[406]The wife of a young Kootenai left him for another, whereupon he shot himself.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 169. Among the Flatheads 'conjugal infidelity is scarcely known.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 311. The Sahaptins 'do not exhibit those loose feelings of carnal desire, nor appear addicted to the common customs of prostitution.'Gass' Jour., p. 275. Inland tribes have a reputation for chastity, probably due to circumstances rather than to fixed principles.Mayne's B. C., p. 300. Spokanes 'free from the vice of incontinence'. Among the Walla Wallas prostitution is unknown, 'and I believe no inducement would tempt them to commit a breach of chastity.' Prostitution common on the Fraser.Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 145, 199-200. Nez Percé women remarkable for their chastity.Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 655.[407]In the Salish family on the birth of a child wealthy relatives make presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents but receives none on such an occasion. The Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles bandage the waist and legs of infants with a view to producing broad-shouldered, small-waisted and straight-limbed adults.Tolmie and Anderson, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 231-2. Among the Walla Wallas 'when traveling a hoop, bent over the head of the child, protects it from injury.' The confinement after child-birth continues forty days. At the first menstruation the Spokane woman must conceal herself two days in the forest; for a man to see her would be fatal; she must then be confined for twenty days longer in a separate lodge.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 426-8, 485. The Okanagan mother is not allowed to prepare her unborn infant's swaddling clothes, which consist of a piece of board, a bit of skin, a bunch of moss, and a string.Ross' Adven., pp. 324-30. 'Small children, not more than three years old, are mounted alone and generally upon colts.' Younger ones are carried on the mother's back 'or suspended from a high knob upon the forepart of their saddles.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 98. Houses among the Chopunnish 'appropriated for women who are undergoing the operation of the menses.' 'When anything is to be conveyed to these deserted females, the person throws it to them forty or fifty paces off, and then retires.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 539;Townsend's Nar., p. 78;Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 655.[408]With the Pend d'Oreilles 'it was not uncommon for them to bury the very old and the very young alive, because, they said, "these cannot take care of themselves, and we cannot take care of them, and they had better die."'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 211;Suckley, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 297;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 328;White's Ogn., p. 96;Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 148-9.[409]In the Yakima Valley 'we visited every street, alley, hole and corner of the camp.... Here was gambling, there scalp-dancing; laughter in one place, mourning in another. Crowds were passing to and fro, whooping, yelling, dancing, drumming, singing. Men, women, and children were huddled together; flags flying, horses neighing, dogs howling, chained bears, tied wolves, grunting and growling, all pell-mell among the tents.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 28. At Kettle Falls 'whilst awaiting the coming salmon, the scene is one great revel: horse-racing, gambling, love-making, dancing, and diversions of all sorts, occupy the singular assembly; for at these annual gatherings ... feuds and dislikes are for the time laid by.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., pp. 72-3.[410]The principal amusement of the Okanagans is gambling, 'at which they are not so quarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes,' disputes being settled by arbitration.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 88. A young man at Kettle Falls committed suicide, having lost everything at gambling.Kane's Wand., pp. 309-10. 'Les Indiens de la Colombie ont porté les jeux de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce qu'ils ont, ils se mettent eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main, ensuite l'autre; s'ils les perdent, les bras, et ainsi de suite tous les membres du corps; la tête suit, et s'ils la perdent, ils deviennent esclaves pour la vie avec leurs femmes et leurs enfants.'De Smet,Voy., pp. 49-50. Many Kooteneais have abandoned gambling.De Smet,West. Miss., p. 300. 'Whatever the poor Indian can call his own, is ruthlessly sacrificed to this Moloch of human weakness.'Ind. Life, p. 42;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 102-3.[411]Spokanes; 'one of their great amusements is horse-racing.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 487. Kliketats and Yakimas; 'the racing season is the grand annual occasion of these tribes. A horse of proved reputation is a source of wealth or ruin to his owner. On his speed he stakes his whole stud, his household goods, clothes, and finally his wives; and a single heat doubles his fortune, or sends him forth an impoverished adventurer. The interest, however is not confined to the individual directly concerned; the tribe share it with him, and a common pile of goods, of motley description, apportioned according to their ideas of value, is put up by either party, to be divided among the backers of the winner.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 404, 412. 'Running horses and foot-races by men, women and children, and they have games of chance played with sticks or bones;' do not drink to excess.Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 237, 406.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 557;Franchère's Nar., p. 269.[412]Kane's Wand., pp. 310-11.[413]The principal Okanagan amusement is a game called by the voyageurs 'jeu de main,' like our odd and even.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., p. 463. It sometimes takes a week to decide the game. The loser never repines.Ross' Adven., pp. 308-11;Stuart's Montana, p. 71.[414]Among the Wahowpums 'the spectators formed a circle round the dancers, who, with their robes drawn tightly round the shoulders, and divided into parties of five or six men, perform by crossing in a line from one side of the circle to the other. All the parties, performers as well as spectators, sing, and after proceeding in this way for some time, the spectators join, and the whole concludes by a promiscuous dance and song.' The Walla Wallas 'were formed into a solid column, round a kind of hollow square, stood on the same place, and merely jumped up at intervals, to keep time to the music.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés dance round a pole on Sundays, and the chiefs exhort during the pauses.Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 101-2, 245. In singing 'they usehi,ah, in constant repetition, ... and instead of several parts harmonizing, they only take eighths one above another, never exceeding three.'Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 242-3. 'The song was a simple expression of a few sounds, no intelligible words being uttered. It resembled the wordsho-ha-ho-ha-ho-ha-ha-ha, commencing in a low tone, and gradually swelling to a full, round, and beautifully modulated chorus.'Townsend's Nar., p. 106. Chualpay scalp-dance.Kane's Wand., p. 315. Religious songs.Dunn's Oregon, pp. 338-40;Palmer's Jour., p. 124.[415]De Smet thinks inhaling tobacco smoke may prevent its injurious effects.Voy., p. 207. In all religious ceremonies the pipe of peace is smoked.Ross' Adven., pp. 288-9.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 286;Hines' Voy., p. 184. 'The medicine-pipe is a sacred pledge of friendship among all the north-western tribes.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 220.[416]In moving, the girls and small boys ride three or four on a horse with their mothers, while the men drive the herds of horses that run loose ahead.Lord's Nat., vol. i., pp. 71-3, 306. Horses left for months without a guard, and rarely stray far. They call this 'caging' them.De Smet,Voy., pp. 187, 47, 56. 'Babies of fifteen months old, packed in a sitting posture, rode along without fear, grasping the reins with their tiny hands.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. xii., pt. ii., p. 130, with plate;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 404-5;Palliser's Rept., p. 73;Farnham's Trav., pp. 81-;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 64;Irving's Astoria, p. 365;Franchère's Nar., pp. 269-71;Cox's Adven., vol. ii., pp. 110-11.[417]'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.'De Smet,Voy., pp. 46, 205;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 494-5;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 212, and inDe Smet's West. Miss., pp. 285-6;Suckley, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 297;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 208-9;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 64, vol. ii., p. 19;Kane's Wand., pp. 267, 280-1, 318.[418]Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 343-4;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 241-2;Ross' Adven., pp. 311-12.[419]The Walla Wallas receive bad news with a howl. The Spokanes 'cache' their salmon. They are willing to change names with any one they esteem. 'Suicide prevails more among the Indians of the Columbia River than in any other portion of the continent which I have visited.'Kane's Wand., pp. 282-3, 307-10. 'Preserve particular order in their movements. The first chief leads the way, the next chiefs follow, then the common men, and after these the women and children.' They arrange themselves in similar order in coming forward to receive visitors. Do not usually know their own age.Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 87, 133-4, 242. Distance is calculated by time; a day's ride is seventy miles on horseback, thirty-five miles on foot.Ross' Adven., p. 329. Natives can tell by examining arrows to what tribe they belong.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 167. Kliketats and Yakimas often unwilling to tell their name.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 405. 'D'après toutes les observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut à peu près à cinquante ou soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur camps.'De Smet,Voy., p. 205. Among the Nez Percés everything was promulgated by criers. 'The office of crier is generally filled by some old man, who is good for little else. A village has generally several.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 286. Habits of worship of the Flatheads in the missions.Dunn's Oregon, pp. 315-6. 'A pack of prick-eared curs, simply tamed prairie wolves, always in attendance.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., pp. 71-3.[420]The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we have had occasion to remark being of scrophulous kind.' With the Sokulks 'a bad soreness of the eyes is a very common disorder.' 'Bad teeth are very general.' The Chilluckittequaws' diseases are sore eyes, decayed teeth, and tumors. The Walla Wallas have ulcers and eruptions of the skin, and occasionally rheumatism. The Chopunnish had 'scrofula, rheumatism, and sore eyes,' and a few have entirely lost the use of their limbs.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 341, 352, 382, 531, 549. The medicine-man uses a medicine-bag of relics in his incantations.Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 240-1. The Okanagan medicine-men are calledtlaquillaughs, and 'are men generally past the meridian of life; in their habits grave and sedate.' 'They possess a good knowledge of herbs and roots, and their virtues.' I have often 'seen him throw out whole mouthfuls of blood, and yet not the least mark would appear on the skin.' 'I once saw an Indian who had been nearly devoured by a grizzly bear, and had his skull split open in several places, and several pieces of bone taken out just above the brain, and measuring three-fourths of an inch in length, cured so effectually by one of these jugglers, that in less than two months after he was riding on his horse again at the chase. I have also seen them cut open the belly with a knife, extract a large quantity of fat from the inside, sew up the part again, and the patient soon after perfectly recovered.' The most frequent diseases are 'indigestion, fluxes, asthmas, and consumptions.' Instances of longevity rare.Ross' Adven., pp. 302-8. A desperate case of consumption cured by killing a dog each day for thirty-two days, ripping it open and placing the patient's legs in the warm intestines, administering some barks meanwhile. The Flatheads subject to few diseases; splints used for fractures, bleeding with sharp flints for contusions, ice-cold baths for ordinary rheumatism, and vapor bath with cold plunge for chronic rheumatism.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., pp. 90-3, vol. i., pp. 248-51. Among the Walla Wallas convalescents are directed to sing some hours each day. The Spokanes require all garments, etc., about the death-bed to be buried with the body, hence few comforts for the sick.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 426-7, 485. The Flatheads say their wounds cure themselves.De Smet,Voy., pp. 198-200. The Wascos cure rattlesnake bites by salt applied to the wound or by whisky taken internally.Kane's Wand., pp. 265, 273, 317-18. A female doctor's throat cut by the father of a patient she had failed to cure.Hines' Voy., p. 190. The office of medicine-men among the Sahaptins is generally hereditary. Men often die from fear of a medicine-man's evil glance. Rival doctors work on the fears of patients to get each other killed. Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés.Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 652-3, 655. Small-pox seems to have come among the Yakimas and Kliketats before direct intercourse with whites.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 405, 408. A Nez Percé doctor killed by a brother of a man who had shot himself in mourning for his dead relative; the brother in turn killed, and several other lives lost.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 239.[421]The Sokulks wrap the dead in skins, bury them in graves, cover with earth, and mark the grave by little pickets of wood struck over and about it. On the Columbia below the Snake was a shed-tomb sixty by twelve feet, open at the ends, standing east and west. Recently dead bodies wrapped in leather and arranged on boards at the west end. About the centre a promiscuous heap of partially decayed corpses; and at eastern end a mat with twenty-one skulls arranged in a circle. Articles of property suspended on the inside and skeletons of horses scattered outside. About the Dalles eight vaults of boards eight feet square, and six feet high, and all the walls decorated with pictures and carvings. The bodies were laid east and west.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 344-5, 359-60, 379-80, 557-8. Okanagans observe silence about the death-bed, but the moment the person dies the house is abandoned, and clamorous mourning is joined in by all the camp for some hours; then dead silence while the body is wrapped in a new garment, brought out, and the lodge torn down. Then alternate mourning and silence, and the deceased is buried in a sitting posture in a round hole. Widows must mourn two years, incessantly for some months, then only morning and evening.Ross' Adven., pp. 321-2. Frantic mourning, cutting the flesh, etc., by Nez Percés.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 234-5, 238-9, vol. ii., p. 139. Destruction of horses and other property by Spokanes.Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 200-1. A Shushwap widow instigates the murder of a victim as a sacrifice to her husband. The horses of a Walla Walla chief not used after his death.Kane's Wand., pp. 178-9, 264-5, 277, 289. Hundreds of Wasco bodies piled in a small house on an island, just below the Dalles. A Walla Walla chief caused himself to be buried alive in the grave of his last son.Hines' Voy., pp. 159, 184-8. Among the Yakimas and Kliketats the women do the mourning, living apart for a few days, and then bathing. Okanagan bodies strapped to a tree. Stone mounds over Spokane graves.Gibbs and Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 405, 413, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 150. Pend d'Oreilles buried old and young alive when unable to take care of them.Ind. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 211, 238. 'High conical stacks of drift-wood' over Walla Walla graves.Townsend's Nar., p. 157. Shushwaps often deposit dead in trees. If in the ground, always cover grave with stones.Mayne's B. C., p. 304. Killing a slave by Wascos.White's Ogn., pp. 260-3. Dances and prayers for three days at Nez Percé chief's burial.Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 283. Burying infant with parents by Flatheads.De Smet,Voy., p. 173. Light wooden pilings about Shushwap graves.Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass., p. 242;Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 655;Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 104;Palmer, inB. C. Papers, pt. iii., p. 85;Gass' Jour., p. 219;Ind. Life, p. 55;Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 237-8, 260-1.[422]Sokulks 'of a mild and peaceable disposition,' respectful to old age. Chilluckittequaws 'unusually hospitable and good humoured.' Chopunnish 'the most amiable we have seen. Their character is placid and gentle, rarely moved into passion.' 'They are indeed selfish and avaricious.' Will pilfer small articles.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 338, 341, 351, 376, 556-8, 564. The Flatheads 'se distinguent par la civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.'De Smet,Voy., pp. 31-2, 38-40, 47-50, 166-74, 202-4. Flatheads 'the best Indians of the mountains and the plains,—honest, brave, and docile.' Kootenais 'men of great docility and artlessness of character.'Stevens and Hoecken, inDe Smet's West. Miss., pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and poor-spirited.De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 329. In the Walla Wallas 'an air of open unsuspecting confidence,' 'natural politeness,' no obtrusive familiarity. Flatheads 'frank and hospitable.' Except cruelty to captives have 'fewer failings than any of the tribes I ever met.' Brave, quiet, and amenable to their chiefs. Spokanes 'quiet, honest, inoffensive,' but rather indolent. 'Thoughtless and improvident.' Okanagans 'Indolent rascals;' 'an honest and quiet tribe.' Sanspoils dirty, slothful, dishonest, quarrelsome, etc. Coeurs d'Alène 'uniformly honest;' 'more savage than their neighbours.' Kootenais honest, brave, jealous, truthful. Kamloops 'thieving and quarrelling.'Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 145, 148, 192, 199, 239-40, 262-3, 344, vol. ii., pp. 44, 87-8, 109, 145-60. Okanagans active and industrious, revengeful, generous and brave.Ross' Adven., pp. 142, 290-5, 327-9. Skeen 'a hardy, brave people.' Cayuses far more vicious and ungovernable than the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous.Kane's Wand., pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil, people, but proud and haughty.'Palmer's Jour., pp. 128, 48, 53, 59, 61, 124-7. 'Kind to each other.' 'Cheerful and often gay, sociable, kind and affectionate, and anxious to receive instruction.' 'Lying scarcely known.'Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 97, 105, 232, 239, 303-4, 311-12. Of the Nicutemuchs 'the habitual vindictiveness of their character is fostered by the ceaseless feuds.' 'Nearly every family has a minor vendetta of its own.' 'The races that depend entirely or chiefly on fishing, are immeasurably inferior to those tribes who, with nerves and sinews braced by exercise, and minds comparatively ennobled by frequent excitement, live constantly amid war and the chase.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., pp. 77-80. Inland tribes of British Columbia less industrious and less provident than the more sedentary coast Indians.Mayne's B. C., pp. 301, 297. Sahaptins 'cold, taciturn, high-tempered, warlike, fond of hunting.' Palouse, Yakimas, Kliketats, etc., of a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 199, 210-13. Cayuses 'dreaded by their neighbors on account of their courage and warlike spirit.' Walla Wallas 'notorious as thieves since their first intercourse with whites.' 'Indolent, superstitious, drunken and debauched.' Character of Flatheads, Pend d'Oreilles, Umatillas.Ind. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 207-9, 211, 218, 223, 282, 1861, pp. 164-5. Yakimas and Kliketats 'much superior to the river Indians.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 405, 298, 403, 416, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 139. Wascos 'exceedingly vicious.'Hines' Voy., pp. 159, 169. The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, more like a nation of saints than a horde of savages.' Skyuses, Walla Wallas.Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 101, 287, 289-90, 300. Tushepaws;Irving's Astoria, p. 316. Thompson River Indians rather a superior and clever race.Victoria Colonist, Oct., 1860. 'Indians from the Rocky mountains to the falls of Columbia, are an honest, ingenuous, and well disposed people,' but rascals below the falls.Gass' Jour., p. 304. Flathead 'fierceness and barbarity in war could not be exceeded.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 153. Flatheads, Walla Wallas and Nez Percés;Gray's Hist. Ogn., pp. 171, 219. Kootenais;Palliser's Explor., pp. 44, 73. Salish, Walla Wallas;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 88, vol. ii., p. 64. Walla Wallas, Cayuses, and Nez Percés;White's Oregon, p. 174. Walla Wallas, Kootenais;Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 85, 178. Flatheads, Nez Percés;Dunn's Oregon, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés;Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 109;Franchère's Nar., p. 268. Kayuses, Walla Wallas;Townsend's Nar., p. 156. Sahaptins;Wilkes' Hist. Ogn., p. 106. Nez Percés;Hastings' Emigrants' Guide, p. 59. Flatheads;Ind. Life, pp. ix., x., 25. At Dalles;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 412. Shushwaps;Grant's Ocean to Ocean, pp. 288-304, 313. At Dalles;Hunt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., p. 82;Stuart, inId., 1821, tom. xii., p. 43. Pend d'Oreilles;Joset, inId., 1849, tom. cxxiii., pp. 334-40.[423]'Sometimes there is a tribal name for all who speak the same language; sometimes none, and only names for separate villages; sometimes a name for a whole tribe or family, to which is prefixed a separate word for each dialect, which is generally co-extensive with some valley. Of the first, an instance is found in the Cahrocs, on the Klamath, who are a compact tribe, with no dialects; of the second, in the large tribe on the lower Klamath, who have also no dialects, and yet have no name, except for each village; of the third, in the great family of the Pomos on Russian river, who have many dialects, and a name for each,—as Ballo Ki Pomos, Cahto Pomos, etc.... Some remnants of tribes have three or four names, all in use within a radius of that number of miles; some, again, are merged, or dovetailed, into others; and some never had a name taken from their own language, but have adopted that given them by a neighbor tribe, altogether different in speech.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328.[424]The natives 'when asked to what tribe they belong, give the name of their chief, which is misunderstood by the inquirer to be that of the tribe itself.'Bartlett's Nar., vol. ii., p. 30.[425]'Every fifteen or twenty miles of country seems to have been occupied by a number of small lodges or septs, speaking a different language or very divergent dialect.'Taylor, inBancroft's Hand-book Almanac, 1864, p. 29. Beechey counted eleven different dialects in the mission of San Carlos.Voyage, vol. ii., p. 73. 'Almost every 15 or 20 leagues, you find a distinct dialect; so different, that in no way does one resemble the other.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240. 'From the San Joaquin northward to the Klamath there are some hundreds of small tribes.'Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 304.[426]Hale calls them theLutuami, orTlamatl, and adds, 'the first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them, to the whites.'Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218.[427]'There true name isMoüdoc—a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, 1873, vol. x., p. 535. 'Also called Moahtockna.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. 'The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in early days, by hearing the Shastas speak of them.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1861, p. 121.[428]Speaking of Indians at the junction of the Salmon and Klamath rivers: 'They do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Peh-tsik," and "Poh-lik."'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 151.[429]'The Bay (Humboldt) Indians call themselves, as we were informed, Wish-osk; and those of the hills Te-ok-a-wilk; but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel river, We-yot, or Walla-walloo.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.[430]They are also called Lototen or Tututamy, Totutime, Toutouni, Tootooton, Tutoten, Tototin, Tototutna, etc.[431]For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes onTribal Boundaries, at the end of this chapter.[432]Mr. Gibbs, speaking of the tribes seen on the Klamath and Trinity rivers, says: 'In person these people are far superior to any we had met below; the men being larger, more muscular, and with countenances denoting greater force and energy of character, as well as intelligence. Indeed, they approach rather to the races of the plains, than to the wretched "diggers" of the greater part of California.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 140. 'The Indians in the northern portion of California and in Oregon, are vastly superior in stature and intellect to those found in the southern part of California.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, 1856. The Indians on the Trinity 'are of another tribe and nature from those along the Sacramento.'Kelly's Excursion, vol. ii., p. 166. Speaking of the Wallies, they, 'in many respects differ from their brethren in the middle and lower counties of the State. They are lighter colored and more intelligent.'Johnson, inOverland Monthly, 1869, vol. ii., p. 536.[433]'The males are tall, averaging in height about five feet eight inches, are well proportioned, athletic, and possess the power of endurance to a great degree.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. 'The people here (Rogue River) were larger and stronger than those in South California, but not handsomer.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. Speaking of Indians on the Klamath River, 'their stature is a trifle under the American; they have well-sized bodies, erect and strong-knit.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. On the upper Trinity they are 'large and powerful men, of a swarthier complexion, fierce and intractable.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 129. Near Mount Shasta, 'a fine-looking race, being much better proportioned than those more to the northward, and their features more regular.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 254. At Klamath Lake, 'well-grown and muscular.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. On the Trinity, 'majestic in person, chivalrous in bearing.'Kelly's Excursion, vol. ii., p. 166.[434]In the vicinity of Klamath lake 'the squaws are short in comparison with the men, and, for Indians have tolerably regular features.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. In the Rogue River region 'some of them are quite pretty, usually well-formed, handsomely developed, small features, and very delicate and well-turned hands and feet.... They are graceful in their movements and gestures, ... always timid and modest.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. On the Klamath River, 'with their smooth, hazel skins, oval faces, plump and brilliant eyes, some of the young maidens,—barring the tattooed chins,—have a piquant and splendid beauty.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. On the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, many of the women 'were exceedingly pretty; having large almond-shaped eyes, sometimes of a hazel color, and with the red showing through the cheeks. Their figures were full, their chests ample; and the younger ones had well-shaped busts, and rounded limbs.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 140. But as to the beauty of women tastes never agree; Mr Kelly in hisExcursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 167, speaking of a band of 'noble-looking Indians' which he met near Trinity River, says that they were 'accompanied by a few squaws, who, strange to say, in this latitude are ugly, ill-favoured, stunted in stature, lumpy in figure, and awkward in gait,' and concerning the Rogue River Indians a lady states that 'among the women ... there were some extremely clumsy figures.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. The Pit-River Indian girls 'have the smallest and prettiest feet and hands I have ever seen.'Miller's Life amongst the Modocs, p. 374.[435]At Crescent City, Mr Powers saw some 'broad-faced squaws of an almost African blackness;' the Patawats in the vicinity of Mad River and Humboldt Bay are 'blackskinned, pudgy in stature; well cushioned with adipose tissue;' at Redwood Creek 'like most of the coast tribes they are very dark colored, squat in stature, rather fuller-faced than the interior Indians.'Pomo, MS.At Trinidad Bay 'their persons were in general indifferently, but stoutly made, of a lower stature than any tribe of Indians we had before seen.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 246. At the mouth of Eel River the Weeyots 'are generally repulsive in countenance as well as filthy in person.... Their heads are disproportionately large; their figures, though short, strong and well developed.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. Carl Meyer names the Indians he saw at Trinidad Bay,Allequas, or Wood-Indians (Holzindianer). I do not find the name anywhere else, and judging by his description, they appear to differ considerably from the natives seen in the same vicinity by Vancouver or Mr Powers; he, Meyer, says; 'Sie sind von unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig zimmet oder lohfarbig, eher weisslich, wie die der antisischen Inkas gewesen sein soll; bei der Jugend und besonders beim weiblichen Geschlechte schimmert oft ein sanftes Roth auf den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch gekrümmt, das Auge gross in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen und intelligent, die Lippen nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände und Füsse klein.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 215.[436]At Pitt River they 'have no dress except a buckskin thrown around them.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.Near Mount Shasta 'they can scarcely be said to wear any dress, except a mantle of deer or wolf skin. A few of them had deer-skins belted around their waists, with a highly ornamented girdle.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 255. Near Pitt River, the Indians were nearly naked.Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 61. At Trinidad Bay 'their clothing was chiefly made of the skins of land animals, with a few indifferent small skins of the sea-otter.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 247. 