[XII-10]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864;Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862, March 6, 1863;Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 249;Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 126;Wimmel,Californien, p. 13.[XII-11]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862;Cal. Farmer, March 28, 1862, March 6, 1863.[XII-12]Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 209. 'A quantity of round stones, evidently from the brook, was found in a passage with a number of skeletons; the destruction of life having been caused undoubtedly by the sudden caving in of the earth, burying the unskilled savages in the midst of their labors.'Pioneer, vol. ii., p. 221.[XII-13]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, April 20, 1860;Wimmel,Californien, pp. 27-8.[XII-14]'In 1857, Dr. C. F. Winslow sent to the Boston Natural History Society, the fragment of a human cranium found in the "pay-dirt" in connection with the bones of the mastodon and elephant, one hundred and eighty feet below the surface of Table Mountain, California. Dr. Winslow has described to me all the particulars in reference to this "find," and there is no doubt in his mind, that the remains of man and the great quadrupeds were deposited contemporaneously.'Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 52-4.[XII-15]Elephant's tusk five or six feet long, found in 1860, ten feet below the surface, and fifteen inches above the ledge in auriferous sand; also, five years before, many human skeletons, one of which was twice the usual size, with stone mortars and pestles.Sonora Democrat, Dec. 1860;Cal. Farmer, Dec. 21, 1860;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864.[XII-16]Other reported relics in Tuolumne county are as follows:—A tooth of an animal of the elephant specie, twelve feet below surface, under an oak three feet in diameter, at Twist's Ranch, near Mormon Creek, found in 1851.Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 248, with cut. 'A tolerably well executed representation of a deer's foot, about six inches long, cut out of slate, and a tube about an inch in diameter, and five inches in length, made of the same material, and a small, flat, rounded piece of some very hard flinty rock, with a square hole in the center. They are all highly polished, and perfectly black with age. What gives a peculiar interest to these relics is the fact that they were found thirty feet below the surface, and over the spot where they were found a huge pine, the growth of centuries, has reared its lofty head.' These relics were found at Don Pedro's Bar in 1861.Cal. Farmer, June 14, 1861, fromColumbia Times, May, 1861. 'An Indian arrow-head, made of stone, as at the present day, was lately picked up from the solid cement at Buckeye Hill, at a depth of 80 feet from the surface, and about one foot from the bed-rock.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Nov. 9, 1860;Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 52;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 6, 1864.[XII-17]'An immense number of skulls were found by Captain Moraga in the vicinity of a creek, which, from that circumstance, was called Calaveras, or the river of skulls. The story was, that the tribes from the Sierras came down to the valley to fish for Salmon. To this the Valley Indians objected, and, as the conflict was irrepressible, a bloody battle was fought, and three thousand dead bodies were left to whiten the banks with their bones. The county in which the river rises assumed its name.'Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 303.[XII-18]1, Black lava, 40 feet; 2, gravel, 3 feet; 3, light lava, 30 feet; 4, gravel, 5 feet; 5, light lava, 15 feet; 6, gravel, 25 feet; 7, dark brown lava, 9 feet; 8, (in which the skull was found) gravel, 5 feet; 9, red lava, 4 feet; 10, red gravel, 17 feet.Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii., pp. 277-8. 'This skull, admitting its authenticity, carries back the advent of man to the Pliocene Epoch, and is therefore older than the stone implements of the drift-gravel of Abbeville and Amiens, or the relics furnished by the cave-dirt of Belgium and France.'Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 52-4.[XII-19]'It was late in the month of August (the 19th), 1849, that the gold diggers at one of the mountain diggings called Murphy's, were surprised, in examining a high barren district of mountain, to find the abandoned site of an antique mine. "It is evidently," says a writer, "the work of ancient times." The shaft discovered is two hundred and ten feet deep. Its mouth is situated on a high mountain. It was several days before preparations could be completed to descend and explore it. The bones of a human skeleton were found at the bottom. There were also found an altar for worship and other evidences of ancient labor.... No evidences have been discovered to denote the era of this ancient work. There has been nothing to determine whether it is to be regarded as the remains of the explorations of the first Spanish adventurers, or of a still earlier period. The occurrence of the remains of an altar, looks like the period of Indian worship.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 105.[XII-20]Skulls obtained from a cave in Calaveras County, by Prof. Whitney, and sent to the Smithsonian Institute. They showed no differences from the present Indians, who probably used the cave as a burial place.Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 406. Petrified mammoth thigh-bone, three and a half feet long, two and a quarter feet in circumference, weighing fifty-four pounds, found at a depth of thirty-five feet, at Murphy's Flat.Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862, fromSan Andrés Independent. An arrastra or mill, such as is now used in grinding quartz, with a quantity of crushed stone five feet below surface near Porterfield.Id., Nov. 30, 1860, May 16, 1862. At Calaveritas large mortars two or three feet in diameter, with pestles, in the ancient bed of the river; at Vallecito human skulls in post-diluvial strata over fifty feet deep; at Mokelumne Hill obsidian spear-heads; at Murphy's mammoth bones forty feet deep.Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41;San Francisco Herald, Nov. 24, fromCalaveras Chronicle.[XII-21]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864;Wimmel,Californien, p. 13.[XII-22]'An ancient skillet, made of lava, hard as iron, circular, with a spout and three legs, was washed out of a deep claim at Forest Hill, a few days since. It will be sent to the State Fair, as a specimen of crockery used in the mines several thousand years ago.'Grass Valley National, Sept. 1861, inSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864. Same implement apparently found at Coloma in 1851, 15 feet below the surface, under an oak-tree not less than 1000 years old.Carpenter, inHesperian, vol. v., p. 358.[XII-23]'J. E. Squire, informs me that a strange inscription is found on the rocks a short distance below Meadow Lake. The rocks appear to have been covered with a black coating, and the hieroglyphics or characters cut through the layer and into the rock. This inscription was, probably, not made by the present tribe inhabiting the lower part of Nevada County. It may have been done by Indians from the other side of the mountains, who came to the lake region near the summit to fish; or it may have still a stranger origin.'Directory Nevada, 1857. A human fore-arm bone with crystallized marrow, imbedded in a petrified cedar 63 feet deep, at Red Dog.Grass Valley National, inSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864.[XII-24]Two hand mills (mortars) taken from the bank of the Yuba River at a depth of 16 feet. 'They are all made from a peculiar kind of stone, which has the appearance of a combination of granite and burr-stone.' The pestles are usually of gneiss.Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Dec. 14, 1860, May 9, 1862. At McGilvary's, Trinity Co., was discovered in 1856, 10 feet below the surface, 'an Indian skull encased in a sea shell, five by eight inches, inside of which were worked figures and representations, both singular and beautiful, inlaid with a material imperishable, resembling gold, which would not, in nice, ingenious workmanship, disgrace the sculptor's art of the present day.'San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864, fromTrinity Democrat, 1856. Slate tubes dug up near Oroville.Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Nov. 2, 1860. A collar-bone taken from the gravel of the 'great blue lead' not less than 1000 feet below the forest-covered surface, in 1857.Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 417. Mammoth bones at Columbia, Stanislaus Co., 35 feet deep; and a hyena's tooth at Volcano, Amador Co., at a depth of 60 feet.Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41. Some 30 different instances of the discovery of fossil remains by miners have been noted in the California papers since 1851.Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862; also four well-known cases of giant human remains.Id., March 20, 1863. An immense block of porphyry whose sides and top are carved with rude mystic figures, in the Truckee Valley. 'I noticed one cluster of figures in a circle, having in its centre a rude representation of the sun, surrounded by about a dozen other figures, one of which exhibited a quite truthful representation of a crab, another like an anchor with a large ring, and still another representing an arrow passing through a ring.'Marysville Democrat, April, 1861, inCal. Farmer, June 14, 1861.[XII-25]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 54-6.[XII-26]InCal. Farmer, March 6, 1863.[XII-27]Capron's Hist. Cal., p. 75.[XII-28]Martinez Contra Costa Gazette.[XII-29]Smithsonian Rept., 1869, p. 36.[XII-30]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 163-4.[XII-31]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 19, 1869.[XII-32]Rae's Westward by Rail, pp. 162-4.[XII-33]Salt Lake Telegraph, quoted inSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 9, 1868.[XII-34]Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. ii., pp. 364-5.[XII-35]Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., pp. 206-7.[XII-36]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 152.[XII-37]Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 493.[XII-38]Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 403.[XII-39]Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 316-17.[XII-40]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 152.[XII-41]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, June 22, 1860.[XII-42]Bulletin of the U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the Territories, 2d series, No. 1., Washington, 1875.[XII-43]Ingersoll gives these dimensions as 33 and 22 feet respectively, and speaks of three equi-distant doorways, apparently alluding to the same structure.[XII-44]Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 391-2, 434-5, 444-5.[XII-45]Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. xii., p. 150;Id., inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 222.[XII-46]Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., pp. 41-2.[XII-47]Abbot, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 94.[XII-48]Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 296.[XII-49]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, March 20, 1863;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864.[XII-50]Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 369.