From 1805 to 1808 Capt. Guillaume Dupaix, in company with Luciano Castañeda, draughtsman, and a company of Mexican soldiers, by order of Carlos IV., King of Spain, made three expeditions to explore the antiquities of southern Mexico. Dupaix's MS. report, and 145 drawings by Castañeda, were deposited in the Mexican archives to be sent to Spain; but the revolution breaking out soon after, they were for some years forgotten. Copies of most of the drawings were obtained by M. Latour-Allard of Paris, passed through the hands of Humboldt, who did not publish them, and later into English hands. They were engraved in London, 1823, without any accompanying explanation, and M. Warden reproduced a part of them in a memoire to the French Geographical Society. These are certainly the plates in my copy of Del Rio, and I have but little doubt that they are the only ones that ever accompanied his published work. Bullock,Six Months' Residence in Mex., p. 330, says he copied Castañeda's drawings in Mexico, 1823, but he published none of them. In 1831, copies of the Latour-Allard copies, made by the artist Aglio, were published by Lord Kingsborough, in vol. iv. of hisMexican Antiquities, together with the Spanish text of Dupaix's report, obtained from I know not what source, in vol. v., and a carelessly made English translation of the same in vol. vi. of the same work. In 1828, the original text and drawings were delivered by the Mexican authorities to M. Baradère—at least Sr Icaza, curator of the Mexican Museum, certified them to be the originals; but Sr Gondra, afterwards curator of the same institution, assured Brasseur that these also were only copies,—and were published—the text in Spanish and French—in 1843, inAntiquités Mexicaines. The faithfulness with which the descriptions and drawings of Dupaix and Castañeda were made, has never been called in question; but Castañeda was not a very skilful artist, as is admitted by M. Farcy in his introduction toAntiq. Mex., and many of his faults of perspective were corrected in the plates of that work. M. Farcy states that all previous copies of the plates were very faulty, including those of Kingsborough, although Humboldt, in a letter to M. Latour-Allard, testifies to the accuracy of the latter. A comparison of the two sets of plates shows much difference in the details of a few of them, and those of the official edition are doubtless superior. The French editors, while criticising Kingsborough's plates more severely, as it seems, than they deserve, say nothing whatever of his text; yet both in the Spanish and translation it varies widely from the other, showing numerous omissions and not a few evident blunders. Stephens, seconded by Brasseur, objects to the slighting tone with which Dupaix's editors speak of Del Rio's report; also to their claim that only by government aid can such explorations be carried on. M. Waldeck says,Palenqué, p. vii., that he tried to prevent the publication of the plates in Kingsborough's work on account of their inaccuracy, although how he could at that date pretend to be a judge in the matter does not appear. It is true that Castañeda's drawings are not equal to those of Waldeck and Stephens, but they nevertheless give an excellent idea of the general features of all ruins visited. Morelet says of Dupaix's report: 'Ce document est encore aujourd'hui le plus curieux et le plus intéressant que nous possédons sur les ruines de Palenque.'Voyage, tom. i., p. 268;Travels, p. 90. It was during the third expedition, begun in December, 1807, that Dupaix visited Palenque with a force of natives. His survey lasted several months. The results may be found as follows:Dupaix,3ème expéd., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i., pp. 13-36, tom. iii., pl. xi.-xlvi., with an explanation by M. Lenoir, tom. ii., div. i., pp. 73-81;Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., pp. 294-339, vol. vi., pp. 473-83, vol. iv., pl. xii.-xlv. To economize space I shall refer to these works by the simple names ofDupaix, andKingsborough, with the number of page or plate; and I shall, moreover, refer directly to Kingsborough only when differences may appear in text or plates.Dr F. Corroy, a French physician of Tabasco, lived 20 years in the country and made several visits to Palenque, claiming to know more about the ruins than anyone else. An inscription on one of the entrances of the Palace, shown inWaldeck, pl. ix., reads 'François Corroy de tercer viage en estas ruinas los dias 25 de Agosto. Unico historiador de hellos. Con su Esposa y Ija.' He furnished some information from 1829 to 1832 to the French Geographical Society, and speaks of 14 drawings and a MS. history in his possession.Soc. Géog., Bulletin, tom. ix., No. 60, 1828, p. 198;Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76. Col. Juan Galindo, at one time connected with the British Central American service, also Governor of Peten, and corresponding member of the London Geographical Society, sent much information, with maps, plans, and sketches to the French Société de Géographie. His letter dated April 27, 1831, describing the Palenque ruins, is printed inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 67-72, also an English translation in theLiterary Gazette, No. 769, London, 1831, which was reprinted in theLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., pp. 60-2. Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., p. 142, states that Nebel visited Palenque, and Müller,Urreligionen, p. 459-60, also implies that this traveler explored the ruins; but this is probably erroneous.On April 12, 1832, M. Fréderic de Waldeck, the most indefatigable and successful explorer of Palenque, arrived at the ruined city, illustrative plates of which he had engraved ten years before for Del Rio's work. This veteran artist—64 years of age at that time, according to Brasseur's statement,Palenqué, p. vi., but 67 if we may credit the current report in the newspapers that he celebrated his 109th birthday in Paris on Dec. 7, 1874, being still hale and hearty—built a cabin among the ruins and spent two whole years in their examination,—Brasseur,Palenqué, p. vi., incorrectly saysthreeyears. 'Deux ans de séjour sur les lieux,'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 68, translated 'in a sojourn of twelve years,'Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 86,—his expenses being paid by a subscription which was headed by the Mexican Government. More than 200 drawings in water and oil colors were the result of his labors, and these drawings, more fortunate than those made the next year in Yucatan—seep. 145of this volume—escaped confiscation, although Stephens erroneously states the contrary, and were brought to France.Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. vi. For various reasons Waldeck was unable to publish his proposed work, and over 30 years elapsed before the result of his labors was made public, except through communications dated Aug. 28, and Nov. 1, 1832, sent to the Geographical Society at Paris.Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., p. 142. I shall speak again of his work. Mr Friederichsthal visited Palenque in his Central American travels before 1841, but neither his text nor plates, so far as I know, have ever been published.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, introd., p. 14. Seepp. 146-7of this vol.In 1840, Messrs Stephens and Catherwood, after their exploration of the antiquities of Honduras and Guatemala, reached Palenque on May 9, remaining until June 4. Such are the dates given by Brasseur,—the only antiquarian except myself who has ever had the hardihood to explore Stephens' writings for dates,—but the actual examination of the ruins lasted only from May 11 to June 1. The results are found inStephens' Yuc., vol. ii., pp. 280-365, with 31 plates and cuts from Catherwood's drawings; and inCatherwood's Views of Anc. Mon., N. York, 1844, 25 colored lithographs, with text by Mr Stephens. A French translation of Stephens' description of Palenque is given inBrasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, pp. 14-27. Respecting the ability of these explorers, and the faithfulness of their text and drawings, there can be but one opinion. Their work in Chiapas is excelled only by that of the same gentlemen in Yucatan.—Seep. 146of this vol.—Without aid from any government, they accomplished in 20 days, at the height of the rainy season, the most unfavorable for such work, more satisfactory results, as Stephens justly claims,Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 299, than any of their predecessors—except Waldeck, whose drawings had not then been published.An anonymous account of the ruins appeared in 1845 in theRegistro Yucateco, tom. i., pp. 318-22. M. Morelet, of whom I have already spoken, spent a fortnight here in 1846.Voyages, tom. i., pp. 264-84;Travels, pp. 64-111, with cuts from other sources. In 1858, M. Désiré Charnay, 'Chargé d'une mission par le ministre d'État, à l'effet d'explorer les ruines américaines,' visited Palenque; but his photographic efforts were less successful here than elsewhere, and of the four views published in his Atlas, only one, that of the tablet of the cross, is of great value in testing the accuracy of preceding artists. His description, however, is interesting and valuable as showing the effects of time on the ruins since Stephens' visit.Charnay,Ruines Amér., Paris, 1863, pp. 411-41, phot. 19-22; Remarks by M. Viollet-le-Duc, pp. 72-3.In 1860, a commission appointed by the French government examined and reported upon Waldeck's collection, which was found to contain ninety-one drawings relating exclusively to Palenque, and ninety-seven representing objects from other localities. The Palenque drawings were reported to be far superior to any others in existence, a somewhat too decidedpenchant aux restaurationsbeing the only defect;—a defect, however, which is to a greater or less extent observable in the works of all antiquarians, several of Catherwood's plates being confessedly restorations. In accordance with the report of the commission, the whole collection was purchased, and a sub-commission appointed to select a portion of the plates for publication. It was decided, however, to substitute for M. Waldeck's proposed text some introductory matter to be written by the Abbé Brasseur, a man eminently qualified for the task, although at the time he had never personally visited Palenque. He afterwards, however, passed a part of the month of January, 1871, among the ruins. The work finally appeared in 1866, under the general titleMonuments Anciens du Mexique, in large folio, with complicated sub-titles. It is made up as follows:—I.Avant Propos, pp. i.-xxiii., containing a brief notice of some of the writers on American Antiquities, and a complete account of the circumstances which led to the publication of this work; II.Introduction aux Ruines de Palenqué, pp. 1-27, a historical sketch of explorations, with translations of different reports, including that of Stephens nearly in full; III.Recherches sur les Ruines, etc., pp. 29-83, being for the most part speculations on the origin of American civilization, with which I have nothing to do at present; IV.Description des Ruines, etc., by M. Waldeck, pp. i.-viii; V. Fifty-six large lithographic plates, of which Nos. i., v.-xlii., and l., relate to Palenque, including a fine map of Yucatan and Chiapas. I shall refer to the plates simply by the nameWaldeckand the number of the plate. By the preceding list of contents it will be seen that this is by far the most important and complete work on the subject ever published. The publishers probably acted wisely in rejecting Waldeck's text as a whole, since his archæological speculations are always more or less absurd; but it would have been better to give his descriptive matter more in full; and fault may be justly found with the confused arrangement of the matter, the constant references to numbers not found in the plates, and with the absence of scales of measurement; the latter, although generally useless in the illustrations of an octavo volume, are always valuable in larger plates. In addition to the preceding standard authorities on Palenque, there are brief accounts, made up from one or more of those mentioned, and which I shall have little or no occasion to refer to in my description, as follows:Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 104-11;Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 246-7;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 157-69;McCulloh's Researches in Amer., pp. 294-303;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 160-3;Armin,Das Heutige Mex., pp. 73, 85-91;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 148;Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races, pp. 184-5;D'Orbigny,Voyage, pp. 354, 356, plate, restoration from Dupaix;Fossey,Mexique, pp. 373, 564-6; same account inEscaleraandLlana,Mej. Hist. Descrip., pp. 332-6;Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., pp. 139-44;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 86-9;Democratic Review, vol. i., p. 38;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 82-94;Davis' Anc. Amer., pp. 4-8;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., pp. 464-5;Frost's Pict. Hist., pp. 71-7;Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 74-6;Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 69-86, 127;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 462, 498;Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., p. 330, cut, restoration from Dupaix;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21;Revista Mex., tom. i., p. 498;Buschmann,Ortsnamen, pp. 117-20, 181;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 180, cut, erroneously said to be a Yucatan altar;Littera,Taschenbuch der Deutschen, inRussland, pp. 54-5;Foreign Quar. Review, vol. xviii., pp. 250-51;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pp. 308-20, with plates from Stephens;Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 284-92.