letter I., inHayes Collection.
TheSan Luisieñosinhabit the northern part of San Diego, from the coast east, including the mountains.Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1856, p. 240. 'The villages of the San Luiseños are in a section of country adjacent to the Cahuillas, between 40 and 70 miles in the mountainous interior from San Diego; they are known as Las Flores, Santa Margarita, San Luis Rey Mission, Wahoma, Pala, Temecula, Ahuanga (two villages), La Joya, Potrero, and Bruno's and Pedro's villages within five or six miles of Aqua Caliente; they are all in San Diego County.'Hayes' MS.
TheNochesare settled along the rivers which flow between the Colorado and the Pacific Ocean.Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 45. Garces mentions the western Noches inDoc. Hist. Mex., serie ii., vol. i., p. 299.
TheTejonIndians were those who inhabited the southern part of Tulare valley.Möllhausen,Reisen in die Felsengeb., vol. i., p. 83.
ThePlayanoswere Indians who came to settle in the valley of San Juan Capistrano.Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 249.
TheShoshones, whose territory spreads over south-eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and the whole of Utah and Nevada, extending into Arizona and New Mexico, and the eastern border of California, I divide into two great nations, the Snakes or Shoshones, proper, and the Utahs, with their subdivisions. Wilson divides the Shoshones into the Shoshones and Bannacks, and the Utahs; the latter he subdivides into seven bands, which will be seen under Utahs. He adds: 'Among the Shoshonies there are only two bands properly speaking. The principal or better portion are called Shoshonies, or Snakes ... the others the Shoshocoes.... Their claim of boundary is to the east, from the red Buttes on the North fork of the Platte, to its head in the Park, Decayaque, or Buffalo Bull-pen, in the Rocky Mountains; to thesouth across the mountains, over to the Yanpapa, till it enters Green, or Colorado river, and then across to the backbone or ridge of mountains called the Bear river mountains running nearly due west towards the Salt Lake, so as to take in most of the Salt Lake, and thence on to the sinks of Marry's or Humboldt's river; thence north to the fisheries, on the Snake river, in Oregon; and thence south (their northern boundary), to the Red Buttes, including the source of Green River.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., p. 697. 'Under various names ... the great race of Shoshones, is found scattered over the boundless wilderness, from Texas to the Columbia. Their territory is bounded on the north and west by ... the Blackfeet and Crows.'Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 537-8.
THE SNAKES.
TheSnakes, or Shoshones proper, although they form a part only of the great Shoshone family, are usually termed 'the Shoshones' by the authorities. They are divided by Dr Hurt into 'Snakes, Bannacks, Tosiwitches, Gosha Utes, and Cumumpahs, though he afterwards classes the last two divisions as hybrid races between the Shoshones and the Utahs.... The Shoshones claim the northeastern portion of the territory for about four hundred miles west, and from one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five miles south from the Oregon line.'Simpson's Route to Cal., p. 46. 'The great Snake nation may be divided into three divisions, namely, the Shirrydikas, or dog-eaters; the Wararereekas, or fish-eaters; and the Banattees, or robbers. But, as a nation, they all go by the general appellation of Shoshones, or Snakes.... The Shirrydikas are the real Shoshones, and live in the plains hunting the buffalo.' The country claimed by the Snake tribes 'is bounded on the east by the Rocky Mountains, on the south by the Spanish waters; on the Pacific, or west side, by an imaginary line, beginning at the west end, or spur, of the Blue Mountains, behind Fort Nez Percés, and running parallel with the ocean to the height of land beyond the Umpqua River, in about north lat. 41° (this line never approaches within 150 miles of the Pacific); and on the north by another line, running due east from the said spur of the Blue Mountains, and crossing the great south branch, or Lewis River, at the Dalles, till it strikes the Rocky Mountains 200 miles north of the three pilot knobs, or the place thereafter named the 'Valley of Troubles.''Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 249, 251. 'They embrace all the territory of the Great South Pass, between the Mississippi valley and the waters of the Columbia.... Under the name of Yampatickara or Root-eaters and Bonacks they occupy with the Utahs the vast elevated basin of the Great Salt Lake, extending south and west to the borders of New Mexico and California.'Brownell's Ind. Races, pp. 533-7, 540. 'The hunters report, that the proper country of the Snakes is to the east of the Youta Lake, and north of the Snake or Lewis river; but they are found in many detached places. The largest band is located near Fort Boise, on the Snake river to the north of the Bonacks.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 501. The Shoshones 'occupy the centre and principal part of the great Basin.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,Oct. 18, 1861. 