[XII-51]Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 102-3, 260;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 411.[XII-52]U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 334, 441-2;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 151-2;Portland Herald, Sept. 27, 1872;San Francisco Morning Call, Sept. 28, 1872.[XII-53]Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 232-3;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 612-13;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 408-9;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, May 8, 1863.[XII-54]Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer., p. 333;Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 73.[XII-55]'In such localities, the general feature of the landscape is very similar to many parts of Devonshire, more especially to that on the eastern escarpment of Dartmoor, and the resemblance is rendered the more striking by the numerous stone circles, which lie scattered around.... These stone circles point to a period in ethnological history, which has no longer a place in the memory of man. Scattered in irregular groups of from three or four, to fifty or more, these stone circles are found, crowning the rounded promontories over all the South Eastern end of the Island. Their dimensions vary in diameter from three to eighteen feet; of some, only a simple ring of stones marking the outline now remains. In other instances the circle is not only complete in outline, but is filled in, built up as it were, to a height of three to four feet, with masses of rock and loose stones, collected from amongst the numerous erratic boulders, which cover the surface of the country, and from the gravel of the boulder drift which fills up many of the hollows. These structures are of considerable antiquity, and whatever they may have been intended for, have been long disused, for, through the centre of many, the pine, the oak, and the arbutus have shot up and attained considerable dimensions—a full growth. The Indians when questioned, can give no further account of the matter, than that, "it belonged to the old people," and an examination, by taking some of the largest circles to pieces, and digging beneath, throws no light on the subject. The only explanation to be found, is in the hypothesis, that these were the dwellings of former tribes, who have either entirely disappeared, or whose descendants have changed their mode of living, and this supposition is strengthened by the fact that a certain tribe on the Fraser River, did, till very recently live, in circular beehive shaped houses, built of loose stones, having an aperture in the arched roof for entrance and exit, and that in some localities in upper California the same remains are found, and the same origin assigned to them.'Forbes' Vanc. Isl., p. 3.[XII-56]Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., p. 521;Neue Nachrichten, p. 33.[XIII-1]The chief authorities consulted for this chapter on the remains of the Mississippi Valley, are the following:Squier and Davis,Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington, 1848.Squier's Antiquities of the State of New York.Id.,Observations on Aboriginal Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. New York, 1847.Id.,Serpent Symbol.Atwater's Antiquities of Ohio, and other accounts in theAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transactions.Schoolcraft's Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge.Warden,Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique du Nord.Jones' Antiquities of the Southern Indians.Pidgeon's Traditions of Decoodah.Lapham's Antiquities of Wisconsin.Washington, 1853.Whittlesey's Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior.Bradford's American Antiquities.Foster's Pre-Historic Races.Id.,Mississippi Valley.Smithsonian Institution, Reports.Tylor's Researches.American Ethnological Soc., Transactions.Dickeson's Amer. Numismatic Manual.Bancroft, A. A.,Antiquities of Licking County, Ohio. MS. The writer of this manuscript, my father, was for fifty years a resident of Licking County, where he has examined more or less carefully about forty enclosures and two hundred mounds.[XIV-1]Rivero and Tschudi,Antigüedades Peruanas, Viena, 1851, with atlas;Rivero,Antigüedades Peruanas, Lima, 1841;Rivero and Tschudi's Peruvian Antiquities, N. Y., 1855; this translation is in many instances very faulty;Baldwin's Ancient America, pp. 226-56.
[XII-10]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864;Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862, March 6, 1863;Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., p. 249;Saxon's Golden Gate, p. 126;Wimmel,Californien, p. 13.
[XII-11]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Feb. 11, 1862;Cal. Farmer, March 28, 1862, March 6, 1863.
[XII-12]Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 209. 'A quantity of round stones, evidently from the brook, was found in a passage with a number of skeletons; the destruction of life having been caused undoubtedly by the sudden caving in of the earth, burying the unskilled savages in the midst of their labors.'Pioneer, vol. ii., p. 221.
[XII-13]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, April 20, 1860;Wimmel,Californien, pp. 27-8.
[XII-14]'In 1857, Dr. C. F. Winslow sent to the Boston Natural History Society, the fragment of a human cranium found in the "pay-dirt" in connection with the bones of the mastodon and elephant, one hundred and eighty feet below the surface of Table Mountain, California. Dr. Winslow has described to me all the particulars in reference to this "find," and there is no doubt in his mind, that the remains of man and the great quadrupeds were deposited contemporaneously.'Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 52-4.