'The men, however, do not wear any covering, except the cold is intense, when indeed they put upon their shoulders the skins of sea-wolves, otters, deer, or other animals.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 16. 'They were clothed, for the most part, in skins.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 118. On Smith River they were 'in a complete state of nature, excepting only a kind of apology for an apron, worn by the women, sometimes made of elk's skin, and sometimes of grass.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 313. Among the Weeyots at Eel River the men 'wore a deer-skin robe over the shoulder, and the women a short petticoat of fringe.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. On Klamath River their only dress was the fringed petticoat, or at most, a deerskin robe thrown back over the shoulders, in addition.Id., p. 141. 'The primitive dress of the men is simply a buckskin girdle about the loins; of the women, a chemise of the same material, or of braided grass, reaching from the breast to the knees.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. 'Were quite naked excepting the maro.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 253. The Klamath Lake Indians 'wear little more than the breech-cloth.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. 'They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.'Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Allequas, at Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im Winter trägt er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' 'Die Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder von Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 217, 219. 'The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283.[437]'An Indian will trap and slaughter seventy-five rabbits for one of these robes, making it double, with fur inside and out.'Powers' Pomo, MS.[438]Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 107, 127;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., 282.[439]Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 282;Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204.[440]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142.[441]Maurelle's Jour., p. 17;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 127, 142;Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329;Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. 'Die Allequas (Trinidad Bay) haben starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird bis auf einen Zoll Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das Aussehen von Titusköpfen erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch mit einem ziemlich langen, durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck betrachtet, bei festlichen Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird, und alsdann dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleicht.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 215. 'Both men and women part their hair in the middle, the men cut it square on the neck and wear it rather long, the women wear theirs long, plaited in two braids, hanging down the back.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[442]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. 'Barthaare haben sie, wie alle Indianer Nord-Amerikas, nur wenig; sie werden ausgerupft, und nur in der Trauer stehen gelassen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, pp. 215-16.[443]The men tattoo so that they may 'be recognized if stolen by Modocs.' 'With the women it is entirely for ornament.'The Shastas and their Neighbors,MS. At Rogue River the women 'were tattooed on the hands and arms as well as the chin.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. At Trinidad Bay 'they ornamented their lower lip with three perpendicular columns of punctuation, one from each corner of the mouth and one in the middle, occupying three fifths of the chin.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 247. Maurelle says the same, and adds that a space is left between each line, 'which is much larger in the young than in the older women, whose faces are generally covered with punctures.'Jour., p. 17. At Mad River and Humboldt Bay, the same, 'and also lines of small dots on the backs of their hands.'Powers' Pomo,MS. At mouth of Eel River 'both sexes tattoo; the men on their arms and breasts; the women from inside the under lip down to and beneath the chin. The extent of this disfigurement indicates to a certain extent, the age and condition of the person.' 'In the married women the lines are extended up above the corners of the mouth.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 127, 142. 'I have never observed any particular figures or designs upon their persons; but the tattooing is generally on the chin, though sometimes on the wrist and arm. Tattooing has mostly been on the persons of females, and seems to be esteemed as an ornament, not apparently indicating rank or condition.'Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. The squaws among the Cahrocs on the Klamath 'tattoo, in blue, three narrow fern-leaves, perpendicularly on the chin.' 'For this purpose they are said to employ soot, gathered from a stove, mingled with the juice of a certain plant.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. Among the Shastys the women 'are tattooed in lines from the mouth to the chin.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem Striche dann alle fünf Jahre ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass man an diesen Zeichnungen leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen kann.... Die Männer bemalen sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, das Gesicht, und zeichnen allerlei geheimnissvolle Figuren und Verzierungen auf Wange, Nase und Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss auf den einzelnen Stellen von der Haut wegheben.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 216.[444]'I never saw two alike.'The Shastas and their Neighbors,MS. At Klamath lake they are 'painted from their heads to their waists all colours and patterns.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. The Modocs 'paint themselves with various pigments formed from rotten wood, different kinds of earth, &c.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 536. Kane 'took a sketch of a Chastay (Shasta) female slave (among the Chinooks) the lower part of whose face, from the corners of the mouth to the ears and downwards, was tattooed of a bluish colour. The men of this tribe do not tattoo, but paint their faces like other Indians.'Wand., p. 182. Ida Pfeiffer,Second Journ., p. 315, saw Indians on Smith river, who painted their faces 'in a most detestable manner. They first smeared them with fish fat and then they rubbed in the paint, sometimes passing a finger over it in certain lines, so as to produce a pattern.'Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 361.[445]'No taste in bead work.'The Shastas and their Neighbors,MS. 'In den Ohren tragen die Allequas (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksachen, welche sie theils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aus Holz nachahmen; auch sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die talismanische Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen wohnenden tragen hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den Nasenwandungen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 216;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142;Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317;Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 537;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., plate xiv.[446]Maurelle's Jour., p. 18.[447]Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 247.[448]'The lodges are dome-shaped; like beaver-houses, an arched roof covers a deep pit sunk in the ground, the entrance to which is a round hole.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 278. 'Large round huts, perhaps 20 feet in diameter, with rounded tops, on which was the door by which they descended into the interior.'Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204. 'The Modoc excavates a circular space from two to four feet deep, then makes over it a conical structure of puncheons, which is strongly braced up with timbers, frequently hewn and a foot square.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 536;Id., vol. ix., p. 156. 'The style was very substantial, the large poles requiring five or six men to lift.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 175. 'Have only an opening at the summit.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 261. On the inside of the door they frequently place a sliding panel. 'The Kailtas build wigwams in a conical shape—as all tribes on the Trinity do—but they excavate no cellars.'Powers' Pomo,MS. See full description of dwellings, byJohnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. The entrance is a 'round hole just large enough to crawl into, which is on a level with the surface of the ground, or is cut through the roof.'Johnson, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536;Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 377.[449]'Built of plank, rudely wrought.' The roofs are not 'horizontal like those at Nootka, but rise with a small degree of elevation to a ridge in the middle.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., pp. 241-2. Well built, of boards; often twenty feet square; roof pitched over a ridge-pole; ground usually excavated 3 or 4 feet; some cellars floored and walled with stone.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, about 1½ inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve feet in length.'Trinity Journal,April, 1857. 'The floors of these huts are perfectly smooth and clean, with a square hole two feet deep in the centre, in which they make their fire.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 17. 'The huts have never but one apartment. The fire is kindled in the centre, the smoke escaping through the crevices in the roof.'Hubbard, inGolden Era,March, 1856. The houses of the Eurocs and Cahrocs 'are sometimes constructed on the level earth, but oftener they excavate a round cellar, four or five feet deep, and twelve or fifteen feet in diameter.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 530;Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 220;The Shastas and their neighbors, MS.[450]Kit Carson says of lodges seen near Klamath lake: 'They were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag, which were beautifully and intricately woven together.'Peters' Life of Carson, p. 263. 'The wild sage furnishes them shelter in the heat of summer, and, like the Cayote, they burrow in the earth for protection from the inclemencies of winter.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283. 'Their lodges are generally mere temporary structures, scarcely sheltering them from the pelting storm.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 262.[451]'Slightly constructed, generally of poles.'Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 218. 'The earth in the centre scooped out, and thrown up in a low, circular embankment.'Turner, inOverland Monthly, p. xi., p. 21.[452]Powers' Pomo, MS.[453]'The rocks supply edible shell-fish.'Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.'The deer and elk are mostly captured by driving them into traps and pits.' 'Small game is killed with arrows, and sometimes elk and deer are dispatched in the same way.'Hubbard, inGolden Era,April, 1856. 'The elk they usually take in snares.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. 'The mountain Indians subsisted largely on game, which of every variety was very abundant, and was killed with their bows and arrows, in the use of which they were very expert.'Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 497. 'Die Indianer am Pittflusse machen Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn sie darüber gejagt werden, hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen Bär jagen.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 181;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[454]Schumacher,Oregon Antiquities, MS., classifies their ancient arrow and spear points thus: Long barbs with projections, short barbs with projections, and long and short barbs without projections. 'The point of the spear is composed of a small bone needle, which sits in a socket, and pulls out as soon as the fish starts. A string connecting the spear handle and the center of the bone serves, when pulled, to turn the needle cross wise in the wound.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,March 8, 1861;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 146.[455]The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Hubbard, inGolden Era,April, 1856;Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 497. 'In spawning-time the fish school up from Clear Lake in extraordinary numbers, so that the Indians have only to put a slight obstruction in the river, when they can literally shovel them out.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 537;Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.[456]'The camas is a bulbus root, shaped much like an onion.'Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 22.[457]'A root about an inch long, and as large as one's little finger, of a bitter-sweetish and pungent taste, something like ginseng.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 537.[458]'An aquatic plant, with a floating leaf, very much like that of a pond-lily, in the centre of which is a pod resembling a poppy-head, full of farinaceous seeds.'Ib.See alsoMeyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 222. 'Their principal food is the kamas root, and the seed obtained from a plant growing in the marshes of the lake, resembling, before hulled, a broom-corn seed.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 263.[459]The Klamaths 'subsist upon roots and almost every living thing within their reach, not excepting reptiles, crickets, ants, etc.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283;Heintzelman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 391;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.[460]Turner, inOverland Monthly, vol. xi., p. 24.[461]At Rogue River, 'the men go in the morning into the river, but, like the Malays, bring all the dirt out on their skins that they took in.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. At Pitt River they are 'disgusting in their habits.'Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 61;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.'Of the many hundreds I have seen, there was not one who still observed the aboriginal mode of life, that had not a sweet breath. This is doubtless due to the fact that, before they became civilized, they ate their food cold.'Powers' Pomo, MS.'They always rise at the first dawn of day, and plunge into the river.'Hubbard, inGolden Era,March, 1856. 'Their persons are unusually clean, as they use both the sweat-house and the cold-bath constantly.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142. 'Mit Tagesanbruch begibt sich der Allequa (Trinidad Bay) in jeder Jahreszeit zur nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen der aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 221;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.[462]Carl Meyer, after describing the bow, adds: 'Fernere Waffen der Allequas sind; das Obsidian-Beil oder Tomahawk, die Keule, die Lanze und der Wurfspiess.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 218. This statement, I think, may be taken with some allowance, as nowhere else do I find mention of a tomahawk being used by the Californians.[463]Schumacher,Oregon Antiquities, MS., speaking of an ancient spear-point, says, 'the pointed teeth show it to have been a very dangerous weapon.'Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.On the Klamath River, 'among the skins used for quivers, I noticed the otter, wild-cat, fisher, fawn, grey fox and others.