[VI-3]'Une enceinte de bois et de pallisades.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, p. 32; see also the Spanish dictionaries. 'Tal vez es corrupcion de la palabra (aztec)palanqui, cosa podrida,'Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 84. 'Means lists for fighting.'Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 5. I remember also to have seen it stated somewhere that palenque is the name applied to the poles by which boatmen propel their boats on the waters of the tierra caliente.[VI-4]Humboldt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., p. 327;Fossey,Mexique, p. 373;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 464;Juarros,Hist. Guat., p. 19;D'Orbigny,Voyage, p. 354;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 69. Brasseur, however, changed his mind about the name in later works.Palenqué, p. 32. Domenech,Deserts, vol. i., p. 18, calls the name Pachan, probably by a typographical error.[VI-5]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 111;Id.,Popol Vuh, andXimenez,Hist. Ind. Guat., passim.[VI-6]'Je prouve, en effet, dans mon ouvrage sur ces célèbres ruines, que ce sont les débris de la ville d'Ototiun.'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 111. 'Otolum, c'est à dire Terre des pierres qui s'écroulent. C'est le nom de la petite rivière qui traverse les ruines. M. Waldeck, lisant ce nom de travers, en fait Ototiun, qui ne signifie rien.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 69. 'I have restored to them the true name of Otolum, which is yet the name of the stream running through the ruins.'Raffinesque, quoted inPriest's Amer. Antiq., p. 246.[VI-7]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, p. 32;Baril,Mexique, p. 27.[VI-8]Calderon gives a list of 206 buildings more or less in ruins. Bernasconi gives the city a circumference of 6 leagues and 1000 varas. Del Rio,Descrip., p. 4, gives the ruins an extent of 7 or 8 leagues from east to west, along the foot of a mountain range, but speaks of only 14 buildings in which traces of rooms were yet visible. According to Galindo the city extends 20 miles on the summit of the chain.Lond. Geog. Soc., vol. iii., p. 60. Waldeck, p. iii., says that the area is less than one square league. Mr Stephens, vol. ii., p. 355, pronounces the site not larger than the Park in New York city.[VI-9]Descrip., p. 3.[VI-10]Stephens says eight miles, vol. ii., p. 287; Dupaix, a little over two leagues, p. 14; Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 245, two and a half leagues—Travels, p. 64, two leagues; Charnay, p. 416, twelve kilometres. The maps represent the distance as somewhat less than eight miles.[VI-11]'Built on the slope of the hills at the entrance of the steep mountains of the chain of Tumbala,' on the Otolum, which flows into the Michol, and that into the Catasahà, or Chacamal, and that into the Usumacinta three or four leagues from Las Playas, which was formerly the shore of the great lake that covered the plain. 'Les rues suivaient irrégulièrement le cours des ruisseaux qui en descendant, fournissaient en abondance de l'eau à toutes les habitations.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 82-84. 'Mide al suroeste del pueblo dos leguas largas de extension.'Dupaix, p. 14, translated inKingsborough, vol. vi., p. 473, 'occupied a space of ground seven miles and a half in extent.' 'Au nord-ouest du village indien de Santo Domingo de Palenqué, dans la ci-devant province de Tzendales.'Humboldt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., pp. 327-8. Galindo,Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 69, describes the location as on the summit of the range, and reached by stairways from the valley below. On a plain eight leagues long, which extends along the foot of the highest mountain chain.Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21. Petrifactions of marine shells from the ruins preserved in the Mexican Museum.Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 6.[VI-12]Waldeck, pl. vi. Stephens' plan, vol. ii., p. 337, agrees in the main with this but is much less complete. Dupaix, p. 18, found only confused and scattered ruins, and declared it impossible to make a correct plan.[VI-13]'Tous les monuments de Palenqué sont orientés aux quatre points cardinaux, avec une variation de 12°.'Waldeck, p. iii. 'Orienté comme toutes les ruines que nous avons visitées.'Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424. Others, without having made any accurate observations, speak of them as facing the cardinal points. SeeMorelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 276, etc., for the experience of that traveler in getting lost near the ruins.[VI-14]Dimensions fromStephens, vol. ii., p. 310. It is not likely that they are to be regarded as anything more than approximations to the original extent; the state of the pyramid rendering strictly accurate measurements impracticable. The authorities differ considerably. 273 feet long, 60 feet high.Waldeck, p. ii. 1080 feet in circumference, 60 feet high.Dupaix, p. 14. 20 yards high.Del Rio,Descrip., p. 4. 100×70 mètres and not over 15 feet high.Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424. Circumference 1080 feet, height 60 feet, steps one foot high.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 85. 20 mètres high, area 3840 sq. mètres.Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 267; 20feethigh.Id.Travels, p. 88. Over 340 mètres long.Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., pp. 143-4. Waldeck, p. iii., is the only one who found traces of a northern stairway, and none of the general views show such traces. Charnay, p. 425, thought the eastern stairway was double, being divided by a perpendicular wall. Brasseur,Palenqué, p. 17, in a note to his translation of Stephens, says that author represents a stairway in his plate but does not speak of it in his text—an error, as may be seen on the following page of the translation or on p. 312 of the original. The translation 'qui y montentdela térasse' for 'leading up to itonthe terrace' may account for the error.[VI-15]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 316;Waldeck, p. vi.;Charnay, p. 425, phot. 22. Dupaix's plate xiii., fig. 20, showing a section of the whole, indicates that the interior may be filled with earth and small stones.[VI-16]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 310, except the height, which he gives at 25 feet. 144×240×36 feet.Dupaix, p. 15. 324 varas in circumference and 30 varas high.Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 296. 145×240×36 feet.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 86.[VI-17]Waldeck thinks, on the contrary, that the principal entrance was originally on the north. General views are found inStephens, vol. ii., p. 309;Dupaix, pl. xii., fig. 19;Kingsborough, pl. xii.;Waldeck, pl. viii.;Charnay, phot. 22. All but the last two are, more or less, restorations, but not—except Castañeda's in a few respects—calculated to mislead. Stephens says that this cut is less accurate than others in his work, and Charnay calls his photograph a failure, although I have already made important use of the latter. Concerning the lintels, seeCharnay, p. 427, andDel Rio,Descrip., pp. 9-11. Brasseur,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 86, says the outside doors are 6 feet high. Doorways 4½ to 12 ft high, 1½ to 15 ft wide.Dupaix, p. 15.[VI-18]Descriptions and drawings of the bas-reliefs.Dupaix, pp. 20, 37, 75-6, pl. xix-xxii. Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xxvi., shows one damaged group not given inAntiq. Mex.;Del Rio,Descrip., pp. 9-11, pl. viii., x., xi., xv., xvi. (as they are arranged in my copy—they are not numbered);Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 311, 316-17;Waldeck, p. v., pl. xii., xiii. SeeCharnay, p. 426, and this vol.,p. 246. Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 274, 282, implies that all the stucco work had disappeared at the time of his visit; and he mentions a shell-fish common in the region which furnishes good lime and was probably used by the ancients. Waldeck concludes that the supposed elephant's head may be that of a tapir, 'quoiqu'il existe parmi ces mêmes ruines des figures de tapir bien plus ressemblantes.'Voy. Pitt., p. 37.[VI-19]The plan is reduced fromWaldeck, pl. vii. Ground plans are also given inStephens, vol. ii., p. 310, copied inWillson's Amer. Hist., p. 75;Dupaix, pl. xi.;Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xiii.; and inDel Rio,Descrip., the latter being only a rough imperfect sketch. It is understood that a large portion of the outer and southern walls have fallen, so that the visitors differ somewhat in their location of doorways and some other unimportant details. Stephens' plan makes the whole number of exterior doorways 50 instead of 40, and many doorways in the fallen walls he does not attempt to locate. I give the preference to Waldeck simply on account of his superior facilities.[VI-20]Plates illustrating the corridors may be found as follows:Waldeck, pl. ix., view of doorwaycfromb, showing two of the medallions, one of which is filled up with a portrait in stucco, and is probably a restoration; the view extends through the doorwayscandd, across the court to the building C. The same plate gives also a view of the outer corridor lengthwise looking northward. Pl. x. gives an elevation of the east side of the inner corridor, and a section of both corridors. Pl. xi., fig. 1, shows the details of one of theTshaped niches.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 313—sketch corresponding to Waldeck's pl. ix., copied inMorelet's Travels, and taken from the latter for my work.Dupaix, pl. xviii., fig. 25, shows the different forms of niches and windows found in the Palace, all of which are given in my cut. 'A double gallery of eighty yards in length, sustained by massive pillars, opened before us.'Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 265-6;Travels, p. 87. The square niches with their cylinders are spoken of by Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 71-2, as 'gonds de pierre.' 'Quant aux ouvertures servant de fenêtres, elles sont petites et généralement d'une forme capricieuse, environnées, à l'intérieur des édifices, d'arabesques et de dessins en bas-relief, parfois fort gracieux.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 92. Principal walls 4 feet thick, others less.Dupaix, p. 15.[VI-21]Paint the same as at Uxmal. Some was taken for analysis, but lost. Probably a mixture in equal parts of carmine and vermilion. Probably extracted from a fungus found on dead trees in this region, and which gives the same color.Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 100-1.[VI-22]Waldeck is the only authority for this narrow stairway, and his plan for the northern broad stairway.[VI-23]Dupaix, p. 21, says that the stone is granite, the figures 11 feet high, and the sculpture in high relief. 'Peuplée de simulacres gigantesques à demi voilés par la végétation sauvage.'Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 266. These figures, with the eastern side of the court, are represented inDupaix, pl. xxiii-iv., fig. 29;Waldeck, pl. xiv-xvi. (according to a seated native on the steps, each step is at least 2 feet high);Stephens, pp. 314-15;Charnay, phot. xix., xx. My cut is a reduction from Waldeck.[VI-24]Waldeck, pl. xiv-v.;Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 314-15. One of the small sculptured pilasters inDupaix, pl. xxv., fig. 32.[VI-25]The only plate that shows any portion of the court 2, isWaldeck, pl. xviii., a view from the pointnlooking south-eastward. Two of the reliefs are shown, representing each a human figure sitting cross-legged on a low stool.[VI-26]Del Rio, p. 11, calls the height 16 yards in four stories, also plate in frontispiece. Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70, says it is somewhat fallen, but still 100 feet high.Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 61. Dupaix, p. 16, says 75 feet in four stories, and his pl. xv-vi., fig. 22, make it 93 feet in three stories. Kingsborough's text mentions no height, but his plates xvii-xviii., fig. 24, make it 108 feet in four stories. The other authorities mention no height, but from their plates the height would seem not far from 50 feet. SeeWaldeck, pl. xviii-xix., and all the general views of the Palace. Waldeck, p. iii., severely criticises Dupaix's drawings. 'Une tour de huit étages, dont l'escalier, en plusieurs endroits est soutenu sur des voûtes cintrées.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 86-7. 'En el pátio occidental está la torre de tres cuerpos y medio: en el primero tiene cuatro puertas cerradas, y una que se abrió cuando el desmonte del capitan Rio, y se halló ser un retrete de poco mas de tres cuartas y lumbreras que se abrieron entónces.'Registro Yucateco, tom. i., pp. 319-20. 'Dominée par une tour quadrangulaire, dont il subsistait trois étages, separés l'un de l'autre par autant de corniches.'Morelet,Voy., tom. i., p. 266. 'It would seem to have been used as a modern oriental minaret, from which the priests summoned the people to prayer.'Jones, p. 83.[VI-27]Waldeck, p. iii. One of the figures in pl. xi. purports to be a cornice of this room, but may probably belong to the outer walls, since no other author speaks of interior cornices.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 315.[VI-28]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 316;Waldeck, pl. xv., fig. 2, a cross-section of this building, showing aTshaped niche in the end wall.