[XII-15]Elephant's tusk five or six feet long, found in 1860, ten feet below the surface, and fifteen inches above the ledge in auriferous sand; also, five years before, many human skeletons, one of which was twice the usual size, with stone mortars and pestles.Sonora Democrat, Dec. 1860;Cal. Farmer, Dec. 21, 1860;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864.
[XII-16]Other reported relics in Tuolumne county are as follows:—A tooth of an animal of the elephant specie, twelve feet below surface, under an oak three feet in diameter, at Twist's Ranch, near Mormon Creek, found in 1851.Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 248, with cut. 'A tolerably well executed representation of a deer's foot, about six inches long, cut out of slate, and a tube about an inch in diameter, and five inches in length, made of the same material, and a small, flat, rounded piece of some very hard flinty rock, with a square hole in the center. They are all highly polished, and perfectly black with age. What gives a peculiar interest to these relics is the fact that they were found thirty feet below the surface, and over the spot where they were found a huge pine, the growth of centuries, has reared its lofty head.' These relics were found at Don Pedro's Bar in 1861.Cal. Farmer, June 14, 1861, fromColumbia Times, May, 1861. 'An Indian arrow-head, made of stone, as at the present day, was lately picked up from the solid cement at Buckeye Hill, at a depth of 80 feet from the surface, and about one foot from the bed-rock.'Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Nov. 9, 1860;Hist. Mag., vol. v., p. 52;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 6, 1864.
[XII-17]'An immense number of skulls were found by Captain Moraga in the vicinity of a creek, which, from that circumstance, was called Calaveras, or the river of skulls. The story was, that the tribes from the Sierras came down to the valley to fish for Salmon. To this the Valley Indians objected, and, as the conflict was irrepressible, a bloody battle was fought, and three thousand dead bodies were left to whiten the banks with their bones. The county in which the river rises assumed its name.'Tuthill's Hist. Cal., p. 303.
[XII-18]1, Black lava, 40 feet; 2, gravel, 3 feet; 3, light lava, 30 feet; 4, gravel, 5 feet; 5, light lava, 15 feet; 6, gravel, 25 feet; 7, dark brown lava, 9 feet; 8, (in which the skull was found) gravel, 5 feet; 9, red lava, 4 feet; 10, red gravel, 17 feet.Cal. Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. iii., pp. 277-8. 'This skull, admitting its authenticity, carries back the advent of man to the Pliocene Epoch, and is therefore older than the stone implements of the drift-gravel of Abbeville and Amiens, or the relics furnished by the cave-dirt of Belgium and France.'Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 52-4.
[XII-19]'It was late in the month of August (the 19th), 1849, that the gold diggers at one of the mountain diggings called Murphy's, were surprised, in examining a high barren district of mountain, to find the abandoned site of an antique mine. "It is evidently," says a writer, "the work of ancient times." The shaft discovered is two hundred and ten feet deep. Its mouth is situated on a high mountain. It was several days before preparations could be completed to descend and explore it. The bones of a human skeleton were found at the bottom. There were also found an altar for worship and other evidences of ancient labor.... No evidences have been discovered to denote the era of this ancient work. There has been nothing to determine whether it is to be regarded as the remains of the explorations of the first Spanish adventurers, or of a still earlier period. The occurrence of the remains of an altar, looks like the period of Indian worship.'Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. i., p. 105.
[XII-20]Skulls obtained from a cave in Calaveras County, by Prof. Whitney, and sent to the Smithsonian Institute. They showed no differences from the present Indians, who probably used the cave as a burial place.Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 406. Petrified mammoth thigh-bone, three and a half feet long, two and a quarter feet in circumference, weighing fifty-four pounds, found at a depth of thirty-five feet, at Murphy's Flat.Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862, fromSan Andrés Independent. An arrastra or mill, such as is now used in grinding quartz, with a quantity of crushed stone five feet below surface near Porterfield.Id., Nov. 30, 1860, May 16, 1862. At Calaveritas large mortars two or three feet in diameter, with pestles, in the ancient bed of the river; at Vallecito human skulls in post-diluvial strata over fifty feet deep; at Mokelumne Hill obsidian spear-heads; at Murphy's mammoth bones forty feet deep.Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41;San Francisco Herald, Nov. 24, fromCalaveras Chronicle.