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 141. Near Mt Shasta, 'bows and arrows are very beautifully made: the former are of yew, and about three feet long ... backed very neatly with sinew, and painted.... The arrows are upwards of thirty inches long.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 255. At Port Trinidad, 'arrows are carried in quivers of wood or bone, and hang from their wrist or neck.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 20. On Pigeon River 'their arrows were in general tipped with copper or iron.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 110. The Pit River 'arrows are made in three parts.'Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 61. The Allequas at Trinidad Bay, described by Carl Meyer, carried their arrows either 'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 217. SeeMofras,Explor.,Atlas, plate xxv. Speaking of the quiver, Mr Powers says: 'in the animal's head they stuff a quantity of grass or moss, as a cushion for the arrow-heads to rest in, which prevents them from being broken.'Overland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 532. 'Their arrows can only be extracted from the flesh with the knife.'Cutts' Conquest of Cal., p. 170. 'Am oberen Theile (California) ist der Bogen von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und elastisch gemacht. Die Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse von mässiger Länge, an der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite 1 Zoll und die Dicke1/3Zoll, scharfkantig und spitz zulaufend.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 180.[464]Powers' Pomo, MS.;Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[465]Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 214.[466]Johnson, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536. At Trinidad Bay 'zuweilen werden die Pfeile mit dem Safte des Sumachbaumes vergiftet, und alsdann nur zum Erlegen wilder Raubthiere gebraucht.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen Hirschleber, worin sie beisst, und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin wird nun die Spitze eingetaucht und dann getrocknet.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 180. The Pitt River Indians 'use the poison of the rattle-snake, by grinding the head of that reptile into an impalpable powder, which is then applied by means of the putrid blood and flesh of the dog to the point of the weapon.'Gross' System of Surgery, vol. i., p. 321. 'The Pitt River Indians poisoned their arrows in a putrid deer's liver. This is a slow poison, however, and sometimes will not poison at all.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.[467]Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die ihnen als bedeutende Ferngeschosse dienen. Ein solcher ist 6 Fuss lang, und der Indianer legt sich auf die Erde, um denselben zu spannen, indem er das rechte Knie in den Bogen einstemmt und mit beiden Armen nachhilft.' The bow and arrow, knife, and war-club, constitute their weapons. In one of their lodges I noticed an elk-skin shield, so constructed as to be impervious to the sharpest arrows.Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 262. Miller mentions a Modoc who was 'painted red, half-naked, and held a tomahawk in his hand.'Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 20.[468]Salem Statesman,April, 1857.[469]Hence, if we may credit Miller,Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 373, the name Pitt River.[470]The Hoopas exacted tribute from all the surrounding tribes. At the time the whites arrived the Chimalaquays were paying them tribute in deer-skins at the rate of twenty-five cents per head.Powers' Pomo,MS. The Hoopahs have a law requiring those situated on the Trinity, above them to pay tribute.Humboldt Times,Nov. 1857;S. F. Evening Bulletin,Nov. 23, 1857.[471]The Sassics, Cahrocs, Hoopahs, Klamaths and Rogue River Indians, take no scalps, but decapitate the slain, or cut off their hands and feet.Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317.[472]The Veeards on Lower Humboldt Bay 'took elk-horns and rubbed them on stones for days together, to sharpen them into axes and wedges.'Powers' Pomo, MS.On the Klamath river they had 'spoons neatly made of bone and horn.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 146.[473]'For basket making, they use the roots of pine-trees, the stem of the spice-bush, and ornament with a kind of grass which looks like a palm leaf, and will bleach white. They also stain it purple with elder berries, and green with soapstone.' ... 'The Pitt River Indians excel all others in basket-making, but are not particularly good at bead work.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204;Johnson, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 134;Powers' Pomo, MS.[474]Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 253;Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 218.[475]The boats formerly used by the Modocs were 'quite rude and unshapely concerns, compared with those of the lower Klamath, but substantial and sometimes large enough to carry 1800 pounds of merchandise.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 532, vol. x., p. 536. 'Blunt at both ends, with a small projection in the stern for a seat.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142. 'Those on Rogue river were roughly built—some of them scow fashion, with flat bottom.'Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 218. The Pitt River Indians 'used boats made from pine; they burn them out ... about twenty feet long, some very good ones.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[476]Chase, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 433. 'A kind of bead made from a shell procured on the coast. These they string and wear about the neck.... Another kind is a shell about an inch long, which looks like a porcupine quill. They are more valuable than the other. They also use them as nose-ornaments.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.'The unit of currency is a string of the length of a man's arm, with a certain number of the longer shells below the elbow, and a certain number of the shorter ones above.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. 'A rare shell, spiral in shape, varying from one to two inches in length, and about the size of a crowquill, called by the natives,Siwash, is used as money.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856.[477]'The ownership of a (white) deer-skin, constitutes a claim to chieftainship, readily acknowledged by all the dusky race on this coast.'Humboldt Times,Dec., 1860.[478]'Property consists in women, ornaments made of rare feathers and shells, also furs and skins.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. Their wealth 'consisted chiefly of white deerskins, canoes, the scalp of the red-headed woodpecker, andaliquachiek.'Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., 1867, p. 497.[479]'Have no tribal organization, no such thing as public offence.'Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.A Pitt River chief tried the white man's code, but so unpopular was it, that he was obliged to abandon it.The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.Among the Klamath and Trinity tribes the power of the chief 'is insufficient to control the relations of the several villages, or keep down the turbulence of individuals.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 139-140. The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopas, and Kailtas, have a nominal chief for each village, but his power is extremely limited and each individual does as he likes. Among the Tolewas in Del Norte County, money makes the chief. The Modocs and Patawats have an hereditary chieftainship.Powers' Pomo, MS.At Trinidad Bay they were 'governed by a ruler, who directs where they shall go both to hunt and fish.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 18. 'Der Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und Wandel, Leben und Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf seinen Erstgebornen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 223. The chief 'obtains his position from his wealth, and usually manages to transmit his effects and with them his honors, to his posterity.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. Formerly 'the different rancherias had chiefs, or heads, known as Mow-wee-mas, their influence being principally derived from their age, number of relatives, and wealth.'Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., p. 497.[480]The Cahrocs compound for murder by payment of one string. Among the Patawats the average fine for murdering a man is ten strings, for killing a woman five strings, worth about $100 and $50 respectively. 'An average Patawut's life is considered worth about six ordinary canoes, each of which occupies two Indians probably three months in making, or, in all, tantamount to the labor of one man for a period of three years.' 'The Hoopas and Kailtas also paid for murder, or their life was taken by the relatives of the deceased.'Powers' Pomo, MS.'They seem to do as they please, and to be only governed by private revenge. If one man kills another the tribe or family of the latter kill the murderer, unless he buy himself off.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[481]Drew's Owyhee Reconnaissance, p. 17.[482]The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopahs, and Patawats, all acquire their wives by purchase.The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Powers' Pomo, MS.'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den Schönen seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er dem Mauhemi (chief) eine armslange Muschelschnur vorzeigen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 223. The mountain Indians seldom, if ever, intermarry with those on the coast.Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., 1867, p. 497;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. Buy wives with shell-money.Pfeiffer's Second Journ.Among the Modocs 'the women are offered for sale to the highest buyer.'Meacham's Lecture, inS. F. Alta California, Oct. 6, 1861;Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs.[483]Polygamy is common among the Modocs.Meacham's Lecture, inS. F. Alta California,Oct. 6, 1873. On Pitt River a chief sometimes has five wives. 'The most jealous people in the world.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.'Among the tribes in the north of the State adultery is punished by the death of the child.'Taylor, inCalifornia Farmer,March 8, 1861. 'The males have as many wives as they are able to purchase;' adultery committed by a woman is punished with death.Hubbard, inGolden Era,March, 1856. Among the Cahrocs polygamy is not tolerated; among the Modocs polygamy prevails, and the women have considerable privilege. The Hoopa adulterer loses one eye, the adulteress is exempt from punishment.Powers' Pomo, MS.The Weeyots at Eel river 'have as many wives as they please.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. At Trinidad Bay 'we found out that they had a plurality of wives.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 19.[484]All the young unmarried women are a common possession.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 330. The women bewail their virginity for three nights before their marriage.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 173. If we believe Powers, they cannot usually have much to bewail.[485]Boys are disgraced by work.The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.Women work, while men gamble or sleep.Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., 1867, p. 497;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 242;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.[486]Kane's Wand., p. 182.[487]For the god Chareya, seeBancroft's Nat. Races, vol. iii., pp. 90, 161.[488]Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 318. The Pitt River Indians 'sing as they gamble and play until they are so hoarse they cannot speak.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.[489]Chase, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 433.
[406]The wife of a young Kootenai left him for another, whereupon he shot himself.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 169. Among the Flatheads 'conjugal infidelity is scarcely known.'Dunn's Oregon, p. 311. The Sahaptins 'do not exhibit those loose feelings of carnal desire, nor appear addicted to the common customs of prostitution.'Gass' Jour., p. 275. Inland tribes have a reputation for chastity, probably due to circumstances rather than to fixed principles.Mayne's B. C., p. 300. Spokanes 'free from the vice of incontinence'. Among the Walla Wallas prostitution is unknown, 'and I believe no inducement would tempt them to commit a breach of chastity.' Prostitution common on the Fraser.Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 145, 199-200. Nez Percé women remarkable for their chastity.Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 655.
[407]In the Salish family on the birth of a child wealthy relatives make presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents but receives none on such an occasion. The Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles bandage the waist and legs of infants with a view to producing broad-shouldered, small-waisted and straight-limbed adults.Tolmie and Anderson, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 231-2. Among the Walla Wallas 'when traveling a hoop, bent over the head of the child, protects it from injury.' The confinement after child-birth continues forty days. At the first menstruation the Spokane woman must conceal herself two days in the forest; for a man to see her would be fatal; she must then be confined for twenty days longer in a separate lodge.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 426-8, 485. The Okanagan mother is not allowed to prepare her unborn infant's swaddling clothes, which consist of a piece of board, a bit of skin, a bunch of moss, and a string.Ross' Adven., pp. 324-30. 'Small children, not more than three years old, are mounted alone and generally upon colts.' Younger ones are carried on the mother's back 'or suspended from a high knob upon the forepart of their saddles.'Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 98. Houses among the Chopunnish 'appropriated for women who are undergoing the operation of the menses.' 'When anything is to be conveyed to these deserted females, the person throws it to them forty or fifty paces off, and then retires.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 539;Townsend's Nar., p. 78;Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 655.
[408]With the Pend d'Oreilles 'it was not uncommon for them to bury the very old and the very young alive, because, they said, "these cannot take care of themselves, and we cannot take care of them, and they had better die."'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 211;Suckley, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 297;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 328;White's Ogn., p. 96;Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 148-9.
[409]In the Yakima Valley 'we visited every street, alley, hole and corner of the camp.... Here was gambling, there scalp-dancing; laughter in one place, mourning in another. Crowds were passing to and fro, whooping, yelling, dancing, drumming, singing. Men, women, and children were huddled together; flags flying, horses neighing, dogs howling, chained bears, tied wolves, grunting and growling, all pell-mell among the tents.'Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 28. At Kettle Falls 'whilst awaiting the coming salmon, the scene is one great revel: horse-racing, gambling, love-making, dancing, and diversions of all sorts, occupy the singular assembly; for at these annual gatherings ... feuds and dislikes are for the time laid by.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., pp. 72-3.