[VI-29]View of the building from the south-west, representing it as a detached structure, inDupaix, pl. xiv., fig. 21. This author speaks of a peculiar method of construction in this building: 'Su construccion varia algo del primero, pues el miembro que llamaremos arquitrabe es de una hechura muy particular, se forma de unas lajas grandísimas de un grueso proporcionado é inclinadas, formando con la muralla un angulo agudo.' The plate indicates a high steep roof, or rather second story. It also shows aTshaped window and two steps on this side. For plates and descriptions of the tablet seeStephens, vol. ii., p. 318;Waldeck, pp. iv., vi., pl. xvii.;Dupaix, pp. 16, 23, pl. xviii., fig. 26, pl. xxvi., fig. 33;Del Rio, p. 13, pl. xv.-xvii.;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70. Waldeck's pl. xvi., fig. 3, is a ground plan showing more detail than the general plan; and pl. xi., fig. 3, is a study of the cornices (?) in the interior. The sculptured tablet probably represents Cuculkan, or Quetzalcoatl.Morelet's Travels, p. 97. No doubt the medallion represented a sun, and the table beneath was an altar to the sun.Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 83.[VI-30]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 319;Dupaix, pl. xxvii., fig. 34;Del Rio, pl. iv.[VI-31]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 316, 318-19. Plan of galleries inDupaix, pl. xvii., fig. 24. Stucco ornaments, pl. xxv., fig. 30, 31. Hieroglyphic tablet, pl. xxxix., fig. 41. Description, p. 28. Niche in the wall of the gallery,Waldeck, p. iv., pl. xi., fig. 2. Decoration over doorway (copied above),Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 105, pl. xxii.; also inDel Rio, pl. xiv.[VI-32]Cut fromArmin,Das Heutige Mex., p. 73.[VI-33]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 339-43, with the cuts which I have given, and also plates of the four stucco reliefs, and the hieroglyphic tablets.Waldeck, pl. xxxiii.-xl., illustrating the same subjects as Catherwood's plates, and giving also a transverse section of the building in pl. xxiii., fig. 4. Waldeck's ground plan represents the building as fronting the north.Dupaix, pp. 24-5, pl. xxviii.-xxxii., including view of north front, ground plan, and the stucco reliefs, which latter M. Lenoir,Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 78, incorrectly states to be sculptured in stone. Castañeda did not attempt to sketch the hieroglyphics, through want of ability and patience, as Stephens suggests. SeeCharnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 89;Baldwin,Anc. Amer., p. 107;Del Rio,Descrip., p. 16;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71. It is to be noticed that Stephens' plan locates this temple nearer the Palace than the one I have copied. Dupaix states the distance to be 200 paces.[VI-34]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 355, giving view, section, ground plan, and what remained of the Beau Relief.Waldeck, p. iii., pl. xli.-ii., with ground plans, sections, and Beau Relief as given above, and which the artist pronounces 'digne d'être comparée aux plus beaux ouvrages du siécle d'Auguste.' Drawings of the relief also inDupaix, pl. xxxiii., fig. 37;Del Rio,Descrip., pl. ii.;Kingsborough, pl. xxxvi., fig. 37.[VI-35]Del Rio,Descrip., p. 17, says this pyramid is one of three which form a triangle, each supporting a square building 11×18 yards. Charnay locates this temple 300 mètres to the right of the Palace.Ruines Amér., p. 417.Waldeck, pl. xx., is a fine view of this temple and its pyramid as seen from the main entrance of the Palace. But according to this plate the structure on the roof is at least 10 feet wide instead of 2 feet 10 inches as Stephens gives it, and narrows slightly towards the top. This plate also shows twoTshaped windows in the west end.Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 344-8, elevation and ground plan as given in my text fromBaldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 106, and some rough sketches of parts of the interior.Dupaix, pl. xxxv., fig. 39, exterior view and ground plan. The view omits altogether the superstructure and locates the temple on a natural rocky cliff. Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71, speaks of the top walls as 80 feet from the ground and pierced with square openings.[VI-36]Waldeck, p. vii., pl. xxiii-iv.;Stephens, vol. ii., p. 352;Dupaix, pp. 24-5, pl. xxxvii-viii.;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71.[VI-37]Dupaix, pp. 25-6, pl. xxxvi., fig. 40;Waldeck, p. vii., pl. xxi.-ii.;Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 345-7;Charnay, p. 419, phot. xxi., showing only the central stone. 'Upon the top of the cross is seated a sacred bird, which has two strings of beads around its neck, from which is suspended something in the shape of a hand, probably intended to denote the manitas. This curious flower was the production of the tree called by the Mexicans macphalxochitl, or "flower of the hand."'Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 89. 'Une grande croix latine, surmontée d'un coq, et portant au milieu une croix plus petite, dont les trois branches supérieures sont ornées d'une fleur de lotus.'Baril,Mex., pp. 28-9. 'Un examen approfondi de cette question m'a conduit à penser avec certitude que la croix n'était, chez les Palenquéens, qu'un signe astronomique.'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 24.[VI-38]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 344, 349;Waldeck, pl. xxv. 'From the engraving, Egypt, or her Tyrian neighbour, would instantly claim it.'Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 127. Copy of the statue from Stephens, inSquier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 337.[VI-39]Waldeck's plate xx. shows the pyramid No. 6 and indicates that his location of it on the plan is correct. Charnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 420-1, places No. 5 'à quelque distance de ce premier (Palace) édifice, presque sur la même ligne.'Waldeck, pl. xxvi., front elevation; pl. xxvii., elevation of central chamber; pl. xxviii., central wall, roof structure (as given above), ground plan, sections; pl. xxix-xxx, Tablet of the Sun; pl. xxxi-ii, lateral stone tablets. Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 351-4, and frontispiece, gives elevation and ground plan as above, and also elevation of central chamber, a view of a corridor, and the Tablet of the Sun. Dupaix, p. 25, pl. xxxiv., fig. 38, describes a two storied building 10 by 19 varas, 12 varas high, standing on a low pyramid, which may probably be identical with this temple.[VI-40]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 321;Waldeck, p. ii.;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, introd., p. 7;Del Rio,Descrip., p. 5;Dupaix, p. 29, pl. xlvi., fig. 48;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 310, pl. xlv., fig. 45;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71;Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 429.[VI-41]Waldeck, p. ii.[VI-42]Dupaix, p. 18;Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424.[VI-43]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 320-1;Waldeck, p. iii. Plate xx. also gives a view of the mountain from the Palace. A 'monument qui paraîtrait avoir servi de temple et de citadelle, et dont les constructions altières commandaient au loin la contrée jusqu'aux rivages de l'Atlantique.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 84.[VI-44]Dupaix, p. 28, pl. xliv., fig. 46;Kingsborough, p. 310, pl. xliv., fig. 43. The latter plate does not show any curve in the sides.Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68;Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 64.[VI-45]Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, p. xxvii.[VI-46]Waldeck, p. ii.[VI-47]Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68.[VI-48]Ordoñez,MS., inBrasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 92.[VI-49]Del Rio,Descrip., pp. 18-20.[VI-50]Waldeck,Palenqué, p. iv., pl. l.;Id.,Voy. Pitt., p. 104, pl. xviii., fig. 3.[VI-51]Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 70-2;Dupaix, pp. 28-9, pl. xlii-iii., xlv., fig. 44-5, 47.[VI-52]Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 100, quoted fromAthenæum;Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 5.[VI-53]See this vol.p. 118;Melgar, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 109-18.[VI-54]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 255-61;Dupaix, pp. 10-13, pl. viii.-x.;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 291-4, vol. vi., pp. 470-2, vol. iv., pl. ix.-x.;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 23, 72-3;Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 46-7, 104, pl. xix.-xxi.;Id.,Palenqué, p. viii., pl. liv.;Brasseur,Palenqué, introd., pp. 2, 14, 15—he writes the name Toninà.Juarros,Hist. Guat., pp. 18-19, mere mention. Other authorities, containing no original information, are as follows:Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 465;Baril,Mexique, p. 27;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 20;Wappäus,Mex. Guat., p. 147;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 461;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., p. 320;Morelet's Trav., pp. 97-8;Warden, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., p. 71.[VI-55]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 256, 258;Dupaix, pp. 10-12, pl. viii.-ix., fig. 13-16;Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 46-7.[VI-56]Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 46, 104, pl. xix-xxi. 'Les figures de terre cuite qu'on trouve de temps à autre dans les champs voisins de ces ruines, sont bien modelées, et d'un style qui révèle un sentiment artistique assez élevé.'[VI-57]Morelet's Travels, pp. 97-8, cuts probably from Catherwood's drawings.Warden, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., p. 71.[VI-58]Dupaix, pp. 12-13, pl. x., fig. 17.[VI-59]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 258-62. Elevation, section, and ground plan, with fragment of the stucco ornament. The latter copied inBrasseur,Palenqué, introd., pp. 14-15.Waldeck,Palenqué, p. viii., pl. liv. 'Dans l'intérieur de ses monuments, un caractère d'architecture assez semblable à celui des doubles galeries de Palenqué; seulement, j'ai remarqué que les combles étaient coniques et à angles saillants, comme des assises renversées.'Id.,Voy. Pitt., p. 46. Shows higher degree of art than Palenque.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 88.[VI-60]Pineda,Descrip. Geog., inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., pp. 346, 406-7.[VI-61]Pineda, ubi sup.;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 74;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 21.[VI-62]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 633, tom. i., p. 75;Wappäus,Mex. Guat., p. 147;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 20;Dupaix, 3d Exped., p. 8, pl. vii.[VI-63]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 96;Id.,Palenqué, p. 33;Hermosa,Manual Geog., pp. 88-9;Galindo, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 60;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68;Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1857, tom. clv., pp. 221-2.[VI-64]Galindo, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 549. The stones that cover the arches in the Palace corridors, are three feet long; those of the court stairways are one and a half feet high and wide. Oxide of iron is mixed with the mortar. 'No es decible la excelencia de este yeso que yo llamo estuco natural, pues no se indaga visiblemente en su composicion ó masa, arena ó mármol molido. A mas de su dureza y finura tiene un blanco hermoso.' Quarries were seen one and a half leagues west of ruins.Dupaix, pp. 15-17, 20. Red, blue, yellow, black, and white, the colors used.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 311.[VI-65]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 87, following Castañeda, speaks of regular semi-circular arches at Palenque, and states that he has himself seen several such arches in other American ruins. It is very certain that no such arches exist at Palenque. Indeed, Dupaix himself, notwithstanding Castañeda's drawings, says, p. 17, that semi-circular arches were not used, and Lenoir,Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 74, repeats the statement; although the latter on the same page speaks of the 'voûtes cintrées' as appearing among the ruins. Brasseur's statement about arches in other ruins would be more satisfactory if he had seen fit to give further particulars. 'This original mode of construction, which discloses the principle of the arch, was not wanting in grandeur or boldness of design, although the architects did not understand the science of curves, and stopped short, so to speak, on the verge of the discovery.'Morelet's Travels, p. 88;Id.,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 265-6.[VI-66]Hieroglyphics at Palenque are the same as those at Copan and Quirigua, although the intermediate country is now occupied by races of many different languages.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 343; but, as Brasseur says,Palenqué, introd., p. 22, 'Toutes les langues qui se parlent dans les régions existant entre Copan et Palenqué ont la même origine; ... à l'aide du maya et du quiché, je crois qu'on les entendrait toutes, avec quelque travail.'Id.,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 89;Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 102. See also this work, vol. ii., chap, xxiv., vol. iii., Languages, chap. xi.[VI-67]'Il serait facile de démontrer, par une comparaison raisonnée des ruines du Yucatan et de celles de Palenque, que les monuments dont elles perpétuent le souvenir avaient un même caractère architectonique; qu'ils étaient ordonnés selon les mêmes principes et construits d'après les mêmes règles de l'art.'Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 270. Brasseur,Palenqué, introd., pp. 20, 24, notes a striking similarity between the arrangement of buildings at Palenque and Yucatan. He also speaks of a remarkable inferiority in the ruins of Palenque, compared to Chichen, Zayi, and Uxmal.Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 88. Viollet-le-Duc, inCharnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 72-3, says the ruins do not resemble those of Yucatan, either in plan, construction, or decoration; and that the face of the priest in the Temple of the Cross is of a different race from the sculptured heads in Yucatan. 'La sculpture ... indique un art plus savant qu'au Yucatan; si les proportions du corps humain sont observées avec plus de soin et d'exactitude, on s'aperçoit que lefaireest mou, rond, et qu'il accuse plutôt une période de décadence que l'âpreté des premiers temps d'un art.'Id., p. 74, 'Le caractère de la sculpture à Palenqué est loin d'avoir l'énergie de celle que nous voyons dans des édifices de l'Yucatan.'Id., p. 97. 'A pesar de tanta desnudez, no hemos reparado una postura, un gesto, ó algunas de aquellas del cuerpo, al descubierto que el pudor procura ocultar,'Dupaix, p. 21. Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 72, thinks the tau-shaped figures may have been symbols of the phallic worship. Friederichsthal, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xcii., pp. 300-3, says of the Yucatan ruins that 'elles portent indubitablement des traces d'une identité d'origine avec les ruines de Palenqué,' but remarks a difference in the sculptured and molded heads. Sivers,Mittelamerika, p. 238, says that the stone reliefs of Uxmal belong to a ruder primitive art; and that stucco was used at Palenque for want of suitable stone, and for the same reason greater attention was paid to the stone tablets at the latter ruins. See alsoReichardt,Centro-Amerika, pp. 26-9;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 345-6;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 197.[VI-68]M. Viollet-le-Duc, judging from the nature and degree of art displayed in the ruins, concludes that the civilized nations of America were of a mixed race, Turanian or yellow from the north-west, and Aryan or white from the north-east, the former being the larger and the earlier element. Stucco work implies a predominance of Turanian blood in the artists; traces of wooden structures in architecture belong rather to the white races. Therefore he believes that Palenque was built during the continuance of the Empire of Xibalba, probably some centuries before Christ, by a people in which yellow blood predominated, although with some Aryan intermixture; but that the Yucatan cities owe their foundation to the same people at a later epoch and under a much stronger influence of the white races. InCharnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 32, 45, 97, 103, etc. 'Here were the remains of a cultivated, polished, and peculiar people, who had passed through all the stages incident to the rise and fall of nations; reached their golden age, and perished, entirely unknown. The links which connected them with the human family were severed and lost, and these were the only memorials of their footsteps upon earth.' Arguments against an extinct race and Egyptian resemblances.Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 356-7, 436-57. Dupaix believes in a flat-headed race that has become extinct, p. 29. After writing his narrative he made up his mind that Palenque was antediluvian, or at least that a flood had covered it.Lenoir, p. 76. M. Lenoir says that according to all voyagers and students the ruins are not less than 3000 years old.Id., p. 73. 'Catlin,Revue des Deux Mondes, March, 1867, p. 154, asserts that the ruined cities of Palenque and Uxmal have within themselves the evidences that the ocean has been their bed for thousands of years,' but the material is soft limestone and presents no water lines.Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 398-9. The work of an extinct race.EscaleraandLlana,Méj. Hist. Descrip., p. 333;Valois,Mexique, p. 197;Wappäus,Mex. Guat., p. 247. Judging by decay since discovery, bright paint, comparison with German ruins, etc., they cannot date back of the Conquest.Sivers,Mittelamerika, pp. 237-47. 'All of them were the Work of the same People, or of Nations of the same Race, dating from a high antiquity, and in blood and language precisely the same Race, ... that was found in Occupation of the Country by the Spaniards, and who still constitute the great Bulk of the Population.'Squier, inPalacio,Carta, pp. 9-10. Copan and Quirigua preceded Palenque and Ococingo as the latter preceded the cities of Yucatan.Ib.'The sculptures and temples of Central America are the work of the ancestors of the present Indians,'Tylor's Researches, pp. 189, 184. In age the ruins rank as follows: Copan, Utatlan, Uxmal, Mitla, Palenque.Edinburgh Review, July, 1867. 'Una antiguedad no ménos que antediluviana.'Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 322, 'Approximative calculations, amounting to all but certainty ... would carry its origin as far back as twenty centuries at least.'Dem. Review, vol. i., p. 38. 'Ces ruines étaient déjà fort anciennes avant même que les Toltèques songeassent à quitter Tula.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 566. Founded by the Toltecs after they left Anahuac in the 11th century. They afterwards went to Yucatan.Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 269-70. Palenque much older than Yucatan according to the Katunes.Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 22-3, 103. Waldeck found a tree whose rings indicated an age of nearly 2000 years.Id.,Palenqué, p. v. 'Il est probable qu'elles appartiennent à la première période de la civilization américaine.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 85, 87, 89. Copan built first, Palenque second, and Uxmal third.Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 80, 72, 76. Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., p. 284, thinks it improbable that the foundation of Palenque dates back further than the 13th or 14th century; but he never saw the ruins and does not pretend to have any means of accurately determining their age.[VI-69]'Palenqué, dans quelques bas-reliefs, a des intentions assyriennes.'Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. iii. 'The writing of the inscriptions ... has no more relatedness to the Phœnician than to the Chinese writing;' nor is there any resemblance in the architecture.Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 174. Long arguments against any resemblance of the Central American cities to Egyptian monuments.Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 436-57; which Jones,Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 106-37, labors to refute. No resemblance to Egyptian pyramids, except in being used as sepulchres.Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 186-7. 'The Palenque architecture has little to remind us of the Egyptian, or of the Oriental. It is, indeed, more conformable, in the perpendicular elevation of the walls, the moderate size of the stones, and the general arrangement of the parts, to the European. It must be admitted, however, to have a character of originality peculiar to itself.'Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 407-8. 'Un bas-relief représentant un enfant consacré à une croix, les têtes singulières à grands nez et à fronts rejetés en arrière, les bottines oucaligulæà la romaine servant de chaussure; la ressemblance frappante des figures avec les divinités indiennes assises, les jambes croisées, et ces figures un peu roides, mais dessinées dans des proportions exactes, doivent inspirer un vif intérêt à quiconque s'occupe de l'histoire primitive du genre humain.'Humboldt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., p. 328. See alsoJuarros,Hist. Guat., p. 19;Dupaix, p. 32, and elsewhere;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pp. 326-9;Scherzer,Quiriguá, p. 11.[VI-70]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 338-9, 302.[VI-71]Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 161-3.[VI-72]Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 273, 264.[VI-73]Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 172;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 85.[VI-74]Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 408-9.[VII-1]See vol. ii., chap. ii., of this work.[VII-2]Arias,Antigüedades Zapotecas, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., pp. 246-8,Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 356-7;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., pp. 395; 539-41;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 359, with reference toCarriedo,Estudios hist. y estad. del Estado Oaxaqueño, tom. ii., append. i.;Garay,Reconocimiento, p. 110;Id.,Survey, pp. 112-13;Id.,Acct., pp. 79-81.[VII-3]Dupaix, 3d exped., pp. 6-7, pl. iii.-v., fig. 6-9;Kingsborough, vol. vi., p. 469, vol. iv., pl. iii.-v., fig. 6-9;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pl. viii., from Dupaix, showing second pyramid;Mayer's Observations, pp. 25-6, with cut of the first altar representing its successive platforms as forming a spiral ascent.[VII-4]Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 6, pl. ii., fig. 5; cut of same lance-head inGondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 85, pl. xiv.;Museo Mexicano, tom. i., pp. 248-9, tom. iii., pp. 135-7;Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 240.[VII-5]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Voy. Tehuan., pp. 122-5.[VII-6]Burgoa,Geog. Descrip., tom. ii., cap. lxxii.;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 9-10.[VII-7]Lafond,Voyage, tom. i., p. 139.[VII-8]Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 248.[VII-9]Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 8, pl. vi., fig. 10;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 289, vol. vi., p. 469, vol. iv., pl. vi., fig. 10;Lenoir, pp. 16, 71. Kingsborough calls the name of the locality of these remains Chilmitlan. His plate shows regular quadrilateral openings in the parapets, while in Castañeda's plate they appear of irregular form, as if made by the removal of stones.[VII-10]Garay,Reconocimiento, pp. 110-12;Id.,Survey, pp. 113-15;Id.,Acct., pp. 79-81.[VII-11]Burgoa,Geog. Descrip., tom. ii., p. 298;Florencia,Hist. Comp. Jesus, pp. 233-6,Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 39, 286, tom. i., p. 146.[VII-12]Besides remains attributed to particular localities, seeMuseo Mex., tom. iii., p. 135, cuts and descriptions of four earthen idols found in this state;Burgoa,Geog. Descrip., tom. i., fol. 160, 166, 170, 197, tom. ii., fol. 275, 298, 319-21, 330, 344-5, 363, mention and slight description of burial places, caves, temples, etc., of the natives, some of them seen by the author;Mühlenpfordt,Mej., tom. ii., pp. 186, 195, 200, 206, 212, 215, slight mention of scattered relics;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 218, cuts of three heads in Peñasco collection, said to have come from Oajaca.[VII-13]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 28-9.[VII-14]Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., p. 282, with cut of the ring.[VII-15]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 47.[VII-16]Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 91.[VII-17]Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 249.[VII-18]Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 6, pl. ii., 2d exped., p. 51.[VII-19]Fossey,Mexique, pp. 375-6. No authority is given, and M. Fossey was not himself an antiquarian explorer.[VII-20]Charnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 249-51.[VII-21]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 17-23, pl. xxi-viii., fig. 64-77;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 247-51, vol. vi., pp. 444-6, vol. iv., pl. xix-xxv., fig. 64-77;Lenoir, pp. 16, 22, 49-51. Carriedo'sAtlas de una Fortaleza Zapoteca, etc., mentioned byGondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 94, and inMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 246. The editors of the latter magazine announced their intention to publish the drawings as soon as the plates could be engraved, but I have not seen the volume in which their purpose was carried out, if indeed it was ever carried out. García's report inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 270-1, with plates;Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 270-1, with plates;Charnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 250-3;Viollet-le-Duc, inId., pp. 25-6, with cut. Other references to slight notices of Monte Alban, containing no original information are;—Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pl. i., from Dupaix;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 340;Fossey,Mexique, pp. 370-1. This writer locates the ruins ¼ of a league from the city.EscaleraandLlana,Mej., p. 332;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 91.[VII-22]See authorities in preceding note.[VII-23]Plate showing the stones inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 270.[VII-24]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 339-40.[VII-25]'Elle représente un dieu dont les attributs caractérisent le principe actif de la nature qui produit les grains et les fruits. C'est le dieu qui crée, conserve et est en hostilité permanente avec le Génie destructeur qui gouverne aussi le monde. Son casque ou son diadème, ombragé d'un panache considérable et qui atteste son importance, est orné de la Grande couleuvre, nommée aussi par les astronomes modernes leserpent d'Ève, dont la présence dans le ciel annonce la saison des récoltes.'Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 57-8. Cut also inMayer's Obs., p. 32, pl. iii., from the original which is preserved in Mexico.[VII-26]Plate also inGondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 64-5, pl. xi.