[XII-21]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864;Wimmel,Californien, p. 13.
[XII-22]'An ancient skillet, made of lava, hard as iron, circular, with a spout and three legs, was washed out of a deep claim at Forest Hill, a few days since. It will be sent to the State Fair, as a specimen of crockery used in the mines several thousand years ago.'Grass Valley National, Sept. 1861, inSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864. Same implement apparently found at Coloma in 1851, 15 feet below the surface, under an oak-tree not less than 1000 years old.Carpenter, inHesperian, vol. v., p. 358.
[XII-23]'J. E. Squire, informs me that a strange inscription is found on the rocks a short distance below Meadow Lake. The rocks appear to have been covered with a black coating, and the hieroglyphics or characters cut through the layer and into the rock. This inscription was, probably, not made by the present tribe inhabiting the lower part of Nevada County. It may have been done by Indians from the other side of the mountains, who came to the lake region near the summit to fish; or it may have still a stranger origin.'Directory Nevada, 1857. A human fore-arm bone with crystallized marrow, imbedded in a petrified cedar 63 feet deep, at Red Dog.Grass Valley National, inSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864.
[XII-24]Two hand mills (mortars) taken from the bank of the Yuba River at a depth of 16 feet. 'They are all made from a peculiar kind of stone, which has the appearance of a combination of granite and burr-stone.' The pestles are usually of gneiss.Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Dec. 14, 1860, May 9, 1862. At McGilvary's, Trinity Co., was discovered in 1856, 10 feet below the surface, 'an Indian skull encased in a sea shell, five by eight inches, inside of which were worked figures and representations, both singular and beautiful, inlaid with a material imperishable, resembling gold, which would not, in nice, ingenious workmanship, disgrace the sculptor's art of the present day.'San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864, fromTrinity Democrat, 1856. Slate tubes dug up near Oroville.Taylor, inCal. Farmer, Nov. 2, 1860. A collar-bone taken from the gravel of the 'great blue lead' not less than 1000 feet below the forest-covered surface, in 1857.Hutchings' Cal. Mag., vol. ii., p. 417. Mammoth bones at Columbia, Stanislaus Co., 35 feet deep; and a hyena's tooth at Volcano, Amador Co., at a depth of 60 feet.Pioneer, vol. iii., p. 41. Some 30 different instances of the discovery of fossil remains by miners have been noted in the California papers since 1851.Cal. Farmer, May 23, 1862; also four well-known cases of giant human remains.Id., March 20, 1863. An immense block of porphyry whose sides and top are carved with rude mystic figures, in the Truckee Valley. 'I noticed one cluster of figures in a circle, having in its centre a rude representation of the sun, surrounded by about a dozen other figures, one of which exhibited a quite truthful representation of a crab, another like an anchor with a large ring, and still another representing an arrow passing through a ring.'Marysville Democrat, April, 1861, inCal. Farmer, June 14, 1861.
[XII-25]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 54-6.
[XII-26]InCal. Farmer, March 6, 1863.
[XII-27]Capron's Hist. Cal., p. 75.
[XII-28]Martinez Contra Costa Gazette.
[XII-29]Smithsonian Rept., 1869, p. 36.
[XII-30]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 163-4.
[XII-31]San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 19, 1869.
[XII-32]Rae's Westward by Rail, pp. 162-4.
[XII-33]Salt Lake Telegraph, quoted inSan Francisco Evening Bulletin, Oct. 9, 1868.
[XII-34]Remy and Brenchley's Journey, vol. ii., pp. 364-5.
[XII-35]Carvalho's Incid. of Trav., pp. 206-7.
[XII-36]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 152.
[XII-37]Schoolcraft's Arch., vol. iii., p. 493.
[XII-38]Smithsonian Rept., 1867, p. 403.
[XII-39]Farnham's Life in Cal., pp. 316-17.
[XII-40]Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, p. 152.
[XII-41]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, June 22, 1860.
[XII-42]Bulletin of the U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey of the Territories, 2d series, No. 1., Washington, 1875.
[XII-43]Ingersoll gives these dimensions as 33 and 22 feet respectively, and speaks of three equi-distant doorways, apparently alluding to the same structure.
[XII-44]Doc. Hist. Mex., série ii., tom. i., pp. 391-2, 434-5, 444-5.
[XII-45]Stevens, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. xii., p. 150;Id., inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, p. 222.
[XII-46]Pickering's Races, inU. S. Ex. Ex., vol. ix., pp. 41-2.