[410]The principal amusement of the Okanagans is gambling, 'at which they are not so quarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes,' disputes being settled by arbitration.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., p. 88. A young man at Kettle Falls committed suicide, having lost everything at gambling.Kane's Wand., pp. 309-10. 'Les Indiens de la Colombie ont porté les jeux de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce qu'ils ont, ils se mettent eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main, ensuite l'autre; s'ils les perdent, les bras, et ainsi de suite tous les membres du corps; la tête suit, et s'ils la perdent, ils deviennent esclaves pour la vie avec leurs femmes et leurs enfants.'De Smet,Voy., pp. 49-50. Many Kooteneais have abandoned gambling.De Smet,West. Miss., p. 300. 'Whatever the poor Indian can call his own, is ruthlessly sacrificed to this Moloch of human weakness.'Ind. Life, p. 42;Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 102-3.
[411]Spokanes; 'one of their great amusements is horse-racing.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 487. Kliketats and Yakimas; 'the racing season is the grand annual occasion of these tribes. A horse of proved reputation is a source of wealth or ruin to his owner. On his speed he stakes his whole stud, his household goods, clothes, and finally his wives; and a single heat doubles his fortune, or sends him forth an impoverished adventurer. The interest, however is not confined to the individual directly concerned; the tribe share it with him, and a common pile of goods, of motley description, apportioned according to their ideas of value, is put up by either party, to be divided among the backers of the winner.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 404, 412. 'Running horses and foot-races by men, women and children, and they have games of chance played with sticks or bones;' do not drink to excess.Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 237, 406.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 557;Franchère's Nar., p. 269.
[412]Kane's Wand., pp. 310-11.
[413]The principal Okanagan amusement is a game called by the voyageurs 'jeu de main,' like our odd and even.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., p. 463. It sometimes takes a week to decide the game. The loser never repines.Ross' Adven., pp. 308-11;Stuart's Montana, p. 71.
[414]Among the Wahowpums 'the spectators formed a circle round the dancers, who, with their robes drawn tightly round the shoulders, and divided into parties of five or six men, perform by crossing in a line from one side of the circle to the other. All the parties, performers as well as spectators, sing, and after proceeding in this way for some time, the spectators join, and the whole concludes by a promiscuous dance and song.' The Walla Wallas 'were formed into a solid column, round a kind of hollow square, stood on the same place, and merely jumped up at intervals, to keep time to the music.'Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés dance round a pole on Sundays, and the chiefs exhort during the pauses.Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 101-2, 245. In singing 'they usehi,ah, in constant repetition, ... and instead of several parts harmonizing, they only take eighths one above another, never exceeding three.'Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 242-3. 'The song was a simple expression of a few sounds, no intelligible words being uttered. It resembled the wordsho-ha-ho-ha-ho-ha-ha-ha, commencing in a low tone, and gradually swelling to a full, round, and beautifully modulated chorus.'Townsend's Nar., p. 106. Chualpay scalp-dance.Kane's Wand., p. 315. Religious songs.Dunn's Oregon, pp. 338-40;Palmer's Jour., p. 124.
[415]De Smet thinks inhaling tobacco smoke may prevent its injurious effects.Voy., p. 207. In all religious ceremonies the pipe of peace is smoked.Ross' Adven., pp. 288-9.Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 286;Hines' Voy., p. 184. 'The medicine-pipe is a sacred pledge of friendship among all the north-western tribes.'Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 220.
[416]In moving, the girls and small boys ride three or four on a horse with their mothers, while the men drive the herds of horses that run loose ahead.Lord's Nat., vol. i., pp. 71-3, 306. Horses left for months without a guard, and rarely stray far. They call this 'caging' them.De Smet,Voy., pp. 187, 47, 56. 'Babies of fifteen months old, packed in a sitting posture, rode along without fear, grasping the reins with their tiny hands.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. xii., pt. ii., p. 130, with plate;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 404-5;Palliser's Rept., p. 73;Farnham's Trav., pp. 81-;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 64;Irving's Astoria, p. 365;Franchère's Nar., pp. 269-71;Cox's Adven., vol. ii., pp. 110-11.
[417]'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.'De Smet,Voy., pp. 46, 205;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 494-5;Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 212, and inDe Smet's West. Miss., pp. 285-6;Suckley, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 297;Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 208-9;Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 64, vol. ii., p. 19;Kane's Wand., pp. 267, 280-1, 318.
[418]Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 343-4;Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 241-2;Ross' Adven., pp. 311-12.
[419]The Walla Wallas receive bad news with a howl. The Spokanes 'cache' their salmon. They are willing to change names with any one they esteem. 'Suicide prevails more among the Indians of the Columbia River than in any other portion of the continent which I have visited.'Kane's Wand., pp. 282-3, 307-10. 'Preserve particular order in their movements. The first chief leads the way, the next chiefs follow, then the common men, and after these the women and children.' They arrange themselves in similar order in coming forward to receive visitors. Do not usually know their own age.Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 87, 133-4, 242. Distance is calculated by time; a day's ride is seventy miles on horseback, thirty-five miles on foot.Ross' Adven., p. 329. Natives can tell by examining arrows to what tribe they belong.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. ii., p. 167. Kliketats and Yakimas often unwilling to tell their name.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 405. 'D'après toutes les observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut à peu près à cinquante ou soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur camps.'De Smet,Voy., p. 205. Among the Nez Percés everything was promulgated by criers. 'The office of crier is generally filled by some old man, who is good for little else. A village has generally several.'Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 286. Habits of worship of the Flatheads in the missions.Dunn's Oregon, pp. 315-6. 'A pack of prick-eared curs, simply tamed prairie wolves, always in attendance.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., pp. 71-3.
[420]The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we have had occasion to remark being of scrophulous kind.' With the Sokulks 'a bad soreness of the eyes is a very common disorder.' 'Bad teeth are very general.' The Chilluckittequaws' diseases are sore eyes, decayed teeth, and tumors. The Walla Wallas have ulcers and eruptions of the skin, and occasionally rheumatism. The Chopunnish had 'scrofula, rheumatism, and sore eyes,' and a few have entirely lost the use of their limbs.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 341, 352, 382, 531, 549. The medicine-man uses a medicine-bag of relics in his incantations.Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 240-1. The Okanagan medicine-men are calledtlaquillaughs, and 'are men generally past the meridian of life; in their habits grave and sedate.' 'They possess a good knowledge of herbs and roots, and their virtues.' I have often 'seen him throw out whole mouthfuls of blood, and yet not the least mark would appear on the skin.' 'I once saw an Indian who had been nearly devoured by a grizzly bear, and had his skull split open in several places, and several pieces of bone taken out just above the brain, and measuring three-fourths of an inch in length, cured so effectually by one of these jugglers, that in less than two months after he was riding on his horse again at the chase. I have also seen them cut open the belly with a knife, extract a large quantity of fat from the inside, sew up the part again, and the patient soon after perfectly recovered.' The most frequent diseases are 'indigestion, fluxes, asthmas, and consumptions.' Instances of longevity rare.Ross' Adven., pp. 302-8. A desperate case of consumption cured by killing a dog each day for thirty-two days, ripping it open and placing the patient's legs in the warm intestines, administering some barks meanwhile. The Flatheads subject to few diseases; splints used for fractures, bleeding with sharp flints for contusions, ice-cold baths for ordinary rheumatism, and vapor bath with cold plunge for chronic rheumatism.Cox's Adven., vol. ii., pp. 90-3, vol. i., pp. 248-51. Among the Walla Wallas convalescents are directed to sing some hours each day. The Spokanes require all garments, etc., about the death-bed to be buried with the body, hence few comforts for the sick.Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 426-7, 485. The Flatheads say their wounds cure themselves.De Smet,Voy., pp. 198-200. The Wascos cure rattlesnake bites by salt applied to the wound or by whisky taken internally.Kane's Wand., pp. 265, 273, 317-18. A female doctor's throat cut by the father of a patient she had failed to cure.Hines' Voy., p. 190. The office of medicine-men among the Sahaptins is generally hereditary. Men often die from fear of a medicine-man's evil glance. Rival doctors work on the fears of patients to get each other killed. Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés.Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., pp. 652-3, 655. Small-pox seems to have come among the Yakimas and Kliketats before direct intercourse with whites.Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 405, 408. A Nez Percé doctor killed by a brother of a man who had shot himself in mourning for his dead relative; the brother in turn killed, and several other lives lost.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., p. 239.
[421]The Sokulks wrap the dead in skins, bury them in graves, cover with earth, and mark the grave by little pickets of wood struck over and about it. On the Columbia below the Snake was a shed-tomb sixty by twelve feet, open at the ends, standing east and west. Recently dead bodies wrapped in leather and arranged on boards at the west end. About the centre a promiscuous heap of partially decayed corpses; and at eastern end a mat with twenty-one skulls arranged in a circle. Articles of property suspended on the inside and skeletons of horses scattered outside. About the Dalles eight vaults of boards eight feet square, and six feet high, and all the walls decorated with pictures and carvings. The bodies were laid east and west.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 344-5, 359-60, 379-80, 557-8. Okanagans observe silence about the death-bed, but the moment the person dies the house is abandoned, and clamorous mourning is joined in by all the camp for some hours; then dead silence while the body is wrapped in a new garment, brought out, and the lodge torn down. Then alternate mourning and silence, and the deceased is buried in a sitting posture in a round hole. Widows must mourn two years, incessantly for some months, then only morning and evening.Ross' Adven., pp. 321-2. Frantic mourning, cutting the flesh, etc., by Nez Percés.Ross' Fur Hunters, vol. i., pp. 234-5, 238-9, vol. ii., p. 139. Destruction of horses and other property by Spokanes.Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 200-1. A Shushwap widow instigates the murder of a victim as a sacrifice to her husband. The horses of a Walla Walla chief not used after his death.Kane's Wand., pp. 178-9, 264-5, 277, 289. Hundreds of Wasco bodies piled in a small house on an island, just below the Dalles. A Walla Walla chief caused himself to be buried alive in the grave of his last son.Hines' Voy., pp. 159, 184-8. Among the Yakimas and Kliketats the women do the mourning, living apart for a few days, and then bathing. Okanagan bodies strapped to a tree. Stone mounds over Spokane graves.Gibbs and Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 405, 413, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 150. Pend d'Oreilles buried old and young alive when unable to take care of them.Ind. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 211, 238. 'High conical stacks of drift-wood' over Walla Walla graves.Townsend's Nar., p. 157. Shushwaps often deposit dead in trees. If in the ground, always cover grave with stones.Mayne's B. C., p. 304. Killing a slave by Wascos.White's Ogn., pp. 260-3. Dances and prayers for three days at Nez Percé chief's burial.Irving's Bonneville's Adven., p. 283. Burying infant with parents by Flatheads.De Smet,Voy., p. 173. Light wooden pilings about Shushwap graves.Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass., p. 242;Alvord, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. v., p. 655;Parker's Explor. Tour, p. 104;Palmer, inB. C. Papers, pt. iii., p. 85;Gass' Jour., p. 219;Ind. Life, p. 55;Tolmie, inLord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 237-8, 260-1.