From 1805 to 1808 Capt. Guillaume Dupaix, in company with Luciano Castañeda, draughtsman, and a company of Mexican soldiers, by order of Carlos IV., King of Spain, made three expeditions to explore the antiquities of southern Mexico. Dupaix's MS. report, and 145 drawings by Castañeda, were deposited in the Mexican archives to be sent to Spain; but the revolution breaking out soon after, they were for some years forgotten. Copies of most of the drawings were obtained by M. Latour-Allard of Paris, passed through the hands of Humboldt, who did not publish them, and later into English hands. They were engraved in London, 1823, without any accompanying explanation, and M. Warden reproduced a part of them in a memoire to the French Geographical Society. These are certainly the plates in my copy of Del Rio, and I have but little doubt that they are the only ones that ever accompanied his published work. Bullock,Six Months' Residence in Mex., p. 330, says he copied Castañeda's drawings in Mexico, 1823, but he published none of them. In 1831, copies of the Latour-Allard copies, made by the artist Aglio, were published by Lord Kingsborough, in vol. iv. of hisMexican Antiquities, together with the Spanish text of Dupaix's report, obtained from I know not what source, in vol. v., and a carelessly made English translation of the same in vol. vi. of the same work. In 1828, the original text and drawings were delivered by the Mexican authorities to M. Baradère—at least Sr Icaza, curator of the Mexican Museum, certified them to be the originals; but Sr Gondra, afterwards curator of the same institution, assured Brasseur that these also were only copies,—and were published—the text in Spanish and French—in 1843, inAntiquités Mexicaines. The faithfulness with which the descriptions and drawings of Dupaix and Castañeda were made, has never been called in question; but Castañeda was not a very skilful artist, as is admitted by M. Farcy in his introduction toAntiq. Mex., and many of his faults of perspective were corrected in the plates of that work. M. Farcy states that all previous copies of the plates were very faulty, including those of Kingsborough, although Humboldt, in a letter to M. Latour-Allard, testifies to the accuracy of the latter. A comparison of the two sets of plates shows much difference in the details of a few of them, and those of the official edition are doubtless superior. The French editors, while criticising Kingsborough's plates more severely, as it seems, than they deserve, say nothing whatever of his text; yet both in the Spanish and translation it varies widely from the other, showing numerous omissions and not a few evident blunders. Stephens, seconded by Brasseur, objects to the slighting tone with which Dupaix's editors speak of Del Rio's report; also to their claim that only by government aid can such explorations be carried on. M. Waldeck says,Palenqué, p. vii., that he tried to prevent the publication of the plates in Kingsborough's work on account of their inaccuracy, although how he could at that date pretend to be a judge in the matter does not appear. It is true that Castañeda's drawings are not equal to those of Waldeck and Stephens, but they nevertheless give an excellent idea of the general features of all ruins visited. Morelet says of Dupaix's report: 'Ce document est encore aujourd'hui le plus curieux et le plus intéressant que nous possédons sur les ruines de Palenque.'Voyage, tom. i., p. 268;Travels, p. 90. It was during the third expedition, begun in December, 1807, that Dupaix visited Palenque with a force of natives. His survey lasted several months. The results may be found as follows:Dupaix,3ème expéd., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. i., pp. 13-36, tom. iii., pl. xi.-xlvi., with an explanation by M. Lenoir, tom. ii., div. i., pp. 73-81;Kingsborough's Mex. Antiq., vol. v., pp. 294-339, vol. vi., pp. 473-83, vol. iv., pl. xii.-xlv. To economize space I shall refer to these works by the simple names ofDupaix, andKingsborough, with the number of page or plate; and I shall, moreover, refer directly to Kingsborough only when differences may appear in text or plates.
Dr F. Corroy, a French physician of Tabasco, lived 20 years in the country and made several visits to Palenque, claiming to know more about the ruins than anyone else. An inscription on one of the entrances of the Palace, shown inWaldeck, pl. ix., reads 'François Corroy de tercer viage en estas ruinas los dias 25 de Agosto. Unico historiador de hellos. Con su Esposa y Ija.' He furnished some information from 1829 to 1832 to the French Geographical Society, and speaks of 14 drawings and a MS. history in his possession.Soc. Géog., Bulletin, tom. ix., No. 60, 1828, p. 198;Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 76. Col. Juan Galindo, at one time connected with the British Central American service, also Governor of Peten, and corresponding member of the London Geographical Society, sent much information, with maps, plans, and sketches to the French Société de Géographie. His letter dated April 27, 1831, describing the Palenque ruins, is printed inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 67-72, also an English translation in theLiterary Gazette, No. 769, London, 1831, which was reprinted in theLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., pp. 60-2. Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., p. 142, states that Nebel visited Palenque, and Müller,Urreligionen, p. 459-60, also implies that this traveler explored the ruins; but this is probably erroneous.
On April 12, 1832, M. Fréderic de Waldeck, the most indefatigable and successful explorer of Palenque, arrived at the ruined city, illustrative plates of which he had engraved ten years before for Del Rio's work. This veteran artist—64 years of age at that time, according to Brasseur's statement,Palenqué, p. vi., but 67 if we may credit the current report in the newspapers that he celebrated his 109th birthday in Paris on Dec. 7, 1874, being still hale and hearty—built a cabin among the ruins and spent two whole years in their examination,—Brasseur,Palenqué, p. vi., incorrectly saysthreeyears. 'Deux ans de séjour sur les lieux,'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 68, translated 'in a sojourn of twelve years,'Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 86,—his expenses being paid by a subscription which was headed by the Mexican Government. More than 200 drawings in water and oil colors were the result of his labors, and these drawings, more fortunate than those made the next year in Yucatan—seep. 145of this volume—escaped confiscation, although Stephens erroneously states the contrary, and were brought to France.Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. vi. For various reasons Waldeck was unable to publish his proposed work, and over 30 years elapsed before the result of his labors was made public, except through communications dated Aug. 28, and Nov. 1, 1832, sent to the Geographical Society at Paris.Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., p. 142. I shall speak again of his work. Mr Friederichsthal visited Palenque in his Central American travels before 1841, but neither his text nor plates, so far as I know, have ever been published.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, introd., p. 14. Seepp. 146-7of this vol.
In 1840, Messrs Stephens and Catherwood, after their exploration of the antiquities of Honduras and Guatemala, reached Palenque on May 9, remaining until June 4. Such are the dates given by Brasseur,—the only antiquarian except myself who has ever had the hardihood to explore Stephens' writings for dates,—but the actual examination of the ruins lasted only from May 11 to June 1. The results are found inStephens' Yuc., vol. ii., pp. 280-365, with 31 plates and cuts from Catherwood's drawings; and inCatherwood's Views of Anc. Mon., N. York, 1844, 25 colored lithographs, with text by Mr Stephens. A French translation of Stephens' description of Palenque is given inBrasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, pp. 14-27. Respecting the ability of these explorers, and the faithfulness of their text and drawings, there can be but one opinion. Their work in Chiapas is excelled only by that of the same gentlemen in Yucatan.—Seep. 146of this vol.—Without aid from any government, they accomplished in 20 days, at the height of the rainy season, the most unfavorable for such work, more satisfactory results, as Stephens justly claims,Cent. Amer., vol. ii., p. 299, than any of their predecessors—except Waldeck, whose drawings had not then been published.
An anonymous account of the ruins appeared in 1845 in theRegistro Yucateco, tom. i., pp. 318-22. M. Morelet, of whom I have already spoken, spent a fortnight here in 1846.Voyages, tom. i., pp. 264-84;Travels, pp. 64-111, with cuts from other sources. In 1858, M. Désiré Charnay, 'Chargé d'une mission par le ministre d'État, à l'effet d'explorer les ruines américaines,' visited Palenque; but his photographic efforts were less successful here than elsewhere, and of the four views published in his Atlas, only one, that of the tablet of the cross, is of great value in testing the accuracy of preceding artists. His description, however, is interesting and valuable as showing the effects of time on the ruins since Stephens' visit.Charnay,Ruines Amér., Paris, 1863, pp. 411-41, phot. 19-22; Remarks by M. Viollet-le-Duc, pp. 72-3.
In 1860, a commission appointed by the French government examined and reported upon Waldeck's collection, which was found to contain ninety-one drawings relating exclusively to Palenque, and ninety-seven representing objects from other localities. The Palenque drawings were reported to be far superior to any others in existence, a somewhat too decidedpenchant aux restaurationsbeing the only defect;—a defect, however, which is to a greater or less extent observable in the works of all antiquarians, several of Catherwood's plates being confessedly restorations. In accordance with the report of the commission, the whole collection was purchased, and a sub-commission appointed to select a portion of the plates for publication. It was decided, however, to substitute for M. Waldeck's proposed text some introductory matter to be written by the Abbé Brasseur, a man eminently qualified for the task, although at the time he had never personally visited Palenque. He afterwards, however, passed a part of the month of January, 1871, among the ruins. The work finally appeared in 1866, under the general titleMonuments Anciens du Mexique, in large folio, with complicated sub-titles. It is made up as follows:—I.Avant Propos, pp. i.-xxiii., containing a brief notice of some of the writers on American Antiquities, and a complete account of the circumstances which led to the publication of this work; II.Introduction aux Ruines de Palenqué, pp. 1-27, a historical sketch of explorations, with translations of different reports, including that of Stephens nearly in full; III.Recherches sur les Ruines, etc., pp. 29-83, being for the most part speculations on the origin of American civilization, with which I have nothing to do at present; IV.Description des Ruines, etc., by M. Waldeck, pp. i.-viii; V. Fifty-six large lithographic plates, of which Nos. i., v.-xlii., and l., relate to Palenque, including a fine map of Yucatan and Chiapas. I shall refer to the plates simply by the nameWaldeckand the number of the plate. By the preceding list of contents it will be seen that this is by far the most important and complete work on the subject ever published. The publishers probably acted wisely in rejecting Waldeck's text as a whole, since his archæological speculations are always more or less absurd; but it would have been better to give his descriptive matter more in full; and fault may be justly found with the confused arrangement of the matter, the constant references to numbers not found in the plates, and with the absence of scales of measurement; the latter, although generally useless in the illustrations of an octavo volume, are always valuable in larger plates. In addition to the preceding standard authorities on Palenque, there are brief accounts, made up from one or more of those mentioned, and which I shall have little or no occasion to refer to in my description, as follows:Baldwin's Anc. Amer., pp. 104-11;Priest's Amer. Antiq., pp. 246-7;Conder's Mex. Guat., vol. ii., pp. 157-69;McCulloh's Researches in Amer., pp. 294-303;Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 160-3;Armin,Das Heutige Mex., pp. 73, 85-91;Wappäus,Geog. u. Stat., p. 148;Nott and Gliddon's Indig. Races, pp. 184-5;D'Orbigny,Voyage, pp. 354, 356, plate, restoration from Dupaix;Fossey,Mexique, pp. 373, 564-6; same account inEscaleraandLlana,Mej. Hist. Descrip., pp. 332-6;Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., pp. 139-44;Bradford's Amer. Antiq., pp. 86-9;Democratic Review, vol. i., p. 38;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 82-94;Davis' Anc. Amer., pp. 4-8;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., pp. 464-5;Frost's Pict. Hist., pp. 71-7;Willson's Amer. Hist., pp. 74-6;Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 69-86, 127;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, pp. 462, 498;Mosaico Mex., tom. ii., p. 330, cut, restoration from Dupaix;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21;Revista Mex., tom. i., p. 498;Buschmann,Ortsnamen, pp. 117-20, 181;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 180, cut, erroneously said to be a Yucatan altar;Littera,Taschenbuch der Deutschen, inRussland, pp. 54-5;Foreign Quar. Review, vol. xviii., pp. 250-51;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pp. 308-20, with plates from Stephens;Norman's Rambles in Yuc., pp. 284-92.
[VI-3]'Une enceinte de bois et de pallisades.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, p. 32; see also the Spanish dictionaries. 'Tal vez es corrupcion de la palabra (aztec)palanqui, cosa podrida,'Orozco y Berra,Geografía, p. 84. 'Means lists for fighting.'Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 5. I remember also to have seen it stated somewhere that palenque is the name applied to the poles by which boatmen propel their boats on the waters of the tierra caliente.
[VI-4]Humboldt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., p. 327;Fossey,Mexique, p. 373;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 464;Juarros,Hist. Guat., p. 19;D'Orbigny,Voyage, p. 354;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 69. Brasseur, however, changed his mind about the name in later works.Palenqué, p. 32. Domenech,Deserts, vol. i., p. 18, calls the name Pachan, probably by a typographical error.
[VI-5]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 111;Id.,Popol Vuh, andXimenez,Hist. Ind. Guat., passim.
[VI-6]'Je prouve, en effet, dans mon ouvrage sur ces célèbres ruines, que ce sont les débris de la ville d'Ototiun.'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 111. 'Otolum, c'est à dire Terre des pierres qui s'écroulent. C'est le nom de la petite rivière qui traverse les ruines. M. Waldeck, lisant ce nom de travers, en fait Ototiun, qui ne signifie rien.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 69. 'I have restored to them the true name of Otolum, which is yet the name of the stream running through the ruins.'Raffinesque, quoted inPriest's Amer. Antiq., p. 246.
[VI-7]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, p. 32;Baril,Mexique, p. 27.