'Inhabit that part of the Rocky Mountains which lies on the Grand and Green River branches of the Colorado of the West, the valley of Great Bear River, the habitable shores of the Great Salt Lake, a considerable portion of country on Snake River above and below Fort Hall,and a tract extending two or three hundred miles to the west of that post.'Farnham's Trav., p. 61. The Shoshones inhabit about one third of the territory of Utah, living north of Salt Lake 'and on the line of the Humboldt or Mary River, some 400 miles west and 100 to 125 south of the Oregon line. The Yuta claim the rest of the territory between Kansas, the Sierra Nevada, New Mexico and the Oregon frontier.'Burton's City of the Saints, p. 575. 'Les Soshonies, c'est-à-dire les déterreurs de racines, surnommés les Serpents, ... habitent la partie méridionale du territoire de l'Orégon, dans le voisinage de la haute Californie.'De Smet,Voy., p. 24. 'Their country lies south-west of the south-east branch of the Columbia, and is said to be the most barren of any part of the country in these western regions.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 83. 'On the south part of the Oregon Territory, adjoining upper California, are located the Shoshones or Snake Indians.'Ib., p. 308. 'Serpents ou Saaptins, Monquis, Bonacks et Youtas toutes les branches du Rio Colombia ou Sud-Est et les environs du lac Salé an Timpanogos.'Mofras,Explor., tom. ii., p. 335. 'The country of the Shoshonees proper is south of Lewis or Snake River, and east of the Salt Lake. There is, however one detached band, known as the Wihinasht, or Western Snakes, near Fort Boirie, separated from the main body by the tribe of Bonnaks.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 219. 'The Shoshones are a small tribe of the nation called Snake Indians, a vague denomination, which embraces at once the inhabitants of the southern part of the Rocky mountains, and of the plains on each side.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 305. The Snakes or Shothoucs 'formerly occupied the whole of that vast territory lying between the Rocky and the Blue Mountains, and extending northward to the lower fork of the Columbia, and to the south as far as the basin of the Great Salt Lake.'Coke's Rocky Mts., p. 275. 'They occupy southern and western Nevada.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1869, p. 18. 'They inhabit the southern part of the Rocky Mountains and the plains on each side.'Bulfinch's Ogn., p. 124. 'They occupy all the country between the southern branches of Lewis's river, extending from the Umatullum to the E. side of the Stony Mountains, on the southern parts of Wallaumut river from about 40° to 47° N. Lat. A branch of this tribe reside ... in spring and summer on the W. fork of Lewis river, a branch of the Columbia, and in winter and fall on the Missouri.'Morse's Rept., p. 369. 'The Shoshones dwell between the Rocky and blue mountain ranges.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 151. 'The aboriginees of the Reese River country consist of the Shoshone nation, divided into many subordinate tribes, each having a distinctive name, and occupying a tract of country varying from 20 to 50 miles square. Their country is bordered on the west by the Pi-Utes, the Edwards Creek mountains some 20 miles west of Reese River, being the dividing line. On the east it extends to Ruby Valley, where it joins on the territory of the Goshoots, the Bannocks being their neighbors on the northeast.'Cal. Farmer,June 26, 1863. 'The Snake tribe, inhabit the country bordering on Lewis and Bear Rivers, and their various tributaries.'Palmer's Jour., p. 43. 'The Snake Indians, who embrace many tribes, inhabit a wide extent of country at the head of Snake River above and below Fort Hall, and the vicinity of Great Bear River and Great Salt Lake. They are a migratory race, and generally occupy the south-easternportion of Oregon.'Dunn's Ogn., p. 325. The Shoshones inhabit the great plains to the southward of the Lewis River.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 143. The Shoshones occupy 'almost the whole eastern half of the State (Nevada). The line separating them from the Pai-Utes on the east and south is not very clearly defined.'Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1866, p. 114. 'The western bands of Shoshones ... range from the Idaho boundary north, southward to the thirty-eighth parallel; their western limit is the line passing through the Sunatoya Mountains; their eastern limit Steptoe and Great Salt Lake Valleys.'Ind. Aff. Rept., 1870, p. 95. The Snakes inhabit 'the plains of the Columbia between the 43d and 44th degrees of latitude.'Franchère's Nar., p. 150. The Washakeeks or Green River Snakes inhabit the country drained by Green River and its tributaries. The Tookarikkahs, or mountain sheep-eaters, 'occupy the Salmon river country and the upper part of Snake River Valley, and Coiners' Prairie, near the Boise mines.' These two bands are the genuine Snakes; other inferior bands are the Hokandikahs or Salt Lake Diggers who 'inhabit the region about the great lake.' The Aggitikkahs or Salmon-eaters who 'occupy the region round about Salmon falls, on Snake river.'Stuart's Montana, p. 80.