[422]Sokulks 'of a mild and peaceable disposition,' respectful to old age. Chilluckittequaws 'unusually hospitable and good humoured.' Chopunnish 'the most amiable we have seen. Their character is placid and gentle, rarely moved into passion.' 'They are indeed selfish and avaricious.' Will pilfer small articles.Lewis and Clarke's Trav., pp. 338, 341, 351, 376, 556-8, 564. The Flatheads 'se distinguent par la civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.'De Smet,Voy., pp. 31-2, 38-40, 47-50, 166-74, 202-4. Flatheads 'the best Indians of the mountains and the plains,—honest, brave, and docile.' Kootenais 'men of great docility and artlessness of character.'Stevens and Hoecken, inDe Smet's West. Miss., pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and poor-spirited.De Smet,Miss. de l'Orégon, p. 329. In the Walla Wallas 'an air of open unsuspecting confidence,' 'natural politeness,' no obtrusive familiarity. Flatheads 'frank and hospitable.' Except cruelty to captives have 'fewer failings than any of the tribes I ever met.' Brave, quiet, and amenable to their chiefs. Spokanes 'quiet, honest, inoffensive,' but rather indolent. 'Thoughtless and improvident.' Okanagans 'Indolent rascals;' 'an honest and quiet tribe.' Sanspoils dirty, slothful, dishonest, quarrelsome, etc. Coeurs d'Alène 'uniformly honest;' 'more savage than their neighbours.' Kootenais honest, brave, jealous, truthful. Kamloops 'thieving and quarrelling.'Cox's Adven., vol. i., pp. 145, 148, 192, 199, 239-40, 262-3, 344, vol. ii., pp. 44, 87-8, 109, 145-60. Okanagans active and industrious, revengeful, generous and brave.Ross' Adven., pp. 142, 290-5, 327-9. Skeen 'a hardy, brave people.' Cayuses far more vicious and ungovernable than the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous.Kane's Wand., pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil, people, but proud and haughty.'Palmer's Jour., pp. 128, 48, 53, 59, 61, 124-7. 'Kind to each other.' 'Cheerful and often gay, sociable, kind and affectionate, and anxious to receive instruction.' 'Lying scarcely known.'Parker's Explor. Tour, pp. 97, 105, 232, 239, 303-4, 311-12. Of the Nicutemuchs 'the habitual vindictiveness of their character is fostered by the ceaseless feuds.' 'Nearly every family has a minor vendetta of its own.' 'The races that depend entirely or chiefly on fishing, are immeasurably inferior to those tribes who, with nerves and sinews braced by exercise, and minds comparatively ennobled by frequent excitement, live constantly amid war and the chase.'Anderson, inHist. Mag., vol. vii., pp. 77-80. Inland tribes of British Columbia less industrious and less provident than the more sedentary coast Indians.Mayne's B. C., pp. 301, 297. Sahaptins 'cold, taciturn, high-tempered, warlike, fond of hunting.' Palouse, Yakimas, Kliketats, etc., of a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés.Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., pp. 199, 210-13. Cayuses 'dreaded by their neighbors on account of their courage and warlike spirit.' Walla Wallas 'notorious as thieves since their first intercourse with whites.' 'Indolent, superstitious, drunken and debauched.' Character of Flatheads, Pend d'Oreilles, Umatillas.Ind. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 207-9, 211, 218, 223, 282, 1861, pp. 164-5. Yakimas and Kliketats 'much superior to the river Indians.'Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 405, 298, 403, 416, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 139. Wascos 'exceedingly vicious.'Hines' Voy., pp. 159, 169. The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, more like a nation of saints than a horde of savages.' Skyuses, Walla Wallas.Irving's Bonneville's Adven., pp. 101, 287, 289-90, 300. Tushepaws;Irving's Astoria, p. 316. Thompson River Indians rather a superior and clever race.Victoria Colonist, Oct., 1860. 'Indians from the Rocky mountains to the falls of Columbia, are an honest, ingenuous, and well disposed people,' but rascals below the falls.Gass' Jour., p. 304. Flathead 'fierceness and barbarity in war could not be exceeded.'Nicolay's Ogn. Ter., p. 153. Flatheads, Walla Wallas and Nez Percés;Gray's Hist. Ogn., pp. 171, 219. Kootenais;Palliser's Explor., pp. 44, 73. Salish, Walla Wallas;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 88, vol. ii., p. 64. Walla Wallas, Cayuses, and Nez Percés;White's Oregon, p. 174. Walla Wallas, Kootenais;Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 85, 178. Flatheads, Nez Percés;Dunn's Oregon, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés;Catlin's N. Am. Ind., vol. ii., p. 109;Franchère's Nar., p. 268. Kayuses, Walla Wallas;Townsend's Nar., p. 156. Sahaptins;Wilkes' Hist. Ogn., p. 106. Nez Percés;Hastings' Emigrants' Guide, p. 59. Flatheads;Ind. Life, pp. ix., x., 25. At Dalles;Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., p. 412. Shushwaps;Grant's Ocean to Ocean, pp. 288-304, 313. At Dalles;Hunt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., 1821, tom. x., p. 82;Stuart, inId., 1821, tom. xii., p. 43. Pend d'Oreilles;Joset, inId., 1849, tom. cxxiii., pp. 334-40.
[423]'Sometimes there is a tribal name for all who speak the same language; sometimes none, and only names for separate villages; sometimes a name for a whole tribe or family, to which is prefixed a separate word for each dialect, which is generally co-extensive with some valley. Of the first, an instance is found in the Cahrocs, on the Klamath, who are a compact tribe, with no dialects; of the second, in the large tribe on the lower Klamath, who have also no dialects, and yet have no name, except for each village; of the third, in the great family of the Pomos on Russian river, who have many dialects, and a name for each,—as Ballo Ki Pomos, Cahto Pomos, etc.... Some remnants of tribes have three or four names, all in use within a radius of that number of miles; some, again, are merged, or dovetailed, into others; and some never had a name taken from their own language, but have adopted that given them by a neighbor tribe, altogether different in speech.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328.
[424]The natives 'when asked to what tribe they belong, give the name of their chief, which is misunderstood by the inquirer to be that of the tribe itself.'Bartlett's Nar., vol. ii., p. 30.
[425]'Every fifteen or twenty miles of country seems to have been occupied by a number of small lodges or septs, speaking a different language or very divergent dialect.'Taylor, inBancroft's Hand-book Almanac, 1864, p. 29. Beechey counted eleven different dialects in the mission of San Carlos.Voyage, vol. ii., p. 73. 'Almost every 15 or 20 leagues, you find a distinct dialect; so different, that in no way does one resemble the other.'Boscana, inRobinson's Life in Cal., p. 240. 'From the San Joaquin northward to the Klamath there are some hundreds of small tribes.'Henley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 304.
[426]Hale calls them theLutuami, orTlamatl, and adds, 'the first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them, to the whites.'Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218.
[427]'There true name isMoüdoc—a word which originated with the Shasteecas, who applied it indefinitely to all wild Indians or enemies.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, 1873, vol. x., p. 535. 'Also called Moahtockna.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,June 22, 1860. 'The word Modoc is a Shasta Indian word, and means all distant, stranger, or hostile Indians, and became applied to these Indians by white men in early days, by hearing the Shastas speak of them.'Steele, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1861, p. 121.
[428]Speaking of Indians at the junction of the Salmon and Klamath rivers: 'They do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Peh-tsik," and "Poh-lik."'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 151.
[429]'The Bay (Humboldt) Indians call themselves, as we were informed, Wish-osk; and those of the hills Te-ok-a-wilk; but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel river, We-yot, or Walla-walloo.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 133.
[430]They are also called Lototen or Tututamy, Totutime, Toutouni, Tootooton, Tutoten, Tototin, Tototutna, etc.
[431]For further particulars as to location of tribes, see notes onTribal Boundaries, at the end of this chapter.
[432]Mr. Gibbs, speaking of the tribes seen on the Klamath and Trinity rivers, says: 'In person these people are far superior to any we had met below; the men being larger, more muscular, and with countenances denoting greater force and energy of character, as well as intelligence. Indeed, they approach rather to the races of the plains, than to the wretched "diggers" of the greater part of California.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 140. 'The Indians in the northern portion of California and in Oregon, are vastly superior in stature and intellect to those found in the southern part of California.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, 1856. The Indians on the Trinity 'are of another tribe and nature from those along the Sacramento.'Kelly's Excursion, vol. ii., p. 166. Speaking of the Wallies, they, 'in many respects differ from their brethren in the middle and lower counties of the State. They are lighter colored and more intelligent.'Johnson, inOverland Monthly, 1869, vol. ii., p. 536.
[433]'The males are tall, averaging in height about five feet eight inches, are well proportioned, athletic, and possess the power of endurance to a great degree.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. 'The people here (Rogue River) were larger and stronger than those in South California, but not handsomer.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. Speaking of Indians on the Klamath River, 'their stature is a trifle under the American; they have well-sized bodies, erect and strong-knit.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 328. On the upper Trinity they are 'large and powerful men, of a swarthier complexion, fierce and intractable.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 129. Near Mount Shasta, 'a fine-looking race, being much better proportioned than those more to the northward, and their features more regular.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 254. At Klamath Lake, 'well-grown and muscular.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. On the Trinity, 'majestic in person, chivalrous in bearing.'Kelly's Excursion, vol. ii., p. 166.
[434]In the vicinity of Klamath lake 'the squaws are short in comparison with the men, and, for Indians have tolerably regular features.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. In the Rogue River region 'some of them are quite pretty, usually well-formed, handsomely developed, small features, and very delicate and well-turned hands and feet.... They are graceful in their movements and gestures, ... always timid and modest.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. On the Klamath River, 'with their smooth, hazel skins, oval faces, plump and brilliant eyes, some of the young maidens,—barring the tattooed chins,—have a piquant and splendid beauty.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. On the Klamath and Trinity Rivers, many of the women 'were exceedingly pretty; having large almond-shaped eyes, sometimes of a hazel color, and with the red showing through the cheeks. Their figures were full, their chests ample; and the younger ones had well-shaped busts, and rounded limbs.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 140. But as to the beauty of women tastes never agree; Mr Kelly in hisExcursion to Cal., vol. ii., p. 167, speaking of a band of 'noble-looking Indians' which he met near Trinity River, says that they were 'accompanied by a few squaws, who, strange to say, in this latitude are ugly, ill-favoured, stunted in stature, lumpy in figure, and awkward in gait,' and concerning the Rogue River Indians a lady states that 'among the women ... there were some extremely clumsy figures.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. The Pit-River Indian girls 'have the smallest and prettiest feet and hands I have ever seen.'Miller's Life amongst the Modocs, p. 374.
[435]At Crescent City, Mr Powers saw some 'broad-faced squaws of an almost African blackness;' the Patawats in the vicinity of Mad River and Humboldt Bay are 'blackskinned, pudgy in stature; well cushioned with adipose tissue;' at Redwood Creek 'like most of the coast tribes they are very dark colored, squat in stature, rather fuller-faced than the interior Indians.'Pomo, MS.At Trinidad Bay 'their persons were in general indifferently, but stoutly made, of a lower stature than any tribe of Indians we had before seen.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 246. At the mouth of Eel River the Weeyots 'are generally repulsive in countenance as well as filthy in person.... Their heads are disproportionately large; their figures, though short, strong and well developed.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. Carl Meyer names the Indians he saw at Trinidad Bay,Allequas, or Wood-Indians (Holzindianer). I do not find the name anywhere else, and judging by his description, they appear to differ considerably from the natives seen in the same vicinity by Vancouver or Mr Powers; he, Meyer, says; 'Sie sind von unserm Wuchse, starke und beleibte, kräftige Gestalten. Ihre Haut ist wenig zimmet oder lohfarbig, eher weisslich, wie die der antisischen Inkas gewesen sein soll; bei der Jugend und besonders beim weiblichen Geschlechte schimmert oft ein sanftes Roth auf den Wangen hervor. Ihr Kopf ist wenig gedrückt, die Stirn hoch, der Gesichtswinkel gegen 80 Grad, die Nase römisch gekrümmt, das Auge gross in wenig quadratisch erweiterten Augenhöhlen und intelligent, die Lippen nicht aufgetrieben, das Kinn oval, und Hände und Füsse klein.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 215.