[VI-8]Calderon gives a list of 206 buildings more or less in ruins. Bernasconi gives the city a circumference of 6 leagues and 1000 varas. Del Rio,Descrip., p. 4, gives the ruins an extent of 7 or 8 leagues from east to west, along the foot of a mountain range, but speaks of only 14 buildings in which traces of rooms were yet visible. According to Galindo the city extends 20 miles on the summit of the chain.Lond. Geog. Soc., vol. iii., p. 60. Waldeck, p. iii., says that the area is less than one square league. Mr Stephens, vol. ii., p. 355, pronounces the site not larger than the Park in New York city.
[VI-9]Descrip., p. 3.
[VI-10]Stephens says eight miles, vol. ii., p. 287; Dupaix, a little over two leagues, p. 14; Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 245, two and a half leagues—Travels, p. 64, two leagues; Charnay, p. 416, twelve kilometres. The maps represent the distance as somewhat less than eight miles.
[VI-11]'Built on the slope of the hills at the entrance of the steep mountains of the chain of Tumbala,' on the Otolum, which flows into the Michol, and that into the Catasahà, or Chacamal, and that into the Usumacinta three or four leagues from Las Playas, which was formerly the shore of the great lake that covered the plain. 'Les rues suivaient irrégulièrement le cours des ruisseaux qui en descendant, fournissaient en abondance de l'eau à toutes les habitations.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 82-84. 'Mide al suroeste del pueblo dos leguas largas de extension.'Dupaix, p. 14, translated inKingsborough, vol. vi., p. 473, 'occupied a space of ground seven miles and a half in extent.' 'Au nord-ouest du village indien de Santo Domingo de Palenqué, dans la ci-devant province de Tzendales.'Humboldt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., pp. 327-8. Galindo,Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 69, describes the location as on the summit of the range, and reached by stairways from the valley below. On a plain eight leagues long, which extends along the foot of the highest mountain chain.Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21. Petrifactions of marine shells from the ruins preserved in the Mexican Museum.Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 6.
[VI-12]Waldeck, pl. vi. Stephens' plan, vol. ii., p. 337, agrees in the main with this but is much less complete. Dupaix, p. 18, found only confused and scattered ruins, and declared it impossible to make a correct plan.
[VI-13]'Tous les monuments de Palenqué sont orientés aux quatre points cardinaux, avec une variation de 12°.'Waldeck, p. iii. 'Orienté comme toutes les ruines que nous avons visitées.'Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424. Others, without having made any accurate observations, speak of them as facing the cardinal points. SeeMorelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 276, etc., for the experience of that traveler in getting lost near the ruins.
[VI-14]Dimensions fromStephens, vol. ii., p. 310. It is not likely that they are to be regarded as anything more than approximations to the original extent; the state of the pyramid rendering strictly accurate measurements impracticable. The authorities differ considerably. 273 feet long, 60 feet high.Waldeck, p. ii. 1080 feet in circumference, 60 feet high.Dupaix, p. 14. 20 yards high.Del Rio,Descrip., p. 4. 100×70 mètres and not over 15 feet high.Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424. Circumference 1080 feet, height 60 feet, steps one foot high.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 85. 20 mètres high, area 3840 sq. mètres.Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 267; 20feethigh.Id.Travels, p. 88. Over 340 mètres long.Lafond,Voyages, tom. i., pp. 143-4. Waldeck, p. iii., is the only one who found traces of a northern stairway, and none of the general views show such traces. Charnay, p. 425, thought the eastern stairway was double, being divided by a perpendicular wall. Brasseur,Palenqué, p. 17, in a note to his translation of Stephens, says that author represents a stairway in his plate but does not speak of it in his text—an error, as may be seen on the following page of the translation or on p. 312 of the original. The translation 'qui y montentdela térasse' for 'leading up to itonthe terrace' may account for the error.
[VI-15]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 316;Waldeck, p. vi.;Charnay, p. 425, phot. 22. Dupaix's plate xiii., fig. 20, showing a section of the whole, indicates that the interior may be filled with earth and small stones.
[VI-16]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 310, except the height, which he gives at 25 feet. 144×240×36 feet.Dupaix, p. 15. 324 varas in circumference and 30 varas high.Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 296. 145×240×36 feet.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 86.
[VI-17]Waldeck thinks, on the contrary, that the principal entrance was originally on the north. General views are found inStephens, vol. ii., p. 309;Dupaix, pl. xii., fig. 19;Kingsborough, pl. xii.;Waldeck, pl. viii.;Charnay, phot. 22. All but the last two are, more or less, restorations, but not—except Castañeda's in a few respects—calculated to mislead. Stephens says that this cut is less accurate than others in his work, and Charnay calls his photograph a failure, although I have already made important use of the latter. Concerning the lintels, seeCharnay, p. 427, andDel Rio,Descrip., pp. 9-11. Brasseur,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 86, says the outside doors are 6 feet high. Doorways 4½ to 12 ft high, 1½ to 15 ft wide.Dupaix, p. 15.
[VI-18]Descriptions and drawings of the bas-reliefs.Dupaix, pp. 20, 37, 75-6, pl. xix-xxii. Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xxvi., shows one damaged group not given inAntiq. Mex.;Del Rio,Descrip., pp. 9-11, pl. viii., x., xi., xv., xvi. (as they are arranged in my copy—they are not numbered);Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 311, 316-17;Waldeck, p. v., pl. xii., xiii. SeeCharnay, p. 426, and this vol.,p. 246. Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 274, 282, implies that all the stucco work had disappeared at the time of his visit; and he mentions a shell-fish common in the region which furnishes good lime and was probably used by the ancients. Waldeck concludes that the supposed elephant's head may be that of a tapir, 'quoiqu'il existe parmi ces mêmes ruines des figures de tapir bien plus ressemblantes.'Voy. Pitt., p. 37.
[VI-19]The plan is reduced fromWaldeck, pl. vii. Ground plans are also given inStephens, vol. ii., p. 310, copied inWillson's Amer. Hist., p. 75;Dupaix, pl. xi.;Kingsborough, vol. iv., pl. xiii.; and inDel Rio,Descrip., the latter being only a rough imperfect sketch. It is understood that a large portion of the outer and southern walls have fallen, so that the visitors differ somewhat in their location of doorways and some other unimportant details. Stephens' plan makes the whole number of exterior doorways 50 instead of 40, and many doorways in the fallen walls he does not attempt to locate. I give the preference to Waldeck simply on account of his superior facilities.
[VI-20]Plates illustrating the corridors may be found as follows:Waldeck, pl. ix., view of doorwaycfromb, showing two of the medallions, one of which is filled up with a portrait in stucco, and is probably a restoration; the view extends through the doorwayscandd, across the court to the building C. The same plate gives also a view of the outer corridor lengthwise looking northward. Pl. x. gives an elevation of the east side of the inner corridor, and a section of both corridors. Pl. xi., fig. 1, shows the details of one of theTshaped niches.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 313—sketch corresponding to Waldeck's pl. ix., copied inMorelet's Travels, and taken from the latter for my work.Dupaix, pl. xviii., fig. 25, shows the different forms of niches and windows found in the Palace, all of which are given in my cut. 'A double gallery of eighty yards in length, sustained by massive pillars, opened before us.'Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 265-6;Travels, p. 87. The square niches with their cylinders are spoken of by Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 71-2, as 'gonds de pierre.' 'Quant aux ouvertures servant de fenêtres, elles sont petites et généralement d'une forme capricieuse, environnées, à l'intérieur des édifices, d'arabesques et de dessins en bas-relief, parfois fort gracieux.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 92. Principal walls 4 feet thick, others less.Dupaix, p. 15.
[VI-21]Paint the same as at Uxmal. Some was taken for analysis, but lost. Probably a mixture in equal parts of carmine and vermilion. Probably extracted from a fungus found on dead trees in this region, and which gives the same color.Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 100-1.
[VI-22]Waldeck is the only authority for this narrow stairway, and his plan for the northern broad stairway.
[VI-23]Dupaix, p. 21, says that the stone is granite, the figures 11 feet high, and the sculpture in high relief. 'Peuplée de simulacres gigantesques à demi voilés par la végétation sauvage.'Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 266. These figures, with the eastern side of the court, are represented inDupaix, pl. xxiii-iv., fig. 29;Waldeck, pl. xiv-xvi. (according to a seated native on the steps, each step is at least 2 feet high);Stephens, pp. 314-15;Charnay, phot. xix., xx. My cut is a reduction from Waldeck.
[VI-24]Waldeck, pl. xiv-v.;Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 314-15. One of the small sculptured pilasters inDupaix, pl. xxv., fig. 32.
[VI-25]The only plate that shows any portion of the court 2, isWaldeck, pl. xviii., a view from the pointnlooking south-eastward. Two of the reliefs are shown, representing each a human figure sitting cross-legged on a low stool.
[VI-26]Del Rio, p. 11, calls the height 16 yards in four stories, also plate in frontispiece. Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70, says it is somewhat fallen, but still 100 feet high.Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 61. Dupaix, p. 16, says 75 feet in four stories, and his pl. xv-vi., fig. 22, make it 93 feet in three stories. Kingsborough's text mentions no height, but his plates xvii-xviii., fig. 24, make it 108 feet in four stories. The other authorities mention no height, but from their plates the height would seem not far from 50 feet. SeeWaldeck, pl. xviii-xix., and all the general views of the Palace. Waldeck, p. iii., severely criticises Dupaix's drawings. 'Une tour de huit étages, dont l'escalier, en plusieurs endroits est soutenu sur des voûtes cintrées.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 86-7. 'En el pátio occidental está la torre de tres cuerpos y medio: en el primero tiene cuatro puertas cerradas, y una que se abrió cuando el desmonte del capitan Rio, y se halló ser un retrete de poco mas de tres cuartas y lumbreras que se abrieron entónces.'Registro Yucateco, tom. i., pp. 319-20. 'Dominée par une tour quadrangulaire, dont il subsistait trois étages, separés l'un de l'autre par autant de corniches.'Morelet,Voy., tom. i., p. 266. 'It would seem to have been used as a modern oriental minaret, from which the priests summoned the people to prayer.'Jones, p. 83.
[VI-27]Waldeck, p. iii. One of the figures in pl. xi. purports to be a cornice of this room, but may probably belong to the outer walls, since no other author speaks of interior cornices.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 315.
[VI-28]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 316;Waldeck, pl. xv., fig. 2, a cross-section of this building, showing aTshaped niche in the end wall.
[VI-29]View of the building from the south-west, representing it as a detached structure, inDupaix, pl. xiv., fig. 21. This author speaks of a peculiar method of construction in this building: 'Su construccion varia algo del primero, pues el miembro que llamaremos arquitrabe es de una hechura muy particular, se forma de unas lajas grandísimas de un grueso proporcionado é inclinadas, formando con la muralla un angulo agudo.' The plate indicates a high steep roof, or rather second story. It also shows aTshaped window and two steps on this side. For plates and descriptions of the tablet seeStephens, vol. ii., p. 318;Waldeck, pp. iv., vi., pl. xvii.;Dupaix, pp. 16, 23, pl. xviii., fig. 26, pl. xxvi., fig. 33;Del Rio, p. 13, pl. xv.-xvii.;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 70. Waldeck's pl. xvi., fig. 3, is a ground plan showing more detail than the general plan; and pl. xi., fig. 3, is a study of the cornices (?) in the interior. The sculptured tablet probably represents Cuculkan, or Quetzalcoatl.Morelet's Travels, p. 97. No doubt the medallion represented a sun, and the table beneath was an altar to the sun.Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 83.
[VI-30]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 319;Dupaix, pl. xxvii., fig. 34;Del Rio, pl. iv.
[VI-31]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 316, 318-19. Plan of galleries inDupaix, pl. xvii., fig. 24. Stucco ornaments, pl. xxv., fig. 30, 31. Hieroglyphic tablet, pl. xxxix., fig. 41. Description, p. 28. Niche in the wall of the gallery,Waldeck, p. iv., pl. xi., fig. 2. Decoration over doorway (copied above),Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 105, pl. xxii.; also inDel Rio, pl. xiv.