[XII-47]Abbot, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. vi., p. 94.
[XII-48]Lord's Nat., vol. i., p. 296.
[XII-49]Taylor, inCal. Farmer, March 20, 1863;San Francisco Evening Bulletin, Jan. 22, 1864.
[XII-50]Lewis and Clarke's Trav., p. 369.
[XII-51]Lord's Nat., vol. ii., pp. 102-3, 260;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., p. 411.
[XII-52]U. S. Ex. Ex., vol. iv., pp. 334, 441-2;Foster's Pre-Hist. Races, pp. 151-2;Portland Herald, Sept. 27, 1872;San Francisco Morning Call, Sept. 28, 1872.
[XII-53]Stevens, inInd. Aff. Rept., 1854, pp. 232-3;Id., inSchoolcraft's Arch., vol. vi., pp. 612-13;Gibbs, inPac. R. R. Rept., vol. i., pp. 408-9;Taylor, inCal. Farmer, May 8, 1863.
[XII-54]Buschmann,Spr. N. Mex. u. der Westseite des b. Nordamer., p. 333;Sutil y Mexicana,Viage, p. 73.
[XII-55]'In such localities, the general feature of the landscape is very similar to many parts of Devonshire, more especially to that on the eastern escarpment of Dartmoor, and the resemblance is rendered the more striking by the numerous stone circles, which lie scattered around.... These stone circles point to a period in ethnological history, which has no longer a place in the memory of man. Scattered in irregular groups of from three or four, to fifty or more, these stone circles are found, crowning the rounded promontories over all the South Eastern end of the Island. Their dimensions vary in diameter from three to eighteen feet; of some, only a simple ring of stones marking the outline now remains. In other instances the circle is not only complete in outline, but is filled in, built up as it were, to a height of three to four feet, with masses of rock and loose stones, collected from amongst the numerous erratic boulders, which cover the surface of the country, and from the gravel of the boulder drift which fills up many of the hollows. These structures are of considerable antiquity, and whatever they may have been intended for, have been long disused, for, through the centre of many, the pine, the oak, and the arbutus have shot up and attained considerable dimensions—a full growth. The Indians when questioned, can give no further account of the matter, than that, "it belonged to the old people," and an examination, by taking some of the largest circles to pieces, and digging beneath, throws no light on the subject. The only explanation to be found, is in the hypothesis, that these were the dwellings of former tribes, who have either entirely disappeared, or whose descendants have changed their mode of living, and this supposition is strengthened by the fact that a certain tribe on the Fraser River, did, till very recently live, in circular beehive shaped houses, built of loose stones, having an aperture in the arched roof for entrance and exit, and that in some localities in upper California the same remains are found, and the same origin assigned to them.'Forbes' Vanc. Isl., p. 3.
[XII-56]Cook's Voy. to Pac., vol. ii., p. 521;Neue Nachrichten, p. 33.
[XIII-1]The chief authorities consulted for this chapter on the remains of the Mississippi Valley, are the following:
Squier and Davis,Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. Washington, 1848.Squier's Antiquities of the State of New York.Id.,Observations on Aboriginal Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. New York, 1847.Id.,Serpent Symbol.
Atwater's Antiquities of Ohio, and other accounts in theAmer. Antiq. Soc., Transactions.
Schoolcraft's Archives of Aboriginal Knowledge.
Warden,Recherches sur les Antiquités de l'Amérique du Nord.
Jones' Antiquities of the Southern Indians.
Pidgeon's Traditions of Decoodah.
Lapham's Antiquities of Wisconsin.Washington, 1853.
Whittlesey's Ancient Mining on the Shores of Lake Superior.
Bradford's American Antiquities.
Foster's Pre-Historic Races.
Id.,Mississippi Valley.
Smithsonian Institution, Reports.
Tylor's Researches.
American Ethnological Soc., Transactions.
Dickeson's Amer. Numismatic Manual.
Bancroft, A. A.,Antiquities of Licking County, Ohio. MS. The writer of this manuscript, my father, was for fifty years a resident of Licking County, where he has examined more or less carefully about forty enclosures and two hundred mounds.
[XIV-1]Rivero and Tschudi,Antigüedades Peruanas, Viena, 1851, with atlas;Rivero,Antigüedades Peruanas, Lima, 1841;Rivero and Tschudi's Peruvian Antiquities, N. Y., 1855; this translation is in many instances very faulty;Baldwin's Ancient America, pp. 226-56.