[436]At Pitt River they 'have no dress except a buckskin thrown around them.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.Near Mount Shasta 'they can scarcely be said to wear any dress, except a mantle of deer or wolf skin. A few of them had deer-skins belted around their waists, with a highly ornamented girdle.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 255. Near Pitt River, the Indians were nearly naked.Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 61. At Trinidad Bay 'their clothing was chiefly made of the skins of land animals, with a few indifferent small skins of the sea-otter.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 247. 'The men, however, do not wear any covering, except the cold is intense, when indeed they put upon their shoulders the skins of sea-wolves, otters, deer, or other animals.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 16. 'They were clothed, for the most part, in skins.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 118. On Smith River they were 'in a complete state of nature, excepting only a kind of apology for an apron, worn by the women, sometimes made of elk's skin, and sometimes of grass.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 313. Among the Weeyots at Eel River the men 'wore a deer-skin robe over the shoulder, and the women a short petticoat of fringe.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. On Klamath River their only dress was the fringed petticoat, or at most, a deerskin robe thrown back over the shoulders, in addition.Id., p. 141. 'The primitive dress of the men is simply a buckskin girdle about the loins; of the women, a chemise of the same material, or of braided grass, reaching from the breast to the knees.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. 'Were quite naked excepting the maro.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 253. The Klamath Lake Indians 'wear little more than the breech-cloth.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. 'They were all well dressed in blankets and buckskin.'Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 70. Carl Meyer, speaking of a tribe he names Allequas, at Trinidad Bay, says: 'der Mann geht im Sommer ganz nackt, im Winter trägt er eine selbst gegerbte Hirsch- oder Rehdecke über die Schultern.' 'Die Allequas-Weiber tragen im Sommer von Bast-Schnüren oder von Rehfellstreifen, im Winter von Pelzwerk oder Gänseflaum verfertigte Schürzen, die bis auf die Knie reichen.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 217, 219. 'The Klamaths, during the summer go naked, in winter they use the skins of rabbits and wild fowl for a covering.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283.
[437]'An Indian will trap and slaughter seventy-five rabbits for one of these robes, making it double, with fur inside and out.'Powers' Pomo, MS.
[438]Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 107, 127;Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., 282.
[439]Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 282;Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204.
[440]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142.
[441]Maurelle's Jour., p. 17;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 127, 142;Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329;Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. 'Die Allequas (Trinidad Bay) haben starkes, ziemlich geschmeidiges Haar, das der Männer und der Kinder wird bis auf einen Zoll Länge regelmässig abgebrannt, so dass sie das Aussehen von Titusköpfen erhalten. Zuweilen sieht man die Männer auch mit einem ziemlich langen, durch eine harzige Flüssigkeit gesteiften, aufgerichteten Zopf, der als Schmuck betrachtet, bei festlichen Anlässen, oder im Kriege mit rothen oder weissen Federn geziert wird, und alsdann dem Schopf eines Wiedehopfs gleicht.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 215. 'Both men and women part their hair in the middle, the men cut it square on the neck and wear it rather long, the women wear theirs long, plaited in two braids, hanging down the back.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
[442]Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. 'Barthaare haben sie, wie alle Indianer Nord-Amerikas, nur wenig; sie werden ausgerupft, und nur in der Trauer stehen gelassen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, pp. 215-16.
[443]The men tattoo so that they may 'be recognized if stolen by Modocs.' 'With the women it is entirely for ornament.'The Shastas and their Neighbors,MS. At Rogue River the women 'were tattooed on the hands and arms as well as the chin.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. At Trinidad Bay 'they ornamented their lower lip with three perpendicular columns of punctuation, one from each corner of the mouth and one in the middle, occupying three fifths of the chin.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 247. Maurelle says the same, and adds that a space is left between each line, 'which is much larger in the young than in the older women, whose faces are generally covered with punctures.'Jour., p. 17. At Mad River and Humboldt Bay, the same, 'and also lines of small dots on the backs of their hands.'Powers' Pomo,MS. At mouth of Eel River 'both sexes tattoo; the men on their arms and breasts; the women from inside the under lip down to and beneath the chin. The extent of this disfigurement indicates to a certain extent, the age and condition of the person.' 'In the married women the lines are extended up above the corners of the mouth.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 127, 142. 'I have never observed any particular figures or designs upon their persons; but the tattooing is generally on the chin, though sometimes on the wrist and arm. Tattooing has mostly been on the persons of females, and seems to be esteemed as an ornament, not apparently indicating rank or condition.'Johnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. The squaws among the Cahrocs on the Klamath 'tattoo, in blue, three narrow fern-leaves, perpendicularly on the chin.' 'For this purpose they are said to employ soot, gathered from a stove, mingled with the juice of a certain plant.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. Among the Shastys the women 'are tattooed in lines from the mouth to the chin.'Hale's Ethnog., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. vi., p. 218. Among the Allequas at Trinidad bay: 'Die Mädchen werden im fünften Jahre mit einem schwarzen Streifen von beiden Mundwinkeln bis unter das Kinn tättowirt, welchem Striche dann alle fünf Jahre ein parallellaufender beigefügt wird, so dass man an diesen Zeichnungen leicht das Alter jeder Indianerin übersehen kann.... Die Männer bemalen sich bei besondern Anlässen mit einem Tannenfirniss, den sie selbst bereiten, das Gesicht, und zeichnen allerlei geheimnissvolle Figuren und Verzierungen auf Wange, Nase und Stirn, indem sie mit einem hölzernen Stäbchen den noch weichen Firniss auf den einzelnen Stellen von der Haut wegheben.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 216.
[444]'I never saw two alike.'The Shastas and their Neighbors,MS. At Klamath lake they are 'painted from their heads to their waists all colours and patterns.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 277. The Modocs 'paint themselves with various pigments formed from rotten wood, different kinds of earth, &c.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 536. Kane 'took a sketch of a Chastay (Shasta) female slave (among the Chinooks) the lower part of whose face, from the corners of the mouth to the ears and downwards, was tattooed of a bluish colour. The men of this tribe do not tattoo, but paint their faces like other Indians.'Wand., p. 182. Ida Pfeiffer,Second Journ., p. 315, saw Indians on Smith river, who painted their faces 'in a most detestable manner. They first smeared them with fish fat and then they rubbed in the paint, sometimes passing a finger over it in certain lines, so as to produce a pattern.'Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 361.
[445]'No taste in bead work.'The Shastas and their Neighbors,MS. 'In den Ohren tragen die Allequas (at Trinidad bay) Schmucksachen, welche sie theils von den Weissen erhalten, theils aus Holz nachahmen; auch sind diese Gegenstände zuweilen durch Steinchen ersetzt, die talismanische Kräfte besitzen sollen. Nur die in den fernen Bergen wohnenden tragen hölzerne oder auch eiserne Ringe in den Nasenwandungen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 216;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142;Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317;Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 537;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., plate xiv.
[446]Maurelle's Jour., p. 18.
[447]Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., p. 247.
[448]'The lodges are dome-shaped; like beaver-houses, an arched roof covers a deep pit sunk in the ground, the entrance to which is a round hole.'Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 278. 'Large round huts, perhaps 20 feet in diameter, with rounded tops, on which was the door by which they descended into the interior.'Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204. 'The Modoc excavates a circular space from two to four feet deep, then makes over it a conical structure of puncheons, which is strongly braced up with timbers, frequently hewn and a foot square.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 536;Id., vol. ix., p. 156. 'The style was very substantial, the large poles requiring five or six men to lift.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 175. 'Have only an opening at the summit.'Domenech's Deserts, vol. ii., p. 261. On the inside of the door they frequently place a sliding panel. 'The Kailtas build wigwams in a conical shape—as all tribes on the Trinity do—but they excavate no cellars.'Powers' Pomo,MS. See full description of dwellings, byJohnston, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iv., p. 223. The entrance is a 'round hole just large enough to crawl into, which is on a level with the surface of the ground, or is cut through the roof.'Johnson, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536;Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 377.
[449]'Built of plank, rudely wrought.' The roofs are not 'horizontal like those at Nootka, but rise with a small degree of elevation to a ridge in the middle.'Vancouver's Voy., vol. ii., pp. 241-2. Well built, of boards; often twenty feet square; roof pitched over a ridge-pole; ground usually excavated 3 or 4 feet; some cellars floored and walled with stone.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 140. 'The dwellings of the Hoopas were built of large planks, about 1½ inches thick, from two to four feet wide, and from six to twelve feet in length.'Trinity Journal,April, 1857. 'The floors of these huts are perfectly smooth and clean, with a square hole two feet deep in the centre, in which they make their fire.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 17. 'The huts have never but one apartment. The fire is kindled in the centre, the smoke escaping through the crevices in the roof.'Hubbard, inGolden Era,March, 1856. The houses of the Eurocs and Cahrocs 'are sometimes constructed on the level earth, but oftener they excavate a round cellar, four or five feet deep, and twelve or fifteen feet in diameter.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 530;Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 220;The Shastas and their neighbors, MS.
[450]Kit Carson says of lodges seen near Klamath lake: 'They were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag, which were beautifully and intricately woven together.'Peters' Life of Carson, p. 263. 'The wild sage furnishes them shelter in the heat of summer, and, like the Cayote, they burrow in the earth for protection from the inclemencies of winter.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283. 'Their lodges are generally mere temporary structures, scarcely sheltering them from the pelting storm.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 262.
[451]'Slightly constructed, generally of poles.'Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 218. 'The earth in the centre scooped out, and thrown up in a low, circular embankment.'Turner, inOverland Monthly, p. xi., p. 21.
[452]Powers' Pomo, MS.
[453]'The rocks supply edible shell-fish.'Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.'The deer and elk are mostly captured by driving them into traps and pits.' 'Small game is killed with arrows, and sometimes elk and deer are dispatched in the same way.'Hubbard, inGolden Era,April, 1856. 'The elk they usually take in snares.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. 'The mountain Indians subsisted largely on game, which of every variety was very abundant, and was killed with their bows and arrows, in the use of which they were very expert.'Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 497. 'Die Indianer am Pittflusse machen Graben oder Löcher von circa 5 Kubikfuss, bedecken diese mit Zweigen und Gras ganz leicht, sodass die Thiere, wenn sie darüber gejagt werden, hinein fallen und nicht wieder herauskönnen. Wilde Gänse fangen sie mit Netzen ... Nur selten mögen Indianer den grauen Bär jagen.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 181;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
[454]Schumacher,Oregon Antiquities, MS., classifies their ancient arrow and spear points thus: Long barbs with projections, short barbs with projections, and long and short barbs without projections. 'The point of the spear is composed of a small bone needle, which sits in a socket, and pulls out as soon as the fish starts. A string connecting the spear handle and the center of the bone serves, when pulled, to turn the needle cross wise in the wound.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer,March 8, 1861;Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 146.
[455]The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Hubbard, inGolden Era,April, 1856;Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1867, p. 497. 'In spawning-time the fish school up from Clear Lake in extraordinary numbers, so that the Indians have only to put a slight obstruction in the river, when they can literally shovel them out.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 537;Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.
[456]'The camas is a bulbus root, shaped much like an onion.'Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 22.
[457]'A root about an inch long, and as large as one's little finger, of a bitter-sweetish and pungent taste, something like ginseng.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. x., p. 537.
[458]'An aquatic plant, with a floating leaf, very much like that of a pond-lily, in the centre of which is a pod resembling a poppy-head, full of farinaceous seeds.'Ib.See alsoMeyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 222. 'Their principal food is the kamas root, and the seed obtained from a plant growing in the marshes of the lake, resembling, before hulled, a broom-corn seed.'Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 263.
[459]The Klamaths 'subsist upon roots and almost every living thing within their reach, not excepting reptiles, crickets, ants, etc.'Thompson, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 283;Heintzelman, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 391;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.
[460]Turner, inOverland Monthly, vol. xi., p. 24.