[VI-32]Cut fromArmin,Das Heutige Mex., p. 73.
[VI-33]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 339-43, with the cuts which I have given, and also plates of the four stucco reliefs, and the hieroglyphic tablets.Waldeck, pl. xxxiii.-xl., illustrating the same subjects as Catherwood's plates, and giving also a transverse section of the building in pl. xxiii., fig. 4. Waldeck's ground plan represents the building as fronting the north.Dupaix, pp. 24-5, pl. xxviii.-xxxii., including view of north front, ground plan, and the stucco reliefs, which latter M. Lenoir,Antiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., p. 78, incorrectly states to be sculptured in stone. Castañeda did not attempt to sketch the hieroglyphics, through want of ability and patience, as Stephens suggests. SeeCharnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 89;Baldwin,Anc. Amer., p. 107;Del Rio,Descrip., p. 16;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71. It is to be noticed that Stephens' plan locates this temple nearer the Palace than the one I have copied. Dupaix states the distance to be 200 paces.
[VI-34]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 355, giving view, section, ground plan, and what remained of the Beau Relief.Waldeck, p. iii., pl. xli.-ii., with ground plans, sections, and Beau Relief as given above, and which the artist pronounces 'digne d'être comparée aux plus beaux ouvrages du siécle d'Auguste.' Drawings of the relief also inDupaix, pl. xxxiii., fig. 37;Del Rio,Descrip., pl. ii.;Kingsborough, pl. xxxvi., fig. 37.
[VI-35]Del Rio,Descrip., p. 17, says this pyramid is one of three which form a triangle, each supporting a square building 11×18 yards. Charnay locates this temple 300 mètres to the right of the Palace.Ruines Amér., p. 417.Waldeck, pl. xx., is a fine view of this temple and its pyramid as seen from the main entrance of the Palace. But according to this plate the structure on the roof is at least 10 feet wide instead of 2 feet 10 inches as Stephens gives it, and narrows slightly towards the top. This plate also shows twoTshaped windows in the west end.Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 344-8, elevation and ground plan as given in my text fromBaldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 106, and some rough sketches of parts of the interior.Dupaix, pl. xxxv., fig. 39, exterior view and ground plan. The view omits altogether the superstructure and locates the temple on a natural rocky cliff. Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71, speaks of the top walls as 80 feet from the ground and pierced with square openings.
[VI-36]Waldeck, p. vii., pl. xxiii-iv.;Stephens, vol. ii., p. 352;Dupaix, pp. 24-5, pl. xxxvii-viii.;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71.
[VI-37]Dupaix, pp. 25-6, pl. xxxvi., fig. 40;Waldeck, p. vii., pl. xxi.-ii.;Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 345-7;Charnay, p. 419, phot. xxi., showing only the central stone. 'Upon the top of the cross is seated a sacred bird, which has two strings of beads around its neck, from which is suspended something in the shape of a hand, probably intended to denote the manitas. This curious flower was the production of the tree called by the Mexicans macphalxochitl, or "flower of the hand."'Bradford's Amer. Antiq., p. 89. 'Une grande croix latine, surmontée d'un coq, et portant au milieu une croix plus petite, dont les trois branches supérieures sont ornées d'une fleur de lotus.'Baril,Mex., pp. 28-9. 'Un examen approfondi de cette question m'a conduit à penser avec certitude que la croix n'était, chez les Palenquéens, qu'un signe astronomique.'Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 24.
[VI-38]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 344, 349;Waldeck, pl. xxv. 'From the engraving, Egypt, or her Tyrian neighbour, would instantly claim it.'Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 127. Copy of the statue from Stephens, inSquier's Nicaragua, (Ed. 1856,) vol. ii., p. 337.
[VI-39]Waldeck's plate xx. shows the pyramid No. 6 and indicates that his location of it on the plan is correct. Charnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 420-1, places No. 5 'à quelque distance de ce premier (Palace) édifice, presque sur la même ligne.'Waldeck, pl. xxvi., front elevation; pl. xxvii., elevation of central chamber; pl. xxviii., central wall, roof structure (as given above), ground plan, sections; pl. xxix-xxx, Tablet of the Sun; pl. xxxi-ii, lateral stone tablets. Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 351-4, and frontispiece, gives elevation and ground plan as above, and also elevation of central chamber, a view of a corridor, and the Tablet of the Sun. Dupaix, p. 25, pl. xxxiv., fig. 38, describes a two storied building 10 by 19 varas, 12 varas high, standing on a low pyramid, which may probably be identical with this temple.
[VI-40]Stephens, vol. ii., p. 321;Waldeck, p. ii.;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Palenqué, introd., p. 7;Del Rio,Descrip., p. 5;Dupaix, p. 29, pl. xlvi., fig. 48;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 310, pl. xlv., fig. 45;Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 71;Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 429.
[VI-41]Waldeck, p. ii.
[VI-42]Dupaix, p. 18;Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. 424.
[VI-43]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 320-1;Waldeck, p. iii. Plate xx. also gives a view of the mountain from the Palace. A 'monument qui paraîtrait avoir servi de temple et de citadelle, et dont les constructions altières commandaient au loin la contrée jusqu'aux rivages de l'Atlantique.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 84.
[VI-44]Dupaix, p. 28, pl. xliv., fig. 46;Kingsborough, p. 310, pl. xliv., fig. 43. The latter plate does not show any curve in the sides.Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68;Id., inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 64.
[VI-45]Bibliothèque Mexico-Guatémalienne, p. xxvii.
[VI-46]Waldeck, p. ii.
[VI-47]Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68.
[VI-48]Ordoñez,MS., inBrasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 92.
[VI-49]Del Rio,Descrip., pp. 18-20.
[VI-50]Waldeck,Palenqué, p. iv., pl. l.;Id.,Voy. Pitt., p. 104, pl. xviii., fig. 3.
[VI-51]Galindo, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 70-2;Dupaix, pp. 28-9, pl. xlii-iii., xlv., fig. 44-5, 47.
[VI-52]Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 100, quoted fromAthenæum;Davis' Anc. Amer., p. 5.
[VI-53]See this vol.p. 118;Melgar, inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, 2da época, tom. iii., pp. 109-18.
[VI-54]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 255-61;Dupaix, pp. 10-13, pl. viii.-x.;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 291-4, vol. vi., pp. 470-2, vol. iv., pl. ix.-x.;Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., pp. 23, 72-3;Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 46-7, 104, pl. xix.-xxi.;Id.,Palenqué, p. viii., pl. liv.;Brasseur,Palenqué, introd., pp. 2, 14, 15—he writes the name Toninà.Juarros,Hist. Guat., pp. 18-19, mere mention. Other authorities, containing no original information, are as follows:Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 21;Malte-Brun,Précis de la Géog., tom. vi., p. 465;Baril,Mexique, p. 27;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 20;Wappäus,Mex. Guat., p. 147;Müller,Amerikanische Urreligionen, p. 461;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., p. 320;Morelet's Trav., pp. 97-8;Warden, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., p. 71.
[VI-55]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 256, 258;Dupaix, pp. 10-12, pl. viii.-ix., fig. 13-16;Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 46-7.
[VI-56]Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 46, 104, pl. xix-xxi. 'Les figures de terre cuite qu'on trouve de temps à autre dans les champs voisins de ces ruines, sont bien modelées, et d'un style qui révèle un sentiment artistique assez élevé.'
[VI-57]Morelet's Travels, pp. 97-8, cuts probably from Catherwood's drawings.Warden, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., p. 71.
[VI-58]Dupaix, pp. 12-13, pl. x., fig. 17.
[VI-59]Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 258-62. Elevation, section, and ground plan, with fragment of the stucco ornament. The latter copied inBrasseur,Palenqué, introd., pp. 14-15.Waldeck,Palenqué, p. viii., pl. liv. 'Dans l'intérieur de ses monuments, un caractère d'architecture assez semblable à celui des doubles galeries de Palenqué; seulement, j'ai remarqué que les combles étaient coniques et à angles saillants, comme des assises renversées.'Id.,Voy. Pitt., p. 46. Shows higher degree of art than Palenque.Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 88.
[VI-60]Pineda,Descrip. Geog., inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. iii., pp. 346, 406-7.
[VI-61]Pineda, ubi sup.;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 74;Domenech's Deserts, vol. i., p. 21.
[VI-62]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iv., p. 633, tom. i., p. 75;Wappäus,Mex. Guat., p. 147;Mühlenpfordt,Mejico, tom. ii., p. 20;Dupaix, 3d Exped., p. 8, pl. vii.
[VI-63]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 96;Id.,Palenqué, p. 33;Hermosa,Manual Geog., pp. 88-9;Galindo, inLond. Geog. Soc., Jour., vol. iii., p. 60;Id., inAntiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 68;Nouvelles Annales des Voy., 1857, tom. clv., pp. 221-2.
[VI-64]Galindo, inAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transact., vol. ii., p. 549. The stones that cover the arches in the Palace corridors, are three feet long; those of the court stairways are one and a half feet high and wide. Oxide of iron is mixed with the mortar. 'No es decible la excelencia de este yeso que yo llamo estuco natural, pues no se indaga visiblemente en su composicion ó masa, arena ó mármol molido. A mas de su dureza y finura tiene un blanco hermoso.' Quarries were seen one and a half leagues west of ruins.Dupaix, pp. 15-17, 20. Red, blue, yellow, black, and white, the colors used.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 311.
[VI-65]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 87, following Castañeda, speaks of regular semi-circular arches at Palenque, and states that he has himself seen several such arches in other American ruins. It is very certain that no such arches exist at Palenque. Indeed, Dupaix himself, notwithstanding Castañeda's drawings, says, p. 17, that semi-circular arches were not used, and Lenoir,Antiq. Mex., tom. i., div. ii., p. 74, repeats the statement; although the latter on the same page speaks of the 'voûtes cintrées' as appearing among the ruins. Brasseur's statement about arches in other ruins would be more satisfactory if he had seen fit to give further particulars. 'This original mode of construction, which discloses the principle of the arch, was not wanting in grandeur or boldness of design, although the architects did not understand the science of curves, and stopped short, so to speak, on the verge of the discovery.'Morelet's Travels, p. 88;Id.,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 265-6.
[VI-66]Hieroglyphics at Palenque are the same as those at Copan and Quirigua, although the intermediate country is now occupied by races of many different languages.Stephens, vol. ii., p. 343; but, as Brasseur says,Palenqué, introd., p. 22, 'Toutes les langues qui se parlent dans les régions existant entre Copan et Palenqué ont la même origine; ... à l'aide du maya et du quiché, je crois qu'on les entendrait toutes, avec quelque travail.'Id.,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 89;Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., p. 102. See also this work, vol. ii., chap, xxiv., vol. iii., Languages, chap. xi.
[VI-67]'Il serait facile de démontrer, par une comparaison raisonnée des ruines du Yucatan et de celles de Palenque, que les monuments dont elles perpétuent le souvenir avaient un même caractère architectonique; qu'ils étaient ordonnés selon les mêmes principes et construits d'après les mêmes règles de l'art.'Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., p. 270. Brasseur,Palenqué, introd., pp. 20, 24, notes a striking similarity between the arrangement of buildings at Palenque and Yucatan. He also speaks of a remarkable inferiority in the ruins of Palenque, compared to Chichen, Zayi, and Uxmal.Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 88. Viollet-le-Duc, inCharnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 72-3, says the ruins do not resemble those of Yucatan, either in plan, construction, or decoration; and that the face of the priest in the Temple of the Cross is of a different race from the sculptured heads in Yucatan. 'La sculpture ... indique un art plus savant qu'au Yucatan; si les proportions du corps humain sont observées avec plus de soin et d'exactitude, on s'aperçoit que lefaireest mou, rond, et qu'il accuse plutôt une période de décadence que l'âpreté des premiers temps d'un art.'Id., p. 74, 'Le caractère de la sculpture à Palenqué est loin d'avoir l'énergie de celle que nous voyons dans des édifices de l'Yucatan.'Id., p. 97. 'A pesar de tanta desnudez, no hemos reparado una postura, un gesto, ó algunas de aquellas del cuerpo, al descubierto que el pudor procura ocultar,'Dupaix, p. 21. Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., p. 72, thinks the tau-shaped figures may have been symbols of the phallic worship. Friederichsthal, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xcii., pp. 300-3, says of the Yucatan ruins that 'elles portent indubitablement des traces d'une identité d'origine avec les ruines de Palenqué,' but remarks a difference in the sculptured and molded heads. Sivers,Mittelamerika, p. 238, says that the stone reliefs of Uxmal belong to a ruder primitive art; and that stucco was used at Palenque for want of suitable stone, and for the same reason greater attention was paid to the stone tablets at the latter ruins. See alsoReichardt,Centro-Amerika, pp. 26-9;Prichard's Researches, vol. v., pp. 345-6;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 197.
[VI-68]M. Viollet-le-Duc, judging from the nature and degree of art displayed in the ruins, concludes that the civilized nations of America were of a mixed race, Turanian or yellow from the north-west, and Aryan or white from the north-east, the former being the larger and the earlier element. Stucco work implies a predominance of Turanian blood in the artists; traces of wooden structures in architecture belong rather to the white races. Therefore he believes that Palenque was built during the continuance of the Empire of Xibalba, probably some centuries before Christ, by a people in which yellow blood predominated, although with some Aryan intermixture; but that the Yucatan cities owe their foundation to the same people at a later epoch and under a much stronger influence of the white races. InCharnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 32, 45, 97, 103, etc. 'Here were the remains of a cultivated, polished, and peculiar people, who had passed through all the stages incident to the rise and fall of nations; reached their golden age, and perished, entirely unknown. The links which connected them with the human family were severed and lost, and these were the only memorials of their footsteps upon earth.' Arguments against an extinct race and Egyptian resemblances.Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 356-7, 436-57. Dupaix believes in a flat-headed race that has become extinct, p. 29. After writing his narrative he made up his mind that Palenque was antediluvian, or at least that a flood had covered it.Lenoir, p. 76. M. Lenoir says that according to all voyagers and students the ruins are not less than 3000 years old.Id., p. 73. 'Catlin,Revue des Deux Mondes, March, 1867, p. 154, asserts that the ruined cities of Palenque and Uxmal have within themselves the evidences that the ocean has been their bed for thousands of years,' but the material is soft limestone and presents no water lines.Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 398-9. The work of an extinct race.EscaleraandLlana,Méj. Hist. Descrip., p. 333;Valois,Mexique, p. 197;Wappäus,Mex. Guat., p. 247. Judging by decay since discovery, bright paint, comparison with German ruins, etc., they cannot date back of the Conquest.Sivers,Mittelamerika, pp. 237-47. 'All of them were the Work of the same People, or of Nations of the same Race, dating from a high antiquity, and in blood and language precisely the same Race, ... that was found in Occupation of the Country by the Spaniards, and who still constitute the great Bulk of the Population.'Squier, inPalacio,Carta, pp. 9-10. Copan and Quirigua preceded Palenque and Ococingo as the latter preceded the cities of Yucatan.Ib.'The sculptures and temples of Central America are the work of the ancestors of the present Indians,'Tylor's Researches, pp. 189, 184. In age the ruins rank as follows: Copan, Utatlan, Uxmal, Mitla, Palenque.Edinburgh Review, July, 1867. 'Una antiguedad no ménos que antediluviana.'Registro Yuc., tom. i., p. 322, 'Approximative calculations, amounting to all but certainty ... would carry its origin as far back as twenty centuries at least.'Dem. Review, vol. i., p. 38. 'Ces ruines étaient déjà fort anciennes avant même que les Toltèques songeassent à quitter Tula.'Fossey,Mexique, p. 566. Founded by the Toltecs after they left Anahuac in the 11th century. They afterwards went to Yucatan.Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 269-70. Palenque much older than Yucatan according to the Katunes.Waldeck,Voy. Pitt., pp. 22-3, 103. Waldeck found a tree whose rings indicated an age of nearly 2000 years.Id.,Palenqué, p. v. 'Il est probable qu'elles appartiennent à la première période de la civilization américaine.'Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., pp. 85, 87, 89. Copan built first, Palenque second, and Uxmal third.Jones' Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 80, 72, 76. Humboldt,Vues, tom. ii., p. 284, thinks it improbable that the foundation of Palenque dates back further than the 13th or 14th century; but he never saw the ruins and does not pretend to have any means of accurately determining their age.
[VI-69]'Palenqué, dans quelques bas-reliefs, a des intentions assyriennes.'Charnay,Ruines Amér., p. iii. 'The writing of the inscriptions ... has no more relatedness to the Phœnician than to the Chinese writing;' nor is there any resemblance in the architecture.Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 174. Long arguments against any resemblance of the Central American cities to Egyptian monuments.Stephens, vol. ii., pp. 436-57; which Jones,Hist. Anc. Amer., pp. 106-37, labors to refute. No resemblance to Egyptian pyramids, except in being used as sepulchres.Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 186-7. 'The Palenque architecture has little to remind us of the Egyptian, or of the Oriental. It is, indeed, more conformable, in the perpendicular elevation of the walls, the moderate size of the stones, and the general arrangement of the parts, to the European. It must be admitted, however, to have a character of originality peculiar to itself.'Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 407-8. 'Un bas-relief représentant un enfant consacré à une croix, les têtes singulières à grands nez et à fronts rejetés en arrière, les bottines oucaligulæà la romaine servant de chaussure; la ressemblance frappante des figures avec les divinités indiennes assises, les jambes croisées, et ces figures un peu roides, mais dessinées dans des proportions exactes, doivent inspirer un vif intérêt à quiconque s'occupe de l'histoire primitive du genre humain.'Humboldt, inNouvelles Annales des Voy., tom. xxxv., p. 328. See alsoJuarros,Hist. Guat., p. 19;Dupaix, p. 32, and elsewhere;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pp. 326-9;Scherzer,Quiriguá, p. 11.
[VI-70]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 338-9, 302.
[VI-71]Klemm,Cultur-Geschichte, tom. v., pp. 161-3.
[VI-72]Morelet,Voyage, tom. i., pp. 273, 264.
[VI-73]Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 172;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. i., p. 85.
[VI-74]Prescott's Mex., vol. iii., pp. 408-9.
[VII-1]See vol. ii., chap. ii., of this work.
[VII-2]Arias,Antigüedades Zapotecas, inMuseo Mex., tom. i., pp. 246-8,Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 356-7;Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., pp. 395; 539-41;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 359, with reference toCarriedo,Estudios hist. y estad. del Estado Oaxaqueño, tom. ii., append. i.;Garay,Reconocimiento, p. 110;Id.,Survey, pp. 112-13;Id.,Acct., pp. 79-81.
[VII-3]Dupaix, 3d exped., pp. 6-7, pl. iii.-v., fig. 6-9;Kingsborough, vol. vi., p. 469, vol. iv., pl. iii.-v., fig. 6-9;Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pl. viii., from Dupaix, showing second pyramid;Mayer's Observations, pp. 25-6, with cut of the first altar representing its successive platforms as forming a spiral ascent.
[VII-4]Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 6, pl. ii., fig. 5; cut of same lance-head inGondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 85, pl. xiv.;Museo Mexicano, tom. i., pp. 248-9, tom. iii., pp. 135-7;Hist. Mag., vol. iii., p. 240.
[VII-5]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Voy. Tehuan., pp. 122-5.
[VII-6]Burgoa,Geog. Descrip., tom. ii., cap. lxxii.;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 9-10.
[VII-7]Lafond,Voyage, tom. i., p. 139.
[VII-8]Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 248.
[VII-9]Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 8, pl. vi., fig. 10;Kingsborough, vol. v., p. 289, vol. vi., p. 469, vol. iv., pl. vi., fig. 10;Lenoir, pp. 16, 71. Kingsborough calls the name of the locality of these remains Chilmitlan. His plate shows regular quadrilateral openings in the parapets, while in Castañeda's plate they appear of irregular form, as if made by the removal of stones.
[VII-10]Garay,Reconocimiento, pp. 110-12;Id.,Survey, pp. 113-15;Id.,Acct., pp. 79-81.
[VII-11]Burgoa,Geog. Descrip., tom. ii., p. 298;Florencia,Hist. Comp. Jesus, pp. 233-6,Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 39, 286, tom. i., p. 146.
[VII-12]Besides remains attributed to particular localities, seeMuseo Mex., tom. iii., p. 135, cuts and descriptions of four earthen idols found in this state;Burgoa,Geog. Descrip., tom. i., fol. 160, 166, 170, 197, tom. ii., fol. 275, 298, 319-21, 330, 344-5, 363, mention and slight description of burial places, caves, temples, etc., of the natives, some of them seen by the author;Mühlenpfordt,Mej., tom. ii., pp. 186, 195, 200, 206, 212, 215, slight mention of scattered relics;Mayer's Mex. Aztec, etc., vol. ii., p. 218, cuts of three heads in Peñasco collection, said to have come from Oajaca.
[VII-13]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 28-9.
[VII-14]Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., p. 282, with cut of the ring.
[VII-15]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 47.
[VII-16]Gondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 91.
[VII-17]Museo Mex., tom. i., p. 249.
[VII-18]Dupaix, 3d exped., p. 6, pl. ii., 2d exped., p. 51.
[VII-19]Fossey,Mexique, pp. 375-6. No authority is given, and M. Fossey was not himself an antiquarian explorer.
[VII-20]Charnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 249-51.
[VII-21]Dupaix, 2d exped., pp. 17-23, pl. xxi-viii., fig. 64-77;Kingsborough, vol. v., pp. 247-51, vol. vi., pp. 444-6, vol. iv., pl. xix-xxv., fig. 64-77;Lenoir, pp. 16, 22, 49-51. Carriedo'sAtlas de una Fortaleza Zapoteca, etc., mentioned byGondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., p. 94, and inMuseo Mex., tom. i., p. 246. The editors of the latter magazine announced their intention to publish the drawings as soon as the plates could be engraved, but I have not seen the volume in which their purpose was carried out, if indeed it was ever carried out. García's report inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., pp. 270-1, with plates;Müller,Reisen, tom. ii., pp. 270-1, with plates;Charnay,Ruines Amér., pp. 250-3;Viollet-le-Duc, inId., pp. 25-6, with cut. Other references to slight notices of Monte Alban, containing no original information are;—Larenaudière,Mex. Guat., pl. i., from Dupaix;Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., p. 340;Fossey,Mexique, pp. 370-1. This writer locates the ruins ¼ of a league from the city.EscaleraandLlana,Mej., p. 332;Baldwin's Anc. Amer., p. 91.
[VII-22]See authorities in preceding note.
[VII-23]Plate showing the stones inSoc. Mex. Geog., Boletin, tom. vii., p. 270.
[VII-24]Brasseur de Bourbourg,Hist. Nat. Civ., tom. iii., pp. 339-40.
[VII-25]'Elle représente un dieu dont les attributs caractérisent le principe actif de la nature qui produit les grains et les fruits. C'est le dieu qui crée, conserve et est en hostilité permanente avec le Génie destructeur qui gouverne aussi le monde. Son casque ou son diadème, ombragé d'un panache considérable et qui atteste son importance, est orné de la Grande couleuvre, nommée aussi par les astronomes modernes leserpent d'Ève, dont la présence dans le ciel annonce la saison des récoltes.'Lenoir, inAntiq. Mex., tom. ii., div. i., pp. 57-8. Cut also inMayer's Obs., p. 32, pl. iii., from the original which is preserved in Mexico.
[VII-26]Plate also inGondra, inPrescott,Hist. Conq. Mex., tom. iii., pp. 64-5, pl. xi.