[461]At Rogue River, 'the men go in the morning into the river, but, like the Malays, bring all the dirt out on their skins that they took in.'Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317. At Pitt River they are 'disgusting in their habits.'Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 61;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.'Of the many hundreds I have seen, there was not one who still observed the aboriginal mode of life, that had not a sweet breath. This is doubtless due to the fact that, before they became civilized, they ate their food cold.'Powers' Pomo, MS.'They always rise at the first dawn of day, and plunge into the river.'Hubbard, inGolden Era,March, 1856. 'Their persons are unusually clean, as they use both the sweat-house and the cold-bath constantly.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142. 'Mit Tagesanbruch begibt sich der Allequa (Trinidad Bay) in jeder Jahreszeit zur nahen Quelle, wo er sich am ganzen Leibe wäscht und in den Strahlen der aufsteigenden Sonne trocknen lässt.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 221;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.
[462]Carl Meyer, after describing the bow, adds: 'Fernere Waffen der Allequas sind; das Obsidian-Beil oder Tomahawk, die Keule, die Lanze und der Wurfspiess.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 218. This statement, I think, may be taken with some allowance, as nowhere else do I find mention of a tomahawk being used by the Californians.
[463]Schumacher,Oregon Antiquities, MS., speaking of an ancient spear-point, says, 'the pointed teeth show it to have been a very dangerous weapon.'Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.On the Klamath River, 'among the skins used for quivers, I noticed the otter, wild-cat, fisher, fawn, grey fox and others.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 141. Near Mt Shasta, 'bows and arrows are very beautifully made: the former are of yew, and about three feet long ... backed very neatly with sinew, and painted.... The arrows are upwards of thirty inches long.'Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 255. At Port Trinidad, 'arrows are carried in quivers of wood or bone, and hang from their wrist or neck.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 20. On Pigeon River 'their arrows were in general tipped with copper or iron.'Greenhow's Hist. Ogn., p. 110. The Pit River 'arrows are made in three parts.'Abbott, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 61. The Allequas at Trinidad Bay, described by Carl Meyer, carried their arrows either 'schussfertig in der Hand oder in einem über die Schultern geworfenen Köcher aus Fuchs- oder Biberpelz. Der Bogen ist aus einer starken, elastischen Rothtannenwurzel verfertigt, etwa 3½ Fuss lang und auf der Rückseite mit einer Bärensehne überklebt.'Nach dem Sacramento, p. 217. SeeMofras,Explor.,Atlas, plate xxv. Speaking of the quiver, Mr Powers says: 'in the animal's head they stuff a quantity of grass or moss, as a cushion for the arrow-heads to rest in, which prevents them from being broken.'Overland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 532. 'Their arrows can only be extracted from the flesh with the knife.'Cutts' Conquest of Cal., p. 170. 'Am oberen Theile (California) ist der Bogen von einer Lage von Hirsch-Sehnen verstärkt und elastisch gemacht. Die Pfeile bestehen aus einem rohrartigen Gewächse von mässiger Länge, an der Spitze mit Obsidian ... versehen, ihre Länge ist 2 Zoll, ihre Breite 1 Zoll und die Dicke1/3Zoll, scharfkantig und spitz zulaufend.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 180.
[464]Powers' Pomo, MS.;Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.;The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
[465]Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 214.
[466]Johnson, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536. At Trinidad Bay 'zuweilen werden die Pfeile mit dem Safte des Sumachbaumes vergiftet, und alsdann nur zum Erlegen wilder Raubthiere gebraucht.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 218. 'Einige Stämme vergiften die Spitzen ihrer Pfeile auf folgende Weise: Sie reizen nämlich eine Klapperschlange mit einer vorgehaltenen Hirschleber, worin sie beisst, und nachdem nun die Leber mit dem Gifte vollständig imprägnirt ist, wird sie vergraben und muss verfaulen; hierin wird nun die Spitze eingetaucht und dann getrocknet.'Wimmel,Californien, p. 180. The Pitt River Indians 'use the poison of the rattle-snake, by grinding the head of that reptile into an impalpable powder, which is then applied by means of the putrid blood and flesh of the dog to the point of the weapon.'Gross' System of Surgery, vol. i., p. 321. 'The Pitt River Indians poisoned their arrows in a putrid deer's liver. This is a slow poison, however, and sometimes will not poison at all.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Schumacher's Oregon Antiquities, MS.
[467]Among other things seen by Meyer were, 'noch grössere Bogen, die ihnen als bedeutende Ferngeschosse dienen. Ein solcher ist 6 Fuss lang, und der Indianer legt sich auf die Erde, um denselben zu spannen, indem er das rechte Knie in den Bogen einstemmt und mit beiden Armen nachhilft.' The bow and arrow, knife, and war-club, constitute their weapons. In one of their lodges I noticed an elk-skin shield, so constructed as to be impervious to the sharpest arrows.Palmer, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 262. Miller mentions a Modoc who was 'painted red, half-naked, and held a tomahawk in his hand.'Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 20.
[468]Salem Statesman,April, 1857.
[469]Hence, if we may credit Miller,Life Amongst the Modocs, p. 373, the name Pitt River.
[470]The Hoopas exacted tribute from all the surrounding tribes. At the time the whites arrived the Chimalaquays were paying them tribute in deer-skins at the rate of twenty-five cents per head.Powers' Pomo,MS. The Hoopahs have a law requiring those situated on the Trinity, above them to pay tribute.Humboldt Times,Nov. 1857;S. F. Evening Bulletin,Nov. 23, 1857.
[471]The Sassics, Cahrocs, Hoopahs, Klamaths and Rogue River Indians, take no scalps, but decapitate the slain, or cut off their hands and feet.Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 317.
[472]The Veeards on Lower Humboldt Bay 'took elk-horns and rubbed them on stones for days together, to sharpen them into axes and wedges.'Powers' Pomo, MS.On the Klamath river they had 'spoons neatly made of bone and horn.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 146.
[473]'For basket making, they use the roots of pine-trees, the stem of the spice-bush, and ornament with a kind of grass which looks like a palm leaf, and will bleach white. They also stain it purple with elder berries, and green with soapstone.' ... 'The Pitt River Indians excel all others in basket-making, but are not particularly good at bead work.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Fremont's Explor. Ex., p. 204;Johnson, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 536;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 134;Powers' Pomo, MS.
[474]Wilkes' Nar., inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. v., p. 253;Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 218.
[475]The boats formerly used by the Modocs were 'quite rude and unshapely concerns, compared with those of the lower Klamath, but substantial and sometimes large enough to carry 1800 pounds of merchandise.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 532, vol. x., p. 536. 'Blunt at both ends, with a small projection in the stern for a seat.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 142. 'Those on Rogue river were roughly built—some of them scow fashion, with flat bottom.'Emmons, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 218. The Pitt River Indians 'used boats made from pine; they burn them out ... about twenty feet long, some very good ones.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
[476]Chase, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 433. 'A kind of bead made from a shell procured on the coast. These they string and wear about the neck.... Another kind is a shell about an inch long, which looks like a porcupine quill. They are more valuable than the other. They also use them as nose-ornaments.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.'The unit of currency is a string of the length of a man's arm, with a certain number of the longer shells below the elbow, and a certain number of the shorter ones above.'Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 329. 'A rare shell, spiral in shape, varying from one to two inches in length, and about the size of a crowquill, called by the natives,Siwash, is used as money.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856.
[477]'The ownership of a (white) deer-skin, constitutes a claim to chieftainship, readily acknowledged by all the dusky race on this coast.'Humboldt Times,Dec., 1860.
[478]'Property consists in women, ornaments made of rare feathers and shells, also furs and skins.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. Their wealth 'consisted chiefly of white deerskins, canoes, the scalp of the red-headed woodpecker, andaliquachiek.'Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., 1867, p. 497.
[479]'Have no tribal organization, no such thing as public offence.'Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.A Pitt River chief tried the white man's code, but so unpopular was it, that he was obliged to abandon it.The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.Among the Klamath and Trinity tribes the power of the chief 'is insufficient to control the relations of the several villages, or keep down the turbulence of individuals.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., pp. 139-140. The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopas, and Kailtas, have a nominal chief for each village, but his power is extremely limited and each individual does as he likes. Among the Tolewas in Del Norte County, money makes the chief. The Modocs and Patawats have an hereditary chieftainship.Powers' Pomo, MS.At Trinidad Bay they were 'governed by a ruler, who directs where they shall go both to hunt and fish.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 18. 'Der Häuptling ist sehr geachtet; er hat über Handel und Wandel, Leben und Tod seiner Unterthanen zu verfügen, und seine Macht vererbt sich auf seinen Erstgebornen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 223. The chief 'obtains his position from his wealth, and usually manages to transmit his effects and with them his honors, to his posterity.'Hubbard, inGolden Era, March, 1856. Formerly 'the different rancherias had chiefs, or heads, known as Mow-wee-mas, their influence being principally derived from their age, number of relatives, and wealth.'Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., p. 497.
[480]The Cahrocs compound for murder by payment of one string. Among the Patawats the average fine for murdering a man is ten strings, for killing a woman five strings, worth about $100 and $50 respectively. 'An average Patawut's life is considered worth about six ordinary canoes, each of which occupies two Indians probably three months in making, or, in all, tantamount to the labor of one man for a period of three years.' 'The Hoopas and Kailtas also paid for murder, or their life was taken by the relatives of the deceased.'Powers' Pomo, MS.'They seem to do as they please, and to be only governed by private revenge. If one man kills another the tribe or family of the latter kill the murderer, unless he buy himself off.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
[481]Drew's Owyhee Reconnaissance, p. 17.
[482]The Cahrocs, Eurocs, Hoopahs, and Patawats, all acquire their wives by purchase.The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Powers' Pomo, MS.'Wenn ein Allequa seine künftige Lebensgefährtin unter den Schönen seines Stammes erwählt hat und sich verheirathen will, muss er dem Mauhemi (chief) eine armslange Muschelschnur vorzeigen.'Meyer,Nach dem Sacramento, p. 223. The mountain Indians seldom, if ever, intermarry with those on the coast.Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., 1867, p. 497;Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. Buy wives with shell-money.Pfeiffer's Second Journ.Among the Modocs 'the women are offered for sale to the highest buyer.'Meacham's Lecture, inS. F. Alta California, Oct. 6, 1861;Miller's Life Amongst the Modocs.
[483]Polygamy is common among the Modocs.Meacham's Lecture, inS. F. Alta California,Oct. 6, 1873. On Pitt River a chief sometimes has five wives. 'The most jealous people in the world.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.'Among the tribes in the north of the State adultery is punished by the death of the child.'Taylor, inCalifornia Farmer,March 8, 1861. 'The males have as many wives as they are able to purchase;' adultery committed by a woman is punished with death.Hubbard, inGolden Era,March, 1856. Among the Cahrocs polygamy is not tolerated; among the Modocs polygamy prevails, and the women have considerable privilege. The Hoopa adulterer loses one eye, the adulteress is exempt from punishment.Powers' Pomo, MS.The Weeyots at Eel river 'have as many wives as they please.'Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 127. At Trinidad Bay 'we found out that they had a plurality of wives.'Maurelle's Jour., p. 19.
[484]All the young unmarried women are a common possession.Powers, inOverland Monthly, vol. viii., p. 330. The women bewail their virginity for three nights before their marriage.Gibbs, inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 173. If we believe Powers, they cannot usually have much to bewail.
[485]Boys are disgraced by work.The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.Women work, while men gamble or sleep.Wiley, inInd. Aff. Rept. Joint Spec. Com., 1867, p. 497;Parker, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1857, p. 242;Roseborough's letter to the author, MS.
[486]Kane's Wand., p. 182.
[487]For the god Chareya, seeBancroft's Nat. Races, vol. iii., pp. 90, 161.
[488]Pfeiffer's Second Journ., p. 318. The Pitt River Indians 'sing as they gamble and play until they are so hoarse they cannot speak.'The Shastas and their Neighbors, MS.
[489]Chase, inOverland Monthly, vol. ii., p. 433.